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Nateghi-Rostami M, Sohrabi Y. Memory T cells: promising biomarkers for evaluating protection and vaccine efficacy against leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1304696. [PMID: 38469319 PMCID: PMC10925770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1304696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the immune response to Leishmania infection and identifying biomarkers that correlate with protection are crucial for developing effective vaccines. One intriguing aspect of Leishmania infection is the persistence of parasites, even after apparent lesion healing. Various host cells, including dendritic cells, fibroblasts, and Langerhans cells, may serve as safe sites for latent infection. Memory T cells, especially tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), play a crucial role in concomitant immunity against cutaneous Leishmania infections. These TRM cells are long-lasting and can protect against reinfection in the absence of persistent parasites. CD4+ TRM cells, in particular, have been implicated in protection against Leishmania infections. These cells are characterized by their ability to reside in the skin and rapidly respond to secondary infections by producing cytokines such as IFN-γ, which activates macrophages to kill parasites. The induction of CD4+ TRM cells has shown promise in experimental immunization, leading to protection against Leishmania challenge infections. Identifying biomarkers of protection is a critical step in vaccine development and CD4+ TRM cells hold potential as biomarkers, as their presence and functions may correlate with protection. While recent studies have shown that Leishmania-specific memory CD4+ T-cell subsets are present in individuals with a history of cutaneous leishmaniasis, further studies are needed to characterize CD4+ TRM cell populations. Overall, this review highlights the importance of memory T cells, particularly skin-resident CD4+ TRM cells, as promising targets for developing effective vaccines against leishmaniasis and as biomarkers of immune protection to assess the efficacy of candidate vaccines against human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yahya Sohrabi
- Department of Cardiology I-Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Carvalho AM, Costa RS, Lago A, Bacellar O, Beiting DP, Scott P, Carvalho LP, Carvalho EM. In Situ versus Systemic Immune Response in the Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Pathogens 2024; 13:199. [PMID: 38535542 PMCID: PMC10975199 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of the immune response in the pathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is predominantly carried out via blood cells. Here, we evaluate whether cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) reflects what has been documented at the lesion site. The participants included 22 CL patients diagnosed with a positive PCR. PBMCs were stimulated for 72 h with a soluble leishmania antigen (SLA). Biopsies obtained from the edge of the ulcers were incubated for the same period. Cytokines in supernatants were assessed via ELISA. TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and granzyme B (GzmB) were higher in the supernatants of biopsies than in PBMCs, but IFN-γ was higher in the supernatants of PBMCs than in biopsies. There was a positive correlation between IFN-γ and TNF in PBMCs, and an inverse correlation between TNF and IL-10 in the cells from the lesion site. A strong correlation between IL-1β, IL-17, and GzmB was observed in the biopsies, and a positive correlation was detected between these cytokines and the lesion size. Our results indicate that the immune response in L. braziliensis lesions is different from that observed in peripheral blood, and our data suggest that in addition to IL-1β and GzmB, IL-17 participates in the pathology of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto M. Carvalho
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil; (A.M.C.); (R.S.C.); (L.P.C.)
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil; (A.L.); (O.B.)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI), CNPq, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil
| | - Rúbia S. Costa
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil; (A.M.C.); (R.S.C.); (L.P.C.)
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil; (A.L.); (O.B.)
| | - Alexsandro Lago
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil; (A.L.); (O.B.)
| | - Olívia Bacellar
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil; (A.L.); (O.B.)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI), CNPq, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil
| | - Daniel P. Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4539, USA; (D.P.B.); (P.S.)
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4539, USA; (D.P.B.); (P.S.)
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil; (A.M.C.); (R.S.C.); (L.P.C.)
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil; (A.L.); (O.B.)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI), CNPq, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil; (A.M.C.); (R.S.C.); (L.P.C.)
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil; (A.L.); (O.B.)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI), CNPq, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil
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Rocha Da Silva R, de Santana Fontes Vasconcelos F, Nunes de Santana Campos R, Dos Santos Tavares D, Lima Dos Santos P. Matrix metalloproteinases -2 and -9 expression in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis: A systematic review. Cytokine 2023; 168:156236. [PMID: 37257306 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are engaged in the degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix and vessels, allowing the progression of pathological processes. Recent studies pointed that MMP -2 and -9 are promising visceral leishmaniasis biomarkers. Thus, the present studystudy aimed to review published scientific literature related to MMP-2 and -9 activity on canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). The review followed the PRISMA method, searching for articles in ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Lilacs, Medline and Google Scholar from inception until 20 March 2022 by employing the following terms: "dog", "matrix metalloproteinases" and "Visceral Leishmaniasis" or "Kala Azar". The selected articles were read in full and only those consistent with the eligibility criteria were included in the review. Of 238 articles from the initial search, only five were deemed eligible, which were conducted between 2010 and 2018. All studies were performed in Brazil. It was observed that there was a higher expression of proMMP-2 in cerebrospinal (CS) fluid and serum and active MMP-2 in different skin areas, mainly in high parasite load areas. As for MMP-9, the pro and active forms were both expressed in CS fluid, serum and different skin areas. The MMP-2 can be considered a biomarker of bad prognostic as it plays an inflammatory role with a greater release in the initial phase of the disease, where MMP-9 is perceived in the chronic phase of CVL. Future research on the subject with greater methodological rigor and bigger sample sizes are mandatory to clarify the role of MMPs on disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Rocha Da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências da Saúde, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brasil.
| | | | - Roseane Nunes de Santana Campos
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências Aplicadas a Saúde,Lagarto, Sergipe, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Núcleo de Medicina Veterinária, Nossa Senhora da Glória, Sergipe, Brasil.
| | | | - Priscila Lima Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências da Saúde, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências Aplicadas a Saúde,Lagarto, Sergipe, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Sergipe Departamento de Educação em Saúde, Lagarto, Sergipe, Brasil.
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Pacheco-Fernandez T, Markle H, Verma C, Huston R, Gannavaram S, Nakhasi HL, Satoskar AR. Field-Deployable Treatments For Leishmaniasis: Intrinsic Challenges, Recent Developments and Next Steps. Res Rep Trop Med 2023; 14:61-85. [PMID: 37492219 PMCID: PMC10364832 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s392606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease endemic primarily to low- and middle-income countries, for which there has been inadequate development of affordable, safe, and efficacious therapies. Clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis range from self-healing skin lesions to lethal visceral infection with chances of relapse. Although treatments are available, secondary effects limit their use outside the clinic and negatively impact the quality of life of patients in endemic areas. Other non-medicinal treatments, such as thermotherapies, are limited to use in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis but not with visceral infection. Recent studies shed light to mechanisms through which Leishmania can persist by hiding in cellular safe havens, even after chemotherapies. This review focuses on exploring the cellular niches that Leishmania parasites may be leveraging to persist within the host. Also, the cellular, metabolic, and molecular implications of Leishmania infection and how those could be targeted for therapeutic purposes are discussed. Other therapies, such as those developed against cancer or for manipulation of the ferroptosis pathway, are proposed as possible treatments against leishmaniasis due to their mechanisms of action. In particular, treatments that target hematopoietic stem cells and monocytes, which have recently been found to be necessary components to sustain the infection and provide a safe niche for the parasites are discussed in this review as potential field-deployable treatments against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Hannah Markle
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Chaitenya Verma
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
| | - Ryan Huston
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Hira L Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
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Leite-Silva J, Oliveira-Ribeiro C, Morgado FN, Pimentel MIF, Lyra MR, Fagundes A, Miranda LFC, Valete-Rosalino CM, Schubach AO, Conceição-Silva F. Is There Any Difference in the In Situ Immune Response in Active Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis That Respond Well or Poorly to Meglumine Antimoniate Treatment or Spontaneously Heal? Microorganisms 2023; 11:1631. [PMID: 37512804 PMCID: PMC10384164 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis can either respond well or poorly to the treatment or heal spontaneously; It seems to be dependent on the parasite and/or host factors, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. We evaluated the in situ immune response in eighty-two active lesions from fifty-eight patients prior to treatment classified as early spontaneous regression (SRL-n = 14); treatment responders (GRL-n = 20); and non-responders (before first treatment/relapse, PRL1/PRL2-n = 24 each). Immunohistochemistry was used to identify cell/functional markers which were correlated with the clinical characteristics. PRL showed significant differences in lesion number/size, clinical evolution, and positive parasitological examinations when compared with the other groups. SRL presented a more efficient immune response than GRL and PRL, with higher IFN-γ/NOS2 and a lower percentage of macrophages, neutrophils, NK, B cells, and Ki-67+ cells. Compared to SRL, PRL had fewer CD4+ Tcells and more CD163+ macrophages. PRL1 had more CD68+ macrophages and Ki-67+ cells but less IFN-γ than GRL. PRL present a less efficient immune profile, which could explain the poor treatment response, while SRL had a more balanced immune response profile for lesion healing. Altogether, these evaluations suggest a differentiated profile of the organization of the inflammatory process for lesions of different tegumentary leishmaniasis evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Leite-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carla Oliveira-Ribeiro
- Service of Oncological Dermatology-National Institute of Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 20570-120, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Nazaré Morgado
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Fernandes Pimentel
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance in Leishmaniasis (LAPCLIN VIGILEISH) National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rosandiski Lyra
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance in Leishmaniasis (LAPCLIN VIGILEISH) National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline Fagundes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance in Leishmaniasis (LAPCLIN VIGILEISH) National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Freitas Campos Miranda
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance in Leishmaniasis (LAPCLIN VIGILEISH) National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudia Maria Valete-Rosalino
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance in Leishmaniasis (LAPCLIN VIGILEISH) National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Armando Oliveira Schubach
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance in Leishmaniasis (LAPCLIN VIGILEISH) National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fátima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
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Maksoud S, El Hokayem J. The cytokine/chemokine response in Leishmania/HIV infection and co-infection. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15055. [PMID: 37082641 PMCID: PMC10112040 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection progressively weakens the immune system by infecting and destroying cells involved in host defense. Viral infection symptoms are generated and aggravated as immunosuppression progresses, triggered by the presence of opportunistic infections: among these is leishmaniasis, a disease caused by the intracellular parasite Leishmania. The incidence of this co-infection is growing progressively due to the geographic distribution overlap. Both pathogens infect monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells, although they can also modulate the activity of other cells without co-infecting, such as T and B lymphocytes. Leishmania/HIV co-infection could be described as a system comprising modulations of cell surface molecule expression, production of soluble factors, and intracellular death activities, leading ultimately to the potentiation of infectivity, replication, and spread of both pathogens. This review describes the cytokine/chemokine response in Leishmania/HIV infection and co-infection, discussing how these molecules modulate the course of the disease and analyzing the therapeutic potential of targeting this network.
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Development of Ag-ZnO/AgO Nanocomposites Effectives for Leishmania braziliensis Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122642. [PMID: 36559136 PMCID: PMC9785243 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) is caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania. Leishmania braziliensis (L.b) is one of the most clinically relevant pathogens that affects the skin and mucosa, causing single or multiple disfiguring and life-threatening injuries. Even so, the few treatment options for patients have significant toxicity, high dropout rates, high cost, and the emergence of resistant strains, which implies the need for studies to promote new and better treatments to combat the disease. Zinc oxide nanocrystals are microbicidal and immunomodulatory agents. Here, we develop new Ag-ZnO/xAgO nanocomposites (NCPs) with three different percentages of silver oxide (AgO) nanocrystals (x = 49%, 65%, and 68%) that could act as an option for tegumentary leishmaniasis treatment. Our findings showed that 65% and 68% of AgO inhibit the extra and intracellular replication of L.b. and present a high selectivity index. Ag-ZnO/65%AgO NCPs modulate activation, expression of surface receptors, and cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells toward a proinflammatory phenotype. These results point to new Ag-ZnO/AgO nanocomposites as a promising option for L. braziliensis treatment.
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de Carvalho BC, Vital T, Osiro J, Gomes CM, Noronha E, Dallago B, Rosa ADC, Carvalho JL, Hagström L, Hecht M, Nitz N. Multiparametric analysis of host and parasite elements in new world tegumentary leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:956112. [PMID: 36017367 PMCID: PMC9395741 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.956112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tegumentary leishmaniasis is a tropical disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Clinically, the disease presents a broad spectrum of symptoms, the mechanisms underlying the development of lesions remaining to be fully elucidated. In the present work, we performed a correlation and multiparametric analysis to evaluate how parasite- and host-related aspects associate with each other, and with the different clinical manifestations of tegumentary leishmaniasis. This cross-sectional study involved 75 individuals from endemic areas of Brazil, grouped according to their symptoms. Leishmania species were determined by DNA sequencing, and parasite load, antibody production, and cytokine profile were evaluated by kDNA qPCR, ELISA, and flow cytometry. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, principal component analysis, canonical discriminant analysis, and correlation analysis. Among the recruited patients, 23 (31%) were asymptomatic, 34 (45%) had primary cutaneous leishmaniasis, 10 (13%) presented recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis, and eight (11%) had mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Leishmania species identified included L. amazonensis, L. braziliensis, and L. guyanensis. Surprisingly, no Leishmania RNA virus infection was detected in any sample. In summary, our work showed that parasite load, antibody production, and cytokine levels alone are not determinants for tegumentary leishmaniasis symptoms. However, the correlation analysis allowed us to observe how these factors are correlated to each other within the groups, which revealed a unique network for each clinical manifestation. Our work reinforces the complexity of tegumentary leishmaniasis outcomes - which are associated with multiple host and parasite-related elements and provides a holistic model of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Caroline de Carvalho
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Tamires Vital
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Osiro
- Dermatology Diagnostic Group, Dermatomicology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ciro Martins Gomes
- Dermatology Diagnostic Group, Dermatomicology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Elza Noronha
- Brasília University Hospital, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Bruno Dallago
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ana de Cássia Rosa
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lott Carvalho
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Luciana Hagström
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Mariana Hecht
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nadjar Nitz
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Nadjar Nitz,
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Ait Maatallah I, Akarid K, Lemrani M. Tissue tropism: Is it an intrinsic characteristic of Leishmania species? Acta Trop 2022; 232:106512. [PMID: 35568069 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The genus Leishmania comprises a wide range of species, some of which are pathogenic to humans and each of which has a different tissue preference, resulting in one of the three clinical forms of human leishmaniasis: visceral, cutaneous, or mucocutaneous. Although, all pathogenic species are deposited intradermally in the mammalian host upon an infectious sand fly bite, only the viscerotropic strains can leave the skin and reach the internal organs. We assume that Leishmania tissue tropism is not only the result of Leishmania genetic determinism but is also governed by the interaction of the parasite with different vectorial and human host elements. To shed light on these elements and key steps determining the course of the infection, we describe throughout this review the disease's progression from the early stages of infection taking place in the skin to the late stages succeeding in the parasite's visceral dissemination. Hence, we address the question of Leishmania tropism, through providing relevant hypotheses and answers gathered from the literature.
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Houël E, Ginouves M, Azas N, Bourreau E, Eparvier V, Hutter S, Knittel-Obrecht A, Jahn-Oyac A, Prévot G, Villa P, Vonthron-Sénécheau C, Odonne G. Treating leishmaniasis in Amazonia, part 2: Multi-target evaluation of widely used plants to understand medicinal practices. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 289:115054. [PMID: 35131338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Leishmaniasis are widely distributed among tropical and subtropical countries, and remains a crucial health issue in Amazonia. Indigenous groups across Amazonia have developed abundant knowledge about medicinal plants related to this pathology. AIM OF THE STUDY We intent to explore the weight of different pharmacological activities driving taxa selection for medicinal use in Amazonian communities. Our hypothesis is that specific activity against Leishmania parasites is only one factor along other (anti-inflammatory, wound healing, immunomodulating, antimicrobial) activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The twelve most widespread plant species used against leishmaniasis in Amazonia, according to their cultural and biogeographical importance determined through a wide bibliographical survey (475 use reports), were selected for this study. Plant extracts were prepared to mimic their traditional preparations. Antiparasitic activity was evaluated against promastigotes of reference and clinical New-World strains of Leishmania (L. guyanensis, L. braziliensis and L. amazonensis) and L. amazonensis intracellular amastigotes. We concurrently assessed the extracts immunomodulatory properties on PHA-stimulated human PBMCs and RAW264.7 cells, and on L. guyanensis antigens-stimulated PBMCs obtained from Leishmania-infected patients, as well as antifungal activity and wound healing properties (human keratinocyte migration assay) of the selected extracts. The cytotoxicity of the extracts against various cell lines (HFF1, THP-1, HepG2, PBMCs, RAW264.7 and HaCaT cells) was also considered. The biological activity pattern of the extracts was represented through PCA analysis, and a correlation matrix was calculated. RESULTS Spondias mombin L. bark and Anacardium occidentale L. stem and leaves extracts displayed high anti-promatigotes activity, with IC50 ≤ 32 μg/mL against L. guyanensis promastigotes for S. mombin and IC50 of 67 and 47 μg/mL against L. braziliensis and L. guyanensis promastigotes, respectively, for A. occidentale. In addition to the antiparasitic effect, antifungal activity measured against C. albicans and T. rubrum (MIC in the 16-64 μg/mL range) was observed. However, in the case of Leishmania amastigotes, the most active species were Bixa orellana L. (seeds), Chelonantus alatus (Aubl.) Pulle (leaves), Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don. (leaves) and Plantago major L. (leaves) with IC50 < 20 μg/mL and infection rates of 14-25% compared to the control. Concerning immunomodulatory activity, P. major and B. orellana were highlighted as the most potent species for the wider range of cytokines in all tested conditions despite overall contrasting results depending on the model. Most of the species led to moderate to low cytotoxic extracts except for C. alatus, which exhibited strong cytotoxic activity in almost all models. None of the tested extracts displayed wound healing properties. CONCLUSIONS We highlighted pharmacologically active extracts either on the parasite or on associated pathophysiological aspects, thus supporting the hypothesis that antiparasitic activities are not the only biological factor useful for antileishmanial evaluation. This result should however be supplemented by in vivo studies, and attracts once again the attention on the importance of the choice of biological models for an ethnophamacologically consistent study. Moreover, plant cultural importance, ecological status and availability were discussed in relation with biological results, thus contributing to link ethnobotany, medical anthropology and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Houël
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300, Cayenne, France.
| | - Marine Ginouves
- TBIP, Université de Guyane, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Nadine Azas
- Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR VITROME, Tropical Eukaryotic Pathogens, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Eliane Bourreau
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 Avenue Pasteur, BP6010, 97306, Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Véronique Eparvier
- CNRS - Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Hutter
- Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR VITROME, Tropical Eukaryotic Pathogens, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Adeline Knittel-Obrecht
- Plate-forme de Chimie Biologique Intégrative de Strasbourg UAR 3286 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, ESBS Pôle API, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Jahn-Oyac
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300, Cayenne, France
| | - Ghislaine Prévot
- TBIP, Université de Guyane, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Pascal Villa
- Plate-forme de Chimie Biologique Intégrative de Strasbourg UAR 3286 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, ESBS Pôle API, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Vonthron-Sénécheau
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique UMR 7200 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Odonne
- Laboratoire Ecologie, évolution, interactions des systèmes amazoniens (LEEISA), CNRS, Université de Guyane, IFREMER, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana
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11
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Carvalho AM, Bacellar O, Carvalho EM. Protection and Pathology in Leishmania braziliensis Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040466. [PMID: 35456141 PMCID: PMC9024810 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania killing is mediated by IFN-γ-activated macrophages, but IFN-γ production and macrophage activation are insufficient to control L. braziliensis infection. In American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), pathology results from an exaggerated inflammatory response. This report presents an overview of our contributions regarding ATL pathogenesis, highlighting future directions to improve the management of L. braziliensis infection. Monocytes and lymphocytes from individuals exposed to L. braziliensis but who do not develop CL, i.e., subclinical infection (SC), exhibit lower respiratory burst and IFN-γ production, yet more efficiently kill L. braziliensis. As vaccines aimed at inducing IL-12 and IFN-γ do not sufficiently prevent CL, the elucidation of how subjects with SC infection kill Leishmania may lead to new approaches to controlling ATL. While inflammation arising from the recruitment of inflammatory cells via chemokines induced by IFN-γ and TNF or IL-17 is observed and contributes to pathology, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and NK cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of L. braziliensis infection. The increased transcription of genes related to inflammation and cytotoxicity, e.g., granzyme A, granzyme B, NLRP3 and IL-1β, has been documented in CL tissue samples. The release of products by killed cells leads to NLRP3 inflammasome activation, IL-1β production and additional damage to skin and mucosal tissues. The use of drugs that downmodulate the inflammatory response in combination with chemotherapy improves the ATL cure rate and decreases healing time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto M. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas (LAPEC), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador 40296710, Brazil;
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110160, Brazil;
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), CNPq, Salvador 40296710, Brazil
| | - Olívia Bacellar
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110160, Brazil;
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), CNPq, Salvador 40296710, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas (LAPEC), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador 40296710, Brazil;
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110160, Brazil;
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), CNPq, Salvador 40296710, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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12
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Reverte M, Snäkä T, Fasel N. The Dangerous Liaisons in the Oxidative Stress Response to Leishmania Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040409. [PMID: 35456085 PMCID: PMC9029764 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites preferentially invade macrophages, the professional phagocytic cells, at the site of infection. Macrophages play conflicting roles in Leishmania infection either by the destruction of internalized parasites or by providing a safe shelter for parasite replication. In response to invading pathogens, however, macrophages induce an oxidative burst as a mechanism of defense to promote pathogen removal and contribute to signaling pathways involving inflammation and the immune response. Thus, oxidative stress plays a dual role in infection whereby free radicals protect against invading pathogens but can also cause inflammation resulting in tissue damage. The induced oxidative stress in parasitic infections triggers the activation in the host of the antioxidant response to counteract the damaging oxidative burst. Consequently, macrophages are crucial for disease progression or control. The ultimate outcome depends on dangerous liaisons between the infecting Leishmania spp. and the type and strength of the host immune response.
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13
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Alves Mota C, Stéfanie Sara Lopes Lera-Nonose D, Ávila Brustolin A, Chiqueto Duarte G, Carolina Mota Dos Santos M, Valdrinez Campana Lonardoni M, Gomes Verzignassi Silveira T. Low expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and differential expression of immune mediators during experimental infection with Leishmania (Viannia) spp. Cytokine 2022; 153:155833. [PMID: 35247649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) species are the major agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the Americas. Ulcerative stigmatizing skin lesions generally characterize CL. The microenvironment during Leishmania infection is rich in inflammatory cells and molecules, which contrasts with low oxygen levels. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α activates several genes in response to hypoxia and inflammatory reactions, but its role in the CL course is poorly understood. We investigated the expression pattern of the genes HIF-1α, arginase, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-10 in skin lesions and lymph nodes of golden hamsters infected with L. braziliensis, L. lainsoni, and L. naiffi. The animals were infected and followed for 105 days, with paw volume measurements and photos taken weekly. Euthanasia was performed at 0, 15, 56, and 105 days post-infection. The parasite load of paw and lymph node tissues were measured through absolute quantification at real-time PCR (qPCR), and reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR) was applied to demonstrate the relative mRNA expression of the target genes. Among groups, animals infected with L. braziliensis had the highest parasite load in paws and lymph nodes. HIF-1α mRNA was down-regulated during chronic Leishmania (Viannia) infection but demonstrated less inhibition in hamsters infected with L. lainsoni and L. naiffi. Arginase was the most detectable gene in animals infected by L. braziliensis; IFN-γ and IL-10 genes were the most detectable in L. lainsoni and L. naiffi-infected animals. HIF-1α gene transcription seemed to be down-modulated byL. (Viannia)infection and was less inhibited by L. lainsoni and L. naiffi when compared toL. braziliensis. Animals with L. lainsoni and L. naiffi showed better control of the disease. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the mechanism influencing HIF-1α expression and its role on CL protection; such research could elucidate potential use of HIF-1α as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Alves Mota
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil.
| | | | - Aline Ávila Brustolin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil
| | | | | | - Maria Valdrinez Campana Lonardoni
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Thaís Gomes Verzignassi Silveira
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil
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14
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Miranda DEDO, Sales KGDS, Figueredo LA, de Oliveira SA, do Nascimento AV, Torres DJL, Sumova P, Volf P, Brandão-Filho SP, de Albuquerque SDCG, de Lorena VMB, Dantas-Torres F. Effects of Migonemyia migonei salivary gland homogenates on Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection in BALB/c mice. Acta Trop 2022; 227:106271. [PMID: 34906551 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the most widespread clinical form of leishmaniasis in the Americas. Migonemyia migonei is a widely distributed phlebotomine sand fly species in Brazil and has been implicated as a vector for L. (V.) braziliensis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of salivary gland homogenates (SGH) of Mg. migonei on the course of L. (V.) braziliensis infection in BALB/c mice. Mice were separated into four groups (six mice per group): CTRL (uninfected mice); SGH (mice inoculated with Mg. migonei SGH); SGH+LEISH (mice inoculated with Mg. migonei SGH plus L. (V.) braziliensis promastigotes); LEISH (mice inoculated with L. (V.) braziliensis promastigotes). Mice were followed up for 8 weeks and the cellular immune response was evaluated by flow cytometry at the end of the experiment. Analysis of cytokine production by splenic cells stimulated with 0.5 SGH, 0.25 SGH of Mg. migonei or L. (V.) braziliensis soluble antigen stimulation (LSA) demonstrated that upon stimulation with SGH 0.25, the production of IL-17A and TNF was not sustained in the SGH group, with decreasing levels of these cytokines after 5 days compared to 3 days of incubation. Analyzing the production of cytokines after LSA stimulation, we observed lower levels of IL-17A in the SGH group after 5 days compared to 3 days. The same was observed for IFN-γ in the SGH group. Yet, the levels of TNF were significantly higher in the LEISH group after 5 days compared to 3 days. Among SGH+LEISH and LEISH mice, three animals in each group developed skin lesions on the tail, the mean lesion size was significantly higher in the LEISH group. Our study suggests that Mg. migonei SGH may modulate BALB/c immune response, as reflected by the low production or early decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines in splenic cell cultures following stimulation with L. (V.) braziliensis antigen. Our data also suggest that Mg. migonei saliva may reduce the lesion size in BALB/c mice, but further research with a larger sample size is needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luciana Aguiar Figueredo
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Sheilla Andrade de Oliveira
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Diego José Lira Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Petr Volf
- Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sinval Pinto Brandão-Filho
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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15
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Thakur L, Madaan P, Jain A, Shankar V, Negi A, Chauhan SB, Sundar S, Singh OP, Jain M. An Insight Into Systemic Immune Response in Leishmania donovani Mediated Atypical Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the New Endemic State of Himachal Pradesh, India. Front Immunol 2022; 12:765684. [PMID: 35087516 PMCID: PMC8787830 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.765684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis continues to afflict known and newer endemic sites despite global efforts towards its control and elimination. In this regard, the emergence of newer endemic sites with unusual disease formats is recognized wherein Leishmania donovani complex classically known to cause visceral disease is demonstrated to cause cutaneous manifestation. In this context, atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases caused by L. donovani genetic variants from the newer endemic state of Himachal Pradesh (HP) in India are beginning to be understood in terms of parasite determinants. The atypical CL manifestation further needs to be explored to define host immune correlates with a possible role in driving the unusual disease progression. In the given study, we performed comprehensive systemic-immune profiling of the atypical CL patients from the study area in HP, India, in comparison with the classical visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients from the northeast region of India. The systemic immune response was studied using ELISA-based assessment of Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, and Th22 specific plasma cytokine expression pattern and parasite-specific total serum IgG/IgG subclasses. The specified immune correlates are known to exhibit heterogeneous association with the different infecting parasite species, infection load, and co-lateral host immunopathology in classical CL and VL. In the atypical CL patient group, altered expression of IL-10 emerged as the key finding that could potentially fine-tune the Th1/Th17/Th22 effector cytokine axis towards a localized cutaneous manifestation. A reduced expression of IL-10 along with a high IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio as a readout of effective parasite killing defined atypical cutaneous outcome. In contrast, high circulatory IL-10 levels and a depressed IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio were seen in classical VL patients in line with an ineffective parasite-killing cytokine response. Overall, the study highlights new knowledge on host immune correlates in terms of cytokine expression pattern and IgG subclasses that underline atypical disease manifestation such that L. donovani, a generally visceralizing parasite species cause skin localized cutaneous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovlesh Thakur
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Priyanka Madaan
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Vinay Shankar
- Department of Dermatology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College and Hospital, Kumarhatti, Solan, India
| | - Ajeet Negi
- Department of Dermatology, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Chauhan
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Manju Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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16
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Carneiro PP, Dórea AS, Oliveira WN, Guimarães LH, Brodskyn C, Carvalho EM, Bacellar O. Blockade of TLR2 and TLR4 Attenuates Inflammatory Response and Parasite Load in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:706510. [PMID: 34691019 PMCID: PMC8526941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.706510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis is characterized by a pronounced inflammatory response associated with ulcer development. Monocytes/macrophages, the main cells harboring parasites, are largely responsible for parasite control. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling leads to the transcription of inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1β and TNF during innate immune response. TLR antagonists have been used in the treatment of inflammatory disease. The neutralization of these receptors may attenuate an exacerbated inflammatory response. We evaluated the ability of TLR2 and TLR4 antagonists to modulate host immune response in L. braziliensis-infected monocytes and cells from CL patient skin lesions. Following TLR2 and TLR4 neutralization, decreased numbers of infected cells and internalized parasites were detected in CL patient monocytes. In addition, reductions in oxidative burst, IL-1β, TNF and CXCL9 production were observed. TNF production by cells from CL lesions also decreased after TLR2 and TLR4 neutralization. The attenuation of host inflammatory response after neutralizing these receptors suggests the potential of TLR antagonists as immunomodulators in association with antimonial therapy in human cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Paulo Carneiro
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Andreza S Dórea
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Walker N Oliveira
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Goncalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Olívia Bacellar
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
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17
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Paiva MB, Ribeiro-Romão RP, Resende-Vieira L, Braga-Gomes T, Oliveira MP, Saavedra AF, Silva-Couto L, Albuquerque HG, Moreira OC, Pinto EF, Da-Cruz AM, Gomes-Silva A. A Cytokine Network Balance Influences the Fate of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Infection in a Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Hamster Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:656919. [PMID: 34276650 PMCID: PMC8281932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The golden hamster is a suitable model for studying cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Immunopathological mechanisms are well established in the L. (L.) major-mouse model, in which IL-4 instructs a Th2 response towards progressive infection. In the present study, we evaluated the natural history of L. braziliensis infection from its first stages up to lesion establishment, with the aim of identifying immunological parameters associated with the disease outcome and parasitism fate. To this end, hamsters infected with 104, 105, or 106 promastigotes were monitored during the first hours (4h, 24h), early (15 days, 30 days) and late (50 days) post-infection (pi) phases. Cytokines, iNOS and arginase gene expression were quantified in the established lesions by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Compared to the 105 or 106 groups, 104 animals presented lower lesions sizes, less tissue damage, and lower IgG levels. Basal gene expression in normal skin was high for TGF-β, and intermediary for TNF, IL-6, and IL-4. At 4hpi, no cytokine induction was observed in the 104 group, while an upregulation of IL-6, IL-10, and IL-4 was observed in the 106 group. At 15dpi, lesion appearance was accompanied by an increased expression of all assessed cytokines, markedly in the 105 and 106 groups. Upregulation of all investigated cytokines was observed in the late phase, although less expressive in the 104 group. IFN-γ was the depending variable influencing tissue damage, while IL-6 was associated to parasite load. The network correlating gene expression and clinical and laboratorial parameters indicated inoculum-independent associations at 15 and 30dpi. A strong positive network correlation was observed in the 104 group, but not in the 105 or 106 groups. In conclusion, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β are linked o L. braziliensis progression. However, a balanced cytokine network is the key for an immune response able to reduce the ongoing infection and reduce pathological damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milla B Paiva
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Resende-Vieira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thais Braga-Gomes
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia P Oliveira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea F Saavedra
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luzinei Silva-Couto
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hermano G Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otacilio C Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Fonseca Pinto
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rede de Pesquisas em Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alda Maria Da-Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rede de Pesquisas em Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Disciplina de Parasitologia-DMIP, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,The National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriano Gomes-Silva
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Micobacterioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Effects of citronellol grafted chitosan oligosaccharide derivatives on regulating anti-inflammatory activity. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 262:117972. [PMID: 33838788 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the anti-inflammatory activity of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), chitosan oligosaccharide graft citronellol derivatives (COS-g-Cit1-3) were successfully synthesized via grafting citronellol (Cit) onto COS backbone. The degrees of substitution (DS) of COS-g-Cit1-3 were 0.165, 0.199 and 0.182, respectively. The structure of COS-g-Cit1-3 was confirmed by UV-vis, FT-IR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity evaluation results displayed that COS-g-Cit1-3 drastically reduced the paw swelling, and the oedema inhibitions were 22.58 %, 29.03 % and 25.81 %, respectively. The results indicated that the anti-inflammatory effects of COS-g-Cit1-3 were significantly higher than COS and COS-g-Cit2 exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory ability. The results also presented that COS-g-Cit1-3 reduced the expression levels of TNF-α by promoting the secretion of IL-4 and IL-10. Moreover, western blot analysis data proved that COS-g-Cit1-3 inactivated the NF-κB signaling pathway via inhibiting the phosphorylation of p65, IKBα and IKKβ.
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19
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Mousa AM, Almatroudi A, Alwashmi AS, Abdulmonem WA, Aljohani ASM, Alhumaydhi FA, Alsahli MA, Alrumaihi F, Allemailem KS, Abdellatif AAH, Khan A, Khan MA, Alshabrmi FM, Alruwetei A, Aljasir M, Aba Alkhayl FF, Rahmani AH, Rugaie OA, Alnuqaydan AM, Alsagaby SA, Aldakheel FM, Almatroodi SA. Thyme oil alleviates Ova-induced bronchial asthma through modulating Th2 cytokines, IgE, TSLP and ROS. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111726. [PMID: 34111725 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma (BA) is a heterogeneous allergic respiratory disease with diverse inflammatory symptoms, pathology, and responses to treatment. Thyme is a natural product which is consisted of multiple phenolic compounds of therapeutic significance for treatment of cough and bronchitis. This study evaluated the efficacy of thyme oil against ovalbumin (OVA)-induced BA in an experimental rabbit model. Forty male rabbits were divided into four equal groups [control group (G1), OVA (G2), thyme oil (G3), and OVA plus thyme oil (G4)]. Animals were treated for 30 days, and clinical, histopathological (HP), histochemical (HC), immunohistochemical (IHC), morphometric, biochemical and flow cytometry methods were performed, followed by statistical analysis. All used methods revealed normal structure of the lung tissues in rabbits of G1 and G3. In contrast, the clinical examination of G2 rabbits revealed an obvious increase in the respiratory rate, sneezing and wheezing, whereas the HP, HC and IHC techniques exhibited substantial inflammatory changes in the peribronchio-vascular lung tissues with thinning, degeneration, apoptosis (using the TUNEL assay), necrosis, and shedding of the airway epithelium. Furthermore, the morphometric results confirmed significant increases in the numbers of inflammatory cells, goblet cells, eosinophils and apoptotic cells from (12, 0, 2, 2 cells) to (34,10, 16, 18 cells) respectively, as well as the area percentage of collagen fiber deposition and immunoexpression of eotaxin-1/10 high power fields. Additionally, the biochemical results revealed significant increases in the serum levels of TSLP, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, IgE and eotaxin-1 cytokines from (140, 40, 15, 38, 120, 100, 48) pg./ml to (360, 270, 130, 85, 365, 398, 110) pg./ml respectively, while analysis of ROS by flow cytometry revealed remarkable oxidative stress effects in G2 rabbits. On the other hand, treatment of rabbits with thyme oil in G4 substantially alleviated all OVA-induced alterations. Overall, our findings indicate for the first time that thyme oil can ameliorate OVA-induced BA via its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antioxidant effects on the lung tissues of rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M Mousa
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ameen S Alwashmi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah S M Aljohani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed A Alsahli
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Faris Alrumaihi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed A H Abdellatif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Arif Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Masood A Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fahad M Alshabrmi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulmohsen Alruwetei
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Aljasir
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Faris F Aba Alkhayl
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Arshad H Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Osamah Al Rugaie
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah M Alnuqaydan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Suliman A Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fahad M Aldakheel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saleh A Almatroodi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
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20
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Volpedo G, Pacheco-Fernandez T, Holcomb EA, Cipriano N, Cox B, Satoskar AR. Mechanisms of Immunopathogenesis in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis And Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:685296. [PMID: 34169006 PMCID: PMC8217655 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.685296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects 12 million people worldwide. The disease has high morbidity and mortality rates and is prevalent in over 80 countries, leaving more than 300 million people at risk of infection. Of all of the manifestations of this disease, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form and it presents as ulcerating skin lesions that can self-heal or become chronic, leading to disfiguring scars. This review focuses on the different pathologies and disease manifestations of CL, as well as their varying degrees of severity. In particular, this review will discuss self-healing localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), leishmaniasis recidivans (LR), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (ADCL), disseminated leishmaniasis (DL), and Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL), which is a cutaneous manifestation observed in some visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients after successful treatment. The different clinical manifestations of CL are determined by a variety of factors including the species of the parasites and the host's immune response. Specifically, the balance between the pro and anti-inflammatory mediators plays a vital role in the clinical presentation and outcome of the disease. Depending upon the immune response, Leishmania infection can also transition from one form of the disease to another. In this review, different forms of cutaneous Leishmania infections and their immunology are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Volpedo
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Erin A. Holcomb
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Natalie Cipriano
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Blake Cox
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Abhay R. Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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21
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Castellucci LC, Almeida L, Cherlin S, Fakiola M, Francis RW, Carvalho EM, Santos da Hora A, do Lago TS, Figueiredo AB, Cavalcanti CM, Alves NS, Morais KLP, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ, Cordell HJ, Blackwell JM. A Genome-wide Association Study Identifies SERPINB10, CRLF3, STX7, LAMP3, IFNG-AS1, and KRT80 As Risk Loci Contributing to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Brazil. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e515-e525. [PMID: 32830257 PMCID: PMC8130031 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our goal was to identify genetic risk factors for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis. METHODS Genotyping 2066 CL cases and 2046 controls using Illumina HumanCoreExomeBeadChips provided data for 4 498 586 imputed single-nucleotide variants (SNVs). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) using linear mixed models took account of genetic diversity/ethnicity/admixture. Post-GWAS positional, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) and chromatin interaction mapping was performed in Functional Mapping and Annotation (FUMA). Transcriptional data were compared between lesions and normal skin, and cytokines measured using flow cytometry and Bioplex assay. RESULTS Positional mapping identified 32 genomic loci associated with CL, none achieving genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8). Lead SNVs at 23 loci occurred at protein coding or noncoding RNA genes, 15 with eQTLs for functionally relevant cells/tissues and/or showing differential expression in lesions. Of these, the 6 most plausible genetic risk loci were SERPINB10 (Pimputed_1000G = 2.67 × 10-6), CRLF3 (Pimputed_1000G = 5.12 × 10-6), STX7 (Pimputed_1000G = 6.06 × 10-6), KRT80 (Pimputed_1000G = 6.58 × 10-6), LAMP3 (Pimputed_1000G = 6.54 × 10-6), and IFNG-AS1 (Pimputed_1000G = 1.32 × 10-5). LAMP3 (Padjusted = 9.25 × 10-12; +6-fold), STX7 (Padjusted = 7.62 × 10-3; +1.3-fold), and CRLF3 (Padjusted = 9.19 × 10-9; +1.97-fold) were expressed more highly in CL biopsies compared to normal skin; KRT80 (Padjusted = 3.07 × 10-8; -3-fold) was lower. Multiple cis-eQTLs across SERPINB10 mapped to chromatin interaction regions of transcriptional/enhancer activity in neutrophils, monocytes, B cells, and hematopoietic stem cells. Those at IFNG-AS1 mapped to transcriptional/enhancer regions in T, natural killer, and B cells. The percentage of peripheral blood CD3+ T cells making antigen-specific interferon-γ differed significantly by IFNG-AS1 genotype. CONCLUSIONS This first GWAS for CL identified multiple genetic risk loci including a novel lead to understanding CL pathogenesis through regulation of interferon-γ by IFNG antisense RNA 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa C Castellucci
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil
- Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas Almeida
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil
- Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Svetlana Cherlin
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michaela Fakiola
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Milan, Italy
| | - Richard W Francis
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amanda B Figueiredo
- International Center for Research, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clara M Cavalcanti
- International Center for Research, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia S Alves
- International Center for Research, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katia L P Morais
- International Center for Research, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Walderez O Dutra
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kenneth J Gollob
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil
- International Center for Research, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
- Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto Mario Penna, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Heather J Cordell
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jenefer M Blackwell
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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22
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Rostami MN, Khamesipour A. Potential biomarkers of immune protection in human leishmaniasis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2021; 210:81-100. [PMID: 33934238 PMCID: PMC8088758 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-021-00703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne neglected tropical disease endemic in over 100 countries around the world. Available control measures are not always successful, therapeutic options are limited, and there is no vaccine available against human leishmaniasis, although several candidate antigens have been evaluated over the last decades. Plenty of studies have aimed to evaluate the immune response development and a diverse range of host immune factors have been described to be associated with protection or disease progression in leishmaniasis; however, to date, no comprehensive biomarker(s) have been identified as surrogate marker of protection or exacerbation, and lack of enough information remains a barrier for vaccine development. Most of the current understanding of the role of different markers of immune response in leishmaniasis has been collected from experimental animal models. Although the data generated from the animal models are crucial, it might not always be extrapolated to humans. Here, we briefly review the events during Leishmania invasion of host cells and the immune responses induced against Leishmania in animal models and humans and their potential role as a biomarker of protection against human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155-6383, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Mota CA, Oyama J, Souza Terron Monich MD, Brustolin AÁ, Perez de Souza JV, Murase LS, Ghiraldi Lopes LD, Silva Santos TD, Vieira Teixeira JJ, Verzignassi Silveira TG. Three decades of clinical trials on immunotherapy for human leishmaniases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:693-721. [PMID: 33853344 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Current treatments for leishmaniases are not satisfactory, thus alternatives are needed. We searched for clinical trials with immunotherapeutic approaches for patients with leishmaniasis. Materials & methods: Out of 205 articles, 24 clinical trials were selected, and eight submitted to meta-analysis. Results: A reduction in healing time was observed in patients with tegumentary leishmaniasis treated with pentavalent antimony plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and therapeutic vaccines. Overall meta-analysis indicated that immunotherapy associated with the standard chemotherapy generated a significantly reduced risk of treatment failure than the pentavalent antimony alone (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Our review confirmed the efficacy of immunotherapies for the treatment of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis and highlighted the importance of clinical trials using immunotherapies for leishmaniases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Alves Mota
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jully Oyama
- Graduate Program in Bioscience & Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Ávila Brustolin
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Vítor Perez de Souza
- Graduate Program in Bioscience & Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Letícia Sayuri Murase
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luciana Dias Ghiraldi Lopes
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thais da Silva Santos
- Graduate Program in Bioscience & Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jorge Juarez Vieira Teixeira
- Laboratory of Leishmaniases, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thaís Gomes Verzignassi Silveira
- Laboratory of Leishmaniases, Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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24
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Immunotherapy in treatment of leishmaniasis. Immunol Lett 2021; 233:80-86. [PMID: 33771555 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis caused by various species of protozoan transmitted by sand fly vectors occurs as a spectrum of clinical features including cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral forms. It is a geographically distributed parasitic disease and a major public health problem in the world. The clinical syndromes are highly variable depending on the parasite species, host genetics, vectors and environment. To date, there is no effective vaccine and traditional treatments are toxic, expensive with long administration duration and many adverse side effects and/or drug resistance. Instead of treatments based on chemotherapy, certain strategies aim to recover leishmaniasis and reduce the parasitic burden. Immunotherapy has focused on the induction of effective immune response to rapidly control the disease. Recent studies have indicated that a single dose of a suitable therapeutic vaccine induces a quick and lasting recovery in patients. Immunotherapy reduces the toxicity of drug and the emergence of resistance dramatically. It could be an effective addition to chemotherapy with a safe and potent drug compared with monotherapy, resulting in a prophylactic and therapeutic cure of leishmaniasis. This review has focused on treatment of leishmaniasis with particular emphasis on immunotherapy as an alternative to conventional drug treatment.
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25
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Cui Y, Qu Y, Yin K, Zhang X, Lin H. Selenomethionine ameliorates LPS-induced intestinal immune dysfunction in chicken jejunum. Metallomics 2021; 13:6127319. [PMID: 33693770 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Selenomethionine (SeMet) is a widely used food supplement. However, the research on the effect of SeMet on intestinal immune function is not enough. Therefore, in this experiment, SeMet was added to the diet of chickens, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as harmful stimulation to study the effect of SeMet on intestinal immune function in chickens. We chose chicken jejunum as the research object. The results showed that LPS treatment decreased the expressions of selenoproteins and induced inflammatory reaction, cytokine disorder, decreases of immunoglobulin levels, heat shock protein expression disorder, and decreases of defensin expression levels in jejunum. However, dietary SeMet can effectively alleviate the above injury caused by LPS. Our results showed that SeMet could improve the intestinal immunity in chickens, and feeding SeMet could alleviate the intestinal immune dysfunction caused by LPS. The application range of SeMet in feed can be roughly given through our experiment; i.e. 0.35-0.5 mg/kg SeMet was effective. We speculated that dietary SeMet could effectively alleviate the intestinal immune dysfunction caused by harmful stimulation and help to resist the further damage caused by harmful stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Kai Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Xintong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Hongjin Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
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26
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Tang P, Li Q, Liao S, Wei S, Cui L, Xu W, Zhu D, Luo J, Kong L. Shizukaol A exerts anti-inflammatory effect by regulating HMGB1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 82:153472. [PMID: 33550145 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Makino (Chloranthaceae) has a long history of being used in Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) to treat painful joints, fractures, arthritis, and other diseases caused by inflammation. It has been reported that lindenane-type sesquiterpenoid dimers are main anti-inflammatory ingredient of S. glabra. Meanwhile, shizukaol A, the precursor of these sesquiterpene dimers, possesses a good inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) in our previous study. But its anti-inflammatory mechanism is still unclear. PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the possible anti-inflammatory mechanism and potential targets of shizukaol A in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. METHODS The release of NO and inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were measured by Griess reagent and ELISA, respectively. The relevant proteins including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65, High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) were detected by western blot. Nuclear translocation of p65, HMGB1 and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were examined by immunofluorescence. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was tested by flow cytometry. The target of shizukaol A was investigated by molecular docking and Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability (DARTS). RESULTS Shizukaol A had a good inhibitory effect on NO with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 13.79 ± 1.11 μM. Shizukaol A could down-regulate the expression of iNOS and COX-2. Further studies demonstrated that shizukaol A can significantly inhibit phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Meanwhile, shizukaol A decreased the level of ROS and enhanced the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Furthermore, shizukaol A up-regulated the expression of Nrf2 and its nuclear translocation. More importantly, shizukaol A could inhibit activation of HMGB1 by targeting HMGB1. CONCLUSION Shizukaol A inhibited inflammation by targeting HMGB1 to regulate the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Thus, shizukaol A may be an attractive therapeutic candidate for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiurong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanting Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Letian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongrong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingyi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Mora-Ramiro B, Jiménez-Estrada M, Zentella-Dehesa A, Ventura-Gallegos JL, Gomez-Quiroz LE, Rosiles-Alanis W, Alarcón-Aguilar FJ, Almanza-Pérez JC. Cacalol Acetate, a Sesquiterpene from Psacalium decompositum, Exerts an Anti-inflammatory Effect through LPS/NF-KB Signaling in Raw 264.7 Macrophages. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2447-2455. [PMID: 32672964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases remain critical health problems worldwide. The search for anti-inflammatory drugs is a primary activity in the pharmaceutical industry. Cacalol is a sesquiterpene with anti-inflammatory potential that is isolated from Psacalium decompositum, a medicinal plant with several scientific reports supporting its anti-inflammatory activity. Cacalol acetate (CA) is the most stable form. Nevertheless, the participation of CA in the main signaling pathway associated with inflammation is unknown. Our aim was to study the anti-inflammatory effect of CA and to determine its participation in NF-κB signaling. In TPA-induced edema in mice, CA produced 70.3% inhibition. To elucidate the influence of CA on the NF-κB pathway, RAW 264.7 macrophages were pretreated with CA and then stimulated with LPS, evaluating NF-ΚB activation, IKK phosphorylation, IΚB-α, p65, cytokine expression, and COX-2 release and activity. CA inhibited NF-κB activation and its upstream signaling, decreasing phosphorylation IKB-α and p65 levels. CA also reduced expression and secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Additionally, it decreased the activity and expression of COX-2 mRNA. These data support that CA regulates the NF-κB signaling pathway, which might explain, at least in part, its anti-inflammatory effect. CA is a bioactive molecule useful for the development of anti-inflammatory agents with innovative mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mora-Ramiro
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Division de CBS, UAM-Iztapalapa., San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M Jiménez-Estrada
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, UNAM, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U., 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - A Zentella-Dehesa
- Programa Institucional de Cáncer de Mama, Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U., 04510 Ciudad de México, México
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, Tlalpan, 14080 Ciudad de México, México
| | - J L Ventura-Gallegos
- Programa Institucional de Cáncer de Mama, Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Circuito, Mario de La Cueva s/n, C.U., 04510 Ciudad de México, México
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, Tlalpan, 14080 Ciudad de México, México
| | - L E Gomez-Quiroz
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, CBS, UAM-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - W Rosiles-Alanis
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Division de CBS, UAM-Iztapalapa., San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - F J Alarcón-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de CBS, UAM-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J C Almanza-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de CBS, UAM-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, México
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In Vitro Modulator Effect of Total Extract from the Endophytic Paenibacillus polymyxa RNC-D in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Macrophages. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:8895308. [PMID: 32908533 PMCID: PMC7474380 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8895308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are diseases with high epidemiological relevance and wide geographical distribution. In Brazil, Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis is related to the tegumentary form of leishmaniasis. The treatment for those diseases is problematic as the available drugs promote adverse effects in patients. Therefore, it is important to find new therapeutic targets. In this regard, one alternative is the study of biomolecules produced by endophytic microorganisms. In this study, the total extract produced by the endophytic Paenibacillus polymyxa RNC-D was used to evaluate the leishmanicidal, nitric oxide, and cytokines production using RAW 264.7 macrophages. The results showed that, in the leishmanicidal assay with L. amazonensis, EC50 values at the periods of 24 and 48 hours were 0.624 mg/mL and 0.547 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the cells treated with the extract presented approximately 25% of infected cells with an average of 3 amastigotes/cell in the periods of 24 and 48 hours. Regarding the production of cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages infected/treated with the extract, a significant increase in TNF-α was observed at the periods of 24 and 48 hours in the treated cells. The concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-12 showed significant increase in 48 hours. A significant decrease in IL-4 was observed in all cells treated with the extract in 24 hours. It was observed in the treated cells that the NO production by RAW 264.7 macrophages increased between 48 and 72 hours. The endophytic Paenibacillus polymyxa RNC-D extract modulates the mediators of inflammation produced by RAW 264.7 macrophages promoting L. amazonensis death. The immunomodulatory effects might be a promising target to develop new immunotherapeutic and antileishmanial drugs.
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Jafarzadeh A, Nemati M, Chauhan P, Patidar A, Sarkar A, Sharifi I, Saha B. Interleukin-27 Functional Duality Balances Leishmania Infectivity and Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1573. [PMID: 32849534 PMCID: PMC7427467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-27 is a cytokine that exerts diverse effects on the cells of innate and adaptive immune systems. Chiefly expressed in macrophages and dendritic cells during the early phase of Leishmania infection, IL-27 contributes to the protection against L. major infection but suppresses the protective Th1 response against L. donovani, L. infantum, L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis infections, suggesting its functional duality. During the late stage of Leishmania infection, IL-27 limits the immunopathogenic reactions and tissue damages. Herein, we analyze the mechanism of the functional duality of IL-27 in the resistance or susceptibility to Leishmania infection, prompting IL-27 for anti-Leishmanial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | | | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
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30
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Blackwell JM, Fakiola M, Castellucci LC. Human genetics of leishmania infections. Hum Genet 2020; 139:813-819. [PMID: 32055998 PMCID: PMC7272388 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02130-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Identifying genetic risk factors for parasitic infections such as the leishmaniases could provide important leads for improved therapies and vaccines. Until recently most genetic studies of human leishmaniasis were underpowered and/or not replicated. Here, we focus on recent genome-wide association studies of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). For VL, analysis across 2287 cases and 2692 controls from three cohorts identified a single major peak of genome-wide significance (Pcombined = 2.76 × 10-17) at HLA-DRB1-HLA-DQA1. HLA-DRB1*1501 and DRB1*1404/DRB1*1301 were the most significant protective versus risk alleles, respectively, with specific residues at amino acid positions 11 and 13 unique to protective alleles. Epitope-binding studies showed higher frequency of basic AAs in DRB1*1404-/*1301-specific epitopes compared to hydrophobic and polar AAs in DRB1*1501-specific epitopes at anchor residues P4 and P6 which interact with residues at DRB1 positions 11 and 13. For CL, genome-wide significance was not achieved in combined analysis of 2066 cases and 2046 controls across 2 cohorts. Rather, multiple top hits at P < 5 × 10-5 were observed, amongst which IFNG-AS1 was of specific interest as a non-coding anti-sense RNA known to influence responses to pathogens by increasing IFN-γ secretion. Association at LAMP3 encoding dendritic cell lysosomal associated membrane protein 3 was also interesting. LAMP3 increases markedly upon activation of dendritic cells, localizing to the MHC Class II compartment immediately prior to translocation of Class II to the cell surface. Together these GWAS results provide firm confirmation for the importance of antigen presentation and the regulation of IFNγ in determining the outcome of Leishmania infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenefer M Blackwell
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Michaela Fakiola
- INGM-National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo Ed Enrica Invernizzi" Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Léa C Castellucci
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Salvador, Brazil
- Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Parodi C, Barrio A, García Bustos MF, González Prieto AG, Pimentel J, Badano N, Albareda MC, Castro Eiro ME, Laucella SA, de Elizalde de Bracco MM. B-cell profile, B-cell activating factor concentration and IgG levels in human cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12759. [PMID: 32460372 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate characteristics of B cells in human tegumentary leismaniasis (TL) analysing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), most prevalent form and mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), aggressive form characterized by the destruction of the oral-nasal-pharyngeal cavities. METHODS AND RESULTS By flow cytometry analysis, we found decreased percentages of non-class-switched memory B cells in TL with the degree of the loss related to clinical severity. Using commercial ELISA, we reported high levels of B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and IgG preferentially in aggressive CL and markedly in ML together with decreased BAFF receptors in the latter. We also found lower levels of BAFF after clinical recovery suggesting a relation between BAFF and disease activity. Mucosal leishmaniasis history of therapeutic failure presented high levels of BAFF accompanied by detectable concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-6 (assayed by commercial ELISA and cytometric bead arrays respectively), cytokines involved in exaggerated inflammatory responses and tissue damage in TL. CONCLUSION We demonstrate B-cell disturbances in TL with the degree of the alterations related to clinical severity. We suggest a relation between excess of BAFF and disease activity and point towards a possible implication of BAFF in the inflammatory phenomenon of ML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Parodi
- Instituto de Patología Experimental-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Barrio
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - María F García Bustos
- Instituto de Patología Experimental-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Ana G González Prieto
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Julia Pimentel
- Instituto de Patología Experimental-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Noel Badano
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Albareda
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. M. Fatala Chaben, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melisa E Castro Eiro
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. M. Fatala Chaben, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana A Laucella
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. M. Fatala Chaben, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María M de Elizalde de Bracco
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ahmed AA, Rasheed Z, Salem T, Al-Dhubaibi MS, Al Robaee AA, Alzolibani AA. TNF-α - 308 G/A and IFN-γ + 874 A/T gene polymorphisms in Saudi patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:104. [PMID: 32404058 PMCID: PMC7218653 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is well linked with immunogenetic factors. This study was undertaken to test the association of TNF-α - 308 and IFN-γ + 874 gene polymorphisms with the susceptibility of Leishmania (L) species among CL patients in central region of Saudi Arabia. METHODS This is a case-control study involved 169 Saudi subjects with different L. species and 199 healthy controls from central region of Saudi Arabia. All subjects were characterized by TNF-α - 308 G/A and IFN-γ + 874 A/T gene polymorphisms using PCR. RESULTS Evaluation of genotyping and allelic frequency of TNF-α - 308 G/A in different L. species showed no significant association compared to controls (p > 0.05). Except, in cases of L. tropica that showed significantly higher TNF-α - 308 A versus G allele frequency (p = 0.0004). Evaluation of genotyping of IFN-γ + 874 (TT versus AA+AT recessive) and allelic frequency of IFN-γ + 874 (T versus A) showed significant higher in L. major and also in total CL cases as compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a strong association was observed between the susceptibility of L. major, L. tropica or total CL cases with synergistically combined high TNF-α 308/INF-γ 874 alleles. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report that shows the gene polymorphisms of TNF-α - 308 G/A and IFN-γ + 874 A/T in Saudi patients with different L. species infections. Data showed that the TNF-α-308 G/A gene polymorphism is not associated with the susceptibility of CL in Saudi subjects. The only correlation was found in between A versus G allelic frequency in L. tropica. Importantly, IFN-γ + 874 A/T polymorphism was found to be associated with the susceptibility of L. major and also with total CL subjects. Moreover, data from synergistically combined high TNF-α 308/INF-γ 874 alleles strongly suggest their potential role in the susceptibility of leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Ahmed
- Research Center, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zafar Rasheed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6655, Buraidah, KSA, 51452, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tarek Salem
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6655, Buraidah, KSA, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Al-Dhubaibi
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Al Robaee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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Neurologic, clinical, and immunologic features in a cohort of HTLV-1 carriers with high proviral loads. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:520-529. [PMID: 32385802 PMCID: PMC7438297 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00847-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A high proviral load (PVL) is recognized as a risk factor for human T cell leukemia virus-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), but there is a lack of prospective studies evaluating whether or not HTLV-1 carriers with high PVL are at risk of developing HAM/TSP or other HTLV-1-related diseases. Here, we compare the incidence of clinical manifestations and the cytokine levels in 30 HTLV-1 carriers with high (> 50,000 copies/106 PBMC) and an equal number of subjects with low proviral load. Participants were followed for 3 to 16 years (median of 11 years). The PVL, IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-10 levels were quantified at entry and at the end of the follow-up. Among the self-reported symptoms in the initial evaluation, only the presence of paresthesia on the hands was more frequent in the group with high PVL (p < 0.04). The production of IFN-γ was higher in the group with high PVL group (median of 1308 versus 686 pg/ml, p < 0.011) when compared with the control group in the first assessment. There was no difference in the occurrence of urinary symptoms or erectile dysfunction, periodontal disease, Sicca syndrome, and neurologic signs between the two groups during the follow-up. The observation that none of the HTLV-1 carriers with high PVL and with exaggerated inflammatory response progressed to HAM/TSP indicates that other factors in addition to the PVL and an exaggerated immune response are involved in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP.
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Contribution of Leishmania braziliensis antigen-specific CD4+ T, CD8+ T, NK and CD3+CD56+NKT cells in the immunopathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients: Cytotoxic, activation and exhaustion profiles. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229400. [PMID: 32203546 PMCID: PMC7089553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is dictated mainly by the immune-mediated-tissue inflammation developed. The understanding of the immunological mechanisms that generate tissue damage or resolution of lesions is the key to the development of effective vaccine protocols and proper therapeutic schemes. It is clear that the specific immune response mediated by T cells is responsible for the beneficial outcome of the disease, however, the roles of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, NK and NKT cell subpopulations in immunopathogenesis of CL need to be elucidated. Peripheral blood cells from patients before, during and after the antimonial therapy, as well as healthy individuals (HI) were cultured with (LbAgS) or without (NS) L. braziliensis antigens (LbAg). Afterwards, the frequencies of LbAg-specific-cytotoxic CD8+ T, CD4+ T, NK and CD3+CD56+ NKT cells, as well as their activation and exhaustion profiles, were defined by flow cytometry. We observed higher frequencies of CD8+ T, NK and CD3+CD56+ NKT cells and lower frequencies of CD4+ T lymphocytes in LbAgS cell cultures from patients before treatment. The specific response to LbAg resulted in an expansion of cytotoxic-activated CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and NK cells, before and during treatment, indicating specificity in the response by these cells against L. braziliensis. Furthermore, comparing the differences of frequencies of cytotoxic-activated CD4+T, CD8+T, and NK cells, among before and during treatment patients and HI groups, we conclude that these cell populations are in charge of immune response elicited by antimonial therapy. Interestingly, we also observed that NK cells were induced by LbAg to an exhaustion profile during all clinical stages of the disease. The increased antigen-specific activation and cytotoxic activity are in line with the strong inflammatory response described in this disease, a likely cause of tissue damage. These findings reinforce the involvement of these distinct cytotoxic-activated cell populations in the immunopathogenesis of CL, showing a character of specificity in this immune response.
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Faria DRD, Barbieri LC, Koh CC, Machado PRL, Barreto CC, Lima CMFD, Lessa MM, Carvalho E, Gollob KJ, Dutra WO. In Situ Cellular Response Underlying Successful Treatment of Mucosal Leishmaniasis with a Combination of Pentavalent Antimonial and Pentoxifylline. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:392-401. [PMID: 31219000 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) is characterized by high production of inflammatory cytokines. Administration of pentoxifylline (PTX), an inhibitor of TNF-alpha, with pentavalent antimony (Sbv), has been successfully used as alternative treatment for refractory ML. Our study aims to investigate the in situ cellular response underlying the effectiveness of this therapy, by evaluating the intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate, cellular composition, and expression of cytokines and granzyme A in lesions from ML before and after treatment with Sbv alone or in combination with PTX. Our data showed no differences in the intensity of inflammatory infiltrate comparing before and after treatment, and comparing between different treatments. However, although the number and frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ cells were not different before and after treatments or comparing different treatments, frequency of CD68+ cells decreased after treatment with Sbv + PTX, but not with Sbv. This was due to a reduction in CD68+ TNF-alpha+ and not in CD68+ IL-10+ cells. The frequency of TNF-alpha+ cells was correlated with the intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate before treatment, but this correlation was lost after treatment with Sbv + PTX. Although the total expression of granzyme A did not significantly change after treatments, a clear trend of decrease was observed after treatment with Sbv + PTX. Interestingly, patients who took longer to heal, regardless of the treatment, displayed a higher frequency of granzyme A+ cells. Our data suggest that treatment with Sbv + PTX acts in CD68+ cells reducing the expression of TNF-alpha but not IL-10, resulting in more efficient modulation of the inflammatory response, accelerating the healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodrigues de Faria
- Centro Universitário de Formiga - UNIFOR-MG, Formiga, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell-Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiza Cenizio Barbieri
- Laboratory of Cell-Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carolina Cattoni Koh
- Laboratory of Cell-Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Lima Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT, Salvador, Brazil.,Immunology Service, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgar Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carolina Cincurá Barreto
- Immunology Service, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgar Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Marcus Miranda Lessa
- Immunology Service, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgar Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgar Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT, Salvador, Brazil.,Immunology Service, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgar Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Kenneth J Gollob
- International Research Center, ACCamargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Walderez Ornelas Dutra
- Laboratory of Cell-Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT, Salvador, Brazil
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NO x-, IL-1β-, TNF-α-, and IL-6-Inhibiting Effects and Trypanocidal Activity of Banana ( Musa acuminata) Bracts and Flowers: UPLC-HRESI-MS Detection of Phenylpropanoid Sucrose Esters. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244564. [PMID: 31847066 PMCID: PMC6943641 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Banana inflorescences are a byproduct of banana cultivation consumed in various regions of Brazil as a non-conventional food. This byproduct represents an alternative food supply that can contribute to the resolution of nutritional problems and hunger. This product is also used in Asia as a traditional remedy for the treatment of various illnesses such as bronchitis and dysentery. However, there is a lack of chemical and pharmacological data to support its consumption as a functional food. Therefore, this work aimed to study the anti-inflammatory action of Musa acuminata blossom by quantifying the cytokine levels (NOx, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) in peritoneal neutrophils, and to study its antiparasitic activities using the intracellular forms of T. cruzi, L. amazonensis, and L. infantum. This work also aimed to establish the chemical profile of the inflorescence using UPLC-ESI-MS analysis. Flowers and the crude bract extracts were partitioned in dichloromethane and n-butanol to afford four fractions (FDCM, FNBU, BDCM, and BNBU). FDCM showed moderate trypanocidal activity and promising anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. BDCM significantly inhibited the secretion of TNF-α, while BNBU was active against IL-6 and NOx. LCMS data of these fractions revealed an unprecedented presence of arylpropanoid sucroses alongside flavonoids, triterpenes, benzofurans, stilbenes, and iridoids. The obtained results revealed that banana inflorescences could be used as an anti-inflammatory food ingredient to control inflammatory diseases.
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dos Santos Meira C, Gedamu L. Protective or Detrimental? Understanding the Role of Host Immunity in Leishmaniasis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120695. [PMID: 31847221 PMCID: PMC6956275 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, a vector-borne disease of major public health concern, estimated to affect 12 million people worldwide. The clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis are highly variable and can range from self-healing localized cutaneous lesions to life-threatening disseminated visceral disease. Once introduced into the skin by infected sandflies, Leishmania parasites interact with a variety of immune cells, such as neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages. The resolution of infection requires a finely tuned interplay between innate and adaptive immune cells, culminating with the activation of microbicidal functions and parasite clearance within host cells. However, several factors derived from the host, insect vector, and Leishmania spp., including the presence of a double-stranded RNA virus (LRV), can modulate the host immunity and influence the disease outcome. In this review, we discuss the immune mechanisms underlying the main forms of leishmaniasis, some of the factors involved with the establishment of infection and disease severity, and potential approaches for vaccine and drug development focused on host immunity.
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Arendt M, Elissa J, Schmidt N, Michael E, Potter N, Cook M, Knoll LJ. Investigating the role of interleukin 10 on Eimeria intestinal pathogenesis in broiler chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 218:109934. [PMID: 31520870 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria species are intestinal protozoan parasites that cause lack of production, malabsorption and mortality in floor raised chickens. Administering an oral antibody to interleukin 10 (aIL-10) reduces the symptoms of coccidiosis in broilers, indicating interleukin 10 (IL-10) is key to Eimeria pathology. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine and acts as a stand down signal to reduce inflammation and host pathology during disease. Related protozoan parasites exploit IL-10 to reduce pathogen-damaging host inflammatory responses. We hypothesize that IL-10 is increased during Eimeria infection through an unknown host-pathogen interaction, and by feeding aIL-10 to neutralize excess IL-10 the bird is allowed to mount an effective immune response to Eimeria. To determine the effects of aIL-10 during the intestinal immune response, intestinal pathology and the relationship between IL-10, interferon gamma (IFNγ) and Eimeria infection were evaluated in this study. In both experiments, broilers were administered either a 10x dose of Advent® Eimeria vaccine or saline. Duodenum, jejunum and cecum samples were collected, processed, stained and examined under a microscope. Evaluation of intestinal histomorphology during aIL-10 administration showed minimal differences in birds fed aIL-10 during infection compared to animals fed a control antibody during Eimeria infection. To further evaluate aIL-10's positive effect during infection, immunofluorescent histochemistry was performed on chicken intestines days 3-7 post Eimeria infection for IL-10 and IFNγ presence in intestinal mucosa in control and infected birds, in regions with and without visible Eimeria burden. IL-10 and IFNγ had significant changes between days 4.5-7 post-infection in birds fed aIL-10 compared to animals fed a control antibody. Overall we found that the duodenum had increased IL-10 presence and increased IFNγ presence, and the jejunum and cecum had decreased IL-10 presence and decreased IFNγ presence. These differences in spatial regulation of IL-10 and IFNγ may indicate Eimeria species induce slightly different cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arendt
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Comparative Biomedical Sciences Department, United States.
| | - Jonathan Elissa
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | - Natalie Schmidt
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Animal Science Department, United States
| | - Emily Michael
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Animal Science Department, United States
| | - Nicole Potter
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Animal Science Department, United States
| | - Mark Cook
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Animal Science Department, United States
| | - Laura J Knoll
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Medical Microbiology & Immunology Department, United States
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Human leukocyte antigen-G 3' untranslated region polymorphism +3142G/C (rs1063320) and haplotypes are associated with manifestations of the American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in a Northeastern Brazilian population. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:908-916. [PMID: 31420207 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
While the role of cytokine genes has been well documented in the context of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection, no studies have addressed the influence of human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) in susceptibility/resistance to American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL). Here, we evaluated the influences of HLA-G, IL-10, TNF-A and IFN-G in the susceptibility and clinical manifestations of ATL. DNA of 114 ATL patients and 346 healthy individuals were sequenced for well-documented polymorphisms in HLA-G 3' untranslated region (UTR), in IL-10 and TNF-A promoters and in IFN-G intron 1. Soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) and cytokine levels were evaluated by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. Analyses were performed using GraphPad and R-package software. Individuals bearing HLA-G +3142G/G showed an association with increased risk for ATL, whereas those carrying the HLA-G +3142C/G and one copy of UTR6 haplotype, showed an association with decreased risk for ATL. sHLA-G was overexpressed in "susceptible" patients compared to the "resistant'' one, and also in patients bearing +3142G/G genotype. From these results, HLA-G +3142G/G may be considered as genotype of susceptibility and UTR6 as marker of protection to ATL. Our findings showed a participation of HLA-G in the pathogenesis of the ATL.
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de Araújo Santos FJ, da Silva LS, Júnior JDES, Ramos de Mesquita TG, de Souza MLG, de Andrade Júnior MC, Talhari S, Ramasawmy R. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the genes IL-2, IL-2RB, and JAK3 in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (V.) guyanensis in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220572. [PMID: 31393896 PMCID: PMC6687158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. In endemic areas, only a portion of exposed subjects develops cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), suggesting that the genetic inheritance of the host plays a vital role in both resistance and susceptibility to the disease. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine that plays a central role in the regulation of the immune response in infection through the axis IL-2/IL-2R (receptor) complex, triggering a series of intracellular events, among which the signaling of Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT). The present study aimed at verifying the possible relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism (s) (SNP s) in the genes IL-2, IL-2RB, and JAK3 in subjects with CL caused by Leishmania guyanensis in the city of Manaus, state of Amazonas, Brazil. 820 patients with CL and 850 healthy subjects (control group) coming from the same endemic areas as the patients were examined. The SNPs -2425G/A (rs4833248) and -330 T/G (rs2069762), located in the IL-2 gene promoter region, seem to influence the expression of the gene and the SNP +10558G/A (rs1003694) and +13295T/C (rs3212760) located in the 3rd intron of the IL-2RB gene and the 13th intron of the JAK3 gene, respectively, were studied by PCR-RFLP. Genotypes and alleles frequencies were obtained by direct counting. For the comparison between the two groups, the χ2 test with OR (odds ratio) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) were used. Similar genotypes and alleles frequencies for the different SNPs were observed in both patients with CL and healthy controls. Comparison of genotypic and allelic frequency between patients with CL and healthy subjects did not show any difference. These polymorphisms do not predict susceptibility to, or protection against the development of CL caused by L. guyanensis in the Amazonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Jules de Araújo Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Lener Santos da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Tirza Gabrielle Ramos de Mesquita
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Moacir Couto de Andrade Júnior
- Post-Graduation Department, Nilton Lins University, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Food Technology, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Sinésio Talhari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Rajendranath Ramasawmy
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação de Imunologia Básica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Nilton Lins University, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Viana AG, Magalhães LMD, Giunchetti RC, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ. Leishmania infantum
induces expression of the negative regulatory checkpoint, CTLA‐4, by human naïve CD8
+
T cells. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12659. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agostinho Gonçalves Viana
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Luísa Mourão Dias Magalhães
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Walderez O. Dutra
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
- INCT‐DT Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Kenneth J. Gollob
- INCT‐DT Belo Horizonte Brazil
- International Center for Research AC Camargo Cancer Center São Paulo Brazil
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Dos Santos JC, Vilela Teodoro Silva M, Ribeiro-Dias F, Joosten LAB. Non-specific effects of BCG in protozoal infections: tegumentary leishmaniasis and malaria. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 25:1479-1483. [PMID: 31212075 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis and malaria are major causes of illness in the poorest countries. In the absence of efficient strategies to prevent infections and to control the transmission of the parasites by insect vectors, treatment relies on drug therapy. Vaccine development continues on several fronts; however none of the candidates developed has so far been shown to provide long-lasting protection at a population level. Because the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine can induce heterologous protective effects, we hypothesize that BCG has beneficial effects in the control of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) and malaria. AIMS In this review we describe evidence for the protective efficacy of BCG against tegumentary leishmaniasis and malaria in humans. SOURCES Relevant data from peer-reviewed scientific literature published on Pubmed up to January 2019 were examined. CONTENT From experimental animal and various human studies with BCG and one recent randomized malaria trial there is evidence that BCG has beneficial effects in Leishmania spp. and Plasmodium falciparum infections. Although the precise mechanisms remain unknown, BCG can activate innate immune responses, and an increasing body of evidence demonstrates that the induction of trained innate immunity could explain its non-specific protective effects. IMPLICATIONS Despite many years of research to prevent and treat TL and malaria, these diseases remain a public health problem in tropical countries. Future studies are required to examine if BCG vaccination could be used as an effective treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Dos Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Centre of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Laboratório de Imunidade Natural (LIN), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - M Vilela Teodoro Silva
- Laboratório de Imunidade Natural (LIN), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - F Ribeiro-Dias
- Laboratório de Imunidade Natural (LIN), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - L A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Centre of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Lupeol induces immunity and protective efficacy in a murine model against visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitology 2019; 146:1440-1450. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe available chemotherapeutics for the cure of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are linked with many detrimental effects. Moreover, VL is associated with the suppression of protective Th1 immune response of the host and induction of disease exaggerating Th2 immune response. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement of therapeutics which can augment the immune status of the host to cure this disease. In the current investigation, the antileishmanial potential of lupeol was monitored in vitro and in vivo in inbred BALB/c mice against Leishmania donovani. Lupeol showed potent antipromastigote activity via arresting parasites at sub G0/G1 phase in vitro. Lupeol significantly decreased the splenic parasite burden by inducing strong delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in contrary to untreated infected animals. The therapeutic efficacy of lupeol was observed to be similar to the reference drug, AmB. Treatment of infected animals with lupeol depicted enhanced levels of T cells and Th1 cytokines in contrast to only infected controls. Further lupeol treatment upregulated the levels of nuclear factor κ B and nitric oxide synthase genes and elevated the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. Unlike AmB, lupeol-treated infected animals did not show any toxicity. These findings are promising and indicate that lupeol can serve as a prototype drug for the cure of VL.
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Terra R, Alves PJF, Lima AKC, Gomes SMR, Rodrigues LS, Salerno VP, Da-Silva SAG, Dutra PML. Immunomodulation From Moderate Exercise Promotes Control of Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:115. [PMID: 31131262 PMCID: PMC6510011 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise has been described as an important tool in the prevention and treatment of numerous diseases as it promotes a range of responses and adaptations in several biological systems, including the immune system. Studies on the effect of exercise on the immune system could play a critical role in improving public health. Current literature suggests that moderate intensity exercise can modulate the Th1/Th2 dichotomy directing the immune system to a Th1 cellular immune response, which favors the resolution of infections caused by intracellular microorganisms. Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases presenting a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that range from self-limiting lesions to visceral injuries whose severity can lead to death. The etiological agents responsible for this group of diseases are protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Infections by the parasite Leishmania major in mice (Balb/c) provide a prototype model for the polarization of CD4+ T cell responses of both Th1 (resistance) or Th2 (susceptibility), which determines the progression of infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise on the development of L. major experimental infections by scanning the pattern of immune response caused by exercise. Groups of Balb/c mice infected with L. major were divided into groups that preformed a physical exercise of swimming three times a week or were sedentary along with treatment or not with the reference drug, meglumine antimoniate. Animals in groups submitted to physical exercise did not appear to develop lesions and presented a significantly lower parasite load independent of drug treatment. They also showed a positive delayed hypersensitivity response to a specific Leishmania antigen compared to control animals. The IFN-γ/IL-4 and IFN-γ/IL10 ratios in trained animals were clearly tilted to a Th1 response in lymph node cells. These data suggest that moderate intensity exercise is able to modulate the Th1 response that provides a protective effect against the development of leishmanial lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Terra
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro J. F. Alves
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana K. C. Lima
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Shayane M. R. Gomes
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana S. Rodrigues
- Discipline of General Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratories, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Verônica P. Salerno
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Molecular Motors, School of Physical Education and Sports, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvia A. G. Da-Silva
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia M. L. Dutra
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Polari LP, Carneiro PP, Macedo M, Machado PRL, Scott P, Carvalho EM, Bacellar O. Leishmania braziliensis Infection Enhances Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 Expression and Triggers TNF-α and IL-10 Production in Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:120. [PMID: 31119102 PMCID: PMC6507514 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by infection with Leishmania braziliensis is characterized by an exaggerated inflammatory response that controls the parasite burden, but also contributes to pathology. While myeloid cells are required to eliminate the parasite, recent studies indicate that they may also participate in the inflammatory response driving disease progression. The innate immune response to leishmania is driven in part by the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9. In this study, we used flow cytometric analysis to compare TLR2 and TLR4 expression in monocyte subsets (classical, intermediate, and non-classical) from CL patients and healthy subjects (HS). We also determined if there was an association of either the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF or the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 with TLR2 or TLR4 expression levels after L. braziliensis infection. In vitro infection with L. braziliensis caused CL monocytes to up-regulate TLR2 and TLR4 expression. We also found that intermediate monocytes expressed the highest levels of TLR2 and TLR4 and that infected monocytes produced more TNF and IL-10 than uninfected monocytes. Finally, while classical and intermediate monocytes were mainly responsible for TNF production, classical monocytes were the main source of IL-10. Collectively, our studies revealed that up-regulated TLR2/4 expression and TNF production by intermediate/inflammatory subsets of monocytes from patients correlates with detrimental outcome of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila P Polari
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo Carneiro
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Michael Macedo
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo R L Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz - Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Olívia Bacellar
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Brazil
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Costa RS, Carvalho LP, Campos TM, Magalhães AS, Passos ST, Schriefer A, Silva JA, Lago E, Paixão CS, Machado P, Scott P, Carvalho EM. Early Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients Infected With Leishmania braziliensis Express Increased Inflammatory Responses After Antimony Therapy. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:840-850. [PMID: 29216363 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early cutaneous leishmaniasis (ECL) is characterized by a nonulcerated papular lesion and illness duration less than 30 days. Approximately 4 weeks later, the cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) ulcers appear. We were surprised to find that failure after antimony therapy (Sb5) is higher in ECL than CL. We hypothesize that the inflammatory response in ECL patients may increase during Sb5 therapy, which leads to treatment failure. Methods A cohort of 44 ECL patients infected by Leishmania braziliensis was established to evaluate the response to Sb5 and to compare immunologic responses in ECL patients with CL and healthy subjects. Results A hierarchical clustering based on cytokine levels showed a weak positive correlation between proinflammatory cytokine levels and those patients that failed Sb5 treatment. Although Sb5 therapy decreased interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor levels in CL patients, we were surprised to find that an increase in these cytokines was observed in ECL patients. Moreover, interleukin (IL)-10 was less able to down-modulate immune responses in ECL. Conclusions The enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines, due in part to the decreased ability of IL-10 to down-modulate immune response during therapy in ECL, promotes the development and persistence of leishmania ulcer despite antimony therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rúbia S Costa
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Taís M Campos
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Andréa S Magalhães
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Sara T Passos
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Albert Schriefer
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Juliana A Silva
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ednaldo Lago
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Camilla S Paixão
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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47
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Alves-Silva MV, Nico D, de Luca PM, Palatnik de-Sousa CB. The F1F3 Recombinant Chimera of Leishmania donovani-Nucleoside Hydrolase (NH36) and Its Epitopes Induce Cross-Protection Against Leishmania (V.) braziliensis Infection in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:724. [PMID: 31024556 PMCID: PMC6465647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (V.) braziliensis is the etiological agent of Cutaneous (CL) and Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ML) in the New World. CL can be more benign but ML can be severe and disfiguring. Immunity to these diseases include hypersensitivity, an enhanced inflammatory response with strong IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion. Additionally, the production of IL-10 which down modulates the immune response is reduced. The Nucleoside hydrolase (NH36) of Leishmania (L.) donovani is the main antigen of the Leishmune veterinary vaccine and its F3 domain induces a CD4+ T cell-mediated protection against L. (L.) infantum chagasi infection. Prevention of L. (L.) amazonensis infection requires in contrast an additional CD8+ T cell mediated response induced by the F1 domain. Consequently, the F1F3 recombinant chimera, which contains both domains cloned in tandem, optimized the vaccine efficacy against L. (L.) amazonensis mouse infection. We compared the efficacies of NH36, F1, F3, and the FIF3 chimera against L. (V.) braziliensis mouse infection. The F1F3 chimera increased the NH36 specific IgA and response before and after infection and the IgG and IgG3 levels after challenge. It also induced a 49% stronger intradermal response to leishmanial antigen (IDR) than NH36 that was positively correlated to the levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α, IgG, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3 anti-NH36 antibodies. However, stronger Th1 responses with elevated IFN-γ/IL-10 and TNF-α/IL-10 ratios were promoted by the F3 and F1 vaccines and detected in infected controls while the F1F3 chimera promoted the highest IL-10 secretion, which reduced the pathological Th1 response, and characterized the induction of a mixed and/or T-cell regulatory response. We identified the epitopes responsible for these immune responses. The F3 vaccine induced the earliest immunity and after challenge, the F1F3 chimera promoted the highest CD4+ and CD8+ cytokine-secreting T cell responses, and the predominant frequencies of multifunctional CD4+ and CD8+IL-2+TNF-α+IFN-γ+ T cells. Also as observed against L. (L.) amazonensis infection, the F1F3 chimera showed the strongest reduction of the ear lesions sizes induced by L. (V.) braziliensis. Our results confirm the potential use of the F1F3 chimera in a multi-species cross-protective vaccine against L. (V.) braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinícius Alves-Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia e Bioquímica de Leishmania, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Vegetal e Bioprocessos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dirlei Nico
- Laboratório de Biologia e Bioquímica de Leishmania, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Melo de Luca
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clarisa B Palatnik de-Sousa
- Laboratório de Biologia e Bioquímica de Leishmania, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zahedifard F, Lee H, No JH, Salimi M, Seyed N, Asoodeh A, Rafati S. Anti-leishmanial activity of Brevinin 2R and its Lauric acid conjugate type against L. major: In vitro mechanism of actions and in vivo treatment potentials. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007217. [PMID: 30811391 PMCID: PMC6411200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, as a major health problem in tropical and sub-tropical areas in the world, needs novel, safe, nontoxic and plausible therapeutic solutions for its control. As a part of innate immune system, natural antimicrobial peptides have a potential to be used as new generation of antibiotics especially after persistent resistance of conventional antimicrobial agents. Brevinin 2R, a member of Defensin families of host defense peptides, showed promising effects against bacterial and fungal infections as well as cancerous cell lines. In the current research, the anti-leishmanial effect of Brevinin 2R and its lauric acid conjugate was investigated against Leishmania major (L. major) parasite. The data revealed that, conjugation of fatty acid to Brevinin 2R, strengthen its effect on L. major promastigotes as well as toxicity and hemolytic effect. These peptides showed anitleishmanial activity through cell membrane disruption and changes in the electrical and mitochondrial membrane potential. No signs of apoptosis induction or caspase activation were detected. Despite its hemolytic and cytotoxic effect in in vitro conditions, lauric acid- Brevinin 2R (L- Brevinin 2R) did not show site specific adverse reactions in animal model. Treatment course with L- Brevinin 2R in the L. major infected mice exhibited decreased parasite load in the lymph nodes adjacent to the infected site despite cytokine production profile and footpad swelling data. Seeking novel drugs against leishmaniasis is a necessity due to inefficiency of current medications. Brevinin 2R, as a non-hemolytic natural antimicrobial peptide, was effective against vast majority of bacterial and fungal infections as well as cancerous cell lines. In this regard in the current study, the efficacy of Brevinin 2R and its lauric acid conjugate version were studied against L. major parasite growth inhibition at in vitro and in animal model. The results exhibited that, conjugation of fatty acid to Brevinin 2R exacerbated anti-leishmanial effect. L- Brevinin 2R resolved the promastigotes through membrane disruption and changes in the membrane and mitochondrial potential. Also, L- Brevinin 2R was able to limit successfully the parasite load in the lymph nodes of L. major infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Zahedifard
- Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Leishmania Research Lab, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeryon Lee
- Leishmania Research Lab, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hwan No
- Leishmania Research Lab, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Mona Salimi
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Seyed
- Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Asoodeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sima Rafati
- Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
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Mohammadpour I, Hatam GR, Handjani F, Bozorg-Ghalati F, PourKamal D, Motazedian MH. Leishmania cytochrome b gene sequence polymorphisms in southern Iran: relationships with different cutaneous clinical manifestations. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:98. [PMID: 30696426 PMCID: PMC6352432 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania species, is a geographically extensive disease that infects humans and animals. CL is endemic in half of the 31 provinces of Iran, with 29,201 incidence cases reported in Fars province from 2010 to 2015. CL is polymorphic and may result in lesions characterized by different clinical features. Parasite genetic diversity is proposed to be one of the factors affecting the clinical outcome and lesion characteristics in CL patients. However, there is still very limited data regarding the genetic variation of Leishmania spp. based on the sequencing of Cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene. Methods All patients originated from endemic regions in Fars province. The amplification of the Cyt b gene from isolates of 100 patients with disparate clinical forms of CL was accomplished using Nested-PCR. Sequence analysis of the amplified Cyt b was used to scrutinize the genetic variations among Leishmania isolates and connect the results with clinical pictures. The clinical demonstrations were basically of two types, typical and atypical lesions. Molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Neighbor-Joining method, with species/strains from this study compared to species/strains from other geographical regions. Results Leishmania major was identified as the predominant infecting Leishmania spp. (86% of cases), with the remainder of cases being infected by Leishmania tropica. Clinical examination of patients revealed 12 different clinical CL forms. Among Leishmania samples analyzed, five distinct haplotypes were recognized: three in L. major and two in L. tropica. We found a correlation between clinical outcomes and Cyt b sequence variation of Leishmania spp. involved. Moreover, we observed a higher presence of polymorphisms in L. major compared with L. tropica. This difference may be due to the different eco-epidemiologies of both species, with L. tropica being an anthroponosis compared to L. major, which is a zoonosis. Conclusions The sequence analysis of Cyt b gene from 25 L. major and L. tropica strains demonstrated genetic variability of L. major and L. tropica causing CL in southern Iran, and a feasible connection amid the genetic heterogeneity of the parasite, geographical source and clinical appearance of the disease in human was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Mohammadpour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Gholam Reza Hatam
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farhad Handjani
- Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Bozorg-Ghalati
- Department of Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Daniel PourKamal
- Fajr Health Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Motazedian
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Gene expression profile of cytokines produced in biopsies from patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2019; 189:69-75. [PMID: 30273562 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) causes a local inflammatory process, inducing expression of several cytokine genes. Particularly, IFN-γ can predict to disease susceptibility. Based in these data, this study was aimed to investigate the gene expression profile of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-27, TNF-γ, TGF-β and IL-6 produced in biopsies from ACL patients; and whether the gene expression profile of IFN-γ could determine the disease evolution. Gene expression of 6 cytokines was investigated in 40 formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) biopsies from patients with cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL); and 10 FFPE biopsies from patients with mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) (control). All 50 patients were infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Gene expression was determined by qPCR; and a normal control group was used for calculations (5 normal biopsies). Values were expressed as Relative Quantification (RQ). The 40 CL patients were classified into 2 groups. CLlowIFN-γ, 35 patients with RQ for IFN-γ below 100; and CLhighIFN-γ, 5 (12.5%) patients with RQ above 100. Significant increase of mRNA levels of IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-27 was shown in CLhighIFN-γ group when compared with CLlowIFN-γ and ML groups. TNF-α levels in CLlowIFN-γ group were higher than CLhighIFN-γ and ML groups. TGF-β and IL-6 were similar in 3 groups. Comparison of cytokine expression/group showed that CLlowIFN-γ group had an equilibrium between the cytokines analyzed. In ML group, IFN-γ was over-expressed; but in CLhighIFN-γ group, besides IFN-γ, IL-27 was also over-expressed. The immune response to Leishmania induces to identification of some markers, which can be determined by analysis by gene expression of cytokines produced in biopsies.
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