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Koupourtidou C, Schwarz V, Aliee H, Frerich S, Fischer-Sternjak J, Bocchi R, Simon-Ebert T, Bai X, Sirko S, Kirchhoff F, Dichgans M, Götz M, Theis FJ, Ninkovic J. Shared inflammatory glial cell signature after stab wound injury, revealed by spatial, temporal, and cell-type-specific profiling of the murine cerebral cortex. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2866. [PMID: 38570482 PMCID: PMC10991294 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46625-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury leads to a highly orchestrated immune- and glial cell response partially responsible for long-lasting disability and the development of secondary neurodegenerative diseases. A holistic understanding of the mechanisms controlling the responses of specific cell types and their crosstalk is required to develop an efficient strategy for better regeneration. Here, we combine spatial and single-cell transcriptomics to chart the transcriptomic signature of the injured male murine cerebral cortex, and identify specific states of different glial cells contributing to this signature. Interestingly, distinct glial cells share a large fraction of injury-regulated genes, including inflammatory programs downstream of the innate immune-associated pathways Cxcr3 and Tlr1/2. Systemic manipulation of these pathways decreases the reactivity state of glial cells associated with poor regeneration. The functional relevance of the discovered shared signature of glial cells highlights the importance of our resource enabling comprehensive analysis of early events after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Koupourtidou
- Chair of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Schwarz
- Chair of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hananeh Aliee
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simon Frerich
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Judith Fischer-Sternjak
- Chair of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Riccardo Bocchi
- Chair of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana Simon-Ebert
- Chair of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Xianshu Bai
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
- Center for Gender-specific Biology and Medicine (CGBM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Swetlana Sirko
- Chair of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
- Center for Gender-specific Biology and Medicine (CGBM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology SYNERGY, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Chair of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology SYNERGY, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- Chair of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology SYNERGY, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Zhivaki D, Gosselin EA, Sengupta D, Concepcion H, Arinze C, Chow J, Nikiforov A, Komoroski V, MacFarlane C, Sullivan C, Kagan JC. mRNAs encoding self-DNA reactive cGAS enhance the immunogenicity of lipid nanoparticle vaccines. mBio 2023; 14:e0250623. [PMID: 37937842 PMCID: PMC10746235 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02506-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Nucleic acid-based vaccines hold promise in preventing infections and treating cancer. The most common use of this technology is to encode antigenic proteins on mRNAs that are delivered to cells via lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations. In this study, we discovered that immunostimulatory proteins can also be encoded on mRNAs in LNPs. We found that an active mutant of the enzyme cGAS, referred to as cGAS∆N, acts as a catalytic adjuvant in LNP-encapsulated mRNA vaccines. The delivery of cGAS∆N mRNA via LNPs in combination with antigen mRNA-LNPs led to durable antigen-specific IFNγ-producing T cells that exceeded the efficiency of antigen-LNPs similar to those currently used in the clinic. This strategy did not compromise B cell responses; rather it induced Th1-biased antibody isotypes. This work unveils new vaccine design strategies using mRNA-encoded catalytic adjuvants that could be ideal for generating CD8+ T cell and B cell responses for immunotherapies.
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Deng S, Pan Y, An N, Chen F, Chen H, Wang H, Xu X, Liu R, Yang L, Wang X, Du X, Zhang Q. Downregulation of RCN1 promotes pyroptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Mol Oncol 2023; 17:2584-2602. [PMID: 37746742 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Reticulocalbin-1 (RCN1) is expressed aberrantly and at a high level in various tumors, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), yet its impact on AML remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that RCN1 knockdown significantly suppresses the viability of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) from AML patients but does not affect the viability of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) from healthy donors in vitro. Downregulation of RCN1 also reduces the viability of AML cell lines. Further studies showed that the RCN1 knockdown upregulates type I interferon (IFN-1) expression and promotes AML cell pyroptosis through caspase-1 and gasdermin D (GSDMD) signaling. Deletion of the mouse Rcn1 gene inhibits the viability of mouse AML cell lines but not the hematopoiesis of mouse bone marrow. In addition, RCN1 downregulation in human AML cells significantly inhibited tumor growth in the NSG mouse xenograft model. Taken together, our results suggest that RCN1 may be a potential target for AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Deng
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Shenzhen Institute of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, China
| | - Yuming Pan
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Shenzhen Institute of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, China
| | - Na An
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Shenzhen Institute of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, China
| | - Fengyi Chen
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Shenzhen Institute of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Shenzhen Institute of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Shenzhen Institute of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, China
- Department of Hematology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, China
| | - Xiaojing Xu
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Liu
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, China
| | - Linlin Yang
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Shenzhen Institute of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, China
| | - Xin Du
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Shenzhen Institute of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, China
| | - Qiaoxia Zhang
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Shenzhen Institute of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, China
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Lee Y, Jeong M, Park J, Jung H, Lee H. Immunogenicity of lipid nanoparticles and its impact on the efficacy of mRNA vaccines and therapeutics. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2085-2096. [PMID: 37779140 PMCID: PMC10618257 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have utilized a lipid nanoparticle delivery system to enhance the effectiveness of mRNA therapeutics and vaccines. However, these nanoparticles are recognized as foreign materials by the body and stimulate innate immunity, which in turn impacts adaptive immunity. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the specific type of innate immune response triggered by lipid nanoparticles. This article provides an overview of the immunological response in the body, explores how lipid nanoparticles activate the innate immune system, and examines the adverse effects and immunogenicity-related development pathways associated with these nanoparticles. Finally, we highlight and explore strategies for regulating the immunogenicity of lipid nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Michaela Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Jeongeun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Hyein Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Hyukjin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea.
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5
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Han J, Lim J, Wang CPJ, Han JH, Shin HE, Kim SN, Jeong D, Lee SH, Chun BH, Park CG, Park W. Lipid nanoparticle-based mRNA delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy. NANO CONVERGENCE 2023; 10:36. [PMID: 37550567 PMCID: PMC10406775 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-023-00385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, which harnesses the power of the immune system, has shown immense promise in the fight against malignancies. Messenger RNA (mRNA) stands as a versatile instrument in this context, with its capacity to encode tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), immune cell receptors, cytokines, and antibodies. Nevertheless, the inherent structural instability of mRNA requires the development of effective delivery systems. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as significant candidates for mRNA delivery in cancer immunotherapy, providing both protection to the mRNA and enhanced intracellular delivery efficiency. In this review, we offer a comprehensive summary of the recent advancements in LNP-based mRNA delivery systems, with a focus on strategies for optimizing the design and delivery of mRNA-encoded therapeutics in cancer treatment. Furthermore, we delve into the challenges encountered in this field and contemplate future perspectives, aiming to improve the safety and efficacy of LNP-based mRNA cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Han
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Seobu-ro 2066, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Pin James Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Seobu-ro 2066, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeok Han
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Eun Shin
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Na Kim
- MediArk, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Dooyong Jeong
- R&D center of HLB Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hwaseong, Gyeonggi, 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hwi Lee
- R&D center of HLB Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hwaseong, Gyeonggi, 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Bok-Hwan Chun
- R&D center of HLB Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hwaseong, Gyeonggi, 18469, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Gwon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Seobu-ro 2066, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wooram Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Viruses Binding to Host Receptors Interacts with Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043423. [PMID: 36834833 PMCID: PMC9968160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses must cross the plasma membrane to infect cells, making them eager to overcome this barrier in order to replicate in hosts. They bind to cell surface receptors as the first step of initiating entry. Viruses can use several surface molecules that allow them to evade defense mechanisms. Various mechanisms are stimulated to defend against viruses upon their entry into cells. Autophagy, one of the defense systems, degrades cellular components to maintain homeostasis. The presence of viruses in the cytosol regulates autophagy; however, the mechanisms by which viral binding to receptors regulates autophagy have not yet been fully established. This review discusses recent findings on autophagy induced by interactions between viruses and receptors. It provides novel perspectives on the mechanism of autophagy as regulated by viruses.
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Yang S, Yang N, Huang X, Li Y, Liu G, Jansen CA, Savelkoul HFJ, Liu G. Pigs' intestinal barrier function is more refined with aging. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 136:104512. [PMID: 35995250 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The high mortality upon enteric virus infection in piglets causes huge economic losses. To control these infections, potential causes for this high susceptibility for enteric virus infections in younger piglets were analyzed by comparing the intestinal barrier between 1-week, 2-week and 4-week-old piglets. In this study, histological staining was used to analyze morphological differences in intestinal villi, real-time qPCR was performed to assess mRNA expression levels of genes that were related to viral infection and differentiation of immune cells, and flow cytometry was utilized to measure the frequencies of T cells. According to the results obtained, 1-week-old piglets have intestinal villi with shallower crypts, less well developed epithelial cells and a more immature immune system compared to older pigs. Moreover, high amounts of enteric virus invasion-assisting proteins but low amounts of resistant proteins in 1-week piglets could also be a reason for the high susceptibility of 1-week-old piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China; Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China; Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (TERRA), University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China; Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (TERRA), University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Guo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Guangliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China.
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Bomfim CCB, Fisher L, Amaral EP, Mittereder L, McCann K, Correa AAS, Namasivayam S, Swamydas M, Moayeri M, Weiss JM, Chari R, McVicar DW, Costa DL, D’Império Lima MR, Sher A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Irg1 in Murine Macrophages by a Pathway Involving Both TLR-2 and STING/IFNAR Signaling and Requiring Bacterial Phagocytosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:862582. [PMID: 35586249 PMCID: PMC9109611 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.862582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Irg1 is an enzyme that generates itaconate, a metabolite that plays a key role in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Previous studies have implicated Irg1 as an important mediator in preventing excessive inflammation and tissue damage in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Here, we investigated the pattern recognition receptors and signaling pathways by which Mtb triggers Irg1 gene expression by comparing the responses of control and genetically deficient BMDMs. Using this approach, we demonstrated partial roles for TLR-2 (but not TLR-4 or -9), MyD88 and NFκB signaling in Irg1 induction by Mtb bacilli. In addition, drug inhibition studies revealed major requirements for phagocytosis and endosomal acidification in Irg1 expression triggered by Mtb but not LPS or PAM3CSK4. Importantly, the Mtb-induced Irg1 response was highly dependent on the presence of the bacterial ESX-1 secretion system, as well as host STING and Type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) signaling with Type II IFN (IFN-γ) signaling playing only a minimal role. Based on these findings we hypothesize that Mtb induces Irg1 expression in macrophages via the combination of two independent triggers both dependent on bacterial phagocytosis: 1) a major signal stimulated by phagocytized Mtb products released by an ESX-1-dependent mechanism into the cytosol where they activate the STING pathway leading to Type I-IFN production, and 2) a secondary TLR-2, MyD88 and NFκB dependent signal that enhances Irg1 production independently of Type I IFN induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio C. B. Bomfim
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Logan Fisher
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eduardo P. Amaral
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lara Mittereder
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Katelyn McCann
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - André A. S. Correa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sivaranjani Namasivayam
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Muthulekha Swamydas
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mahtab Moayeri
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonathan M. Weiss
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Raj Chari
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Daniel W. McVicar
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Diego L. Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria R. D’Império Lima
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alan Sher
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Suzuki M, Cooksley C, Suzuki T, Ramezanpour M, Nakazono A, Nakamaru Y, Homma A, Vreugde S. TLR Signals in Epithelial Cells in the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 2:780425. [PMID: 35387020 PMCID: PMC8974762 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.780425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract is constantly at risk of invasion by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In particular, the mucosal epithelium of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is at the very forefront of the battles between the host and the invading pathogens. Recent studies have revealed that the epithelium not only constitutes a physical barrier but also takes an essential role in the activation of the immune system. One of the mechanisms equipped in the epithelium to fight against microorganisms is the Toll-like receptor (TLR) response. TLRs recognize common structural components of microorganisms and activate the innate immune system, resulting in the production of a plethora of cytokines and chemokines in the response against microbes. As the epithelia-derived cytokines are deeply involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, such as chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and allergic rhinitis (AR), the molecules involved in the TLR response may be utilized as therapeutic targets for these diseases. There are several differences in the TLR response between nasal and bronchial epithelial cells, and knowledge of the TLR signals in the upper airway is sparse compared to that in the lower airway. In this review, we provide recent evidence on TLR signaling in the upper airway, focusing on the expression, regulation, and responsiveness of TLRs in human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs). We also discuss how TLRs in the epithelium are involved in the pathogenesis of, and possible therapeutic targeting, for CRS and AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Clare Cooksley
- Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mahnaz Ramezanpour
- Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Akira Nakazono
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakamaru
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Homma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sarah Vreugde
- Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Central Adelaide Local Health Network and the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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10
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Rouanet M, Hanoun N, Hubert Lulka, Ferreira C, Garcin P, Sramek M, Jacquemin G, Coste A, Pagan D, Valle C, Sarot E, Pancaldi V, Lopez F, Buscail L, Cordelier P. The antitumoral activity of TLR7 ligands is corrupted by the microenvironment of pancreatic tumors. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1553-1563. [PMID: 35038581 PMCID: PMC9077317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key players in the innate immune system. Recent studies have suggested that they may affect the growth of pancreatic cancer, a disease with no cure. Among them, TLR7 shows promise for therapy but may also promotes tumor growth. Thus, we aimed to clarify the therapeutic potential of TLR7 ligands in experimental pancreatic cancer models, to open the door for clinical applications. In vitro, we found that TLR7 ligands strongly inhibit the proliferation of both human and murine pancreatic cancer cells, compared with TLR2 agonists. Hence, TLR7 treatment alters cancer cells' cell cycle and induces cell death by apoptosis. In vivo, TLR7 agonist therapy significantly delays the growth of murine pancreatic tumors engrafted in immunodeficient mice. Remarkably, TLR7 ligands administration instead increases tumor growth and accelerates animal death when tumors are engrafted in immunocompetent models. Further investigations revealed that TLR7 agonists modulate the intratumoral content and phenotype of macrophages and that depleting such tumor-associated macrophages strongly hampers TLR7 agonist-induced tumor growth. Collectively, our findings shine a light on the duality of action of TLR7 agonists in experimental cancer models and call into question their use for pancreatic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Rouanet
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Department of Gastroenterology and University of Toulouse III, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Naima Hanoun
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hubert Lulka
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Cindy Ferreira
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Garcin
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Martin Sramek
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Godefroy Jacquemin
- Institut RESTORE, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Agnès Coste
- Institut RESTORE, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Pagan
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Carine Valle
- Technological cluster, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Emeline Sarot
- Technological cluster, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Vera Pancaldi
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Lopez
- Technological cluster, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Louis Buscail
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Department of Gastroenterology and University of Toulouse III, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Cordelier
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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11
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Complement as a powerful "influencer" in the brain during development, adulthood and neurological disorders. Adv Immunol 2021; 152:157-222. [PMID: 34844709 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The complement system was long considered as only a powerful effector arm of the immune system that, while critically protective, could lead to inflammation and cell death if overactivated, even in the central nervous system (CNS). However, in the past decade it has been recognized as playing critical roles in key physiological processes in the CNS, including neurogenesis and synaptic remodeling in the developing and adult brain. Inherent in these processes are the interactions with cells in the brain, and the cascade of interactions and functional consequences that ensue. As a result, investigations of therapeutic approaches for both suppressing excessive complement driven neurotoxicity and aberrant sculpting of neuronal circuits, require broad (and deep) knowledge of the functional activities of multiple components of this highly evolved and regulated system to avoid unintended negative consequences in the clinic. Advances in basic science are beginning to provide a roadmap for translation to therapeutics, with both small molecule and biologics. Here, we present examples of the critical roles of proper complement function in the development and sculpting of the nervous system, and in enabling rapid protection from infection and clearance of dying cells. Microglia are highlighted as important command centers that integrate signals from the complement system and other innate sensors that are programed to provide support and protection, but that direct detrimental responses to aberrant activation and/or regulation of the system. Finally, we present promising research areas that may lead to effective and precision strategies for complement targeted interventions to promote neurological health.
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12
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Musella M, Galassi C, Manduca N, Sistigu A. The Yin and Yang of Type I IFNs in Cancer Promotion and Immune Activation. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:856. [PMID: 34571733 PMCID: PMC8467547 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFNs) are key regulators of natural and therapy-induced host defense against viral infection and cancer. Several years of remarkable progress in the field of oncoimmunology have revealed the dual nature of these cytokines. Hence, Type I IFNs may trigger anti-tumoral responses, while leading immune dysfunction and disease progression. This dichotomy relies on the duration and intensity of the transduced signaling, the nature of the unleashed IFN stimulated genes, and the subset of responding cells. Here, we discuss the role of Type I IFNs in the evolving relationship between the host immune system and cancer, as we offer a view of the therapeutic strategies that exploit and require an intact Type I IFN signaling, and the role of these cytokines in inducing adaptive resistance. A deep understanding of the complex, yet highly regulated, network of Type I IFN triggered molecular pathways will help find a timely and immune"logical" way to exploit these cytokines for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Musella
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Claudia Galassi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicoletta Manduca
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Antonella Sistigu
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.G.); (N.M.)
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
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13
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Rian K, Esteban-Medina M, Hidalgo MR, Çubuk C, Falco MM, Loucera C, Gunyel D, Ostaszewski M, Peña-Chilet M, Dopazo J. Mechanistic modeling of the SARS-CoV-2 disease map. BioData Min 2021; 14:5. [PMID: 33478554 PMCID: PMC7817765 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-021-00234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present a web interface that implements a comprehensive mechanistic model of the SARS-CoV-2 disease map. In this framework, the detailed activity of the human signaling circuits related to the viral infection, covering from the entry and replication mechanisms to the downstream consequences as inflammation and antigenic response, can be inferred from gene expression experiments. Moreover, the effect of potential interventions, such as knock-downs, or drug effects (currently the system models the effect of more than 8000 DrugBank drugs) can be studied. This freely available tool not only provides an unprecedentedly detailed view of the mechanisms of viral invasion and the consequences in the cell but has also the potential of becoming an invaluable asset in the search for efficient antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinza Rian
- Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marina Esteban-Medina
- Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marta R Hidalgo
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cankut Çubuk
- Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Matias M Falco
- Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Bioinformatics in RareDiseases (BiER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carlos Loucera
- Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Devrim Gunyel
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Marek Ostaszewski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - María Peña-Chilet
- Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain.
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
- Bioinformatics in RareDiseases (BiER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Dopazo
- Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain.
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
- Bioinformatics in RareDiseases (BiER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Sevilla, Spain.
- Functional Genomics Node (INB-ELIXIR-es), Sevilla, Spain.
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14
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Chen S, Wu X, Wang X, Shao Y, Tu Q, Yang H, Yin J, Yin Y. Responses of Intestinal Microbiota and Immunity to Increasing Dietary Levels of Iron Using a Piglet Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:603392. [PMID: 33392192 PMCID: PMC7773786 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.603392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential metal for both animals and microbiota. In general, neonates and infants of humans and animals are at the risk of iron insufficiency. However, excess dietary iron usually causes negative impacts on the host and microbiota. This study aimed to investigate overloaded dietary iron supplementation on growth performance, the distribution pattern of iron in the gut lumen and the host, intestinal microbiota, and intestine transcript profile of piglets. Sixty healthy weaning piglets were randomly assigned to six groups: fed on diets supplemented with ferrous sulfate monohydrate at the dose of 50 ppm (Fe50 group), 100 ppm (Fe100 group), 200 ppm (Fe200 group), 500 ppm (Fe500 group), and 800 ppm (Fe800), separately, for 3 weeks. The results indicated that increasing iron had no significant effects on growth performance, but increased diarrheal risk and iron deposition in intestinal digesta, tissues of intestine and liver, and serum. High iron also reduced serum iron-binding capacity, apolipoprotein, and immunoglobin A. The RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that iron changed colonic transcript profile, such as interferon gamma-signal transducer and activator of transcription two-based anti-infection gene network. Increasing iron also shifted colonic and cecal microbiota, such as reducing alpha diversity and the relative abundance of Clostridiales and Lactobacillus reuteri and increasing the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Lactobacillus amylovorus. Collectively, this study demonstrated that high dietary iron increased diarrheal incidence, changed intestinal immune response-associated gene expression, and shifted gut microbiota. The results would enhance our knowledge of iron effects on the gut and microbiome in piglets and further contribute to understanding these aspects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China.,Yiyang Vocational Technical College, Yiyang, China
| | - Yirui Shao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huansheng Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
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15
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Kazakov AS, Sofin AD, Avkhacheva NV, Denesyuk AI, Deryusheva EI, Rastrygina VA, Sokolov AS, Permyakova ME, Litus EA, Uversky VN, Permyakov EA, Permyakov SE. Interferon Beta Activity Is Modulated via Binding of Specific S100 Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249473. [PMID: 33322098 PMCID: PMC7764042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-β (IFN-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine used for therapy of multiple sclerosis, which is also effective in suppression of viral and bacterial infections and cancer. Recently, we reported a highly specific interaction between IFN-β and S100P lowering IFN-β cytotoxicity to cancer cells (Int J Biol Macromol. 2020; 143: 633–639). S100P is a member of large family of multifunctional Ca2+-binding proteins with cytokine-like activities. To probe selectivity of IFN-β—S100 interaction with respect to S100 proteins, we used surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, chemical crosslinking, and crystal violet assay. Among the thirteen S100 proteins studied S100A1, S100A4, and S100A6 proteins exhibit strictly Ca2+-dependent binding to IFN-β with equilibrium dissociation constants, Kd, of 0.04–1.5 µM for their Ca2+-bound homodimeric forms. Calcium depletion abolishes the S100—IFN-β interactions. Monomerization of S100A1/A4/A6 decreases Kd values down to 0.11–1.0 nM. Interferon-α is unable of binding to the S100 proteins studied. S100A1/A4 proteins inhibit IFN-β-induced suppression of MCF-7 cells viability. The revealed direct influence of specific S100 proteins on IFN-β activity uncovers a novel regulatory role of particular S100 proteins, and opens up novel approaches to enhancement of therapeutic efficacy of IFN-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S. Kazakov
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 7, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (A.I.D.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Alexander D. Sofin
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 7, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (A.I.D.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Nadezhda V. Avkhacheva
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 7, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (A.I.D.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Alexander I. Denesyuk
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 7, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (A.I.D.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Evgenia I. Deryusheva
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 7, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (A.I.D.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Victoria A. Rastrygina
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 7, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (A.I.D.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Andrey S. Sokolov
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 7, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (A.I.D.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Maria E. Permyakova
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 7, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (A.I.D.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Litus
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 7, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (A.I.D.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 7, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (A.I.D.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence: (V.N.U.); (S.E.P.); Tel.: +7-(495)-143-7741 (S.E.P.); Fax: +7-(4967)-33-05-22 (S.E.P.)
| | - Eugene A. Permyakov
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 7, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (A.I.D.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Sergei E. Permyakov
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 7, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (A.I.D.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
- Correspondence: (V.N.U.); (S.E.P.); Tel.: +7-(495)-143-7741 (S.E.P.); Fax: +7-(4967)-33-05-22 (S.E.P.)
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16
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Karapetyan L, Luke JJ, Davar D. Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonists in Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10039-10060. [PMID: 33116588 PMCID: PMC7553670 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s247050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a pattern recognition receptor that is predominantly located intracellularly in immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and other antigen-presenting cells (APC). The primary ligands for TLR9 receptors are unmethylated cytidine phosphate guanosine (CpG) oligodinucleotides (ODN). TLR9 agonists induce inflammatory processes that result in the enhanced uptake and killing of microorganisms and cancer cells as well as the generation of adaptive immune responses. Preclinical studies of TLR9 agonists suggested efficacy both as monotherapy and in combination with several agents, which led to clinical trials in patients with advanced cancer. In these studies, intravenous, intratumoral, and subcutaneous routes of administration have been tested; with anti-tumor responses in both treated and untreated metastatic sites. TLR9 agonist monotherapy is safe, although efficacy is minimal in advanced cancer patients; conversely, combinations appear to be more promising. Several ongoing phase I and II clinical trials are evaluating TLR9 agonists in combination with a variety of agents including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy agents. In this review article, we describe the distribution, structure and signaling of TLR9; discuss the results of preclinical studies of TLR9 agonists; and review ongoing clinical trials of TLR9 agonists singly and in combination in patients with advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Karapetyan
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jason J Luke
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Diwakar Davar
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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17
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Van Hoecke L, Roose K, Ballegeer M, Zhong Z, Sanders NN, De Koker S, Saelens X, Van Lint S. The Opposing Effect of Type I IFN on the T Cell Response by Non-modified mRNA-Lipoplex Vaccines Is Determined by the Route of Administration. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:373-381. [PMID: 33230442 PMCID: PMC7533292 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
mRNA-lipoplex vaccines are currently being explored in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of patients with advanced solid tumors. Mechanistically, these mRNA-lipoplex vaccines are characterized by the induction of type I interferon (IFN) centered innate responses. Earlier studies have identified type I IFNs as major regulators of the T cell response instigated by mRNA-lipoplex vaccines. However, stimulatory or, in contrast, profound inhibitory effects of type I IFNs were described depending on the study. In this mouse study, we demonstrated that the opposing roles of type I IFN signaling on the magnitude of the vaccine-evoked T cell responses is dependent on the route of mRNA-lipoplex administration and is regulated at the level of the T cells rather than indirectly through modulation of dendritic cell function. This study helps to understand the double-edged sword character of type I IFN induction upon mRNA-based vaccine treatment and may contribute to a more rational design of mRNA vaccination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Van Hoecke
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kenny Roose
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marlies Ballegeer
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zifu Zhong
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niek N Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Lint
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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18
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TLR3-Dependent Activation of TLR2 Endogenous Ligands via the MyD88 Signaling Pathway Augments the Innate Immune Response. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081910. [PMID: 32824595 PMCID: PMC7464415 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the adaptor molecule MyD88 is thought to be independent of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signaling. In this report, we demonstrate a previously unknown role of MyD88 in TLR3 signaling in inducing endogenous ligands of TLR2 to elicit innate immune responses. Of the various TLR ligands examined, the TLR3-specific ligand polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), significantly induced TNF production and the upregulation of other TLR transcripts, in particular, TLR2. Accordingly, TLR3 stimulation also led to a significant upregulation of endogenous TLR2 ligands mainly, HMGB1 and Hsp60. By contrast, the silencing of TLR3 significantly downregulated MyD88 and TLR2 gene expression and pro-inflammatory IL1β, TNF, and IL8 secretion. The silencing of MyD88 similarly led to the downregulation of TLR2, IL1β, TNF and IL8, thus suggesting MyD88 to somehow act downstream of TLR3. Corroborating in vitro data, Myd88−/− knockout mice downregulated TNF, CXCL1; and phospho-p65 and phospho-IRF3 nuclear localization, upon poly I:C treatment in a mouse model of skin infection. Taken together, we identified a previously unknown role for MyD88 in the TLR3 signaling pathway, underlying the importance of TLRs and adapter protein interplay in modulating endogenous TLR ligands culminating in pro-inflammatory cytokine regulation.
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19
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Blum SI, Tse HM. Innate Viral Sensor MDA5 and Coxsackievirus Interplay in Type 1 Diabetes Development. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8070993. [PMID: 32635205 PMCID: PMC7409145 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a polygenic autoimmune disease characterized by immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. The concordance rate for T1D in monozygotic twins is ≈30-50%, indicating that environmental factors also play a role in T1D development. Previous studies have demonstrated that enterovirus infections such as coxsackievirus type B (CVB) are associated with triggering T1D. Prior to autoantibody development in T1D, viral RNA and antibodies against CVB can be detected within the blood, stool, and pancreata. An innate pathogen recognition receptor, melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), which is encoded by the IFIH1 gene, has been associated with T1D onset. It is unclear how single nucleotide polymorphisms in IFIH1 alter the structure and function of MDA5 that may lead to exacerbated antiviral responses contributing to increased T1D-susceptibility. Binding of viral dsRNA via MDA5 induces synthesis of antiviral proteins such as interferon-alpha and -beta (IFN-α/β). Viral infection and subsequent IFN-α/β synthesis can lead to ER stress within insulin-producing β-cells causing neo-epitope generation, activation of β-cell-specific autoreactive T cells, and β-cell destruction. Therefore, an interplay between genetics, enteroviral infections, and antiviral responses may be critical for T1D development.
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20
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Jiang J, Hu X, Li W, Liu J, Liang B, Chen H, Huang J, Zang N, Ning C, Liao Y, Chen R, Lai J, Chu J, Pan P, Cui P, Tang Q, Chen X, Liang H, Ye L. Enhanced Signaling Through the TLR9 Pathway Is Associated With Resistance to HIV-1 Infection in Chinese HIV-1-Exposed Seronegative Individuals. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1050. [PMID: 32547554 PMCID: PMC7274031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens and may mediate HIV-1 resistance in HIV-1–exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals. This study aims to identify components of innate immunity that confer natural HIV-1 resistance in Chinese HESN individuals. Specifically, we compared the expression levels of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and associated pathway molecules in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), monocytes/macrophages, and plasma obtained from HESN and control individuals. HESN individuals had higher expression of TLR9, IRF7, IFN-α/β, RANTES, and MIP-1α/1β in PBMCs and plasma than control subjects. Upon TLR9 stimulation, significantly higher expression of TLR9 and IRF7, as well as higher production of IFN-α/β, RANTES, and MIP-1α/1β, was observed in PBMCs and monocytes/macrophages from HESN individuals than in the corresponding cells from control individuals. More importantly, both with and without TLR9 stimulation, the levels of HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from HESN individuals were significantly lower than those in MDMs from control individuals. These data suggest that increased TLR9 activity and subsequent release of antiviral factors contribute to protection against HIV-1 in HESN individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xi Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wenwei Li
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Bingyu Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiegang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ning Zang
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chuanyi Ning
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanyan Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Rongfeng Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jingzhen Lai
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiemei Chu
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Peijiang Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ping Cui
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiao Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiu Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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21
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Daskalopoulos AG, Avgoustidis D, Chaisuparat R, Karanikou M, Lazaris AC, Sklavounou A, Nikitakis NG. Assessment of TLR4 and TLR9 signaling and correlation with human papillomavirus status and histopathologic parameters in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2020; 129:493-513. [PMID: 32173390 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may promote or inhibit tumor progression. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of TLR4 and TLR9 and their downstream targets in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) in correlation with histopathologic parameters and human papillomavirus (HPV) status. STUDY DESIGN OTSCC (fully or superficially invasive and in situ) were studied. Immunohistochemical expression of TLR4, TLR9, nuclear factor-κΒ (NF-κΒ/p65), and interferon-β (IFN-β) was evaluated in tumor and inflammatory cells and in adjacent morphologically normal mucosa. HPV status was also determined. RESULTS TLR4 showed increased expression levels in tumor and infiltrating inflammatory cells compared with adjacent mucosa, especially in fully invasive cases; a negative correlation between TLR4 levels in inflammatory cells and tumor grade was observed. TLR9 was upregulated in tumor and infiltrating inflammatory cells compared with the adjacent mucosa; its expression in inflammatory cells was higher in well differentiated tumors. NF-κΒ and IFN-β were elevated in cancerous tissues, especially in fully invasive cases, and positively correlated with TLR4 and/or TLR9. HPV positivity (detected in 15.9% of the cases) demonstrated positive correlation with TLR9 and NF-κΒ levels. CONCLUSIONS TLR4 and TLR9 are upregulated in OTSCC and its microenvironment and, by affecting important downstream molecules, such as NF-κB and IFN-β, may play a role in oral cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios G Daskalopoulos
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Avgoustidis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, "Evaggelismos" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Risa Chaisuparat
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkom University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maria Karanikou
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas C Lazaris
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Sklavounou
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos G Nikitakis
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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22
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Sprooten J, Garg AD. Type I interferons and endoplasmic reticulum stress in health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 350:63-118. [PMID: 32138904 PMCID: PMC7104985 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) comprise of pro-inflammatory cytokines created, as well as sensed, by all nucleated cells with the main objective of blocking pathogens-driven infections. Owing to this broad range of influence, type I IFNs also exhibit critical functions in many sterile inflammatory diseases and immunopathologies, especially those associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-driven signaling pathways. Indeed, over the years accumulating evidence has indicated that the presence of ER stress can influence the production, or sensing of, type I IFNs induced by perturbations like pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonists, infections (bacterial, viral or parasitic) or autoimmunity. In this article we discuss the link between type I IFNs and ER stress in various diseased contexts. We describe how ER stress regulates type I IFNs production or sensing, or how type I IFNs may induce ER stress, in various circumstances like microbial infections, autoimmunity, diabetes, cancer and other ER stress-related contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sprooten
- Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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23
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Ranjbar S, Haridas V, Nambu A, Jasenosky LD, Sadhukhan S, Ebert TS, Hornung V, Cassell GH, Falvo JV, Goldfeld AE. Cytoplasmic RNA Sensor Pathways and Nitazoxanide Broadly Inhibit Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis Growth. iScience 2019; 22:299-313. [PMID: 31805434 PMCID: PMC6909047 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To establish stable infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) must overcome host innate immune mechanisms, including those that sense pathogen-derived nucleic acids. Here, we show that the host cytosolic RNA sensing molecules RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling proteins RIG-I and MDA5, their common adaptor protein MAVS, and the RNA-dependent kinase PKR each independently inhibit MTb growth in human cells. Furthermore, we show that MTb broadly stimulates RIG-I, MDA5, MAVS, and PKR gene expression and their biological activities. We also show that the oral FDA-approved drug nitazoxanide (NTZ) significantly inhibits intracellular MTb growth and amplifies MTb-stimulated RNA sensor gene expression and activity. This study establishes prototypic cytoplasmic RNA sensors as innate restriction factors for MTb growth in human cells and it shows that targeting this pathway is a potential host-directed approach to treat tuberculosis disease. MTb infection induces RNA sensor (RIG-I, MDA5, PKR) mRNA levels and activities RIG-I, MDA5, MAVS, and PKR restrict intracellular MTb growth in human cells NTZ enhances MTb-driven RNA sensor mRNA levels and RLR activities NTZ and NTZ derivatives inhibit intracellular MTb growth in primary human cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Ranjbar
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Viraga Haridas
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aya Nambu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Luke D Jasenosky
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Supriya Sadhukhan
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas S Ebert
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gail H Cassell
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James V Falvo
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne E Goldfeld
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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24
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Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Kang X, Meng C, Zhang R, Guo Y, Xiong D, Song L, Jiao X, Pan Z. Molecular cloning and functional characterisation of duck ( Anas platyrhynchos) tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3. Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:357-365. [PMID: 31046421 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1614528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
1. Tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) is a key regulator of innate immunity and acquired immunity, and has a salient anti-viral role. 2. In this experiment, the duck TRAF3 (DuTRAF3) gene was cloned according to the Anas platyrhynchos TRAF3 sequence to explore its function. The TRAF3 open reading frame contains 1704 bp that encode a protein of 567 amino acids, which contain a RING finger domain, two zinc finger motifs, a coiled-coil region, and a MATH domain. 3. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that DuTRAF3 was expressed in all the examined tissues, with a comparatively higher expression in the spleen and brain tissues. 4. In HEK293T cells, DuTRAF3 overexpression resulted in a significantly increased NF-κB activity and interferon (IFN)-β promoter activation. 5. Following resiquimod (R848) and poly(I:C) stimulation of duck peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), the expressions of TRAF3 and IFN-β were significantly upregulated; in addition, following R848 stimulation, the mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 were also significantly upregulated. After infection with the Newcastle Disease Virus LaSota vaccine strain, the mRNA levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly upregulated, while that of TRAF3 was downregulated. 6. These results suggest that DuTRAF3 has an important role to play in innate antiviral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhou
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,c Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,d Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China
| | - Y Zhou
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,c Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,d Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China
| | - X Kang
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,c Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,d Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China
| | - C Meng
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,c Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,d Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China
| | - R Zhang
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,c Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,d Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China
| | - Y Guo
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,c Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,d Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China
| | - D Xiong
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,c Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,d Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China
| | - L Song
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,c Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,d Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China
| | - X Jiao
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,c Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,d Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China
| | - Z Pan
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,c Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China.,d Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , China
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25
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Bishop GA, Stunz LL, Hostager BS. TRAF3 as a Multifaceted Regulator of B Lymphocyte Survival and Activation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2161. [PMID: 30319624 PMCID: PMC6165887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) serves as a powerful negative regulator in multiple aspects of B cell biology. Early in vitro studies in transformed cell lines suggested the potential of TRAF3 to inhibit signaling by its first identified binding receptor, CD40. However, because the canonical TRAF3 binding site on many receptors also mediates binding of other TRAFs, and whole-mouse TRAF3 deficiency is neonatally lethal, an accurate understanding of TRAF3's specific functions was delayed until conditional TRAF3-deficient mice were produced. Studies of B cell-specific TRAF3-deficient mice, complemented by investigations in normal and malignant mouse and human B cells, reveal that TRAF3 has powerful regulatory roles that are unique to this TRAF, as well as functions context-specific to the B cell. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of these roles and functions. These include inhibition of signaling by plasma membrane receptors, negative regulation of intracellular receptors, and restraint of cytoplasmic NF- κB pathways. TRAF3 is also now known to function as a resident nuclear protein, and to impact B cell metabolism. Through these and additional mechanisms TRAF3 exerts powerful restraint upon B cell survival and activation. It is thus perhaps not surprising that TRAF3 has been revealed as an important tumor suppressor in B cells. The many and varied functions of TRAF3 in B cells, and new directions to pursue in future studies, are summarized and discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail A. Bishop
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Laura L. Stunz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Bruce S. Hostager
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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26
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Gregg KA, Harberts E, Gardner FM, Pelletier MR, Cayatte C, Yu L, McCarthy MP, Marshall JD, Ernst RK. A lipid A-based TLR4 mimetic effectively adjuvants a Yersinia pestis rF-V1 subunit vaccine in a murine challenge model. Vaccine 2018; 36:4023-4031. [PMID: 29861179 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination can significantly reduce worldwide morbidity and mortality to infectious diseases, thereby reducing the health burden as a result of microbial infections. Effective vaccines contain three components: a delivery system, an antigenic component of the pathogen, and an adjuvant. With the growing use of purely recombinant or synthetic antigens, there is a need to develop novel adjuvants that enhance the protective efficacy of a vaccine against infection. Using a structure-activity relationship (SAR) model, we describe here the synthesis of a novel TLR4 ligand adjuvant compound, BECC438, by bacterial enzymatic combinatorial chemistry (BECC). This compound was identified using an in vitro screening pipeline consisting of (i) NFκB activation and cytokine production by immortalized cell lines, (ii) cytokine production by primary human PBMCs, and (iii) upregulation of surface costimulatory markers by primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Using this SAR screening regimen, BECC438 was shown to produce an innate immune activation profile comparable to the well-characterized TLR4 agonist adjuvant compound, phosphorylated hexa-acyl disaccharide (PHAD). To evaluate the in vivo adjuvant activity of BECC438, we used the known protective Yersinia pestis (Yp) antigen, rF1-V, in a murine prime-boost vaccination schedule followed by lethal challenge. In addition to providing protection from lethal challenge, BECC438 stimulated production of higher levels of rF1-V-specific total IgG as compared to PHAD after both prime and boost vaccinations. Similar to PHAD, BECC438 elicited a balanced IgG1/IgG2c response, indicative of active TH2/TH1-driven immunity. These data demonstrate that the novel BECC-derived TLR4L adjuvant, BECC438, elicits cytokine profiles in vitro similar to PHAD, induces high antigen-specific immune titers and a TH1-associated IgG2c immune titer skew, and protects mice against a lethal Yp challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Gregg
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erin Harberts
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francesca M Gardner
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark R Pelletier
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Li Yu
- Statistical Sciences, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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De Beuckelaer A, Grooten J, De Koker S. Type I Interferons Modulate CD8 + T Cell Immunity to mRNA Vaccines. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:216-226. [PMID: 28185789 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
mRNA vaccines have emerged as potent tools to elicit antitumor T cell immunity. They are characterized by a strong induction of type I interferons (IFNs), potent inflammatory cytokines affecting T cell differentiation and survival. Recent reports have attributed opposing roles for type I IFNs in modulating CD8+ T cell immunity to mRNA vaccines, from profoundly stimulatory to strongly inhibitory. The mechanisms behind this duality are unclear. Disentangling the factors governing the beneficial or detrimental impact of type I IFNs on CD8+ T cell responses is vital to the design of mRNA vaccines of increased potency. In light of recent advancements regarding the complex role of type I IFNs in regulating CD8+ T cell immunity to infectious diseases, we posit that the dual outcome of type I IFNs on CD8+ T cell responses to mRNA vaccination is determined by the timing and intensity of type I IFN induction relative to T cell receptor (TCR) activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ans De Beuckelaer
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan Grooten
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Stefaan De Koker
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cytokine Receptor Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Review on Toll-Like Receptor Activation in Myasthenia Gravis: Application to the Development of New Experimental Models. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 52:133-147. [PMID: 27207173 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal toll-like receptor (TLR) activation and uncontrolled resolution of inflammation are suspected to play a key role in the development of autoimmune diseases. Acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) is an invalidating neuromuscular disease leading to muscle weaknesses. MG is mainly mediated by anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) autoantibodies, and thymic hyperplasia characterized by ectopic germinal centers is a common feature in MG. An abnormal expression of certain TLRs is observed in the thymus of MG patients associated with the overexpression of interferon (IFN)-β, the orchestrator of thymic changes in MG. Experimental models have been developed for numerous autoimmune diseases. These models are induced by animal immunization with a purified antigen solubilized in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) containing heat-inactivated mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Sensitization against the antigen is mainly due to the activation of TLR signaling pathways by the pathogen motifs displayed by MTB, and attempts have been made to substitute the use of CFA by TLR agonists. AChR emulsified in CFA is used to induce the classical experimental autoimmune MG model (EAMG). However, the TLR4 activator lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has proved to be efficient to replace MTB and induce a sensitization against purified AChR. Poly(I:C), the well-known TLR3 agonist, is also able by itself to induce MG symptoms in mice associated with early thymic changes as observed in human MG. In this review, we discuss the abnormal expression of TLRs in MG patients and we describe the use of TLR agonists to induce EAMG in comparison with other autoimmune experimental models.
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Lalani AI, Luo C, Han Y, Xie P. TRAF3: a novel tumor suppressor gene in macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:e1009. [PMID: 26661944 DOI: 10.14800/macrophage.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3), a member of the TRAF family of cytoplasmic adaptor proteins with E3 ligase activity, is ubiquitously expressed in various cell types of the immune system. It is shared for signaling by a variety of adaptive and innate immune receptors as well as cytokine receptors. Previous studies examining conditional TRAF3-deficient mouse models that have the Traf3 gene specifically deleted in B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes have revealed the diverse and critical in vivo functions of TRAF3 in adaptive immunity. Although in vitro evidence points to a pivotal and indispensable role for TRAF3 in type I interferon production induced by pattern recognition receptors in macrophages and dendritic cells, the in vivo functions of TRAF3 in the innate immune system had long remained unclear. Three laboratories have recently addressed this gap in knowledge by investigating myeloid cell-specific TRAF3-deficient (genotype: TRAF3flox/floxLysM+/Cre) mice. The new evidence together demonstrates that specific ablation of TRAF3 in myeloid cells leads to inflammatory diseases, altered progression of diabetes, and spontaneous development of different types of tumors and infections in mice. These new findings indicate that TRAF3 acts as an anti-inflammatory factor and is required for optimal innate immunity in myeloid cells. Strikingly, the new evidence also identifies TRAF3 as a novel tumor suppressor gene in macrophages and other myeloid cells. In this review, we discuss and summarize the new findings and current knowledge about the multi-faceted regulatory roles and complex signaling mechanisms of myeloid cell TRAF3 in inflammation, innate immunity, and tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almin I Lalani
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA ; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Chang Luo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Yeming Han
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA ; Member, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey
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