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Gędaj A, Gregorczyk P, Żukowska D, Chorążewska A, Ciura K, Kalka M, Porębska N, Opaliński Ł. Glycosylation of FGF/FGFR: An underrated sweet code regulating cellular signaling programs. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 77:39-55. [PMID: 38719671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) constitute plasma-membrane localized signaling hubs that transmit signals from the extracellular environment to the cell interior, governing pivotal cellular processes like motility, metabolism, differentiation, division and death. FGF/FGFR signaling is critical for human body development and homeostasis; dysregulation of FGF/FGFR units is observed in numerous developmental diseases and in about 10% of human cancers. Glycosylation is a highly abundant posttranslational modification that is critical for physiological and pathological functions of the cell. Glycosylation is also very common within FGF/FGFR signaling hubs. Vast majority of FGFs (15 out of 22 members) are N-glycosylated and few FGFs are O-glycosylated. Glycosylation is even more abundant within FGFRs; all FGFRs are heavily N-glycosylated in numerous positions within their extracellular domains. A growing number of studies points on the multiple roles of glycosylation in fine-tuning FGF/FGFR signaling. Glycosylation modifies secretion of FGFs, determines their stability and affects interaction with FGFRs and co-receptors. Glycosylation of FGFRs determines their intracellular sorting, constitutes autoinhibitory mechanism within FGFRs and adjusts FGF and co-receptor recognition. Sugar chains attached to FGFs and FGFRs constitute also a form of code that is differentially decrypted by extracellular lectins, galectins, which transform FGF/FGFR signaling at multiple levels. This review focuses on the identified functions of glycosylation within FGFs and FGFRs and discusses their relevance for the cell physiology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gędaj
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Paulina Gregorczyk
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Dominika Żukowska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Chorążewska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Ciura
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Marta Kalka
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Natalia Porębska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland.
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Yin H, Gao X, Yang H, Xu Z, Wang X, Wang X, Gao Y, Shi Z, Chen X, Cao L, Zhang C, Wang Z, Hu H, Xiao W. Total alditols from Cistanche deserticola attenuate functional constipation by regulating bile acid metabolism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 320:117420. [PMID: 37967778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
HEADINGS ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Functional constipation (FC), characterized by chronic constipation, significantly impacts physiological function and induces psychological stress in patients. However, current clinical treatment options for FC are currently limited. Cistanche deserticola, a traditional Chinese medicine that promotes intestinal moisture and bowel relaxation, contains cistanche total alditol extract (CTAE) as its primary active extract. However, the production of CTAE, its overall efficacy, and potential mechanisms for treating FC have yet to been investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to reveal the overall efficacy and potential mechanism of action of CTAE in rats with FC using a combination of stable preparation, pharmacodynamics, non-targeted metabolomics, bile acid metabolomics, and western blotting. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen batches of CTAE underwent quality testing. A rat model of FC was developed using diphenoxylate tablets. The comprehensive pharmacodynamic effects of CTAE on FC were evaluated using fecal characteristics (wet weight, dry weight, and water content), intestinal transmission (colonic EMG amplitude, colonic EMG frequency, propulsion length, and propulsion rate), serum and colon biochemical indicators, distribution of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and pathological examination. Non-targeted metabolomics was performed to assess the changes in endogenous metabolite profiles induced by CTAE. Bile acid metabolomics and western blotting analyses were employed to validate the potential mechanisms of action of CTAE. RESULTS CTAE, with a total content of betaine, mannitol, D-fructose, glucose, and sucrose of (75.67 ± 3.73) %, significantly enhanced intestinal transit, regulated neurotransmitters, increased the expression of c-kit in ICC, and alleviated intestinal inflammation in rats with FC. Non-targeted metabolomics revealed that CTAE significantly alleviated FC-induced metabolic disorders, mainly the biosynthesis of primary bile acids. Targeted metabolomic analysis confirmed that CTAE regulated FC-induced bile acid disorders. Western-blotting results confirmed that CTAE increased the expression of CYP8B1, FGF15, TGR5, and FXR, thereby modulating bile acid synthesis and enterohepatic circulation. CONCLUSION CTAE demonstrates significant therapeutic effects on FC, primarily through the regulation of bile acid synthesis and enterohepatic circulation. These findings provide a promising foundation for the development and clinical application of novel CATE-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Yin
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Lianyungang, 222001, China; Jiangsu Kanion Modern Chinese Medicine Institute, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Lianyungang, 222001, China; Jiangsu Kanion Modern Chinese Medicine Institute, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Hao Yang
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Lianyungang, 222001, China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zhongkun Xu
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Lianyungang, 222001, China; Jiangsu Kanion Modern Chinese Medicine Institute, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Xuening Wang
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Lianyungang, 222001, China; Jiangsu Kanion Modern Chinese Medicine Institute, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Lianyungang, 222001, China; Jiangsu Kanion Modern Chinese Medicine Institute, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Yunjia Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ziyi Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xialin Chen
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Lianyungang, 222001, China; Jiangsu Kanion Modern Chinese Medicine Institute, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Liang Cao
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Lianyungang, 222001, China; Jiangsu Kanion Modern Chinese Medicine Institute, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Chenfeng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Lianyungang, 222001, China; Jiangsu Kanion Modern Chinese Medicine Institute, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Lianyungang, 222001, China; Jiangsu Kanion Modern Chinese Medicine Institute, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Hanfei Hu
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Lianyungang, 222001, China; Jiangsu Kanion Modern Chinese Medicine Institute, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Lianyungang, 222001, China; Jiangsu Kanion Modern Chinese Medicine Institute, Nanjing, 211100, China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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Shi S, Zhang Q, Zhang K, Chen W, Xie H, Pan S, Xue Z, You B, Zhao J, You Y. FGF19 promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression by inducing angiogenesis via inhibiting TRIM21-mediated ANXA2 ubiquitination. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024; 47:283-301. [PMID: 37782406 PMCID: PMC10899426 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has characteristics of high invasion and early metastasis. Most NPC patients present with locoregionally advanced illness when first diagnosed. Therefore, it is urgent to discover NPC biomarkers. Fibroblast growth Factor 19 (FGF19) plays a role in various physiological or pathological processes, including cancer. In this research, we discovered the importance of FGF19 in NPC, and clarified its role in tumour angiogenesis. METHODS Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and ELISA were used to investigate FGF19 expression in NPC. Then we took CCK8, colony formation, Transwell and wound healing assays to identify the influence of FGF19 on NPC malignant behaviours. The proliferative and metastatic capacity of FGF19 were evaluated in nude mice and zebrafish. The role of FGF19 in angiogenesis was investigated by tube formation and Matrigel plug angiogenesis assays. We then evaluated the variation in Annexin A2(ANXA2) levels with the treatment of FGF19. Lastly, co-immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination assays were performed to identify the mechanisms involved. RESULTS FGF19 levels were elevated in tissues and serum of NPC patients and were associated with poor clinical stages. High expression of FGF19 promoted NPC malignant behaviours. In particular, FGF19 expression was correlated with microvessel density in tissues and NPC-derived FGF19 could accelerate angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, FGF19 influenced ANXA2 expression to promote angiogenesis. Moreover, tripartite motif-containing 21(TRIM21) interacted with ANXA2 and was responsible for ANXA2 ubiquitination. CONCLUSION FGF19 promoted NPC angiogenesis by inhibiting TRIM21-mediated ANXA2 ubiquitination. It may serve as a noninvasive biomarker for NPC and provides new insights for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qicheng Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kaiwen Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenhui Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haijing Xie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Si Pan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ziyi Xue
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bo You
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jianmei Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yiwen You
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Tzur Y, Winek K, Madrer N, Dubnov S, Bennett ER, Greenberg DS, Hanin G, Gammal A, Tam J, Arkin IT, Paldor I, Soreq H. Lysine tRNA fragments and miR-194-5p co-regulate hepatic steatosis via β-Klotho and perilipin 2. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101856. [PMID: 38141848 PMCID: PMC10805669 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) involves hepatic accumulation of intracellular lipid droplets via incompletely understood processes. Here, we report distinct and cooperative NAFLD roles of LysTTT-5'tRF transfer RNA fragments and microRNA miR-194-5p. METHODS Combined use of diet induced obese mice with human-derived oleic acid-exposed Hep G2 cells revealed new NAFLD roles of LysTTT-5'tRF and miR-194-5p. RESULTS Unlike lean animals, dietary-induced NAFLD mice showed concurrent hepatic decrease of both LysTTT-5'tRF and miR-194-5p levels, which were restored following miR-132 antisense oligonucleotide treatment which suppresses hepatic steatosis. Moreover, exposing human-derived Hep G2 cells to oleic acid for 7 days co-suppressed miR-194-5p and LysTTT-5'tRF levels while increasing lipid accumulation. Inversely, transfecting fattened cells with a synthetic LysTTT-5'tRF mimic elevated mRNA levels of the metabolic regulator β-Klotho while decreasing triglyceride amounts by 30% within 24 h. In contradistinction, antisense suppression of miR-194-5p induced accumulation of its novel target, the NAFLD-implicated lipid droplet-coating PLIN2 protein. Further, two out of 15 steatosis-alleviating screened drug-repurposing compounds, Danazol and Latanoprost, elevated miR-194-5p or LysTTT-5'tRF levels. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the different yet complementary roles of miR-194-5p and LysTTT-5'tRF and offer new insights into the complex roles of small non-coding RNAs and the multiple pathways involved in NAFLD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonat Tzur
- The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Katarzyna Winek
- The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nimrod Madrer
- The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Serafima Dubnov
- The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Estelle R Bennett
- The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David S Greenberg
- The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Geula Hanin
- The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asaad Gammal
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Isaiah T Arkin
- The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Iddo Paldor
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, The Neurosurgery Department, Main Building, 10th Floor, 12 Shmu'el Bait Street, Jerusalem, 9103102 Israel
| | - Hermona Soreq
- The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Beau A, Benoit B, Le Barz M, Meugnier E, Penhoat A, Calzada C, Pinteur C, Loizon E, Chanon S, Vieille-Marchiset A, Sauvinet V, Godet M, Laugerette F, Holowacz S, Jacouton E, Michalski MC, Vidal H. Inhibition of intestinal FXR activity as a possible mechanism for the beneficial effects of a probiotic mix supplementation on lipid metabolism alterations and weight gain in mice fed a high fat diet. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2281015. [PMID: 37985749 PMCID: PMC10730200 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2281015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplementation with probiotics has emerged as a promising therapeutic tool to manage metabolic diseases. We investigated the effects of a mix of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis LA804 and Lactobacillus gasseri LA806 on high-fat (HF) diet -induced metabolic disease in mice. Supplementation with the probiotic mix in HF diet-fed mice (HF-Pr2) reduced weight and fat mass gains, decreased hepatic lipid accumulation, and lowered plasma triglyceride peak during an oral lipid tolerance test. At the molecular level, the probiotic mix protected against HF-induced rise in mRNA levels of genes related to lipid uptake, metabolism, and storage in the liver and white adipose tissues, and strongly decreased mRNA levels of genes related to inflammation in the white adipose tissue and to oxidative stress in the liver. Regarding intestinal homeostasis, the probiotic mix did not prevent HF-induced gut permeability but slightly modified microbiota composition without correcting the dysbiosis induced by the HF diet. Probiotic supplementation also modified the cecal bile acid (BA) profile, leading to an increase in the Farnesoid-X-Receptor (FXR) antagonist/agonist ratio between BA species. In agreement, HF-Pr2 mice exhibited a strong inhibition of FXR signaling pathway in the ileum, which was associated with lipid metabolism protection. This is consistent with recent reports proposing that inhibition of intestinal FXR activity could be a potent mechanism to overcome metabolic disorders. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the probiotic mix evaluated, when administered preventively to HF diet-fed mice could limit obesity and associated lipid metabolism disorders, likely through the inhibition of FXR signaling in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Beau
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U.1060, INRAe U. 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Bérengère Benoit
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U.1060, INRAe U. 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Mélanie Le Barz
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U.1060, INRAe U. 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Emmanuelle Meugnier
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U.1060, INRAe U. 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Armelle Penhoat
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U.1060, INRAe U. 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Catherine Calzada
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U.1060, INRAe U. 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Claudie Pinteur
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U.1060, INRAe U. 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Emmanuelle Loizon
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U.1060, INRAe U. 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Stéphanie Chanon
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U.1060, INRAe U. 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Aurélie Vieille-Marchiset
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U.1060, INRAe U. 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Valérie Sauvinet
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine - Rhône-Alpes, INSERM, INRAe, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Murielle Godet
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U.1060, INRAe U. 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Fabienne Laugerette
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U.1060, INRAe U. 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Sophie Holowacz
- Research & Development Department, PiLeJe Laboratoire, Paris, France
| | - Elsa Jacouton
- Research & Development Department, PiLeJe Laboratoire, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Michalski
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U.1060, INRAe U. 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Bénite, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine - Rhône-Alpes, INSERM, INRAe, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Hubert Vidal
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U.1060, INRAe U. 1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre Bénite, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine - Rhône-Alpes, INSERM, INRAe, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite, France
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Díaz LA, Arab JP, Louvet A, Bataller R, Arrese M. The intersection between alcohol-related liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:764-783. [PMID: 37582985 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00822-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) are the leading causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD and ALD share pathophysiological, histological and genetic features and both alcohol and metabolic dysfunction coexist as aetiological factors in many patients with hepatic steatosis. A diagnosis of NAFLD requires the exclusion of significant alcohol consumption and other causes of liver disease. However, data suggest that significant alcohol consumption is often under-reported in patients classified as having NAFLD and that alcohol and metabolic factors interact to exacerbate the progression of liver disease. In this Review, we analyse existing data on the interaction between alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome as well as the overlapping features and differences in the pathogenesis of ALD and NAFLD. We also discuss the clinical implications of the coexistence of alcohol consumption, of any degree, in patients with evidence of metabolic derangement as well as the use of alcohol biomarkers to detect alcohol intake. Finally, we summarize the evolving nomenclature of fatty liver disease and describe a recent proposal to classify patients at the intersection of NAFLD and ALD. We propose that, regardless of the presumed aetiology, patients with fatty liver disease should be evaluated for both metabolic syndrome and alcohol consumption to enable better prognostication and a personalized medicine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Antonio Díaz
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Arab
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University & London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandre Louvet
- Service des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Hôpital Huriez, Lille Cedex, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Unité INSERM INFINITE 1286, Lille, France
| | - Ramón Bataller
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Arrese
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Xu X, Poulsen KL, Wu L, Liu S, Miyata T, Song Q, Wei Q, Zhao C, Lin C, Yang J. Targeted therapeutics and novel signaling pathways in non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH). Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:287. [PMID: 35963848 PMCID: PMC9376100 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcohol-associated fatty liver/steatohepatitis (NAFL/NASH) has become the leading cause of liver disease worldwide. NASH, an advanced form of NAFL, can be progressive and more susceptible to developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, lifestyle interventions are the most essential and effective strategies for preventing and controlling NAFL without the development of fibrosis. While there are still limited appropriate drugs specifically to treat NAFL/NASH, growing progress is being seen in elucidating the pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic targets. In this review, we discussed recent developments in etiology and prospective therapeutic targets, as well as pharmacological candidates in pre/clinical trials and patents, with a focus on diabetes, hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Importantly, growing evidence elucidates that the disruption of the gut-liver axis and microbe-derived metabolites drive the pathogenesis of NAFL/NASH. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as a signaling mediator, resulting in lipid accumulation, macrophage and hepatic stellate cell activation, further promoting inflammation and liver fibrosis progression during the development of NAFL/NASH. Targeting gut microbiota or EVs may serve as new strategies for the treatment of NAFL/NASH. Finally, other mechanisms, such as cell therapy and genetic approaches, also have enormous therapeutic potential. Incorporating drugs with different mechanisms and personalized medicine may improve the efficacy to better benefit patients with NAFL/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Xu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kyle L Poulsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lijuan Wu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Tatsunori Miyata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Qiaoling Song
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingda Wei
- School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunhua Lin
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Jinbo Yang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- Innovation Center of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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8
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Dai LN, Zhao YL, Jiang L, Yan JK. Changes in the intestinal expression of drug metabolism-related genes in a piglet model of parenteral nutrition. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022; 19:18. [PMID: 35264190 PMCID: PMC8905733 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-022-00654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parenteral nutrition (PN) may serve as a nutritional supportive therapy accompanied by oral medication, but the effect of PN on intestinal expression of drug metabolism-related genes remains unknown. Methods Twelve Bama piglets receiving PN for 14 days were used as in vivo model. Changes in intestinal drug metabolism-related genes were examined by proteomic analysis. Serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) were determined by ELISA, and the effect of FGF19 on the expression of drug metabolism-related genes was examined using murine ileum organoids. Results A total of 1063 differentially expressed proteins were identified in PN group. Of note, two drug transporters (Abcb1 and Abcc2) were significantly decreased in PN group, along with two glutathione-related drug-metabolizing enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (Gpx2) and glutathione S-transferase (Gsta1). Serum FGF19 levels were dramatically reduced in PN group. Treatment with recombinant FGF19 in vitro dose-dependently up-regulated the expression of Abcb1, Abcc2, Gpx2 and Gsta1 in organoids.
Conclusion Our data indicated that intestinal drug metabolism-related genes were significantly dysregulated under PN, and some of the changed genes were attributed to gut-derived FGF19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Dai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kongjiang Rd, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Ling Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kongjiang Rd, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kongjiang Rd, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Kai Yan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kongjiang Rd, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China.
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9
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FGF19 protects against obesity-induced bone loss by promoting osteogenic differentiation. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112524. [PMID: 34906775 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) has become a potential therapeutic target for metabolic-related diseases. However, the effects of FGF19 on obesity-induced bone loss have not been completely elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of FGF19 in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice and palmitic acid (PA)-treated osteoblasts and to further explore its underlying mechanisms. In vivo, we found that FGF19 alleviated the decreased bone mineral density (BMD) induced by HFD. Micro-CT analysis of femur samples and histological analysis indicated that FGF19 alleviated HFD-induced loss of bone trabeculae and damage to the bone trabecular structure. In vitro, the results suggested that FGF19 ameliorated the PA-induced decline in osteoblast proliferation, increased cell death and impaired cell morphology. Additionally, FGF19 protected against the decline in activation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and protein expression of Collagen-1, Runx-2, and osteopontin (OPN) induced by PA. Furthermore, FGF19 might enhance osteogenic differentiation via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and inhibit osteoclastogenesis by regulating the osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) axis, thus attenuating the negative effect of PA in osteoblasts. In conclusion, our results suggested that FGF19 might promote osteogenic differentiation partially through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and alleviate obesity-induced bone loss.
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10
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Roberts SK, Majeed A. A short report on NGM282/aldafermin for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:889-895. [PMID: 34727818 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1999416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly becoming the major cause of liver disease worldwide. Bile acids play a central part in the pathogenesis of NAFLD with agents that target bile acid synthesis and metabolism in development as potential therapies. AREAS COVERED The paper presents an overview of NAFLD and its pathogenesis, with focus on bile acid metabolism and regulation through fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF-19), and the development of aldafermin as a non-tumorigenic FGF-19 analogue. We explore results from preclinical studies on the efficacy and safety of aldafermin. EXPERT OPINION Bile acid regulation is a promising therapeutic target in the management of NAFLD. FGF-19 plays key role in this mechanistic pathway, but also exhibits hepatocarcinogenic effect. Aldafermin is an FGF-19 analogue that has shown promising results in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis animal models, with preclinical data supporting its safety profile, specifically, the lack of a tumorigenic effect. The preclinical data presented in this paper support the clinical development of aldafermin, and indeed early data from several phase II clinical trials report promising results in relation to the ability of aldafermin to improve the histological features of NASH particularly in relation to a reduction in liver fat content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart K Roberts
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ammar Majeed
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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11
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Myers J, Granger LA, Keeton ST, Liu CC, Johnston AN. Quantification of serum fibroblast growth factor-19 concentration in healthy dogs before and after feeding. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:676-682. [PMID: 34296943 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.8.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure serum fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF-19) concentration and gallbladder volume in healthy dogs before and after feeding to determine whether serum FGF-19 concentration increases following gallbladder contraction and to assess FGF-19 stability in blood samples kept under different storage conditions after collection in tubes containing no anticoagulant or in serum separator tubes. ANIMALS 10 healthy dogs of various ages and breeds (30 blood samples and 30 gallbladder volume measurements). PROCEDURES Serum FGF-19 concentration was measured with a commercially available ELISA. Gallbladder volume was determined ultrasonographically. Blood samples and gallbladder measurements were obtained from the dogs after food had been withheld for 12 hours (baseline) and at 1 and 3 hours after feeding. The stability of serum FGF-19 was assessed in samples collected in tubes containing no anticoagulant or in serum separator tubes and stored at -80°C for variable intervals or 4°C for 1 or 5 days. RESULTS Serum FGF-19 concentration was significantly increased from baseline at 1 and 3 hours after feeding. There was a significant decrease in gallbladder volume 1 hour after feeding, compared with baseline findings. Regardless of collection tube used, concentrations of FGF-19 in serum obtained from blood samples that were collected and immediately stored at -80°C differed significantly from concentrations in serum obtained from blood samples that had been collected and stored at 4°C for 5 days. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that postprandial gallbladder contraction results in increases of serum FGF-19 concentration in healthy dogs. Assessment of circulating FGF-19 concentration could be used to detect disruptions in the enterohepatic-biliary axis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Myers
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - L Abbigail Granger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Sarah T Keeton
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Andrea N Johnston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
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12
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Di Ciaula A, Passarella S, Shanmugam H, Noviello M, Bonfrate L, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Mitochondria as Players and Targets of Therapies? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105375. [PMID: 34065331 PMCID: PMC8160908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease and represents the hepatic expression of several metabolic abnormalities of high epidemiologic relevance. Fat accumulation in the hepatocytes results in cellular fragility and risk of progression toward necroinflammation, i.e., nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Several pathways contribute to fat accumulation and damage in the liver and can also involve the mitochondria, whose functional integrity is essential to maintain liver bioenergetics. In NAFLD/NASH, both structural and functional mitochondrial abnormalities occur and can involve mitochondrial electron transport chain, decreased mitochondrial β-oxidation of free fatty acids, excessive generation of reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation. NASH is a major target of therapy, but there is no established single or combined treatment so far. Notably, translational and clinical studies point to mitochondria as future therapeutic targets in NAFLD since the prevention of mitochondrial damage could improve liver bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Salvatore Passarella
- School of Medicine, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (P.P.); Tel.: +39-328-468-7215 (P.P.)
| | - Harshitha Shanmugam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Marica Noviello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (P.P.); Tel.: +39-328-468-7215 (P.P.)
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13
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Sciarrillo CM, Keirns BH, Koemel NA, Anderson KL, Emerson SR. Fibroblast Growth Factor 19: Potential modulation of hepatic metabolism for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int 2021; 41:894-904. [PMID: 33506572 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver disease that is becoming more prevalent in concert with obesity and poor lifestyle habits. Although NAFLD is treatable via lifestyle modification in early stages, more advanced liver pathologies (eg non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH]) are harder to reverse. There is no Food and Drug Administration approved pharmacological treatment for NAFLD, and little research has been done to identify compounds that target key NAFLD mechanisms. Bile acids and bile acid receptors have been implicated in NAFLD pathogenesis and modulating bile acids and bile acid receptors has recently been targeted as a therapeutic treatment option for NAFLD. Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), a nutritionally regulated post-prandial hormone, is a chief regulator of bile acid metabolism and an important player in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, including key mechanisms of NAFLD pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss recent findings related to FGF19-regulated processes involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. We summarize known and conjectural frameworks and limitations for the clinical application of FGF19-targeted therapies as they relate to NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryant H Keirns
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Nicholas A Koemel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Kendall L Anderson
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sam R Emerson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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14
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Guo A, Li K, Tian HC, Fan Z, Chen QN, Yang YF, Yu J, Wu YX, Xiao Q. FGF19 protects skeletal muscle against obesity-induced muscle atrophy, metabolic derangement and abnormal irisin levels via the AMPK/SIRT-1/PGC-α pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:3585-3600. [PMID: 33751819 PMCID: PMC8034456 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with biological dysfunction in skeletal muscle. As a condition of obesity accompanied by muscle mass loss and physical dysfunction, sarcopenic obesity (SO) has become a novel public health problem. Human fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) plays a therapeutic role in metabolic diseases. However, the protective effects of FGF19 on skeletal muscle in obesity and SO are still not completely understood. Our results showed that FGF19 administration improved muscle loss and grip strength in young and aged mice fed a high‐fat diet (HFD). Increases in muscle atrophy markers (FOXO‐3, Atrogin‐1, MuRF‐1) were abrogated by FGF19 in palmitic acid (PA)‐treated C2C12 myotubes and in the skeletal muscle of HFD‐fed mice. FGF19 not only reduced HFD‐induced body weight gain, excessive lipid accumulation and hyperlipidaemia but also promoted energy expenditure (PGC‐1α, UCP‐1, PPAR‐γ) in brown adipose tissue (BAT). FGF19 treatment restored PA‐ and HFD‐induced hyperglycaemia, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance (IRS‐1, GLUT‐4) and mitigated the PA‐ and HFD‐induced decrease in FNDC‐5/irisin expression. However, these beneficial effects of FGF19 on skeletal muscle were abolished by inhibiting AMPK, SIRT‐1 and PGC‐1α expression. Taken together, this study suggests that FGF19 protects skeletal muscle against obesity‐induced muscle atrophy, metabolic derangement and abnormal irisin secretion partially through the AMPK/SIRT‐1/PGC‐α signalling pathway, which might be a potential therapeutic target for obesity and SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Chuan Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Fan
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiu-Nan Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun-Fei Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong-Xin Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Grattagliano I, Di Ciaula A, Baj J, Molina-Molina E, Shanmugam H, Garruti G, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Protocols for Mitochondria as the Target of Pharmacological Therapy in the Context of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2310:201-246. [PMID: 34096005 PMCID: PMC8580566 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1433-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most frequent metabolic chronic liver diseases in developed countries and puts the populations at risk of progression to liver necro-inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the onset of NAFLD and contributes to the progression from NAFLD to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Thus, liver mitochondria could become the target for treatments for improving liver function in NAFLD patients. This chapter describes the most important steps used for potential therapeutic interventions in NAFLD patients, discusses current options gathered from both experimental and clinical evidence, and presents some novel options for potentially improving mitochondrial function in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Grattagliano
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
- Italian College of General Practitioners and Primary Care, Bari, Italy
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Emilio Molina-Molina
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Harshitha Shanmugam
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Genetics, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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16
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Chung JO, Park SY, Cho DH, Chung DJ, Chung MY. Relationship Between Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 and Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:4715-4721. [PMID: 34887669 PMCID: PMC8650768 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s339954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate whether fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is associated with the risk of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A total of 357 patients with T2DM were investigated in this cross-sectional study. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between FGF19 level and diabetic retinopathy. RESULTS Serum FGF19 level was significantly lower in patients with diabetic retinopathy in those without diabetic retinopathy. The multivariable analysis revealed a significant association between serum FGF19 level and diabetic retinopathy (odds ratio for every 1 standard deviation increase in logarithmic value = 0.69, 95% confidence interval 0.51-0.94, p = 0.019). CONCLUSION Serum FGF19 level was negatively associated with diabetic retinopathy in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ook Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: Jin Ook Chung; Min Young Chung Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of KoreaTel +82-62-220-6296; +82-62-220-6297Fax +82-62-225-8578 Email ;
| | - Seon-Young Park
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyeok Cho
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
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17
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Soluble Expression of hFGF19 without Fusion Protein through Synonymous Codon Substitutions and DsbC Co-Expression in E. coli. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121942. [PMID: 33297586 PMCID: PMC7762406 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human fibroblast growth factor 19 (hFGF19) is a difficult-to-express protein that is frequently fused with another protein for soluble expression. However, residual amino acids after cleavage with protease represent one of the major problems in therapeutic protein development. Here, we introduced synonymous codon substitutions in the N-terminal region encoding sequence of hFGF19 and co-expressed disulfide bond isomerase (ΔssDsbC) to functionally express hFGF19 without any fusion protein. Synonymous codon substitution significantly increased hFGF19 expression. Subsequent co-expression of ΔssDsbC with a selected variant of hFGF19 (scvhFGF19) further increased the proportion of soluble hFGF19 expression in Escherichia coli XL1-Blue. Both total and soluble scvhFGF19 expression increased remarkably in the alternative host, E. coli Origami 2 with mutated thioredoxin reductase and glutathione reductase. scvhFGF19 purification by anion exchange and heparin affinity chromatography resulted in a yield of 6.5 mg/L under normal induction conditions in flask culture. As such, a high cell density culture is expected to achieve an even higher yield. The biological activities of purified scvhFGF19 were assessed based on its ability to activate ERK1/2 signaling pathway in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells. In conclusion, the strategy described here may represent an efficient alternative process for the production of hFGF19 and/or related proteins.
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18
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Microbiota-Associated Therapy for Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis-Induced Liver Cancer: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175999. [PMID: 32825440 PMCID: PMC7504062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though advancement in medicine has contributed to the control of many diseases to date, cancer therapy continues to pose several challenges. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) etiology is multifactorial. Recently, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been considered as an important risk factor of HCC. NAFLD can be divided into non-alcoholic simple fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) based on histopathological features. Recently, studies have indicated that the gut microbiota is associated with NAFLD and HCC. Therefore, in this review, we have discussed the effects of gut microbiota-related mechanisms, including dysbiosis and gut barrier function, and gut microbiota-derived metabolites on NAFLD and HCC pathogenesis and the potential therapeutic strategies for NAFLD and HCC. With a better understanding of the gut microbiota composition and function, new and improved diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies for common liver diseases can be developed.
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19
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Idalsoaga F, Kulkarni AV, Mousa OY, Arrese M, Arab JP. Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alcohol-Related Liver Disease: Two Intertwined Entities. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:448. [PMID: 32974366 PMCID: PMC7468507 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, with a prevalence of 25-30%. Since its first description in 1980, NAFLD has been conceived as a different entity from alcohol-related fatty liver disease (ALD), despite that, both diseases have an overlap in the pathophysiology, share genetic-epigenetic factors, and frequently coexist. Both entities are characterized by a broad spectrum of histological features ranging from isolated steatosis to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Distinction between NAFLD and ALD is based on the amount of consumed alcohol, which has been arbitrarily established. In this context, a proposal of positive criteria for NAFLD diagnosis not considering exclusion of alcohol consumption as a prerequisite criterion for diagnosis had emerged, recognizing the possibility of a dual etiology of fatty liver in some individuals. The impact of moderate alcohol use on the severity of NAFLD is ill-defined. Some studies suggest protective effects in moderate doses, but current evidence shows that there is no safe threshold for alcohol consumption for NAFLD. In fact, given the synergistic effect between alcohol consumption, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction, it is likely that alcohol use serves as a significant risk factor for the progression of liver disease in NAFLD and metabolic syndrome. This also affects the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we summarize the overlapping pathophysiology of NAFLD and ALD, the current data on alcohol consumption in patients with NAFLD, and the effects of metabolic dysfunction and overweight in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Idalsoaga
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anand V Kulkarni
- Department of Hepatology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Omar Y Mousa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN, United States
| | - Marco Arrese
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Arab
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Fibroblast growth factor 19 alleviates palmitic acid-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress via the AMPK/PGC-1α pathway in skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:1069-1076. [PMID: 32305136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-induced fat ectopic deposition results in mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in skeletal muscle, which could impair the quality and function of the skeletal muscle. Human fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) acts as a vital metabolic regulator of bile acid synthesis and metabolic homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that FGF19 regulates skeletal muscle mass through the enlargement of muscle fiber size and protects muscles from atrophy. However, the role of FGF19 in regulating mitochondrial function and the antioxidant response in skeletal muscle remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of FGF19 on palmitic acid (PA)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in C2C12 cells. In this study, we found that FGF19 can increase the mRNA and protein expression levels of mitochondrial biogenesis regulators (PGC-1α, Nrf-1, and TFAM) and antioxidant response regulators (Nrf-2 and HO-1), alleviating PA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. However, the regulatory effect of FGF19 was blocked by Compound C, an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor, and siRNA knockdown of PGC-1a. Taken together, these findings indicate that FGF19 might promote mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant response via the AMPK/PGC-1α pathway, attenuating the effect of PA on mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress; therefore, FGF19 might be a potential therapeutic target for the effects of obesity on skeletal muscle.
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21
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Dongiovanni P, Crudele A, Panera N, Romito I, Meroni M, De Stefanis C, Palma A, Comparcola D, Fracanzani AL, Miele L, Valenti L, Nobili V, Alisi A. β-Klotho gene variation is associated with liver damage in children with NAFLD. J Hepatol 2020; 72:411-419. [PMID: 31655133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in adults and children. Along with obesity, diabetes and insulin resistance, genetic factors strongly impact on NAFLD development and progression. Dysregulated bile acid metabolism and the fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) pathway play a pivotal role in NAFLD pathogenesis. However, the mechanism through which the FGF19 receptor system is associated with liver damage in NAFLD remains to be defined. METHODS We evaluated the impact of the rs17618244 G>A β-Klotho (KLB) variant on liver damage in 249 pediatric patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD and the association of this variant with the expression of hepatic and soluble KLB. In vitro models were established to investigate the role of the KLB mutant. RESULTS The KLB rs17618244 variant was associated with an increased risk of ballooning and lobular inflammation. KLB plasma levels were lower in carriers of the rs17618244 minor A allele and were associated with lobular inflammation, ballooning and fibrosis. In HepG2 and Huh7 hepatoma cell lines, exposure to free fatty acids caused a severe reduction of intracellular and secreted KLB. Finally, KLB downregulation obtained by the expression of a KLB mutant in HepG2 and Huh7 cells induced intracellular lipid accumulation and upregulation of p62, ACOX1, ACSL1, IL-1β and TNF-α gene expression. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we showed an association between the rs17618244 KLB variant, which leads to reduced KLB expression, and the severity of NAFLD in pediatric patients. We can speculate that the KLB protein may exert a protective role against lipotoxicity and inflammation in hepatocytes. LAY SUMMARY Genetic and environmental factors strongly impact on the pathogenesis and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The FGF19/FGFR4/KLB pathway plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of a genetic variant in the KLB gene on the severity of liver disease. Our data suggest that the KLB protein plays a protective role against lipotoxicity and inflammation in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Annalisa Crudele
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Panera
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Romito
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Palma
- Genomic Facility Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Comparcola
- Hepato-Metabolic Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Ludovica Fracanzani
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Miele
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Valenti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Translational Medicine, Department for Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Valerio Nobili
- Hepatology Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Alisi
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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22
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Avalos-de León CG, Jiménez-Castro MB, Cornide-Petronio ME, Gulfo J, Rotondo F, Gracia-Sancho J, Casillas-Ramírez A, Peralta C. The Effect of Fibroblast Growth Factor 15 Signaling in Non-Steatotic and Steatotic Liver Transplantation from Cardiocirculatory Death. Cells 2019; 8:E1640. [PMID: 31847428 PMCID: PMC6952771 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We elucidate the relevance of fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) in liver transplantation (LT) using rats with both steatotic and non-steatotic organs from donors after cardiocirculatory death (DCD). Compared to LT from non-DCDs, the induction of cardiocirculatory death (CD) increases hepatic damage, proliferation, and intestinal and circulatory FGF15. This is associated with high levels of FGF15, bilirubin and bile acids (BAs), and overexpression of the enzyme involved in the alternative BA synthesis pathway, CYP27A1, in non-steatotic livers. Furthermore, CD activates the proliferative pathway, Hippo/YAP, in these types of liver. Blocking FGF15 action in LT from DCDs does not affect CYP27A1 but causes an overexpression of CYP7A, an enzyme from the classic BA synthesis pathway, and this is related to further accumulation of BAs and exacerbated damage. FGF15 inhibition also impairs proliferation without changing Hippo/YAP. In spite of worse damage, steatosis prevents a proliferative response in livers from DCDs. In steatotic grafts, CD does not modify CYP7A1, CYP27A1, BA, or the Hippo/YAP pathway, and FGF15 is not involved in damage or proliferation. Thus, endogenous FGF15 protects against BA accumulation and damage and promotes regeneration independently of the Hippo/YAP pathway, in non-steatotic LT from DCDs. Herein we show a minor role of FGF15 in steatotic LT from DCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy G. Avalos-de León
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.G.A.-d.L.); (M.B.J.-C.); (M.E.C.-P.); (J.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Mónica B. Jiménez-Castro
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.G.A.-d.L.); (M.B.J.-C.); (M.E.C.-P.); (J.G.); (F.R.)
| | - María Eugenia Cornide-Petronio
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.G.A.-d.L.); (M.B.J.-C.); (M.E.C.-P.); (J.G.); (F.R.)
| | - José Gulfo
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.G.A.-d.L.); (M.B.J.-C.); (M.E.C.-P.); (J.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Floriana Rotondo
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.G.A.-d.L.); (M.B.J.-C.); (M.E.C.-P.); (J.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Araní Casillas-Ramírez
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ciudad Victoria “Bicentenario 2010”, Ciudad Victoria 87087, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina e Ingeniería en Sistemas Computacionales de Matamoros, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Matamoros 87300, Mexico
| | - Carmen Peralta
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.G.A.-d.L.); (M.B.J.-C.); (M.E.C.-P.); (J.G.); (F.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
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Chen Z, Yu Y, Cai J, Li H. Emerging Molecular Targets for Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:903-914. [PMID: 31597607 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In parallel with the obesity epidemic, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. Disequilibrium of lipid metabolism and the subsequent metabolic-stress-induced inflammation are believed to be central in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Of note, metabolic inflammation is primarily mediated by innate immune signaling, which is increasingly recognized as a driving force in NAFLD progression. Currently, a series of agents targeting one or more of these pathomechanisms have shown encouraging results in preclinical models and clinical trials. This review summarizes the emerging molecular targets involved in signaling in the lipid metabolism and innate immunity aspects of NAFLD, focusing on their mechanistic roles and translational potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yao Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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24
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Pandak WM, Kakiyama G. The acidic pathway of bile acid synthesis: Not just an alternative pathway ☆. LIVER RESEARCH 2019; 3:88-98. [PMID: 32015930 PMCID: PMC6996149 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity, and metabolic syndromes (MS) such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have dramatically increased. Bile acids play a major role in the digestion, absorption of nutrients, and the body's redistribution of absorbed lipids as a function of their chemistry and signaling properties. As a result, a renewed interest has developed in the bile acid metabolic pathways with the challenge of gaining insight into novel treatment approaches for this rapidly growing healthcare problem. Of the two major pathways of bile acid synthesis in the liver, the foremost role of the acidic (alternative) pathway is to generate and control the levels of regulatory oxysterols that help control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis. Cholesterol transport to mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StarD1), and the subsequent 7α-hydroxylation of oxysterols by oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) are the key regulatory steps of the pathway. Recent observations suggest CYP7B1 to be the ultimate controller of cellular oxysterol levels. This review discusses the acidic pathway and its contribution to lipid, cholesterol, carbohydrate, and energy homeostasis. Additionally, discussed is how the acidic pathway's dysregulation not only leads to a loss in its ability to control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis, but leads to inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA. (G. Kakiyama)
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25
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Arab JP, Arrese M, Trauner M. Recent Insights into the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2019; 13:321-350. [PMID: 29414249 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a burgeoning health problem worldwide and an important risk factor for both hepatic and cardiometabolic mortality. The rapidly increasing prevalence of this disease and of its aggressive form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) will require novel therapeutic approaches based on a profound understanding of its pathogenesis to halt disease progression to advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis and cancer. The pathogenesis of NAFLD involves a complex interaction among environmental factors (i.e., Western diet), obesity, changes in microbiota, and predisposing genetic variants resulting in a disturbed lipid homeostasis and an excessive accumulation of triglycerides and other lipid species in hepatocytes. Insulin resistance is a central mechanism that leads to lipotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, disturbed autophagy, and, ultimately, hepatocyte injury and death that triggers hepatic inflammation, hepatic stellate cell activation, and progressive fibrogenesis, thus driving disease progression. In the present review, we summarize the currently available data on the pathogenesis of NAFLD, emphasizing the most recent advances. A better understanding of NAFLD/NASH pathogenesis is crucial for the design of new and efficient therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Arab
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Marco Arrese
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile.,Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria;
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26
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Jahn D, Dorbath D, Kircher S, Nier A, Bergheim I, Lenaerts K, Hermanns HM, Geier A. Beneficial Effects of Vitamin D Treatment in an Obese Mouse Model of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010077. [PMID: 30609782 PMCID: PMC6356425 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum vitamin D levels negatively correlate with obesity and associated disorders such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the mechanisms linking low vitamin D (VD) status to disease progression are not completely understood. In this study, we analyzed the effect of VD treatment on NASH in mice. C57BL6/J mice were fed a high-fat/high-sugar diet (HFSD) containing low amounts of VD for 16 weeks to induce obesity, NASH and liver fibrosis. The effects of preventive and interventional VD treatment were studied on the level of liver histology and hepatic/intestinal gene expression. Interestingly, preventive and to a lesser extent also interventional VD treatment resulted in improvements of liver histology. This included a significant decrease of steatosis, a trend towards lower non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score and a slight non-significant decrease of fibrosis in the preventive treatment group. In line with these changes, preventive VD treatment reduced the hepatic expression of lipogenic, inflammatory and pro-fibrotic genes. Notably, these beneficial effects occurred in conjunction with a reduction of intestinal inflammation. Together, our observations suggest that timely initiation of VD supplementation (preventive vs. interventional) is a critical determinant of treatment outcome in NASH. In the applied animal model, the improvements of liver histology occurred in conjunction with reduced inflammation in the gut, suggesting a potential relevance of vitamin D as a therapeutic agent acting on the gut⁻liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jahn
- Division of Hepatology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Donata Dorbath
- Division of Hepatology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Anika Nier
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Kaatje Lenaerts
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Heike M Hermanns
- Division of Hepatology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Geier
- Division of Hepatology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
FGF19 is a noncanonical FGF ligand that can control a broad spectrum of physiological responses, which include bile acid homeostasis, liver metabolism and glucose uptake. Many of these responses are mediated by FGF19 binding to its FGFR4/β-klotho receptor complex and controlling activation of an array of intracellular signaling events. Overactivation of the FGF19/FGFR4 axis has been implicated in tumorigenic formation, progression and metastasis, and inhibitors of this axis have recently been developed for single agent use or in combination with other anticancer drugs. Considering the critical role of this receptor complex in cancer, this review focuses on recent developments and applications of FGF19/FGFR4-targeted therapeutics.
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28
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Friedrich D, Marschall HU, Lammert F. Response of fibroblast growth factor 19 and bile acid synthesis after a body weight-adjusted oral fat tolerance test in overweight and obese NAFLD patients: a non-randomized controlled pilot trial. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18:76. [PMID: 29866129 PMCID: PMC5987457 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-018-0805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common both in obese and overweight patients. Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), an intestinal hormone, could play a role in the complex pathogenesis of NAFLD. The aim of our study was to investigate responses of FGF19 and bile acid (BA) synthesis after a body weight-adjusted oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) in overweight and obese NAFLD patients. Methods For this study, we recruited 26 NAFLD patients; 14 overweight (median BMI 28.3 kg/m2), 12 obese (35.3 kg/m2) and 16 healthy controls (24.2 kg/m2). All individuals received 1 g fat (Calogen®) per kg body weight orally. Serum concentrations of FGF19 were determined by ELISA. Concentrations of BAs and BA synthesis marker 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively; all at 0 (baseline), 2, 4 and 6 h during the OFTT. Results BMI correlated negatively with fasting FGF19 concentrations (rho = − 0.439, p = 0.004). FGF19 levels of obese NAFLD patients were significantly (p = 0.01) lower in the fasting state (median 116.0 vs. 178.5 pg/ml), whereas overweight NAFLD patients had significantly (p = 0.004) lower FGF19 concentrations 2 h after the fat load (median 163.0 vs. 244.5 pg/ml), and lowest values at all postprandial time points as compared to controls. Baseline BA concentrations correlated positively with FGF19 values (rho = 0.306, p = 0.048). In all groups, we observed BA increases during the OFTT with a peak at 2 h but no change in C4 levels in overweight/obese NAFLD patients. Conclusions Reduced basal gastrointestinal FGF19 secretion and decreased postprandial response to oral fat together with blunted effect on BA synthesis indicate alterations in intestinal or hepatic FXR signaling in overweight and obese NAFLD subjects. The precise mechanism of FGF19 signaling after oral fat load needs further evaluation. Trial registration We have registered the trial retrospectively on 30 Jan 2018 at the German clinical trials register (http://www.drks.de/), and the following number has been assigned DRKS00013942. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12876-018-0805-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Friedrich
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
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29
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Shan Z, Alvarez-Sola G, Uriarte I, Arechederra M, Fernández-Barrena MG, Berasain C, Ju C, Avila MA. Fibroblast growth factors 19 and 21 in acute liver damage. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:257. [PMID: 30069459 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.05.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently there are very few pharmacological options available to treat acute liver injury. Because its natural exposure to noxious stimuli the liver has developed a strong endogenous hepatoprotective capacity. Indeed, experimental evidence exposed a variety of endogenous hepatic and systemic responses naturally activated to protect the hepatic parenchyma and to foster liver regeneration, therefore preserving individual's survival. The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family encompasses a range of polypeptides with important effects on cellular differentiation, growth survival and metabolic regulation in adult organisms. Among these FGFs, FGF19 and FGF21 are endocrine hormones that profoundly influence systemic metabolism but also exert important hepatoprotective activities. In this review, we revisit the biology of these factors and highlight their potential application for the clinical management of acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gloria Alvarez-Sola
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Carlos III Institute of Health, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Carlos III Institute of Health, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Arechederra
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Carlos III Institute of Health, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernández-Barrena
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Carlos III Institute of Health, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Carlos III Institute of Health, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matías A Avila
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Carlos III Institute of Health, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
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30
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Cheng K, Metry M, Felton J, Shang AC, Drachenberg CB, Xu S, Zhan M, Schumacher J, Guo GL, Polli JE, Raufman JP. Diminished gallbladder filling, increased fecal bile acids, and promotion of colon epithelial cell proliferation and neoplasia in fibroblast growth factor 15-deficient mice. Oncotarget 2018; 9:25572-25585. [PMID: 29876009 PMCID: PMC5986650 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-19 (human FGF19; murine FGF15) suppresses bile acid synthesis. In FGF19 deficiency, diarrhea resulting from bile acid spillage into the colon mimics irritable bowel syndrome. To seek other consequences of FGF19/15 deficiency, we used Fgf15-/- and wild-type (WT) mice to assess gallbladder filling, the bile acid pool, fecal bile acid levels, and colon neoplasia. We fasted mice for six hours before assessing gallbladder size by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We measured bile acid levels in different compartments by enzymatic assay, and induced colon neoplasia with azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and quantified epithelial Ki67 immunostaining and colon tumors 20 weeks later. In vivo MRI confirmed the gross finding of tubular gallbladders in FGF15-deficient compared to WT mice, but fasting gallbladder volumes overlapped. After gavage with a bile acid analogue, ex vivo MRI revealed diminished gallbladder filling in FGF15-deficient mice (P = 0.0399). In FGF15-deficient mice, the total bile acid pool was expanded 45% (P <0.05) and fecal bile acid levels were increased 2.26-fold (P <0.001). After AOM/DSS treatment, colons from FGF15-deficient mice had more epithelial cell Ki67 staining and tumors (7.33 ± 1.32 vs. 4.57 ± 0.72 tumors/mouse; P = 0.003 compared to WT mice); carcinomas were more common in FGF15-deficient mice (P = 0.01). These findings confirm FGF15, the murine homolog of FGF19, plays a key role in modulating gallbladder filling and bile acid homeostasis. In a well-characterized animal model of colon cancer, increased fecal bile acid levels in FGF15-deficient mice promoted epithelial proliferation and advanced neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunrong Cheng
- VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Melissa Metry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Jessica Felton
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Aaron C. Shang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Cinthia B. Drachenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Su Xu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Min Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Justin Schumacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA
| | - James E. Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Raufman
- VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
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You M, Zhou Z, Daniels M, Jogasuria A. Endocrine Adiponectin-FGF15/19 Axis in Ethanol-Induced Inflammation and Alcoholic Liver Injury. Gene Expr 2018; 18:103-113. [PMID: 29096734 PMCID: PMC5953845 DOI: 10.3727/105221617x15093738210295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the most prevalent form of liver disease, encompassing a spectrum of progressive pathological changes from steatosis to steatohepatitis to fibrosis/cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Alcoholic steatosis/steatohepatitis is the initial stage of ALD and a major risk factor for advanced liver injuries. Adiponectin is a hormone secreted from adipocytes. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 15 (human homolog, FGF19) is an ileum-derived hormone. Adipocyte-derived adiponectin and gut-derived FGF15/19 regulate each other, share common signaling cascades, and exert similar beneficial functions. Emerging evidence has revealed that dysregulated adiponectin-FGF15/19 axis and impaired hepatic adiponectin-FGF15/19 signaling are associated with alcoholic liver damage in rodents and humans. More importantly, endocrine adiponectin-FGF15/19 signaling confers protection against ethanol-induced liver damage via fine tuning the adipose-intestine-liver crosstalk, leading to limited hepatic inflammatory responses, and ameliorated alcoholic liver injury. This review is focused on the recently discovered endocrine adiponectin-FGF15/19 axis that is emerging as an essential adipose-gut-liver coordinator involved in the development and progression of alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min You
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Michael Daniels
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Alvin Jogasuria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
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Bogolyubova AV, Mayorov AY, Mishina EE, Schwartz AM, Belousov PV. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) as a potential therapeutic target in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and associated syndromes. DIABETES MELLITUS 2018. [DOI: 10.14341/dm9374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a group of obesity-associated pathological changes characterized by abnormal accumulation of lipids in cells of the liver parenchyma. NAFLD and associated conditions, namely insulin resistance and type II diabetes mellitus (DM2), as well as the possible risks of developing fibrosis and cirrhosis with a potential outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma, represent the primary health problems in developed countries, gradually replacing the importance of similar pathologies caused by the regular use of hepatotoxic doses of alcoholic beverages. Recent fundamental and clinical studies demonstrated the important role of the farnesoid receptor (FXR, NR1H4) in the regulation of the metabolism of glucose, lipids and bile acids. This review focuses on the molecular aspects of the pathogenesis of NAFLD, the role of FXR (NR1H4) in the biology of this disease, and the prospects for using different FXR (NR1H4) modulators for therapy of NAFLD and associated conditions such as metabolic syndrome and DM2, as well as a number of other FXR (NR1H4) mediated diseases.
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Jahn D, Geier A. Bile acids in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Pathophysiological driving force or innocent bystanders? Hepatology 2018; 67:464-466. [PMID: 28926117 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jahn
- Division of Hepatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Geier
- Division of Hepatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Ikegami T, Honda A. Reciprocal interactions between bile acids and gut microbiota in human liver diseases. Hepatol Res 2018; 48:15-27. [PMID: 29150974 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM) play a central role in their host's metabolism of bile acids (BAs) by regulating deconjugation, dehydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and epimerization reactions to generate unconjugated free BAs and secondary BAs. These BAs generated by the GM are potent signaling molecules that interact with BA receptors, such as the farnesoid X receptor and Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5. Each BA has a differential affinity to these receptors; therefore, alterations in BA composition by GM could modify the intensity of receptor signaling. Bile acids also act as antimicrobial agents by damaging bacterial membranes and as detergents by altering intracellular macromolecular structures. Therefore, BAs and the GM reciprocally control each other's compositions. In this review, we discuss the latest findings on the mutual effects of BAs and GM on each other; we also describe their roles in the pathophysiology of liver disease progression and potential therapeutic applications of targeting this cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Ikegami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akira Honda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan.,Joint Research Center, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
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Alvarez-Sola G, Uriarte I, Latasa MU, Jimenez M, Barcena-Varela M, Santamaría E, Urtasun R, Rodriguez-Ortigosa C, Prieto J, Berraondo P, Fernandez-Barrena MG, Berasain C, Avila MA. Bile acids, FGF15/19 and liver regeneration: From mechanisms to clinical applications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1326-1334. [PMID: 28709961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver has an extraordinary regenerative capacity rapidly triggered upon injury or resection. This response is intrinsically adjusted in its initiation and termination, a property termed the "hepatostat". Several molecules have been involved in liver regeneration, and among them bile acids may play a central role. Intrahepatic levels of bile acids rapidly increase after resection. Through the activation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), bile acids regulate their hepatic metabolism and also promote hepatocellular proliferation. FXR is also expressed in enterocytes, where bile acids stimulate the expression of fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19), which is released to the portal blood. Through the activation of FGFR4 on hepatocytes FGF15/19 regulates bile acids synthesis and finely tunes liver regeneration as part of the "hepatostat". Here we review the experimental evidences supporting the relevance of the FXR-FGF15/19-FGFR4 axis in liver regeneration and discuss potential therapeutic applications of FGF15/19 in the prevention of liver failure. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Disease edited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Alvarez-Sola
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria U Latasa
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maddalen Jimenez
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marina Barcena-Varela
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eva Santamaría
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Ortigosa
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús Prieto
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernandez-Barrena
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Matías A Avila
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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Effect of cholecystectomy on hepatic fat accumulation and insulin resistance in non-obese Hispanic patients: a pilot study. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:129. [PMID: 28666456 PMCID: PMC5493064 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent worldwide. Experimental studies have shown that cholecystectomy (XGB) increases hepatic fat content in mice and appears associated to NAFLD in large retrospective population-based studies. The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the effects of XGB on hepatic fat content (HFC) and insulin resistance (IR) in non-obese, middle aged Hispanic subjects. METHODS Twenty-six gallstone patients undergoing elective XGB and 16 control subjects with normal livers and gallbladders at ultrasonography were prospectively followed 24 months for changes in HFC and IR. Clinical, biochemical determinations and hepatic imaging were performed at baseline and 24 months after surgery. MRI technique quantified HFC in four hepatic segments. IR was assessed by the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) index. RESULTS Initial body mass index (BMI) was 25.6 ± 0.4 and 24.3 ± 1.0 in the control and XGB groups of subjects, respectively. Serum insulin level increased from 8.1 ± 0.7 to 10.0 ± 1.9 (μU/ml) 24 months after surgery in XGB patients (p < 0.05); no significant changes were detected in control individuals. Median HOMA-IR index increased from 1.31 (interquartile range, 1.01-1.68) to 2.20 (interquartile range, 1.57 - 2.60) 24 months after XGB, (p < 0.003). Median HOMA-IR index of control subjects remained unchanged at the end of the study. Serum apoB concentration increased from 61.5 ± 3.4 to 79.0 ± 7.8 (μg/ml) in XGB patients (p < 0.03). Serum apoB levels remained within normal ranges in both periods of the study in control subjects. HFC significantly increased in 2 of the 4 segments 24 months after XGB: right posterior hepatic lobe (from 5.3 ± 0.2% to 6.0 ± 0.2%, p > 0.04) and right anterior hepatic lobe (from 5.8 ± 0.2% to 6.6 ± 0.3%, p < 0.02). The average HFC of the four hepatic segments studied slightly increased from 5.4 ± 0.2 to 5.8 ± 0.3 2 years after XGB (p < 0.03). No significant changes were found in HFC in the control subjects at the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS Elective XGB increases HFC, HOMA-IR index and serum apoB concentration. These results support the notion that XGB is a risk factor non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and other IR - associated disease conditions.
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Soy compared with milk protein in a Western diet changes fecal microbiota and decreases hepatic steatosis in obese OLETF rats. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 46:125-136. [PMID: 28605664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Soy protein is effective at preventing hepatic steatosis; however, the mechanisms are poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that soy vs. dairy protein-based diet would alter microbiota and attenuate hepatic steatosis in hyperphagic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats. Male OLETF rats were randomized to "Western" diets containing milk protein isolate (MPI), soy protein isolate (SPI) or 50:50 MPI/SPI (MS) (n=9-10/group; 21% kcal protein) for 16 weeks. SPI attenuated (P<.05) fat mass and percent fat by ~10% compared with MS, but not compared with MPI. Serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were lower (P<.05) with dietary SPI vs. MPI and MS. Histological hepatic steatosis was lower (P<.05) in SPI compared with MPI or MS. Lipidomic analyses revealed reductions (P<.05) in hepatic diacylglycerols but not triacylglycerols in SPI compared with MPI, which was associated with lower hepatic de novo lipogenesis (ACC, FAS and SCD-1 protein content, and hepatic 16:1 n-7 and 18:1 n-7 PUFA concentrations) (P<.05) compared with MPI and MS; however, MPI displayed elevated hepatic mitochondrial function compared with SPI and MS. Fecal bacterial 16S rRNA analysis revealed SPI-intake elicited increases (P<.05) in Lactobacillus and decreases (P<.05) in Blautia and Lachnospiraceae suggesting decreases in fecal secondary bile acids in SPI rats. SPI and MS exhibited greater (P<.05) hepatic Fxr, Fgfr4, Hnf4a, HmgCoA reductase and synthase mRNA expression compared with MPI. Overall, dietary SPI compared with MPI decreased hepatic steatosis and diacylglycerols, changed microbiota populations and altered bile acid signaling and cholesterol homeostasis in a rodent model of obesity.
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Thompson CA, Wojta K, Pulakanti K, Rao S, Dawson P, Battle MA. GATA4 Is Sufficient to Establish Jejunal Versus Ileal Identity in the Small Intestine. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:422-446. [PMID: 28462382 PMCID: PMC5404030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patterning of the small intestinal epithelium along its cephalocaudal axis establishes three functionally distinct regions: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Efficient nutrient assimilation and growth depend on the proper spatial patterning of specialized digestive and absorptive functions performed by duodenal, jejunal, and ileal enterocytes. When enterocyte function is disrupted by disease or injury, intestinal failure can occur. One approach to alleviate intestinal failure would be to restore lost enterocyte functions. The molecular mechanisms determining regionally defined enterocyte functions, however, are poorly delineated. We previously showed that GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) is essential to define jejunal enterocytes. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that GATA4 is sufficient to confer jejunal identity within the intestinal epithelium. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we generated a novel Gata4 conditional knock-in mouse line and expressed GATA4 in the ileum, where it is absent. RESULTS We found that GATA4-expressing ileum lost ileal identity. The global gene expression profile of GATA4-expressing ileal epithelium aligned more closely with jejunum and duodenum rather than ileum. Focusing on jejunal vs ileal identity, we defined sets of jejunal and ileal genes likely to be regulated directly by GATA4 to suppress ileal identity and promote jejunal identity. Furthermore, our study implicates GATA4 as a transcriptional repressor of fibroblast growth factor 15 (Fgf15), which encodes an enterokine that has been implicated in an increasing number of human diseases. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study refines our understanding of an important GATA4-dependent molecular mechanism to pattern the intestinal epithelium along its cephalocaudal axis by elaborating on GATA4's function as a crucial dominant molecular determinant of jejunal enterocyte identity. Microarray data from this study have been deposited into NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo) and are accessible through GEO series accession number GSE75870.
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Key Words
- Cyp7a1, cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1
- E, embryonic day
- EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay
- Enterohepatic Signaling
- FXR
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- Fabp6, fatty acid binding protein 6
- Fgf, fibroblast growth factor
- Fgf15
- Jejunal Identity
- OSTα/β, organic solute transporter α/β
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- SBS, short-bowel syndrome
- Slc, solute carrier
- TSS, transcription start site
- Transcriptional Regulation
- bio-ChIP-seq, biotin-mediated chromatin immunoprecipitation with high-throughput sequencing
- bp, base pair
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- cKI, conditional knock-in
- cKO, conditional knockout
- dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate
- lnl, loxP-flanked PGK-Neo-3xSV40 polyadenylation sequence
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- pA, polyadenylation
- qRT, quantitative reverse-transcription
- xiFABP, Xenopus I-FABP
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayla A. Thompson
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Kevin Wojta
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Kirthi Pulakanti
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplant, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Paul Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michele A. Battle
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Arab JP, Karpen SJ, Dawson PA, Arrese M, Trauner M. Bile acids and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Molecular insights and therapeutic perspectives. Hepatology 2017; 65:350-362. [PMID: 27358174 PMCID: PMC5191969 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a burgeoning health problem worldwide and an important risk factor for both hepatic and cardiometabolic mortality. The rapidly increasing prevalence of this disease and of its aggressive form nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) will require novel therapeutic approaches to prevent disease progression to advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis and cancer. In recent years, bile acids have emerged as relevant signaling molecules that act at both hepatic and extrahepatic tissues to regulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolic pathways as well as energy homeostasis. Activation or modulation of bile acid receptors, such as the farnesoid X receptor and TGR5, and transporters, such as the ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, appear to affect both insulin sensitivity and NAFLD/NASH pathogenesis at multiple levels, and these approaches hold promise as novel therapies. In the present review, we summarize current available data on the relationships of bile acids to NAFLD and the potential for therapeutically targeting bile-acid-related pathways to address this growing world-wide disease. (Hepatology 2017;65:350-362).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P. Arab
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Saul J. Karpen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of PediatricsEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Paul A. Dawson
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of PediatricsEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Marco Arrese
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Rau M, Stieger B, Monte MJ, Schmitt J, Jahn D, Frey-Wagner I, Raselli T, Marin JJG, Müllhaupt B, Rogler G, Geier A. Alterations in Enterohepatic Fgf15 Signaling and Changes in Bile Acid Composition Depend on Localization of Murine Intestinal Inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:2382-9. [PMID: 27580383 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 15/19 is part of the gut-liver crosstalk accounting for bile acid (BA) metabolism regulation. Dysregulation of fibroblast growth factor 15/19 signaling is observed in different pathological conditions, for example, in gastrointestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To understand the molecular bases, we analyzed the enterohepatic regulation of Fgf15-mediated pathway in 2 different inflammatory bowel disease mouse models. METHODS Target genes of the BA-farnesoid-X-receptor (Fxr)-Ffg15 axis were quantified by RT-PCR or western blotting in gut and liver of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated and IL10 mice. Serum Fgf15 levels were analyzed by ELISA. Biliary and fecal BA composition was differentiated by HPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS Dextran sulfate sodium-treated mice with ileum-sparing colitis showed higher Fgf15 serum levels. In contrast, IL10 mice with ileitis had a trend toward decreased Fgf15 serum levels compared with controls and increased expression of Asbt as a negative Fxr-target gene. In hepatic tissue of both models, no histological changes, but higher interleukin 6 (IL-6) mRNA expression and down-regulation of Fxr and Cytochrom P450 7a1 mRNA expression were observed. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 up-regulation was in line with higher Fgf15 serum levels in dextran sulfate sodium-treated mice. A distinct fecal BA profile was observed in both models with significantly higher levels of taurine-conjugated BA in particular tauro-β-muricholic acid in IL10 mice. CONCLUSIONS Ileum-sparing colitis is characterized by activation of Fxr-Fgf15 signaling with higher expression of Fxr-target gene Fgf15, whereas ileal inflammation showed no signs of Fxr-Fgf15 activation. Abundance of BA such as T-β-MCA may be important for intestinal Fxr activation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rau
- *Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; †Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, USZ, Zurich, Switzerland; ‡Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; and §Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, USZ, Zurich, Switzerland
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Mutanen A, Lohi J, Sorsa T, Jalanko H, Pakarinen MP. Features of liver tissue remodeling in intestinal failure during and after weaning off parenteral nutrition. Surgery 2016; 160:632-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hu X, Jogasuria A, Wang J, Kim C, Han Y, Shen H, Wu J, You M. MitoNEET Deficiency Alleviates Experimental Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice by Stimulating Endocrine Adiponectin-Fgf15 Axis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22482-22495. [PMID: 27573244 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.737015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MitoNEET (mNT) (CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1 or CISD1) is an outer mitochondrial membrane protein that donates 2Fe-2S clusters to apo-acceptor proteins. In the present study, using a global mNT knock-out (mNTKO) mouse model, we investigated the in vivo functional role of mNT in the development of alcoholic steatohepatitis. Experimental alcoholic steatohepatitis was achieved by pair feeding wild-type (WT) and mNTKO mice with Lieber-DeCarli ethanol-containing diets for 4 weeks. Strikingly, chronically ethanol-fed mNTKO mice were completely resistant to ethanol-induced steatohepatitis as revealed by dramatically reduced hepatic triglycerides, decreased hepatic cholesterol level, diminished liver inflammatory response, and normalized serum ALT levels. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that ethanol administration to mNTKO mice induced two pivotal endocrine hormones, namely, adipose-derived adiponectin and gut-derived fibroblast growth factor 15 (Fgf15). The elevation in circulating levels of adiponectin and Fgf15 led to normalized hepatic and serum levels of bile acids, limited hepatic accumulation of toxic bile, attenuated inflammation, and amelioration of liver injury in the ethanol-fed mNTKO mice. Other potential mechanisms such as reduced oxidative stress, activated Sirt1 signaling, and diminished NF-κB activity also contribute to hepatic improvement in the ethanol-fed mNTKO mice. In conclusion, the present study identified adiponectin and Fgf15 as pivotal adipose-gut-liver metabolic coordinators in mediating the protective action of mNT deficiency against development of alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. Our findings may help to establish mNT as a novel therapeutic target and pharmacological inhibition of mNT may be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of human alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Hu
- From the College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272.,the Department of Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China, and
| | - Alvin Jogasuria
- From the College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272
| | - Jiayou Wang
- From the College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272
| | - Chunki Kim
- From the College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272
| | - Yoonhee Han
- From the College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272
| | - Hong Shen
- From the College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272.,the Department of Liver Diseases, Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519015, China
| | - Jiashin Wu
- From the College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272
| | - Min You
- From the College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272,
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Heidker RM, Caiozzi GC, Ricketts ML. Grape Seed Procyanidins and Cholestyramine Differentially Alter Bile Acid and Cholesterol Homeostatic Gene Expression in Mouse Intestine and Liver. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154305. [PMID: 27111442 PMCID: PMC4844140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acid (BA) sequestrants, lipid-lowering agents, may be prescribed as a monotherapy or combination therapy to reduce the risk of coronary artery disease. Over 33% of adults in the United States use complementary and alternative medicine strategies, and we recently reported that grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) reduces enterohepatic BA recirculation as a means to reduce serum triglyceride (TG) levels. The current study was therefore designed to assess the effects on BA, cholesterol and TG homeostatic gene expression following co-administration with GSPE and the BA sequestrant, cholestyramine (CHY). Eight-week old male C57BL/6 mice were treated for 4 weeks with either a control or 2% CHY-supplemented diet, after which, they were administered vehicle or GSPE for 14 hours. Liver and intestines were harvested and gene expression was analyzed. BA, cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acid and TG levels were also analyzed in serum and feces. Results reveal that GSPE treatment alone, and co-administration with CHY, regulates BA, cholesterol and TG metabolism differently than CHY administration alone. Notably, GSPE decreased intestinal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (Asbt) gene expression, while CHY significantly induced expression. Administration with GSPE or CHY robustly induced hepatic BA biosynthetic gene expression, especially cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1), compared to control, while co-administration further enhanced expression. Treatment with CHY induced both intestinal and hepatic cholesterologenic gene expression, while co-administration with GSPE attenuated the CHY-induced increase in the liver but not intestine. CHY also induced hepatic lipogenic gene expression, which was attenuated by co-administration with GSPE. Consequently, a 25% decrease in serum TG levels was observed in the CHY+GSPE group, compared to the CHY group. Collectively, this study presents novel evidence demonstrating that GSPE provides additive and complementary efficacy as a lipid-lowering combination therapy in conjunction with CHY by attenuating hepatic cholesterol synthesis, enhancing BA biosynthesis and decreasing lipogenesis, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Heidker
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Gianella C. Caiozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Marie-Louise Ricketts
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jahn D, Sutor D, Dorbath D, Weiß J, Götze O, Schmitt J, Hermanns HM, Geier A. Farnesoid X receptor-dependent and -independent pathways mediate the transcriptional control of human fibroblast growth factor 19 by vitamin A. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:381-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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