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Gomaa B, Abdelhamed H, Banes M, Zinnurine S, Pinchuk L, Lawrence ML. Innate and adaptive immunity gene expression profiles induced by virulent Aeromonas hydrophila infection in the immune-related organs of channel catfish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 162:105276. [PMID: 39341476 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila causes motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS) in freshwater fish. In recent years, MAS outbreaks due to virulent Aeromonas hydrophila (vAh) have been responsible for large-scale losses within commercial catfish farms in Mississippi and Alabama. The aim of this study was to evaluate immune gene expression in catfish immune-competent tissues during infection with vAh strain ML09-119. Specific pathogen-free catfish fingerlings were intraperitoneally infected with vAh strain ML09-119, and relative expression of thirteen immune-related genes was evaluated from head kidney, spleen, and liver. Our results revealed that vAh was detected 2 h post-infection (hpi) in the head kidney, liver, and spleen. The highest concentration of vAh was detected at 12 hpi, from which point concentrations decreased until clearance at 5 days post-infection (dpi). Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and innate immune response (TLR 4 and 5) in the first 24 hpi. Adaptive immune-related genes were upregulated at 7 dpi in the spleen and 14 dpi in the head kidney. Furthermore, immunoglobulin M showed significant upregulation at 14 dpi in the head kidney and 21 dpi in the spleen. In summary, vAh ML09-119 infection induced a strong inflammatory response involving multiple innate immunity genes, proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. Surviving catfish were able to clear the infection and produce antibodies and memory cells. Assessment of the immunological response to vAh infection is critical for understanding the pathogen's mechanisms of pathogenesis and developing means for MAS control, including vaccine development and improved treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basant Gomaa
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Hossam Abdelhamed
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Michelle Banes
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Saida Zinnurine
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Lesya Pinchuk
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Mark L Lawrence
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, 39762, USA.
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Shi Y, Zhu Z, Li Q, Chen Q, Jiang W, Chen C, Chen X. Molecular characterization of the IgH locus and V(D)J recombination in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 154:109909. [PMID: 39284538 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
V(D)J recombination is crucial for generating a diverse repertoire of immunoglobulins. Although the V(D)J recombination process has been well characterized in mammals, this process remains largely unexplored in teleosts. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the IgH locus of a marine fish species large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), and identified 28 V, 19 D, and 8 J gene segments, following a pattern of V-Dζ-Jζ-Cζ-Dμ-Jμ-Cμ1-Cμ2. The V, D, and J gene segments are flanked by consensus recombination signal sequences, with spacer lengths similar to those observed in mammals. The V gene segments are categorized into three distinct families, and exhibited a higher sequence identity compared to those in mammals. Additionally, we designed a set of primers for the examination of the V(D)J recombination in large yellow croaker. RNA-seq analysis showed increased expression of genes related to immunoglobulin production and lymphocyte chemotaxis in IgM + B cells upon Pseudomonas plecoglossicida infection, accompanied by altered expression of V gene segments, suggesting their involvement in the response to P. plecoglossicida infection. Taken together, we identified the IgH locus and V(D)J recombination process of large yellow croaker, which contribute to the understanding of immunoglobulin production and B cell immunity in teleosts, and may provide insights into vaccine development in large yellow croaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhuo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qiuhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qiuxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wenwu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chenyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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Abdelhamed H, Mannan SB, Riman MM, Tekedar HC, Lawrence ML. Comparative analysis of three plasmids from Plesiomonas shigelloides strain MS-17-188 and their role in antimicrobial resistance. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2024; 6:dlae109. [PMID: 39035015 PMCID: PMC11258559 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlae109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Plesiomonas shigelloides strain MS-17-188 was isolated from a deceased catfish from East Mississippi and showed resistance to florfenicol, tetracyclines and a sulphonamide. WGS of strain MS-17-188 revealed three plasmids (pPSMS-171881, pPSMS-171882 and pPSMS-171883). Objectives To accurately determine the impact of three plasmids found in P. shigelloides strain MS-17-188 on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and to provide insights into the molecular structure of these plasmids. Methods The genetic features of these plasmids in terms of genes associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence, transfer, maintenance and replication were identified using bioinformatic tools. Additionally, we investigated the in vitro mobilization and stability of plasmid-mediated resistance. The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database and Virulence Factors Database were used to detect the AMR genes and virulence genes of P. shigelloides plasmids. Moreover, plasmid mobility was evaluated by a filter-mating assay using strain MS-17-188 as a donor and azide-resistant Escherichia coli J53 as a recipient strain. A stability experiment was conducted to explore the persistence of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in strain MS-17-188 in the absence and presence of selection. Results pPSMS-171881 harboured multidrug efflux complex (adeF) and two genes responsible for arsenic resistance (arsB and arsC). pPSMS-171882 had a region of 7085 bp encoding type IV secretion system proteins. pPSMS-171883 carried the tetracycline resistance genes tet(A) and tet(R), and a phenicol resistance gene (floR), which were flanked by two transposable elements and mobilization proteins, suggesting that there is a conjugative mechanism by which this plasmid can be mobilized. Results from the stability experiment indicated that pPSMS-171883 is lost over time in the absence of selective pressure. Moreover, pPSMS-171883 is more stable in P. shigelloides at growth temperatures of 30°C and 37°C compared with 40°C and 43°C. After intraperitoneal injection in catfish, P. shigelloides strain MS-17-188 resulted in no mortalities. Conclusions This is the first study to report plasmid-mediated AMR in Plesiomonas isolated from cultured fish, which needs continued monitoring. This study will provide an understanding of the genetic mechanisms of AMR and virulence of P. shigelloides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Abdelhamed
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Shahnewaj Bin Mannan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Munshi Mustafiz Riman
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Hasan C Tekedar
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Mark L Lawrence
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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Györkei Á, Johansen FE, Qiao SW. Systematic characterization of immunoglobulin loci and deep sequencing of the expressed repertoire in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). BMC Genomics 2024; 25:663. [PMID: 38961347 PMCID: PMC11223323 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Atlantic cod is a prolific species in the Atlantic, despite its inconsistent specific antibody response. It presents a peculiar case within vertebrate immunology due to its distinct immune system, characterized by the absence of MHCII antigen presentation pathway, required for T cell-dependent antibody responses. Thorough characterisation of immunoglobulin loci and analysis of the antibody repertoire is necessary to further our understanding of the Atlantic cod's immune response on a molecular level. RESULTS A comprehensive search of the cod genome (gadmor3.0) identified the complete set of IgH genes organized into three sequential translocons on chromosome 2, while IgL genes were located on chromosomes 2 and 5. The Atlantic cod displayed a moderate germline V gene diversity, comprising four V gene families for both IgH and IgL, each with distinct chromosomal locations and organizational structures. 5'RACE sequencing revealed a diverse range of heavy chain CDR3 sequences and relatively limited CDR3 diversity in light chains. The analysis highlighted a differential impact of V-gene germline CDR3 length on receptor CDR3 length between heavy and light chains, underlining different recombination processes. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that the Atlantic cod, despite its inconsistent antibody response, maintains a level of immunoglobulin diversity comparable to other fish species. The findings suggest that the extensive recent duplications of kappa light chain genes do not result in increased repertoire diversity. This research provides a comprehensive view of the Atlantic cod's immunoglobulin gene organization and repertoire, necessary for future studies of antibody responses at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Györkei
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Finn-Eirik Johansen
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shuo-Wang Qiao
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Etayo A, Bjørgen H, Hordvik I, Øvergård AC. Possible transport routes of IgM to the gut of teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109583. [PMID: 38657879 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Fish rely on mucosal surfaces as their first defence barrier against pathogens. Maintaining mucosal homeostasis is therefore crucial for their overall well-being, and it is likely that secreted immunoglobulins (sIg) play a pivotal role in sustaining this balance. In mammals, the poly-Ig receptor (pIgR) is an essential component responsible for transporting polymeric Igs across mucosal epithelia. In teleost fish, a counterpart of pIgR has been identified and characterized, exhibiting structural differences and broader mRNA expression patterns compared to mammals. Despite supporting evidence for the binding of Igs to recombinant pIgR proteins, the absence of a joining chain (J-chain) in teleosts challenges the conventional understanding of Ig transport mechanisms. The transport of IgM to the intestine via the hepatobiliary route is observed in vertebrates and has been proposed in a few teleosts. Investigations on the stomachless fish, ballan wrasse, revealed a significant role of the hepatobiliary route and interesting possibilities for alternative IgM transport routes that might include pancreatic tissue. These findings highlight the importance of gaining a thorough understanding of the mechanisms behind Ig transport to the gut in various teleosts. This review aims to gather existing information on pIgR-mediated transport across epithelial cells and immunoglobulin transport pathways to the gut lumen in teleost fish. It provides comparative insights into the hepatobiliary transport of Igs to the gut, emphasizing the current understanding in teleost fish while exploring potential alternative pathways for Ig transport to the gut lumen. Despite significant progress in understanding various aspects, there is still much to uncover, especially concerning the diversity of mechanisms across different teleost species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Etayo
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway; Fish Health group, Department of Biological sciences, University of Bergen, Norway.
| | - Håvard Bjørgen
- Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ivar Hordvik
- Fish Health group, Department of Biological sciences, University of Bergen, Norway
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Ramachandran R, Ford E, Gomaa B, Abdelhamed H. Trans-Cinnamaldehyde Primes More Robust Channel Catfish Immune Responses to Edwardsiella ictaluri Infection. Pathogens 2024; 13:310. [PMID: 38668265 PMCID: PMC11054112 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection with Edwardsiella ictaluri, a causative agent of enteric septicemia of catfish, threatens profitable catfish production through inventory losses. We previously demonstrated that trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) enhances the survival of catfish following E. ictaluri infection. The present study was conducted to investigate catfish immune responses to TC feeding and E. ictaluri infection. The expression of 13 proinflammatory, innate, and adaptive immune-related genes was evaluated over time in two sets of experiments using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the first experiment, catfish were fed a basal diet with or without TC supplementation, while in the second they were fed a TC-supplemented or normal diet followed by infection with E. ictaluri. The catfish group infected with E. ictaluri and fed a TC-diet showed significant changes in the expression of innate and adaptive immune-related genes compared to control group. At 21 and 28 days post-infection, recovered fish showed significant increases in the expression of IgM in the anterior kidney and spleen. These results suggest that the supplemental dietary intake of TC can improve the immune status of catfish via engaging innate and adaptive immune responses and the production of memory cells in immunocompetent tissues. Together, this study provides an important foundation for the potential application of TC as an antimicrobial alternative in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hossam Abdelhamed
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (R.R.); (E.F.); (B.G.)
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Ghasemieshkaftaki M, Cao T, Hossain A, Vasquez I, Santander J. Haemato-Immunological Response of Immunized Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) to Moritella viscosa Challenge and Antigens. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:70. [PMID: 38250883 PMCID: PMC10818610 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Winter ulcer disease is a health issue in the Atlantic salmonid aquaculture industry, mainly caused by Moritella viscosa. Although vaccination is one of the effective ways to prevent bacterial outbreaks in the salmon farming industry, ulcer disease related to bacterial infections is being reported on Canada's Atlantic coast. Here, we studied the immune response of farmed immunized Atlantic salmon to bath and intraperitoneal (ip) M. viscosa challenges and evaluated the immunogenicity of M. viscosa cell components. IgM titers were determined after infection, post boost immunization, and post challenge with M. viscosa. IgM+ (B cell) in the spleen and blood cell populations were also identified and quantified by 3,3 dihexyloxacarbocyanine (DiOC6) and IgM-Texas red using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. At 14 days post challenge, IgM was detected in the serum and spleen. There was a significant increase in circulating neutrophils 3 days after ip and bath challenges in the M. viscosa outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) boosted group compared to non-boosted. Lymphocytes increased in the blood at 7 and 14 days after the ip and bath challenges, respectively, in OMVs boosted group. Furthermore, a rise in IgM titers was detected in the OMVs boosted group. We determined that a commercial vaccine is effective against M. viscosa strain, and OMVs are the most immunogenic component of M. viscosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (M.G.); (T.C.); (A.H.); (I.V.)
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Mahapatra S, Ganguly B, Pani S, Saha A, Samanta M. A comprehensive review on the dynamic role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in frontier aquaculture research and as a promising avenue for fish disease management. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126541. [PMID: 37648127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a conserved group of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and play a crucial role in inducing the broadly acting innate immune response against pathogens. In recent years, the detection of 21 different TLR types in various fish species has sparked interest in exploring the potential of TLRs as targets for boosting immunity and disease resistance in fish. This comprehensive review offers the latest insights into the diverse facets of fish TLRs, highlighting their history, classification, architectural insights through 3D modelling, ligands recognition, signalling pathways, crosstalk, and expression patterns at various developmental stages. It provides an exhaustive account of the distinct TLRs induced during the invasion of specific pathogens in various fish species and delves into the disparities between fish TLRs and their mammalian counterparts, highlighting the specific contribution of TLRs to the immune response in fish. Although various facets of TLRs in some fish, shellfish, and molluscs have been described, the role of TLRs in several other aquatic organisms still remained as potential gaps. Overall, this article outlines frontier aquaculture research in advancing the knowledge of fish immune systems for the proper management of piscine maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smruti Mahapatra
- Immunology Laboratory, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Bristy Ganguly
- Immunology Laboratory, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Saswati Pani
- Immunology Laboratory, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Ashis Saha
- Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology Laboratory, Fish Nutrition and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Mrinal Samanta
- Immunology Laboratory, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India.
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Hissen KL, He W, Wu G, Criscitiello MF. Immunonutrition: facilitating mucosal immune response in teleost intestine with amino acids through oxidant-antioxidant balance. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1241615. [PMID: 37841275 PMCID: PMC10570457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative animal models generate fundamental scientific knowledge of immune responses. However, these studies typically are conducted in mammals because of their biochemical and physiological similarity to humans. Presently, there has been an interest in using teleost fish models to study intestinal immunology, particularly intestinal mucosa immune response. Instead of targeting the pathogen itself, a preferred approach for managing fish health is through nutrient supplementation, as it is noninvasive and less labor intensive than vaccine administrations while still modulating immune properties. Amino acids (AAs) regulate metabolic processes, oxidant-antioxidant balance, and physiological requirements to improve immune response. Thus, nutritionists can develop sustainable aquafeeds through AA supplementation to promote specific immune responses, including the intestinal mucosa immune system. We propose the use of dietary supplementation with functional AAs to improve immune response by discussing teleost fish immunology within the intestine and explore how oxidative burst is used as an immune defense mechanism. We evaluate immune components and immune responses in the intestine that use oxidant-antioxidant balance through potential selection of AAs and their metabolites to improve mucosal immune capacity and gut integrity. AAs are effective modulators of teleost gut immunity through oxidant-antioxidant balance. To incorporate nutrition as an immunoregulatory means in teleost, we must obtain more tools including genomic, proteomic, nutrition, immunology, and macrobiotic and metabonomic analyses, so that future studies can provide a more holistic understanding of the mucosal immune system in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina L. Hissen
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Wenliang He
- Amino Acid Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Amino Acid Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Michael F. Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, United States
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Waldbieser GC, Liu S, Yuan Z, Older CE, Gao D, Shi C, Bosworth BG, Li N, Bao L, Kirby MA, Jin Y, Wood ML, Scheffler B, Simpson S, Youngblood RC, Duke MV, Ballard L, Phillippy A, Koren S, Liu Z. Reference genomes of channel catfish and blue catfish reveal multiple pericentric chromosome inversions. BMC Biol 2023; 21:67. [PMID: 37013528 PMCID: PMC10071708 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01556-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Channel catfish and blue catfish are the most important aquacultured species in the USA. The species do not readily intermate naturally but F1 hybrids can be produced through artificial spawning. F1 hybrids produced by mating channel catfish female with blue catfish male exhibit heterosis and provide an ideal system to study reproductive isolation and hybrid vigor. The purpose of the study was to generate high-quality chromosome level reference genome sequences and to determine their genomic similarities and differences. RESULTS We present high-quality reference genome sequences for both channel catfish and blue catfish, containing only 67 and 139 total gaps, respectively. We also report three pericentric chromosome inversions between the two genomes, as evidenced by long reads across the inversion junctions from distinct individuals, genetic linkage mapping, and PCR amplicons across the inversion junctions. Recombination rates within the inversional segments, detected as double crossovers, are extremely low among backcross progenies (progenies of channel catfish female × F1 hybrid male), suggesting that the pericentric inversions interrupt postzygotic recombination or survival of recombinants. Identification of channel catfish- and blue catfish-specific genes, along with expansions of immunoglobulin genes and centromeric Xba elements, provides insights into genomic hallmarks of these species. CONCLUSIONS We generated high-quality reference genome sequences for both blue catfish and channel catfish and identified major chromosomal inversions on chromosomes 6, 11, and 24. These perimetric inversions were validated by additional sequencing analysis, genetic linkage mapping, and PCR analysis across the inversion junctions. The reference genome sequences, as well as the contrasted chromosomal architecture should provide guidance for the interspecific breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey C Waldbieser
- USDA-ARS Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, 141 Experiment Station Road, P.O. Box 38, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Shikai Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mariculture and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Zihao Yuan
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Caitlin E Older
- USDA-ARS Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, 141 Experiment Station Road, P.O. Box 38, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Dongya Gao
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Chenyu Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Mariculture and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Brian G Bosworth
- USDA-ARS Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, 141 Experiment Station Road, P.O. Box 38, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Ning Li
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Lisui Bao
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Mona A Kirby
- USDA-ARS Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, 141 Experiment Station Road, P.O. Box 38, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Yulin Jin
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Monica L Wood
- USDA-ARS Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, 141 Experiment Station Road, P.O. Box 38, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Brian Scheffler
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Sheron Simpson
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Ramey C Youngblood
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing, and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Mary V Duke
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Linda Ballard
- USDA-ARS Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, 141 Experiment Station Road, P.O. Box 38, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Adam Phillippy
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sergey Koren
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhanjiang Liu
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
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Tracing the origin of fish immunoglobulins. Mol Immunol 2023; 153:146-159. [PMID: 36502743 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the origin of immunoglobulin genes in fish. There are two evolutionary lines of bony fish, Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii. The former gave rise to most of the current fish and the latter to the animals that went to land. Non-teleost actinopterygians are significant evolutionary, sharing a common ancestor with sarcopterygians. There are three different immunoglob- ulin isotypes in ray-finned fish: IgM, IgD and IgT. We deduce that translocon formation in im- munoglobulins genes occurred already in non-teleost Actinopterygii. We establish a relationship between no teleosts and teleostean fish at the domain level of different immunoglobulins. We found two evolutionary lines of immunoglobulin. A line that starts from Immunoglobulin M and another from an ancestral Immunoglobulin W. The M line is stable, and the W line gives rise to the IgD of the fish. Immunoglobulin T emerges by recombination between both lines.
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12
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Mu Q, Dong Z, Kong W, Wang X, Yu J, Ji W, Su J, Xu Z. Response of immunoglobulin M in gut mucosal immunity of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1037517. [PMID: 36466906 PMCID: PMC9713697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1037517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) M is an important immune effector that protects organisms from a wide variety of pathogens. However, little is known about the immune response of gut mucosal IgM during bacterial invasion. Here, we generated polyclonal antibodies against common carp IgM and developed a model of carp infection with Aeromonas hydrophila via intraperitoneal injection. Our findings indicated that both innate and adaptive immune responses were effectively elicited after A. hydrophila infection. Upon bacterial infection, IgM+ B cells were strongly induced in the gut and head kidney, and bacteria-specific IgM responses were detected in high levels both in the gut mucus and serum. Moreover, our results suggested that IgM responses may vary in different infection strategies. Overall, our findings revealed that the infected common carp exhibited high resistance to this representative enteropathogenic bacterium upon reinfection, suggesting that IgM plays a key role in the defense mechanisms of the gut against bacterial invasion. Significantly, the second injection of A. hydrophila induces strong local mucosal immunity in the gut, which is essential for protection against intestinal pathogens, providing reasonable insights for vaccine preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjiang Mu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhaoran Dong
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Weiguang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyou Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiaqian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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13
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Scharsack JP, Franke F. Temperature effects on teleost immunity in the light of climate change. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:780-796. [PMID: 35833710 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is an important environmental modulator of teleost immune activity. Susceptibility of teleosts to temperature variation depends on the species-specific adaptive temperature range, and the activity of the teleost immune system is generally temperature-dependent. Similar to many physiological and metabolic traits of ectotherms, temperature modulates the activity of immune traits. At low temperatures, acquired immunity of many teleost species is down-modulated, and their immuno-competence mainly depends on innate immunity. At intermediate temperatures, both innate and acquired immunity are fully active and provide optimal protection, including long-lasting immunological memory. When temperatures increase and reach the upper permissive range, teleost immunity is compromised. Moreover, temperature shifts may have negative effects on teleost immune functions, in particular if shifts occur rapidly with high amplitudes. On the contrary, short-term temperature increase may help teleost immunity to fight against pathogens transiently. A major challenge to teleosts therefore is to maintain immuno-competence throughout the temperature range they are exposed to. Climate change coincides with rising temperatures, and more frequent and more extreme temperature shifts. Both are likely to influence the immuno-competence of teleosts. Nonetheless, teleosts exist in habitats that differ substantially in temperature, ranging from below zero in the Arctic's to above 40°C in warm springs, illustrating their enormous potential to adapt to different temperature regimes. The present review seeks to discuss how changes in temperature variation, induced by climate change, might influence teleost immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Peter Scharsack
- Department for Fish Diseases, Thuenen-Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Frederik Franke
- Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Department of Biodiversity, Nature Protection & Wildlife Management, Freising, Germany
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14
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Identification and Characterization of Immunoglobulin T Heavy Chain in Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Three immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes have been identified in teleosts, IgM, IgD, and IgT or IgZ. IgT, a new teleost Ig isotype, plays a vital role in mucosal immunity. However, information on molecular and functional characteristics of fish IgT is still limited. In this study, an IgT heavy chain (LcIgT) gene was cloned and characterized in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Complete cDNA of LcIgT was 1930 bp in length, encoding a protein of 554 amino acids. The deduced LcIgT contains a VH region and only three CH regions (CH1, CH2, CH4), but no transmembrane region was predicted. Phylogenetic analysis showed that IgT heavy chain sequences from all fish species are grouped together. Homology comparison showed that LcIgT shares the highest amino acid identity of 58.73% with IgT heavy chain in Scophthalmus maximus. The VH domain of LcIgT has the highest identity of 72.50% with that of Scophthalmus maximus IgT. Relatively, each constant domain of LcIgT exhibits the highest amino acid identity with that of IgT in Oreochromis niloticus (67.61% identity for CH1, 61.11% identity for CH2, and 63.74% identity for CH4). LcIgT was constitutively expressed in various tissues tested, with the highest levels in mucosa-associated tissues such as gills and skin. After Cryptocaryon irritans infection, the mRNA levels of LcIgT were significantly up-regulated in the spleen (3.27-fold) at 4 d, in the head kidney (3.98-fold) and skin (2.11-fold) at 7 d, and in gills (4.45-fold) at 14 d. The protein levels in these detected tissues were all significantly up-regulated; the peak of its up-regulation was 6.33-fold at 28d in gills, 3.44-fold at 7d in skin, and 3.72-fold at 14d in spleen. These results showed that IgT response could be simultaneously induced in both systemic and mucosal tissues after parasitic infection and that IgT may be involved in systemic immunity and mucosal immunity against parasitic infection.
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15
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Identification and Characterization of Differentially Expressed IgM Transcripts of Channel Catfish Vaccinated with Antigens of Virulent Aeromonas hydrophila. FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is the top species produced in US aquaculture and motile Aeromonas septicemia, caused by virulent Aeromonas hydrophila (vAh), is one of the most severe diseases that afflict catfish farms. Previously, vaccination of fish with extracellular proteins (ECP) of vAh was shown to produce a robust antibody-mediated immune response against vAh infection. In this study, we analyzed IgM transcripts that were differentially expressed in the head kidney and liver of ECP-immunized and mock-immunized (control) fish with emphasis on a variable domain of heavy chain. Quantitative PCR analysis indicated that immunized fish produced significantly more IgM transcripts than control fish. Full-length IgM heavy chain cDNA was cloned, which encoded typical IgM peptide, including signal peptide, variable domain (VH), constant domain (CH), and carboxyl terminal peptide. Great sequence diversity was revealed in a VH segment, with the third complementarity diversity region (CDR3) being most variable. Using germline VH gene grouping method, variants (clones) of VH characterized in this study belonged to nine VH families. The most unique variants (approximately 49%) were found in the VH2 family. Vaccinated fish apparently had more unique variants than in the control fish. There were 62% and 79% of unique variants in the head kidney and liver of vaccinated fish, respectively, while 44% and 27% unique variants in the head kidney and liver of control fish, respectively. Among the unique variants in VH2 family, approximately 87% of them were found in vaccinated fish. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of semi-purified IgM protein confirmed that matured IgM protein was as variable as IgM transcripts identified in this study, with isoelectric points crossing from 6 to 10. Results of this study provided insight into the molecular and genetic basis of antibody diversity and enriched our knowledge of the complex interplay between antigens and antibodies in Ictalurid catfish.
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Venkata Satyanarayana N, Makesh M, Sain A, Jayaprakash N, Kailasam M, Vijayan K. Non-lethal screening of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) by monoclonal antibody based indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for viral nervous necrosis. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 2:100011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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17
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Huang L, Qiao Y, Xu W, Gong L, He R, Qi W, Gao Q, Cai H, Grossart HP, Yan Q. Full-Length Transcriptome: A Reliable Alternative for Single-Cell RNA-Seq Analysis in the Spleen of Teleost Without Reference Genome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:737332. [PMID: 34646272 PMCID: PMC8502891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.737332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish is considered as a supreme model for clarifying the evolution and regulatory mechanism of vertebrate immunity. However, the knowledge of distinct immune cell populations in fish is still limited, and further development of techniques advancing the identification of fish immune cell populations and their functions are required. Single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) has provided a new approach for effective in-depth identification and characterization of cell subpopulations. Current approaches for scRNA-seq data analysis usually rely on comparison with a reference genome and hence are not suited for samples without any reference genome, which is currently very common in fish research. Here, we present an alternative, i.e. scRNA-seq data analysis with a full-length transcriptome as a reference, and evaluate this approach on samples from Epinephelus coioides-a teleost without any published genome. We show that it reconstructs well most of the present transcripts in the scRNA-seq data achieving a sensitivity equivalent to approaches relying on genome alignments of related species. Based on cell heterogeneity and known markers, we characterized four cell types: T cells, B cells, monocytes/macrophages (Mo/MΦ) and NCC (non-specific cytotoxic cells). Further analysis indicated the presence of two subsets of Mo/MΦ including M1 and M2 type, as well as four subsets in B cells, i.e. mature B cells, immature B cells, pre B cells and early-pre B cells. Our research will provide new clues for understanding biological characteristics, development and function of immune cell populations of teleost. Furthermore, our approach provides a reliable alternative for scRNA-seq data analysis in teleost for which no reference genome is currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixing Huang
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ying Qiao
- Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Linfeng Gong
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Rongchao He
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weilu Qi
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiancheng Gao
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongyan Cai
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Postdam University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Qingpi Yan
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
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18
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Salinas I, Fernández-Montero Á, Ding Y, Sunyer JO. Mucosal immunoglobulins of teleost fish: A decade of advances. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 121:104079. [PMID: 33785432 PMCID: PMC8177558 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs) are complex glycoproteins that play critical functions in innate and adaptive immunity of all jawed vertebrates. Given the unique characteristics of mucosal barriers, secretory Igs (sIgs) have specialized to maintain homeostasis and keep pathogens at bay at mucosal tissues from fish to mammals. In teleost fish, the three main IgH isotypes, IgM, IgD and IgT/Z can be found in different proportions at the mucosal secretions of the skin, gills, gut, nasal, buccal, and pharyngeal mucosae. Similar to the role of mammalian IgA, IgT plays a predominant role in fish mucosal immunity. Recent studies in IgT have illuminated the primordial role of sIgs in both microbiota homeostasis and pathogen control at mucosal sites. Ten years ago, IgT was discovered to be an immunoglobulin class specialized in mucosal immunity. Aiming at this 10-year anniversary, the goal of this review is to summarize the current status of the field of fish Igs since that discovery, while identifying knowledge gaps and future avenues that will move the field forward in both basic and applied science areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Salinas
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Montero
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yang Ding
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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19
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Fu Q, Wei Z, Chen Y, Xie J, Zhang X, He T, Chen X. Development of monoclonal antibody against IgT of a perciform fish, large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) and characterization of IgT + B cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:104027. [PMID: 33516899 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Teleost immunoglobulin T (IgT) is considered to be a primitive immunoglobulin class specialized in mucosal immunity. In the present study, a recombinant protein containing the CH2 region of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) IgT heavy chain was expressed, purified, and used as an immunogen to produce a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against large yellow croaker IgT. Western blotting results indicated that the obtained mouse anti-IgT mAb could specifically recognize a 45 kDa protein in the skin mucus of large yellow croaker, which was identified as the IgT heavy chain by mass spectrometric analysis. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) analysis further demonstrated that this mouse anti-IgT mAb could recognize membrane-bound IgT (mIgT) molecules on large yellow croaker IgT+ leukocytes. This mAb also could be used for sorting of large yellow croaker IgT+ B cells by flow cytometry sorting technology. Then, flow cytometric immunofluorescence analysis (FCIA) results showed that the percentages of IgT+ B cells in skin, gills, gut, spleen, head kidney and peripheral blood lymphocytes were 27.553% ± 3.312%, 12.588% ± 3.538%, 12.355% ± 3.352%, 13.075 ± 2.258%, 5.552 ± 3.275%, and 2.600 ± 0.521%, respectively, indicating that mucosal tissues (skin, gills, and gut) contained a high ratio of IgT+ B cells. Accordingly, the high protein levels of IgT were also detected in these mucosal tissues, suggesting that IgT may play a role in mucosal immunity in large yellow croaker. Taken together, our data demonstrated that the mouse anti-IgT mAb developed in this study could be used for characterizing IgT+ B cells and studying the functions of IgT in large yellow croaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Zuyun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jingguang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Tianliang He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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20
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Ghorbani A, Quinlan EM, Larijani M. Evolutionary Comparative Analyses of DNA-Editing Enzymes of the Immune System: From 5-Dimensional Description of Protein Structures to Immunological Insights and Applications to Protein Engineering. Front Immunol 2021; 12:642343. [PMID: 34135887 PMCID: PMC8201067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is unique among all biological sub-systems in its usage of DNA-editing enzymes to introduce targeted gene mutations and double-strand DNA breaks to diversify antigen receptor genes and combat viral infections. These processes, initiated by specific DNA-editing enzymes, often result in mistargeted induction of genome lesions that initiate and drive cancers. Like other molecules involved in human health and disease, the DNA-editing enzymes of the immune system have been intensively studied in humans and mice, with little attention paid (< 1% of published studies) to the same enzymes in evolutionarily distant species. Here, we present a systematic review of the literature on the characterization of one such DNA-editing enzyme, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), from an evolutionary comparative perspective. The central thesis of this review is that although the evolutionary comparative approach represents a minuscule fraction of published works on this and other DNA-editing enzymes, this approach has made significant impacts across the fields of structural biology, immunology, and cancer research. Using AID as an example, we highlight the value of the evolutionary comparative approach in discoveries already made, and in the context of emerging directions in immunology and protein engineering. We introduce the concept of 5-dimensional (5D) description of protein structures, a more nuanced view of a structure that is made possible by evolutionary comparative studies. In this higher dimensional view of a protein's structure, the classical 3-dimensional (3D) structure is integrated in the context of real-time conformations and evolutionary time shifts (4th dimension) and the relevance of these dynamics to its biological function (5th dimension).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Ghorbani
- Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Emma M. Quinlan
- Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Mani Larijani
- Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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21
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Kordon AO, Abdelhamed H, Karsi A, Pinchuk LM. Adaptive immune responses in channel catfish exposed to Edwardsiella ictaluri live attenuated vaccine and wild type strains through the specific gene expression profiles. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103950. [PMID: 33253752 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We extend the previous findings on the differential activity of immune-related genes in the lymphoid organs of channel catfish in the 7 days post-challenge (dpc) with E. ictaluri live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) and wild type (WT) strains by assessing the expression of these genes in the 21 dpc. The expression of T and B cell-specific genes were significantly elevated in the spleen at 14 dpc and in the AK at 21 dpc in catfish treated with E. ictaluri WT and LAV strains compared to a non-treated control group. The gene expression of IFN-γ correlated with adaptive immunity genes in the lymphoid tissues of catfish. These data indicate that two novel LAVs were able to trigger the activation of T helper1 polarization cytokine IFN-γ gene and specific lymphocyte genes in the spleen followed by their activation in the AK of catfish without causing inflammation, thus providing protective immunity in E. ictaluri infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adef O Kordon
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Hossam Abdelhamed
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Attila Karsi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Lesya M Pinchuk
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
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22
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Gouania willdenowi is a teleost fish without immunoglobulin genes. Mol Immunol 2021; 132:102-107. [PMID: 33578305 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) genes encode antibodies in jawed vertebrates. They are essential elements of the adaptive immune response. Ig exists in soluble form or as part of the B cell membrane antigen receptor (BCR). Studies of Ig genes in fish genomes reveal the absence of Ig genes in Gouania willdenowi by deletion of the entire Ig locus from the canonical chromosomal region. The genes coding for integral BCR proteins, CD79a and CD79b, are also absent. Genes exist for T α/β lymphocyte receptors but not for the T γ/δ receptors. The results of the genomic analysis are independently corroborated with RNA-Seq transcriptomes from other Gobiesocidae species. From the transcriptome studies, Ig is also absent from these other Gobiesocidae species, Acyrtus sp. and Tomicodon sp. Present evidence suggests that Ig is missing from all species of the Gobiesocidae family.
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23
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Mirete-Bachiller S, Olivieri DN, Gambón-Deza F. Immunoglobulin T genes in Actinopterygii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 108:86-93. [PMID: 33279606 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In teleost fishes, there are three immunoglobulin isotypes named immunoglobulin M (IgM), D (IgD), and T (IgT). IgT was the last to be described in teleost fishes, and it is specific to them. From recent fish genomes, we identified and studied the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in Actinopterygii. For this analysis, a custom bioinformatics and machine learning pipeline, we call CHfinder, was developed that identifies the exons coding for the CH domains of fish immunoglobulins. Some IgT in teleost and holostean fish found from this systematic study have not been previously described. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of the IgT CH1 exons reveals they are similar to the CH1 of IgM. This analysis also shows that the other three domains (CH2, CH3, and CH4) were not the result of recent IgM duplication processes in Actinopterygii, demonstrating that it is an immunoglobulin of earlier origin. The bioinformatics program, CHfinder, is publicly available at https://github.com/compimmuno/CHfinder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David N Olivieri
- Centro de Intelixencia Artificial, Ourense, Spain; ESE Informatica, Universidade de Vigo, Spain.
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24
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Picchietti S, Miccoli A, Fausto AM. Gut immunity in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): a review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 108:94-108. [PMID: 33285171 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize and discuss the trends and supporting findings in scientific literature on the gut mucosa immune role in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Overall, the purpose is to provide an updated overview of the gastrointestinal tract functional regionalization and defence barriers. A description of the available information regarding immune cells found in two immunologically-relevant intestinal compartments, namely epithelium and lamina propria, is provided. Attention has been also paid to mucosal immunoglobulins and to the latest research investigating gut microbiota and dietary manipulation impacts. Finally, we review oral vaccination strategies, as a safe method for sea bass vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - A Miccoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - A M Fausto
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Ji J, Hu C, Shao T, Fan D, Zhang N, Lin A, Xiang L, Shao J. Differential immune responses of immunoglobulin Z subclass members in antibacterial immunity in a zebrafish model. Immunology 2021; 162:105-120. [PMID: 32979273 PMCID: PMC7730029 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin Z (IgZ) or its equivalent immunoglobulin T (IgT) is a newly identified immunoglobulin (Ig) class from teleost fish. This Ig class is characterized by its involvement in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs) for mucosal defence against pathogen infection. Recently, several subclass members of IgZ/IgT, such as IgZ, IgZ2, Igτ1, Igτ2 and Igτ3, have been further identified from zebrafish, common carp and rainbow trout. However, the functional diversity and correlation among these subclasses remain uncertain. Here, we explored the differential immune reactions of the IgZ and IgZ2 subclasses in antibacterial immunity in a zebrafish model. IgZ was extensively distributed in the peripheral serum and skin/gill MALTs and showed a rapid induction upon bacterial infection. IgZ2 was specialized in skin/gill MALTs and showed a strong induction following IgZ production. Correspondingly, the IgZ+ B cells had a wider distribution in the systemic primary/secondary lymphoid tissues and MALTs than the IgZ2+ B cells, which were predominant in MALTs. IgZ and IgZ2 exhibited a complementary effect in antibacterial immunity by possessing differential abilities. That is, IgZ is preferentially involved in bactericidal reaction that is in part C1q-dependent, and IgZ2 participates in neutralization action through bacteria-coating activity. The production of IgZ largely depended on the αβ T/CD4+ T cells, whereas that of IgZ2 did not, suggesting the different dependencies of IgZ and IgZ2 on systemic immunity. Our findings demonstrate that the functional behaviour and mechanism of the IgZ/IgT family are more diverse than previously recognized and thus improve the current knowledge about this ancient Ig class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian‐fei Ji
- College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chong‐bin Hu
- College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Tong Shao
- College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Dong‐dong Fan
- College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ai‐fu Lin
- College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Li‐xin Xiang
- College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jian‐zhong Shao
- College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyQingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
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26
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Xu J, Yu Y, Huang Z, Dong S, Luo Y, Yu W, Yin Y, Li H, Liu Y, Zhou X, Xu Z. Immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain gene locus and immune responses upon parasitic, bacterial and fungal infection in loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:1139-1150. [PMID: 30599252 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Teleost fish are the most primitive bony vertebrates that contain immunoglobulin (Ig). Although teleost Ig is known to be important during tetrapod evolution and comparative immunology, little is known about the genomic organization of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) locus. Here, three Ig isotype classes, IgM, IgD and IgT, were firstly identified in dojo loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), and the IgH locus covering τ, μ and δ genes was also illustrated. Variable (V) gene segments lie upstream of two tandem diversity (D), joining (J) and constant (C) clusters and the genomic organization of the IgH locus presented as Vn-Dn-Jn-Cτ-Dn-Jn-Cμ-Cδ, similar to some other teleost fish. However, unlike some other teleost fish, ten VH, ten D and nine J genes were observed in this locus, which suggest teleost Igs might be conserved and diverse. Thus, it would be interesting to determine how Igs divide among themselves in immune response to different antigens. To address this hypothesis, we have developed three models by bath infection with parasitic, bacterial and fungal pathogens, respectively. We found that IgM, IgD and IgT were highly upregulated in the head kidney and spleen after infection with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), suggesting that the three Igs might participate in the systemic immune responses to Ich. Moreover, the high expression of IgT in mucosal tissue, such as skin or gills, appeared after being infected with three different pathogens infection, respectively, in which the expression of IgT increased more rapidly in response to Ich infection. Interestingly, the expression of IgD showed a higher increase in spleen and head kidney being challenged with fungi, suggesting that IgD might play an important role in antifungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yongyao Yu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhenyu Huang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Shuai Dong
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yanzhi Luo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yaxing Yin
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Huili Li
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yangzhou Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhou
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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27
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Patel B, Banerjee R, Samanta M, Das S. Diversity of Immunoglobulin (Ig) Isotypes and the Role of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID) in Fish. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:435-453. [PMID: 29704159 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The disparate diversity in immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire has been a subject of fascination since the emergence of prototypic adaptive immune system in vertebrates. The carboxy terminus region of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) has been well established in tetrapod lineage and is crucial for its function in class switch recombination (CSR) event of Ig diversification. The absence of CSR in the paraphyletic group of fish is probably due to changes in catalytic domain of AID and lack of cis-elements in IgH locus. Therefore, understanding the arrangement of Ig genes in IgH locus and functional facets of fish AID opens up new realms of unravelling the alternative mechanisms of isotype switching and antibody diversity. Further, the teleost AID has been recently reported to have potential of catalyzing CSR in mammalian B cells by complementing AID deficiency in them. In that context, the present review focuses on the recent advances regarding the generation of diversity in Ig repertoire in the absence of AID-regulated class switching in teleosts and the possible role of T cell-independent pathway involving B cell activating factor and a proliferation-inducing ligand in activation of CSR machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Patel
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769 008, India
| | - Rajanya Banerjee
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769 008, India
| | - Mrinal Samanta
- Immunology Laboratory, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751 002, India
| | - Surajit Das
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769 008, India.
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Yuan Z, Zhou T, Bao L, Liu S, Shi H, Yang Y, Gao D, Dunham R, Waldbieser G, Liu Z. The annotation of repetitive elements in the genome of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197371. [PMID: 29763462 PMCID: PMC5953449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is a highly adaptive species and has been used as a research model for comparative immunology, physiology, and toxicology among ectothermic vertebrates. It is also economically important for aquaculture. As such, its reference genome was generated and annotated with protein coding genes. However, the repetitive elements in the catfish genome are less well understood. In this study, over 417.8 Megabase (MB) of repetitive elements were identified and characterized in the channel catfish genome. Among them, the DNA/TcMar-Tc1 transposons are the most abundant type, making up ~20% of the total repetitive elements, followed by the microsatellites (14%). The prevalence of repetitive elements, especially the mobile elements, may have provided a driving force for the evolution of the catfish genome. A number of catfish-specific repetitive elements were identified including the previously reported Xba elements whose divergence rate was relatively low, slower than that in untranslated regions of genes but faster than the protein coding sequences, suggesting its evolutionary restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Yuan
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Lisui Bao
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Shikai Liu
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Huitong Shi
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Yujia Yang
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Dongya Gao
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Rex Dunham
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Geoff Waldbieser
- USDA-ARS Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, Stoneville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Zhanjiang Liu
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Jenberie S, Thim HL, Sunyer JO, Skjødt K, Jensen I, Jørgensen JB. Profiling Atlantic salmon B cell populations: CpG-mediated TLR-ligation enhances IgM secretion and modulates immune gene expression. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3565. [PMID: 29476080 PMCID: PMC5824956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21895-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While TLR-activated pathways are key regulators of B cell responses in mammals, their impact on teleost B cells are scarcely addressed. Here, the potential of Atlantic salmon B cells to respond to TLR ligands was shown by demonstrating a constitutive expression of nucleic-acid sensing TLRs in magnetic sorted IgM+ cells. Of the two receptors recognizing CpG in teleosts, tlr9 was the dominating receptor with over ten-fold higher expression than tlr21. Upon CpG-stimulation, IgM secretion increased for head kidney (HK) and splenic IgM+ cells, while blood B cells were marginally affected. The results suggest that CpG directly affects salmon B cells to differentiate into antibody secreting cells (ASCs). IgM secretion was also detected in the non-treated controls, again with the highest levels in the HK derived population, signifying that persisting ASCs are present in this tissue. In all tissues, the IgM+ cells expressed high MHCII levels, suggesting antigen-presenting functions. Upon CpG-treatment the co-stimulatory molecules cd83 and cd40 were upregulated, while cd86 was down-regulated under the same conditions. Finally, ifna1 was upregulated upon CpG-stimulation in all tissues, while a restricted upregulation was evident for ifnb, proposing that salmon IgM+ B cells exhibit a type I IFN-response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiferaw Jenberie
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hanna L Thim
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Karsten Skjødt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ingvill Jensen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jorunn B Jørgensen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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30
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Dickerson HW, Findly RC. Vertebrate Adaptive Immunity-Comparative Insights from a Teleost Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1379. [PMID: 29123524 PMCID: PMC5662878 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and the ciliated protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis are used to study pathogen-specific protective immunity. In this review, we briefly describe this host–parasite system and discuss the comparative insights it provides on the adaptive immune response of vertebrates. We include studies related to cutaneous mucosal immunity, B cell memory responses, and analyses of αβ T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires. This host–parasite model has played an important role in elucidating host protective responses to parasite invasion and for comparative studies of vertebrate immunity. Recent findings from bioinformatics analyses of TCR β repertoires suggest that channel catfish preferentially expand specific clonotypes that are stably integrated in the genome. This finding could have broad implications related to diversity in lymphocyte receptors of early vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry W Dickerson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Robert Craig Findly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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31
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Buonocore F, Stocchi V, Nunez-Ortiz N, Randelli E, Gerdol M, Pallavicini A, Facchiano A, Bernini C, Guerra L, Scapigliati G, Picchietti S. Immunoglobulin T from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): molecular characterization, tissue localization and expression after nodavirus infection. BMC Mol Biol 2017; 18:8. [PMID: 28298204 PMCID: PMC5353873 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-017-0085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunoglobulins (Igs) are fundamental components of the adaptive immune system of vertebrates, with the IgT/IgZ isotype specific of Teleosts. In this paper we describe the identification of an IgT heavy chain from the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), its molecular characterization and tissue mRNA localization by in situ hybridization. Results Sea bass IgT consists of 552 aa (Accession Number KM410929) and it contains a putative 19 amino acids long signal peptide and one potential N-glycosylation site. The C-region consists of four CH domains; each contains the cysteine and tryptophan residues required for their correct folding. Based on the recent sequencing of sea bass genome, we have identified five different genomic contigs bearing exons unequivocally pertaining to IgT (CH2, CH3 and CH4), but none corresponded to a complete IgH locus as IgT sequences were found in the highly fragmented assembled genomic regions which could not be assigned to any major scaffold. The 3D structure of sea bass IgT has been modelled using the crystal structure of a mouse Ig gamma as a template, thus showing that the amino acid sequence is suitable for the expected topology referred to an immunoglobulin-like architecture. The basal expression of sea bass IgT and IgM in different organs has been analysed: gut and gills, important mucosal organs, showed high IgT transcripts levels and this was the first indication of the possible involvement of sea bass IgT in mucosal immune responses. Moreover, sea bass IgT expression increased in gills and spleen after infection with nodavirus, highlighting the importance of IgT in sea bass immune responses. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of IgT transcripts in the gut and it revealed a differential expression along the intestinal tract, with a major expression in the posterior intestine, suggesting the hindgut as a site for the recruitment of IgT+ cells in this species. IgT transcripts were also found in gill filaments and parallel lamellae and, for the first time, we identified scattered IgT positive cells in the liver, with a strong signal in the hepatic parenchyma. Conclusions In conclusion, we performed a full molecular characterization of IgT in sea bass that points out its possible involvement in mucosal immune responses of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy.
| | - Valentina Stocchi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Noelia Nunez-Ortiz
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Elisa Randelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, TS, Italy
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, TS, Italy
| | - Angelo Facchiano
- Institute of Food Science, CNR, Via Roma, 64, 83100, Avellino, AV, Italy
| | - Chiara Bernini
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Laura Guerra
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
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32
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Findly RC, Niagro FD, Dickerson HW. The expressed TCRβ CDR3 repertoire is dominated by conserved DNA sequences in channel catfish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:26-33. [PMID: 27838245 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed by high-throughput sequencing T cell receptor beta CDR3 repertoires expressed by αβ T cells in outbred channel catfish before and after an immunizing infection with the parasitic protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. We compared CDR3 repertoires in caudal fin before infection and at three weeks after infection, and in skin, PBL, spleen and head kidney at seven and twenty-one weeks after infection. Public clonotypes with the same CDR3 amino acid sequence were expressed by αβ T cells that underwent clonal expansion following development of immunity. These clonally expanded αβ T cells were primarily located in spleen and skin, which is a site of infection. Although multiple DNA sequences were expected to code for each public clonotype, each public clonotype was predominately coded by an identical CDR3 DNA sequence in combination with the same J gene in all fish. The processes underlying this shared use of CDR3 DNA sequences are not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Craig Findly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Frank D Niagro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Harry W Dickerson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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33
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Bledsoe JW, Peterson BC, Swanson KS, Small BC. Ontogenetic Characterization of the Intestinal Microbiota of Channel Catfish through 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing Reveals Insights on Temporal Shifts and the Influence of Environmental Microbes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166379. [PMID: 27846300 PMCID: PMC5113000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture recently overtook capture fisheries as the largest producer of food fish, but to continue increasing fish production the industry is in search of better methods of improving fish health and growth. Pre- and probiotic supplementation has gained attention as a means of solving these issues, however, for such approaches to be successful, we must first gain a more holistic understanding of the factors influencing the microbial communities present in the intestines of fish. In this study, we characterize the bacterial communities associated with the digestive tract of a highly valuable U.S. aquaculture species, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, over the first 193 days of life to evaluate temporal changes that may occur throughout ontogenetic development of the host. Intestinal microbiota were surveyed with high-throughput DNA sequencing of 16S rRNA V4 gene amplicons derived from fish at 3, 65, 125, and 193 days post hatch (dph), while also characterizing the environmental microbes derived from the water supply and the administered diets. Microbial communities inhabiting the intestines of catfish early in life were dynamic, with significant shifts occurring up to 125 dph when the microbiota somewhat stabilized, as shifts were less apparent between 125 to 193 dph. Bacterial phyla present in the gut of catfish throughout ontogeny include Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, and Proteobacteria; with the species Cetobacterium somerae and Plesiomonas shigelloides showing the highest abundance in the catfish microbiota after 3 dph. Comparisons of the gut microbiota to the environmental microbes reveals that the fish gut is maintained as a niche habitat, separate from the overall microbial communities present in diets and water-supply. Although, there is also evidence that the environmental microbiota serves as an inoculum to the fish gut. Our results have implications for future research related to channel catfish biology and culture, and increase our understanding of ontogenetic effects on the microbiota of teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W. Bledsoe
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Department of Animal Science, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States of America
| | - Brian C. Peterson
- Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS, 38776, United States of America
| | - Kelly S. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Brian C. Small
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Parra D, Korytář T, Takizawa F, Sunyer JO. B cells and their role in the teleost gut. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:150-66. [PMID: 26995768 PMCID: PMC5125549 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the main route of entry for pathogens in all living organisms. In the case of teleost fish, mucosal surfaces cover the vast majority of the animal. As these surfaces are in constant contact with the environment, fish are perpetually exposed to a vast number of pathogens. Despite the potential prevalence and variety of pathogens, mucosal surfaces are primarily populated by commensal non-pathogenic bacteria. Indeed, a fine balance between these two populations of microorganisms is crucial for animal survival. This equilibrium, controlled by the mucosal immune system, maintains homeostasis at mucosal tissues. Teleost fish possess a diffuse mucosa-associated immune system in the intestine, with B cells being one of the main responders. Immunoglobulins produced by these lymphocytes are a critical line of defense against pathogens and also prevent the entrance of commensal bacteria into the epithelium. In this review we will summarize recent literature regarding the role of B-lymphocytes and immunoglobulins in gut immunity in teleost fish, with specific focus on immunoglobulin isotypes and the microorganisms, pathogenic and non-pathogenic that interact with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Parra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Song L, Li C, Xie Y, Liu S, Zhang J, Yao J, Jiang C, Li Y, Liu Z. Genome-wide identification of Hsp70 genes in channel catfish and their regulated expression after bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:154-162. [PMID: 26693666 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins 70/110 (Hsp70/110) are a family of conserved ubiquitously expressed heat shock proteins which are produced by cells in response to exposure to stressful conditions. Besides the chaperone and housekeeping functions, they are also known to be involved in immune response during infection. In this study, we identified 16 Hsp70/110 geness in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) through in silico analysis using RNA-Seq and genome databases. Among them 12 members of Hsp70 (Hspa) family and 4 members of Hsp110 (Hsph) family were identified. Phylogenetic and syntenic analyses provided strong evidence in supporting the orthologies of these HSPs. In addition, we also determined the expression patterns of Hsp70/110 genes after Flavobacterium columnare and Edwardsiella ictaluri infections by meta-analyses, for the first time in channel catfish. Ten out of sixteen genes were significantly up/down-regulated after bacterial challenges. Specifically, nine genes were found significantly expressed in gill after F. columnare infection. Two genes were found significantly expressed in intestine after E. ictaluri infection. Pathogen-specific pattern and tissue-specific pattern were found in the two infections. The significantly regulated expressions of catfish Hsp70 genes after bacterial infections suggested their involvement in immune response in catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Song
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yangjie Xie
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shikai Liu
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jiaren Zhang
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jun Yao
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chen Jiang
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Zhanjiang Liu
- Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Alternative adaptive immunity strategies: coelacanth, cod and shark immunity. Mol Immunol 2015; 69:157-69. [PMID: 26423359 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The advent of high throughput sequencing has permitted to investigate the genome and the transcriptome of novel non-model species with unprecedented depth. This technological advance provided a better understanding of the evolution of adaptive immune genes in gnathostomes, revealing several unexpected features in different fish species which are of particular interest. In the present paper, we review the current understanding of the adaptive immune system of the coelacanth, the elephant shark and the Atlantic cod. The study of coelacanth, the only living extant of the long thought to be extinct Sarcopterygian lineage, is fundamental to bring new insights on the evolution of the immune system in higher vertebrates. Surprisingly, coelacanths are the only known jawed vertebrates to lack IgM, whereas two IgD/W loci are present. Cartilaginous fish are of great interest due to their basal position in the vertebrate tree of life; the genome of the elephant shark revealed the lack of several important immune genes related to T cell functions, which suggest the existence of a primordial set of TH1-like cells. Finally, the Atlantic cod lacks a functional major histocompatibility II complex, but balances this evolutionary loss with the expansion of specific gene families, including MHC I, Toll-like receptors and antimicrobial peptides. Overall, these data point out that several fish species present an unconventional adaptive immune system, but the loss of important immune genes is balanced by adaptive evolutionary strategies which still guarantee the establishment of an efficient immune response against the pathogens they have to fight during their life.
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Spatio-temporal expression of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) mIgD and its immune response to Aeromonas hydrophila. Cent Eur J Immunol 2015; 40:132-41. [PMID: 26557025 PMCID: PMC4637386 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.52825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of IgD in fish and mammals has not been fully understood since its discovery. In this study, we have isolated and characterized the cDNA that encodes membrane-bound form of the immunoglobulin D heavy chain gene (mIgD) of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) using RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full-length cDNA of mIgD consisted of 3313 bp, encoding a putative protein of 943 amino acids. The structure of blunt snout bream mIgD is VDJ-μ1-δ1-δ2-δ3-δ4-δ5-δ6-δ7-TM. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic analyses indicated that blunt snout bream mIgD clusters with the homologues of cyprinid fish and that its highest identity is with that of C. idella (82%). The mIgD expression in early different developmental stages showed that the level of mIgD mRNA decreased dramatically from the unfertilized egg stage to the 32-cell stage, suggesting that mIgD mRNA was maternally transferred. As cell differentiation initially took place in the blastula stage, the mIgD expression increased significantly from the blastula stage to prelarva, which might be attributed to embryonic stem cell differentiation processes. Compared with juvenile fish, the expression and tissue distribution patterns of mIgD in adult individuals exhibited considerable variation. After the injection of Aeromonas hydrophila, mIgD expression was up-regulated in various tissues, reaching the peak expression at 5 d, 14 d or 21 d (depending on the tissue type). The present study provides a theoretical basis for further research of the teleost immune system.
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Peatman E, Lange M, Zhao H, Beck BH. Physiology and immunology of mucosal barriers in catfish (Ictalurus spp.). Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1068907. [PMID: 26716071 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1068907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal barriers of catfish (Ictalurus spp) constitute the first line of defense against pathogen invasion while simultaneously carrying out a diverse array of other critical physiological processes, including nutrient adsorption, osmoregulation, waste excretion, and environmental sensing. Catfish depend more heavily on mucosal barriers than their terrestrial counterparts as they are continuously interacting with the aquatic microbiota. Our understanding of these barriers, while growing, is still limited relative to that of mammalian model systems. Nevertheless, a combination of molecular and cellular studies in catfish over the last few decades, and particularly within the last few years, has helped to elucidate many of the primary actors and pathways critical to their mucosal health. Here we describe aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses in the primary mucosal tissues (skin, gill, and intestine) of catfish, focusing on mucus-driven responses, pathogen recognition, soluble mediators, and immunoglobulin and T-cell derived immunity. Modulation of mucosal barriers will be critical moving forward for crafting better diets, improving vaccine delivery, enhancing water quality, and ensuring sustainable production practices in catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences; Auburn University ; Auburn, AL USA
| | - Miles Lange
- United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center ; Stuttgart, AR USA
| | - Honggang Zhao
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences; Auburn University ; Auburn, AL USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center ; Stuttgart, AR USA
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Fu X, Zhang H, Tan E, Watabe S, Asakawa S. Characterization of the torafugu (Takifugu rubripes) immunoglobulin heavy chain gene locus. Immunogenetics 2015; 67:179-93. [PMID: 25605268 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the immunoglobulin heavy (IGH) gene locus of torafugu (Takifugu rubripes) from publicly available assembly sequences and presented an annotated locus map, including the IGHV genes, pseudogenes, and IGHC genes. Three new IGHV gene families (IGHV3-IGHV5) were discovered. We observed the interspersion of IGHV1 and IGHV2 family members and that they often intermingled with each other, while other family members were further interspersed. Conservation of the promoter and recombination signal sequences (RSS) was observed in a family-specific manner. In addition to known variable region genes present on chromosome 5 (current torafugu genome assembly), we found 34 additional IGHV genes on scaffold 287 and three novel potentially functional IGHD genes on scaffold 483. In total, the variable region of the torafugu IGH locus consists of at least 48 IGHV genes, seven IGHD genes, and six IGHJ genes. IGHC genes have also been mapped in this study, with three genes encoding immunoglobulin classes: IgT, IgM, and IgD. We confirmed the expression of newly identified IGHV3 family sequences in the spleen and kidney of adult torafugu and found a favorable IGHV segment usage by IgM and IgT. Possible structural variation in the IGHδ locus was observed based on the current torafugu assembly. The complete characterization of the torafugu IGH locus will facilitate detailed studies of large-scale mechanisms associated with the recombination of the variable region genes and will offer insights into the genetic basis of the potential diversity in the antibody response observed in torafugu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Fu
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue-based immune cells that participate to both innate and adaptive immunities as well as to tissue-remodelling processes. Their evolutionary history appears as a fascinating process, whose outline we can only partly reconstruct according to current remnant evidence. MCs have been identified in all vertebrate classes, and a cell population with the overall characteristics of higher vertebrate MCs is identifiable even in the most evolutionarily advanced fish species. In invertebrates, cells related to vertebrate MCs have been recognized in ascidians, a class of urochordates which appeared approximately 500 million years ago. These comprise the granular hemocyte with intermediate characteristics of basophils and MCs and the "test cell" (see below). Both types of cells contain histamine and heparin, and provide defensive functions. The test cell releases tryptase after stimulation with compound 48/80. A leukocyte ancestor operating in the context of a primitive local innate immunity probably represents the MC phylogenetic progenitor. This cell was likely involved in phagocytic and killing activity against pathogens and operated as a general inducer of inflammation. This early type of defensive cell possibly expressed concomitant tissue-reparative functions. With the advent of recombinase activating gene (RAG)-mediated adaptive immunity in the Cambrian era, some 550 million years ago, and the emergence of early vertebrates, MC progenitors differentiated towards a more complex cellular entity. Early MCs probably appeared in the last common ancestor we shared with hagfish, lamprey, and sharks about 450-500 million years ago.
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Abstract
As in mammals, cartilaginous and teleost fishes possess adaptive immune systems based on antigen recognition by immunoglobulins (Ig), T cell receptors (TCR), and major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC) I and MHC II molecules. Also it is well established that fish B cells and mammalian B cells share many similarities, including Ig gene rearrangements, and production of membrane Ig and secreted Ig forms. This chapter provides an overview of the IgH and IgL chains in cartilaginous and bony fish, including their gene organizations, expression, diversity of their isotypes, and development of the primary repertoire. Furthermore, when possible, we have included summaries of key studies on immune mechanisms such as allelic exclusion, somatic hypermutation, affinity maturation, class switching, and mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bengtén
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA.
| | - Melanie Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA.
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Mashoof S, Pohlenz C, Chen PL, Deiss TC, Gatlin D, Buentello A, Criscitiello MF. Expressed IgH μ and τ transcripts share diversity segment in ranched Thunnus orientalis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:76-86. [PMID: 24231183 PMCID: PMC7039072 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It is now appreciated that in addition to the immunoglobulin (Ig)M and D isotypes fish also make the mucosal IgT. In this study we sequenced the full length of Ig τ as well as μ in the commercially important Thunnus orientalis (Pacific bluefin tuna), the first molecular analysis of these two Ig isotypes in a member of the order Perciformes. Tuna IgM and IgT are each composed of four constant (CH) domains. We cloned and sequenced 48 different variable (VH) domain gene rearrangements of tuna immunoglobulins and grouped the VH gene sequences to four VH gene segment families based on 70% nucleotide identity. Three VH gene families were used by both IgM and IgT but one group was only found to be used by IgM. Most interestingly, both μ and τ clones appear to use the same diversity (DH) segment, unlike what has been described in other species, although they have dedicated IgT and IgM joining (JH) gene segments. We complemented this repertoire study with phylogenetic and tissue expression analysis. In addition to supporting the development of humoral vaccines in this important aquaculture species, these data suggest that the DH-JH recombination rather than the VH-DH recombination may be instructive for IgT versus IgM/D bearing lymphocyte lineages in some fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mashoof
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Camilo Pohlenz
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Patricia L Chen
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Thaddeus C Deiss
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Delbert Gatlin
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Alejandro Buentello
- Schillinger Genetics, 4401 Westown Parkway Suite 225, West Des Moines, IA 50266, USA.
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Ye J, Kaattari IM, Ma C, Kaattari S. The teleost humoral immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1719-28. [PMID: 24436975 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years our knowledge of cellular and molecular dynamics of teleost humoral immunity has increased enormously to now include: the existence of multiple isotypes, affinity-driven modulation of antibody structure and function, the unique trafficking patterns of each stage of B cell differentiation (including the plasma blast, short-lived and long-lived plasma cell, and the memory cell). Unfortunately the work which has generated the bulk of this information has generally employed defined antigens rather than vaccines. Thus, the focus of this review is to relate these aspects of immunity that are requisite for a mechanistic understanding of the generation of prophylactic immunity to the necessary analysis of responses to vaccines and vaccine candidates.
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The pyloric caeca area is a major site for IgM(+) and IgT(+) B cell recruitment in response to oral vaccination in rainbow trout. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66118. [PMID: 23785475 PMCID: PMC3681912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have characterized some aspects of the immune response of the teleost gut in response to diverse pathogens or stimuli, most studies have focused on the posterior segments exclusively. However, there are still many details of how teleost intestinal immunity is regulated that remain unsolved, including the location of IgM+ and IgT+ B cells along the digestive tract and their role during the course of a local stimulus. Thus, in the current work, we have studied the B cell response in five different segments of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) digestive tract in both naïve fish and fish orally vaccinated with an alginate-encapsulated DNA vaccine against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). IgM+ and IgT+ cells were identified all along the tract with the exception of the stomach in naïve fish. While IgM+ cells were mostly located in the lamina propria (LP), IgT+ cells were primarily localized as intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). Scattered IgM+ IELs were only detected in the pyloric caeca. In response to oral vaccination, the pyloric caeca region was the area of the digestive tract in which a major recruitment of B cells was demonstrated through both real time PCR and immunohistochemistry, observing a significant increase in the number of both IgM+ and IgT+ IELs. Our findings demonstrate that both IgM+ and IgT+ respond to oral stimulation and challenge the paradigm that teleost IELs are exclusively T cells. Unexpectedly, we have also detected B cells in the fat tissue associated to the digestive tract that respond to vaccination, suggesting that these cells surrounded by adipocytes also play a role in mucosal defense.
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Li C, Wang R, Su B, Luo Y, Terhune J, Beck B, Peatman E. Evasion of mucosal defenses during Aeromonas hydrophila infection of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) skin. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 39:447-455. [PMID: 23219904 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of fish serve as the first line of defense against the myriad of aquatic pathogens present in the aquatic environment. The immune repertoire functioning at these interfaces is still poorly understood. The skin, in particular, must process signals from several fronts, sensing and integrating environmental, nutritional, social, and health cues. Pathogen invasion can disrupt this delicate homeostasis with profound impacts on signaling throughout the organism. Here, we investigated the transcriptional effects of virulent Aeromonas hydrophila infection in channel catfish skin, Ictalurus punctatus. We utilized a new 8 × 60 K Agilent microarray for catfish to examine gene expression profiles at critical early timepoints following challenge--2 h, 8 h, and 12 h. Expression of a total of 2,168 unique genes was significantly perturbed during at least one timepoint. We observed dysregulation of genes involved in antioxidant, cytoskeletal, immune, junctional, and nervous system pathways. In particular, A. hydrophila infection rapidly altered a number of potentially critical lectins, chemokines, interleukins, and other mucosal factors in a manner predicted to enhance its ability to adhere to and invade the catfish host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Li C, Beck B, Su B, Terhune J, Peatman E. Early mucosal responses in blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) skin to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:920-928. [PMID: 23337110 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are well-equipped to detect, adhere to, and initiate infection in their finfish hosts. The mucosal surfaces of fish, such as the skin, function as the front line of defense against such bacterial insults that are routinely encountered in the aquatic environment. While recent progress has been made, and despite the obvious importance of mucosal surfaces, the precise molecular events that occur soon after encountering bacterial pathogens remain unclear. Indeed, these early events are critical in mounting appropriate responses that ultimately determine host survival or death. In the present study, we investigated the transcriptional consequences of a virulent Aeromonas hydrophila challenge in the skin of blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus. We utilized an 8×60K Agilent microarray to examine gene expression profiles at key early timepoints following challenge (2 h, 12 h, and 24 h). A total of 1155 unique genes were significantly altered during at least one timepoint. We observed dysregulation in a number of genes involved in diverse pathways including those involved in antioxidant responses, apoptosis, cytoskeletal rearrangement, immunity, and extracellular matrix protein diversity and regulation. Taken together, A. hydrophila coordinately modulates mucosal factors across numerous cellular pathways in a manner predicted to enhance its ability to adhere to and infect the blue catfish host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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47
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Magadán-Mompó S, Zimmerman AM, Sánchez-Espinel C, Gambón-Deza F. Immunoglobulin light chains in medaka (Oryzias latipes). Immunogenetics 2013; 65:387-96. [PMID: 23417322 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The gene segments encoding antibodies have been studied in many capacities and represent some of the best-characterized gene families in traditional animal disease models (mice and humans). To date, multiple immunoglobulin light chain (IgL) isotypes have been found in vertebrates and it is unclear as to which isotypes might be more primordial in nature. Sequence data emerging from an array of fish genome projects is a valuable resource for discerning complex multigene assemblages in this critical branch point of vertebrate phylogeny. Herein, we have analyzed the genomic organization of medaka (Oryzias latipes) IgL gene segments based on recently released genome data. The medaka IgL locus located on chromosome 11 contains at least three clusters of IgL gene segments comprised of multiple gene assemblages of the kappa light chain isotype. These data suggest that medaka IgL gene segments may undergo both intra- and inter-cluster rearrangements as a means to generate additional diversity. Alignments of expressed sequence tags to concordant gene segments which revealed each of the three IgL clusters are expressed. Collectively, these data provide a genomic framework for IgL genes in medaka and indicate that Ig diversity in this species is achieved from at least three distinct chromosomal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Magadán-Mompó
- Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Das S, Hirano M, Tako R, McCallister C, Nikolaidis N. Evolutionary genomics of immunoglobulin-encoding Loci in vertebrates. Curr Genomics 2012; 13:95-102. [PMID: 23024601 PMCID: PMC3308330 DOI: 10.2174/138920212799860652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (or antibodies) are an essential element of the jawed vertebrate adaptive immune response system. These molecules have evolved over the past 500 million years and generated highly specialized proteins that recognize an extraordinarily large number of diverse substances, collectively known as antigens. During vertebrate evolution the diversification of the immunoglobulin-encoding loci resulted in differences in the genomic organization, gene content, and ratio of functional genes and pseudogenes. The tinkering process in the immunoglobulin-encoding loci often gave rise to lineage-specific characteristics that were formed by selection to increase species adaptation and fitness. Immunoglobulin loci and their encoded antibodies have been shaped repeatedly by contrasting evolutionary forces, either to conserve the prototypic structure and mechanism of action or to generate alternative and diversified structures and modes of function. Moreover, evolution favored the development of multiple mechanisms of primary and secondary antibody diversification, which are used by different species to effectively generate an almost infinite collection of diverse antibody types. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the genomics and evolution of the immunoglobulin-encoding loci and their protein products in jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Das
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, School of Medicine, Emory University, USA
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Rag1-/- mutant zebrafish demonstrate specific protection following bacterial re-exposure. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44451. [PMID: 22970222 PMCID: PMC3435260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recombination activation gene 1 deficient (rag1−/−) mutant zebrafish have a reduced lymphocyte-like cell population that lacks functional B and T lymphocytes of the acquired immune system, but includes Natural Killer (NK)-like cells and Non-specific cytotoxic cells (NCC) of the innate immune system. The innate immune system is thought to lack the adaptive characteristics of an acquired immune system that provide enhanced protection to a second exposure of the same pathogen. It has been shown that NK cells have the ability to mediate adaptive immunity to chemical haptens and cytomegalovirus in murine models. In this study we evaluated the ability of rag1−/− mutant zebrafish to mount a protective response to the facultative intracellular fish bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri. Methodology/Principal Findings Following secondary challenge with a lethal dose of homologous bacteria 4 and 8 weeks after a primary vaccination, rag1−/− mutant zebrafish demonstrated protective immunity. Heterologous bacterial exposures did not provide protection. Adoptive leukocyte transfers from previously exposed mutants conferred protective immunity to naïve mutants when exposed to homologous bacteria. Conclusions/Significance Our findings show that a component of the innate immune system mounted a response that provided significantly increased survival when rag1−/− mutant zebrafish were re-exposed to the same bacteria. Further, adoptive cell transfers demonstrated that kidney interstitial leukocytes from previously exposed rag1−/− mutant zebrafish transferred this protective immunity. This is the first report of any rag1−/− mutant vertebrate mounting a protective secondary immune response to a bacterial pathogen, and demonstrates that a type of zebrafish innate immune cell can mediate adaptive immunity in the absence of T and B cells.
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50
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Zhang H, Peatman E, Liu H, Feng T, Chen L, Liu Z. Molecular characterization of three L-type lectin genes from channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus and their responses to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:598-608. [PMID: 22245838 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
L-type lectins have a leguminous lectin domain and can bind to high-mannose type oligosaccharides. In the secretory pathway, L-type lectins play crucial roles in selective protein trafficking, sorting and targeting. Three L-type lectins were cloned in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, the 53 kDa endoplasmic reticulum ER-Golgi intermediate compartment protein (ERGIC-53), the vesicular integral protein of 36 kDa (VIP36) and VIP36-like. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the catfish genes are orthologous to their counterparts in other species. Southern blot analysis demonstrated that all three L-type lectin genes are likely single-copy genes in the catfish genome. Analysis of expression in healthy tissues using quantitative real time RT-PCR indicated that all three genes are expressed widely in all tested tissues, but with strong tissue preference of expression: ERGIC-53 was found to be abundantly expressed in the liver, VIP36 was found to be abundantly expressed in the head-kidney, whereas VIP36-like was found to be abundantly expressed in the brain. Upon infection with Edwardsiella ictaluri, expressions of the three genes all had significant up-regulation in the head-kidney, but had distinct expression patterns: ERGIC-53 was gradually induced with the highest expression 7 days after challenge in the head-kidney, but was down-regulated in the liver, spleen, and brain. VIP36 was highly induced in the head-kidney, and 3 days after challenge in the brain, but was not up-regulated in any other tissues or timepoints after challenge. Expression levels of the catfish VIP36-like gene appeared to also respond to infection, albeit with differing patterns among the tested tissues. Taken together, our results indicate that all three L-type lectin genes may be involved in the immune responses of catfish after infection with E. ictaluri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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