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Wang T, Ge H, Lin P, Wang Y, Lai X, Chen P, Li F, Feng J. Toll-interacting protein is activated by the transcription factor GATA1 and Sp1 to negatively regulate NF-κB and MAPK pathways in the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109561. [PMID: 38636738 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) serves as a crucial inhibitory factor in the modulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated innate immunological responses. The structure and function of Tollip have been well documented in mammals, yet the information in teleost remained limited. This work employed in vitro overexpression and RNA interference in vivo and in vitro to comprehensively examine the regulatory effects of AjTollip on NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. The levels of p65, c-Fos, c-Jun, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α were dramatically reduced following overexpression of AjTollip, whereas knocking down AjTollip in vivo and in vitro enhanced those genes' expression. Protein molecular docking simulations showed AjTollip interacts with AjTLR2, AjIRAK4a, and AjIRAK4b. A better understanding of the transcriptional regulation of AjTollip is crucial to elucidating the role of Tollip in fish antibacterial response. Herein, we cloned and characterized a 2.2 kb AjTollip gene promoter sequence. The transcription factors GATA1 and Sp1 were determined to be associated with the activation of AjTollip expression by using promoter truncation and targeted mutagenesis techniques. Collectively, our results indicate that AjTollip suppresses the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, leading to the decreased expression of the downstream inflammatory factors, and GATA1 and Sp1 play a vital role in regulating AjTollip expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China; Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Hui Ge
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, 361012, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China; Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Yilei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China; Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Xiaojian Lai
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China; Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Pengyun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China; Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Fuyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China; Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Jianjun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, 361012, China; Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China.
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Chu Q, Yu J, Zhou J. Long noncoding RNA LTCONS4500 promotes antibacterial immune responses via targeting miR-3570-5p in teleost fish Miichthys miiuy. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 147:104764. [PMID: 37356679 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence demonstrated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) act as gene regulators in various biological processes, including innate immunity, in which lncRNAs could play their regulatory roles by interacting with miRNAs. Compared with mammals, there is little attention paid to the mechanism of the lncRNA-miRNA regulatory network in teleost fish. Herein, we found a long noncoding RNAs LTCONS4500 that could function as a positive regulator of the immune response in miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy). Specifically, we found that the expression of LTCONS4500 could be upregulated by gram-negative bacteria, such as Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio harveyi. Upregulated LTCONS4500 could promote the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Further study showed that LTCONS4500 could act as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to interact with miR-3570-5p to facilitate MyD88 expression and thus enhance antibacterial immune responses. Our data suggests the function and mechanism of lncRNAs in antibacterial immune responses of teleost fish, which will enrich the gene regulatory network of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China.
| | - Jingyao Yu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jiale Zhou
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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Chen Z, Zhang A, Xu X, Ding L, Zhang X, Qian C, Zhu B. Toll-interacting protein participates in immunity and development of the lepidopteran insect Antheraea pernyi. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 113:497-507. [PMID: 37278204 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) participates in multiple biological processes. However, the biological functions of Tollip proteins in insects remain to be further explored. Here, the genomic sequence of tollip gene from Antheraea pernyi (named Ap-Tollip) was identified with a length of 15,060 bp, including eight exons and seven introns. The predicted Ap-Tollip protein contained conserved C2 and CUE domains and was highly homologous to those tollips from invertebrates. Ap-Tollip was highly expressed in fat body compared with other determined tissues. As far as the developmental stages were concerned, the highest expression level was found at the 14th day in eggs or the 3rd day of the 1st instar. Ap-Tollip was also obviously regulated by lipopolysaccharide, polycytidylic acid or 20E in different tissues. In addition, the interaction between Ap-Tollip and ubiquitin was confirmed by western blotting and pull-down assay. RNAi of Ap-Tollip significantly affected the expression levels of apoptosis and autophagy-related genes. These results indicated that Ap-Tollip was involved in immunity and development of A. pernyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Awei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xuan Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lu Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaojiao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Cen Qian
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Baojian Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Li YJ, Yao CL. Tollip suppresses MyD88-mediated NF-κB activation by enhancing MyD88 ubiquitination levels in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:455-465. [PMID: 35988714 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) plays an important role in the innate immune response by negative regulation of the TLR-IL-1R signaling pathway. MyD88 serves as a universal adaptor in TLR-mediated NF-κB activation. However, the regulation mechanisms of Tollip in piscine MyD88-mediated NF-κB activation is largely unknown. In the present study, the cDNA sequence of LcTollip was identified from the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). The putative LcTollip protein encoded 275 amino acid residues, containing a N-terminal TBD domain, a central C2 domain, and a C-terminal CUE domain. Quantitative PCR showed that the most predominant constitutive expression of LcTollip was detected in spleen. In addition, LcTollip transcripts enhanced significantly after LPS and poly I:C challenge (P < 0.05). Cellular localization revealed that LcTollip existed in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Furthermore, the overexpression plasmids of wild type LcTollip as well as its six domain truncated mutants of LcTollip were constructed by overlap PCR. Dual luciferase analysis showed that NF-κB activation could not be induced by overexpression of LcTollip or its domain truncated mutants alone. However, the LcMyD88-induced-NF-κB activation was significantly suppressed by overexpression with LcTollip, and the truncated mutants LcTollip-ΔTBD, LcTollip-ΔC2, LcTollip-ΔCUE and LcTollip-ΔTBDΔCUE while not by LcTollip-ΔLR and LcTollip-ΔTBDΔC2. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay revealed that the interaction between LcTollip and LcMyD88 was through CUE domain. More interesting, IP and immunoblotting examination of HEK293T cells co-transfected with LcMyD88, LcTollip and HA-ubiquitin showed that LcMyD88 induced a dose-dependent de-ubiquitination of LcTollip while LcTollip enhanced a dose-dependent ubiquitination of LcMyD88. However, protein degradation investigation displayed that the proteolysis and ubiquitination of LcMyD88 were not connected. Our findings suggested that the LcTollip might involve in negative regulation TLR pathway by suppressing LcMyD88-mediated immune activation and improving the ubiquitination level of LcMyD88.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jian Li
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Cui-Luan Yao
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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5
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Cao LP, Du JL, Jia R, Ding WD, Xu P, Yin GJ, Zhang T. Effects of cyclophosphamide on antioxidative and immune functions of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) via the TLR-NF-κB signaling pathway. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 239:105956. [PMID: 34496328 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intensive aquaculture often results in immunosuppression in fish, which may cause a series of diseases. In this study, to investigate the immunosuppressive mechanisms in fish, tilapia were intrapleural injected cyclophosphamide (CTX) at the doses of 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg·kg-1 to induce immunosuppression. We determined the viability of immune cells, the content of lysozyme (LZM) and immunoglobulin M (IgM), the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and antioxidant parameters. Meanwhile, the mRNA levels of complement C3 (c3), igm and the genes associated with the TLR-NF-κB signaling pathway in the head kidney (HK) and spleen were also determined. The results showed that CTX had a significant cytotoxic effect on peripheral blood leukocytes, HK macrophages and spleen cells in a dose-dependent manner. The protein and mRNA levels of C3 and IgM were down-regulated with the increase of CTX concentrations in serum, HK and/or spleen. The NO and LZM contents decreased significantly in HK and spleen after CTX treatments with 75 and 100 mg·kg-1. CTX treatments with 50, 75 and/or 100 mg·kg-1 markedly decreased the antioxidant ability and enhanced lipid peroxidation in HK and spleen. Furthermore, qPCR data showed that CTX treatments with 50-100 mg·kg-1 clearly down-regulated the mRNA levels of tlr2, myd88, irak1, traf6, nfκb1, nfκb2, il-6, il-10 and tnf-α in the HK and/or spleen. Overall results suggested that CTX treatment had a cytotoxic effect on immune cells, induced lipid peroxidation, decreased the antioxidant capacity and inhibited immune function. The immunosuppressive mechanisms of CTX may be associated with the TLR-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish immunopharmacology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 2140814, China
| | - Jin-Liang Du
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish immunopharmacology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 2140814, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish immunopharmacology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 2140814, China
| | - Wei-Dong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish immunopharmacology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 2140814, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish immunopharmacology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 2140814, China
| | - Guo-Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish immunopharmacology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 2140814, China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- The Affiliated Wuxi Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China.
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Dalvin S, Jørgensen LVG, Kania PW, Grotmol S, Buchmann K, Øvergård AC. Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss skin responses to salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis: From copepodid to adult stage. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:200-210. [PMID: 32422189 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The marine crustacean Lepeophtheirus salmonis (salmon louse) is a common ectoparasite of wild and farmed salmonids. The parasite has a complex ontogeny comprising eight instars. The planktonic copepodid stage settles on host skin and pass through five instars to reach the adult stage. The present study comprises an experimental infestation of Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) with salmon lice and describes histopathology and host immune responses in skin beneath the louse at multiple time points encompassing all louse developmental stages. Each fish was exposed to 80 infective copepodids, a mean no. of 32 parasites reached the preadult I stage whereas a mean no. of 11 parasites reached the adult stage. A progression in the severity of cutaneous lesions was observed, and levels of immune gene transcripts at the attachment site revealed a dynamic response, initially related to innate immunity. Later, immune cells accumulated in the dermis concomitant with a moderate decrease in levels of transcripts characteristic of both innate and adaptive immune responses. The present study also demonstrates that the cutaneous immune response was mainly induced at lice affected sites, while non-affected skin resembled the skin of untreated control. This indicates that the skin cannot be regarded as a uniform organ and requires careful sampling at all salmon louse stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sussie Dalvin
- SLRC - Sea Lice Research Centre, Institute of Marine Research, 5817, Bergen, Norway; SLRC - Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Louise V G Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, 1870 Frb. C, Denmark
| | - Per W Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, 1870 Frb. C, Denmark
| | - Sindre Grotmol
- SLRC - Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, 1870 Frb. C, Denmark
| | - Aina-Cathrine Øvergård
- SLRC - Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
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Carvalho LA, Whyte SK, Braden LM, Purcell SL, Manning AJ, Muckle A, Fast MD. Impact of co-infection with Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Moritella viscosa on inflammatory and immune responses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:459-473. [PMID: 32100325 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of a co-infection with Moritella viscosa at different exposure levels of sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). M. viscosa (1.14 × 106 cfu/ml) was introduced to all experimental tanks at 10 days post-lice infection (dpLs). Mean lice counts decreased over time in both the medium lice co-infection (31.5 ± 19.0 at 7 dpLs; 16.9 ± 9.3 at 46 dpLs) and high lice co-infection (62.0 ± 10.8 at 7 dpLs; 37.6 ± 11.3 at 46 dpLs). There were significantly higher mortalities and more severe skin lesions in the high lice co-infected group compared to medium lice co-infected group or M. viscosa-only infection. Quantitative gene expression analysis detected a significant upregulation of genes in skin from the high lice co-infection group consistent with severe inflammation (il-8, mmp-9, hep, saa). Skin lesions retrieved throughout the study were positive for M. viscosa growth, but these were rarely located in regions associated with lice. These results suggest that while M. viscosa infection itself may induce skin lesion development in salmon, co-infection with high numbers of lice can enhance this impact and significantly reduce the ability of these lesions to resolve, resulting in increased mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Carvalho
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Shona K Whyte
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | | | - Sara L Purcell
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Anthony J Manning
- Food Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, The New Brunswick Research and Productivity Council (RPC), Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Anne Muckle
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Mark D Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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Zhang X, Xu X, Shen Y, Fang Y, Zhang J, Bai Y, Gu S, Wang R, Chen T, Li J. Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88) is involved in the innate immunity of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) defense against pathogen infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:220-229. [PMID: 31494279 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is an important transduction protein in the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. In this study, we identified the cDNA of the MpMyD88 gene in black carp. We found that MpMyD88 was widely distributed in the tissues tested and showed significant immune responses both in vitro and in vivo after stimulation with bacterial and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. After MpMyD88 overexpression/silencing, proinflame-matory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-α, IL-6, and IL-8) also showed significant up-regulation/down-regulation. Moreover, we found that the antibacterial ability of cells over-expressing MpMyD88 was significantly stronger than that of control cells, while that of silenced MpMyD88 was significantly lower than that in control cells. Besides, we found that the overexpression of MpMyD88 significantly increased the activity of NF-κB. These results indicate that MpMyD88 plays an important role in the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yubang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuting Gu
- Key Laboratory of Conventional Freshwater Fish Breeding and Health Culture Technology Germplasm Resources, Suzhou Shenhang Eco-technology Development Limited Company, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Rongquan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Conventional Freshwater Fish Breeding and Health Culture Technology Germplasm Resources, Suzhou Shenhang Eco-technology Development Limited Company, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Tiansheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
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Rebl A, Rebl H, Verleih M, Haupt S, Köbis JM, Goldammer T, Seyfert HM. At Least Two Genes Encode Many Variants of Irak3 in Rainbow Trout, but Neither the Full-Length Factor Nor Its Variants Interfere Directly With the TLR-Mediated Stimulation of Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2246. [PMID: 31616422 PMCID: PMC6763605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-1-receptor-associated kinase 3 (IRAK3) is known in mammals as a negative feedback regulator of NF-κB-mediated innate-immune mechanisms. Our RNA-seq experiments revealed a prototypic 1920-nt sequence encoding irak3 from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), as well as 20 variants that vary in length and nucleotide composition. Based on the DNA-sequence information from two closely related irak3 genes from rainbow trout and an irak3-sequence fragment from Atlantic salmon retrieved from public databases, we elucidated the underlying genetic causes for this striking irak3 diversity. Infecting rainbow trout with a lethal dose of Aeromonas salmonicida enhanced the expression of all variants in the liver, head kidney, and peripheral blood leucocytes. We analyzed the functional impact of the full-length factor and selected structural variants by overexpressing them in mammalian HEK-293 cells. The full-length factor enhanced the basal activity of NF-κB, but did not dampen the TLR2-signaling-induced levels of NF-κB activation. Increasing the basal NF-κB-activity through Irak3 apparently does not involve its C-terminal domain. However, more severely truncated factors had only a minor impact on the activity of NF-κB. The TLR2-mediated stimulation did not alter the spatial distribution of Irak3 inside the cells. In salmonid CHSE-214 cells, we observed that the Irak3-splice variant that prominently expresses the C-terminal domain significantly quenched the stimulation-dependent production of interleukin-1β and interleukin-8, but not the production of other immune regulators. We conclude that the different gene and splice variants of Irak3 from trout play distinct roles in the activation of immune-regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rebl
- Fish Genetics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henrike Rebl
- Department of Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marieke Verleih
- Fish Genetics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Stephanie Haupt
- Fish Genetics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Judith M Köbis
- Fish Genetics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Fish Genetics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Seyfert
- Fish Genetics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
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Feng J, Lin P, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Molecular characterization, expression patterns, and functional analysis of toll-interacting protein (Tollip) in Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:52-64. [PMID: 31015066 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) is a key negative regulator of TLR-mediated innate immune responses. The structure and function of Tollip have been well identified in mammals, but the information about Tollip is still limited in teleost fishes. In the present study, the homologue of Tollip was cloned from Japanese eel. It contained an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 276 amino acids which shared high identities with other homologues from different species. Multiple alignment of the amino acid sequence showed that the AjTollip protein has the typical conserved domains including an N-terminal Target of Myb1 (Tom1) binding domain (TBD), a central conserved 2 (C2) domain, and a C-terminal coupling of ubiquitin to endoplasmic reticulum degradation (CUE) domain. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed a broad expression for AjTollip in a wide range of tissues, with the highest expression in the liver, a relatively high expression in the spleen, kidney, gills, skin and intestine, and a low expression in the heart and muscle. The AjTollip expressions in the liver and kidney were significantly induced following injection with the bacterial mimic LPS, the viral mimic poly I:C, and Aeromonas hydrophila infection. In vitro, the AjTollip transcripts of Japanese eel liver cells were significantly enhanced by the treatment of LPS, poly I:C, CpG-DNA, and PGN or the stimulation of high concentration of Aeromonas hydrophila (1 × 107 cfu/mL and 1 × 108 cfu/mL). Subcellular localization study showed that AjTollip was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm in a condensed state. When AjTollip was co-transfected with AjMyD88 into HEK293 cells, the luciferase activities of NF-κB were significantly decreased compared with that of AjMyD88 single-transfection groups in natural state or under the stimulation of LPS and poly I:C. These results collectively suggested that AjTollip functions as a negative regulator of MyD88-dependent TLR signaling and plays an important role in fish defense against viral and bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Feng
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian Province, China; Engineer Research Center of Eel Modern Industry Technology, Ministry of Education, China.
| | - Peng Lin
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian Province, China; Engineer Research Center of Eel Modern Industry Technology, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yilei Wang
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian Province, China; Engineer Research Center of Eel Modern Industry Technology, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Ziping Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Rebl A, Goldammer T. Under control: The innate immunity of fish from the inhibitors' perspective. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:328-349. [PMID: 29631025 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response involves a concerted network of induced gene products, preformed immune effectors, biochemical signalling cascades and specialised cells. However, the multifaceted activation of these defensive measures can derail or overshoot and, if left unchecked, overwhelm the host. A plenty of regulatory devices therefore mediate the fragile equilibrium between pathogen defence and pathophysiological manifestations. Over the past decade in particular, an almost complete set of teleostean sequences orthologous to mammalian immunoregulatory factors has been identified in various fish species, which prove the remarkable conservation of innate immune-control concepts among vertebrates. This review will present the current knowledge on more than 50 teleostean regulatory factors (plus additional fish-specific paralogs) that are of paramount importance for controlling the clotting cascade, the complement system, pattern-recognition pathways and cytokine-signalling networks. A special focus lies on those immunoregulatory features that have emerged as potential biomarker genes in transcriptome-wide research studies. Moreover, we report on the latest progress in elucidating control elements that act directly with immune-gene-encoding nucleic acids, such as transcription factors, hormone receptors and micro- and long noncoding RNAs. Investigations into the function of teleostean inhibitory factors are still mainly based on gene-expression profiling or overexpression studies. However, in support of structural and in-vitro analyses, evidence from in-vivo trials is also available and revealed many biochemical details on piscine immune regulation. The presence of multiple gene copies in fish adds a degree of complexity, as it is so far hardly understood if they might play distinct roles during inflammation. The present review addresses this and other open questions that should be tackled by fish immunologists in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rebl
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Fish Genetics Unit, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Fish Genetics Unit, Dummerstorf, Germany
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12
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Zhou Z, Lin Z, Pang X, Shan P, Wang J. MicroRNA regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 75:32-40. [PMID: 29408644 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line defense mechanism that recognizes, responds to, controls or eliminates invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a critical family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) tightly regulated by complex mechanisms involving many molecules to ensure a beneficial outcome in response to foreign invaders. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulator family in a wide range of biological processes, have been identified as new molecules related to the regulation of TLR-signaling pathways in immune responses. To date, at least 22 TLR types have been identified in more than a dozen different fish species. However, the functions and underlying mechanisms of miRNAs in the regulation of inflammatory responses related to the TLR-signaling pathway in fish is lacking. In this review, we summarize the regulation of miRNA expression profiles in the presence of TLR ligands or pathogen infections in teleost fish. We focus on the effects of miRNAs in regulating TLR-signaling pathways by targeting multiple molecules, including TLRs themselves, TLR-associated signaling proteins, and TLR-induced cytokines. An understanding of the relationship between the TLR-signaling pathways and miRNAs may provide new insights for drug intervention to manipulate immune responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixia Zhou
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Zhijuan Lin
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xin Pang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Peipei Shan
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
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13
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Zou PF, Huang XN, Yao CL, Sun QX, Li Y, Zhu Q, Yu ZX, Fan ZJ. Cloning and functional characterization of IRAK4 in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) that associates with MyD88 but impairs NF-κB activation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 63:452-464. [PMID: 27989863 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As crucial signaling transducer in Toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin (IL)-1 receptor (IL-1R) signaling pathway, IL-1R-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) mediates downstream signaling cascades and plays important roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. In the present study, an IRAK4 orthologue was characterized from large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), named Lc-IRAK4, with a conservative N-terminal death domain and a C-terminal protein kinase domain. The genome of Lc-IRAK4 is structured into eleven exons and ten introns. Expression analysis indicated that Lc-IRAK4 was widely expressed in tested tissues, with the highest level in liver and weakest in muscle. Additionally, in the spleen, liver tissues and blood, it could be induced by poly I:C and LPS stimulation, but not be induced by Vibrio parahemolyticus infection. Fluorescence microscopy assays revealed that Lc-IRAK4 localized in the cytoplasm in HEK 293T cells. It was also determined that Lc-IRAK4 could interact with MyD88, whereas MyD88-mediated NF-κB activation was significantly impaired when co-transfected the two in HEK 293T cells. These findings collectively indicated that although Lc-IRAK4 was evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates, the exact function especially the signaling transduction mediated by IRAK4 in fish immune response was different from that in mammals, which impaired MyD88-mediated NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fei Zou
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Xue Na Huang
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Cui Luan Yao
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China.
| | - Qing Xue Sun
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Tan Kah Kee College, Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, 363105, China; Key Laboratory of Estuarine Ecological Security and Environmental Health, Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, 363105, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Zhen Xing Yu
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Ze Jun Fan
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
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Chu Q, Sun Y, Cui J, Xu T. MicroRNA-3570 Modulates the NF-κB Pathway in Teleost Fish by Targeting MyD88. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3274-3282. [PMID: 28250156 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response, a protective process to clear detrimental stimuli, constitutes the defense against infectious pathogens. However, excessive inflammation disrupts immune homeostasis, which may induce autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In this study, we report that microRNA (miR)-3570 plays a negative role in the bacteria-induced inflammatory response of miiuy croaker. Upregulation of miR-3570 by Vibrio anguillarum and LPS inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production, thus avoiding an excessive inflammation response. Evidence showed that miR-3570 targets MyD88 and posttranscriptionally downregulates its expression. Overexpression of miR-3570 in macrophages suppresses the expression of MyD88, as well as its downstream signaling of IL-1R-associated kinases 1 and 4 and TNFR-associated factor 6. These results suggest that miR-3570 plays a regulatory in the bacteria-induced inflammatory response through the MyD88-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway by targeting MyD88.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics and Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yuena Sun
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics and Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Junxia Cui
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics and Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics and Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
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15
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Chu Q, Sun Y, Cui J, Xu T. Inducible microRNA-214 contributes to the suppression of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response via targeting myd88 gene in fish. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5282-5290. [PMID: 28235799 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.777078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon recognition of bacterial pathogens by pattern recognition receptors, cells are activated to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I IFN by multiple signaling pathways. Every step of the process must be precisely regulated to prevent dysregulation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be important regulators with profound effects on inflammatory response. Nevertheless, the miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanism remains unclear in fish species. Here, we addressed the role of miiuy croaker miR-214 in the bacteria triggered inflammatory response. miR-214 could significantly be up-regulated by Vibro harveyi and LPS stimulation. Up-regulating miR-214 subsequently inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines by targeting myd88 to avoid excessive inflammation. Moreover, the negative regulatory mechanism of miR-214 has been demonstrated to be via the myd88-mediated NF-κB pathway. This is the first to focus on miR-214 acting as the negative regulator involved in the bacteria-triggered inflammatory response and thus may provide knowledge on the host-cell regulator responses to microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chu
- From the Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yuena Sun
- From the Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Junxia Cui
- From the Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- From the Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
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16
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Rebl A, Rebl H, Köbis JM, Goldammer T, Seyfert HM. ST2 from rainbow trout quenches TLR signalling, localises at the nuclear membrane and allows the nuclear translocation of MYD88. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:139-152. [PMID: 27776995 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 receptor (IL1RL1), commonly known as ST2, is thought to downregulate TLR signalling by sequestering the signalling adapter MYD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88). ST2 sequences are known in several fish species, but none of them have functionally been examined. We characterised ST2 from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the structure of its encoding gene. The primary sequence of ST2 is only weakly conserved from fish to human. However, the amino acid sequences forming the interfaces for ST2 and MYD88 interaction are well conserved throughout evolution. High similarity of the gene segmentation unambiguously proves the common ancestry of fish and mammalian ST2. Trout ST2 and trout MYD88 genes were constitutively expressed in embryonic, larval and adult trout. In vivo infection with Aeromonas salmonicida did not modulate the mRNA levels of both factors. Overexpressing trout ST2 in the mammalian HEK-293 reconstitution system of TLR2 signalling quenched the Escherichia coli-induced activation of NF-κB and SAA promoters in a dose-dependent fashion. The expression of GFP-tagged trout ST2 in human HEK-293 or trout CHSE-214 cells surprisingly revealed that (i) ST2 localised abundantly at the nuclear membrane rather than at the cell membrane and (ii) the coexpression of both ST2 and MYD88 allowed the translocation of trout MYD88 from cytoplasm to nucleus, as assessed using confocal microscopy and Western blotting. Hence, we validated that trout ST2 is a dampener of TLR signalling and interacts with MYD88. The spatial distribution of these factors raises questions about how this repressive mechanism functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rebl
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henrike Rebl
- Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Cell Biology, Schillingallee 69, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Judith M Köbis
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Seyfert
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Köbis JM, Rebl H, Goldammer T, Rebl A. Multiple gene and transcript variants encoding trout C-polysaccharide binding proteins are differentially but strongly induced after infection with Aeromonas salmonicida. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:509-519. [PMID: 27836722 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two 'trout C-polysaccharide-binding proteins,' TCBP1 and -2, with relevance to early inflammatory events have been discovered in the last century. The present study characterises the respective cDNA sequences from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), including multiple TCBP1 transcript variants. These variants are generated either by the use of alternative splice sites or the exclusion of exons. The longest mRNA isoform, TCBP1-1, encodes a 245-aa protein with a large signal peptide and a complement component C1q domain. The shortest mRNA isoform, TCBP1-5, contains a premature termination codon and hence fails to encode a functional factor. The 224-aa-long TCBP2 protein consists of a comparably shorter signal peptide and a pentraxin domain. Evolutionary analyses clearly separated TCBP1 and -2 because of distinctive protein motifs. Expression profiling in the liver, spleen, and head kidney tissues of healthy trout revealed that TCBP2 mRNA concentrations were higher than the concentrations of all five TCBP1 mRNA isoforms together. The hepatic levels of these TCBP1 variants increased significantly upon infection with Aeromonas salmonicida, whereas TCBP2 transcript levels rose moderately. As the biological function of TCBP1 is barely understood, we tagged this factor with the green fluorescent protein and visualised its expression in HEK-293 cells. Overexpression of TCBP1 increased the level of active NF-κB factors and induced cell death, indicating its involvement in proapoptotic NF-κB-dependent signalling routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Köbis
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henrike Rebl
- Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Cell Biology, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Xu T, Shen X, Seyfert HM. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 expression is downregulated in liver and udder during E. coli mastitis through enhanced expression of repressive C/EBP factors and reduced expression of the inducer SREBP1A. BMC Mol Biol 2016; 17:16. [PMID: 27439381 PMCID: PMC4955114 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-016-0069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) desaturates long chain fatty acids and is therefore a key enzyme in fat catabolism. Its synthesis is downregulated in liver during illnesses caused by high levels of circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS). SCD1 expression is known to be stimulated under adipogenic conditions through a variety of transcription factors, notably SREBP1 and C/EBPα and −β. However, mechanisms downregulating SCD1 expression during illness related reprograming of the metabolism were unknown. Escherichia coli elicited mastitis is an example of such a condition and was found to downregulates milk and milk fat synthesis. This is in part mediated through epigenetic mechanisms. We analyzed here mechanism controlling SCD1 expression in livers and udders from cows suffering from experimentally induced E. coli mastitis. Results We validated with RT-qPCR that SCD1 expression was reduced in these organs of the experimental cows. They also featured decreased levels of mRNAs encoding SREBP1a but increased levels for C/EBP α and −β. Chromatin accessibility PCR (CHART) revealed that downregulation of SCD1 expression in liver was not caused by tighter chromatin compaction of the SCD1 promoter. Reporter gene analyses showed in liver (HepG2) and mammary epithelial (MAC-T) model cells that overexpression of SREBP1a expectedly activated the promoter, while unexpectedly C/EBPα and −β strongly quenched the promoter activity. Abrogation of two from among of the three C/EBP DNA-binding motifs of the promoter revealed that C/EBPα acts in cis but C/EBPβ in trans. Overexpressing truncated C/EBPα or −β factors lacking their repressive domains confirmed in both model cells the direct action of C/EBPα, but not of C/EBPβ on the promoter. Conclusions We found no evidence that epigenetic mechanism remodeling the chromatin compaction of the SCD1 promoter would contribute to downregulate SCD1 expression during infection. Instead, our data show for the first time that C/EBP factors may repress SCD1 expression in liver and udder rather than stimulating as it was previously shown in adipocytes. This cell type specific dual and opposite function of C/EBP factors for regulating SCD1 expression was previously unknown. Infection related activation of their expression combined with downregulated expression of SREBP1a explains reduced SCD1 expression in liver and udder during acute mastitis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12867-016-0069-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Xu
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangzhen Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Hans-Martin Seyfert
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Shan S, Wang L, Zhang F, Zhu Y, An L, Yang G. Characterization and expression analysis of Toll-interacting protein in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., responding to bacterial and viral challenge. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:639. [PMID: 27330905 PMCID: PMC4870529 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) is a mediator involved in the TLRs signaling pathway which is critical for innate immune response. In the present study, a full-length Tollip cDNA was first cloned from common carp (CcTollip), which was 1284 bp in length, containing an open reading frame of 831 bp encoding a peptide of 276 amino acids. Multiple sequence alignment showed that the CcTollip shared the highest similarity with that of grass carp and zebrafish. Phylogenetically, the CcTollip clustered together well with their piscine family members. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that CcTollip was widely expressed in all tissues tested and showed up-regulation with challenges of Vibrio anguillarum and poly(I:C), suggesting that CcTollip was activated by V. anguillarum and poly(I:C). These data indicated that CcTollip might play an important role in immune response to bacterial and viral invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijuan Shan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014 People's Republic of China
| | - Fumiao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014 People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyao Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014 People's Republic of China
| | - Liguo An
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014 People's Republic of China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014 People's Republic of China
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Brietzke A, Arnemo M, Gjøen T, Rebl H, Korytář T, Goldammer T, Rebl A, Seyfert HM. Structurally diverse genes encode Tlr2 in rainbow trout: The conserved receptor cannot be stimulated by classical ligands to activate NF-κB in vitro. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:75-88. [PMID: 26348603 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a dominant receptor for the recognition of Gram-positive bacteria. Its structure and functional properties were unknown in salmonid fish. In RT-PCR and RACE experiments, we obtained the full-length cDNA sequence encoding Tlr2 from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as well as a copy of an unspliced nonsense message from a highly segmented gene. The primary structure of the encoded receptor complies with the domain structure and ligand-binding sites known from mammals and other fish species and sorts well into the evolutionary tree of teleostean Tlr2s. We retrieved a gene version encoding the receptor on a single exon (tlr2a) and also a partial sequence of a second gene variant being segmented into multiple exons (tlr2b). Surprisingly, the abundances of both transcript variants accounted only for ∼10% of all Tlr2-encoding transcripts in various tissues and cell types of healthy fish. This suggests the expression of several distinct tlr2 gene variants in rainbow trout. We expressed tlr2a in HEK-293 cells, but were unable to demonstrate its functionality through NF-κB activation. Neither synthetic lipopeptides known to stimulate mammalian TLR2 nor different bacterial challenges induced OmTLR2-mediated NF-κB activation, not in HEK-293 or in salmon CHSE-214 cells. Positive demonstration of TLR2-MYD88 interaction excluded that its functional impairment caused the failure of NF-κB activation. We discuss impaired heterodimerization with a necessary Tlr partner as one from among several alternatives to explain the dysfunction of Tlr2a in the interspecies reconstitution system of TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brietzke
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Marianne Arnemo
- University of Oslo, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, PO Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Gjøen
- University of Oslo, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, PO Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrike Rebl
- Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Cell Biology, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Hans-Martin Seyfert
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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21
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Zante MD, Borchel A, Brunner RM, Goldammer T, Rebl A. Cloning and characterization of the proximal promoter region of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) interleukin-6 gene. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 43:249-256. [PMID: 25549935 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL6) is a pleiotropic cytokine with important immunoregulatory functions. Its expression is inducible in immune cells and tissues of several fish species. We also found that IL6 mRNA abundance was significantly increased in spleen, liver, and gill of rainbow trout after experimental infection with Aeromonas salmonicida. Genomic DNA sequences of IL6 orthologs from three salmonid species revealed a conserved exon/intron structure and a high overall nucleotide identity of >88%. To uncover key mechanisms regulating IL6 expression in salmonid fish, we amplified a fragment of the proximal IL6 promoter from rainbow trout and identified in-silico conserved binding sites for NF-κB and CEBP. The activity of this IL6 promoter fragment was analyzed in the established human embryonic kidney line HEK-293. Luciferase- and GFP-based reporter systems revealed that the proximal IL6 promoter is activated by Escherichia coli. Essentially, both reporter systems proved that NF-κB p50, but not NF-κB p65 or CEBP, activates the IL6 promoter fragment. Truncation of this fragment caused a significant decrease in IL6 promoter activation. This characterization of the proximal promoter of the IL6-encoding gene provides basic knowledge about the IL6 gene expression in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merle D Zante
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Borchel
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Ronald M Brunner
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Insights into the antiviral immunity against grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) reovirus (GCRV) in grass carp. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:670437. [PMID: 25759845 PMCID: PMC4337036 DOI: 10.1155/2015/670437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Global fish production from aquaculture has rapidly grown over the past decades, and grass carp shares the largest portion. However, hemorrhagic disease caused by grass carp reovirus (GCRV) results in tremendous loss of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) industry. During the past years, development of molecular biology and cellular biology technologies has promoted significant advances in the understanding of the pathogen and the immune system. Immunoprophylaxis based on stimulation of the immune system of fish has also got some achievements. In this review, authors summarize the recent progresses in basic researches on GCRV; viral nucleic acid sensors, high-mobility group box proteins (HMGBs); pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid inducible gene I- (RIG-I-) like receptors (RLRs); antiviral immune responses induced by PRRs-mediated signaling cascades of type I interferon (IFN-I) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) activation. The present review also notices the potential applications of molecule genetic markers. Additionally, authors discuss the current preventive and therapeutic strategies (vaccines, RNAi, and prevention medicine) and highlight the importance of innate immunity in long term control for grass carp hemorrhagic disease.
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23
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Zhang R, Li R, Wang J, Wang S, Zhang M, Hu X, Zhang L, Wang S, Wang R, Bao Z. Identification, characterization and expression profiling of the Tollip gene in Yesso scallop ( Patinopecten yessoensis). Genes Genet Syst 2015; 90:99-108. [DOI: 10.1266/ggs.90.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Ruojiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Shuyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Mengran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Shi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Ruijia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
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24
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Li YW, Wang Z, Mo ZQ, Li X, Luo XC, Dan XM, Li AX. Grouper (Epinephelus coioides) MyD88 and Tollip: intracellular localization and signal transduction function. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 42:153-158. [PMID: 25449381 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) are two important regulatory proteins of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways. In this paper, a Tollip sequence of grouper (Epinephelus coioides) was identified and the signal transduction functions of Tollip and MyD88 were studied. The full length of E. coioides Tollip (EcTollip) cDNA with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1734 nucleotides encoded a putative protein of 274 amino acid residues. The EcTollip protein had conservative domains with mammalian homologous proteins, and high identity (78%-95%) with other vertebrates. MyD88 and Tollip were distributed in the HeLa cytoplasm in a highly condensed form. Over-expression of MyD88 could activate nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and its function was dependent on the death domain and ID domain on the N-terminal. Some important functional sites of mammalian MyD88 also affected fish MyD88 signal transduction. Tollip impaired NF-κB signals activated by MyD88, and its activity was dependent on the coupling of ubiquitin to the endoplasmic reticulum degradation (CUE) domain on the C-terminal. These results suggest that MyD88 and Tollip of fish and mammals are conservative on function during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Ze-Quan Mo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xiao-Chun Luo
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xue-Ming Dan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - An-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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25
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Braden LM, Koop BF, Jones SRM. Signatures of resistance to Lepeophtheirus salmonis include a TH2-type response at the louse-salmon interface. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 48:178-91. [PMID: 25453579 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Disease outbreaks with the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis cause significant economic losses in mariculture operations worldwide. Variable innate immune responses at the louse-attachment site contribute to differences in susceptibility among species such that members of Salmo spp. are more susceptible to infection than those of some Oncorhynchus spp. Relatively little is known about the mechanisms that contribute to disease resistance or susceptibility to L. salmonis in salmon. Here, we utilize histochemistry and transcriptomics in a comparative infection model with susceptible (Atlantic, sockeye) and resistant (coho) salmon. At least three cell populations (MHIIβ+, IL1β+, TNFα+) were activated in coho salmon skin during L. salmonis infection. Locally elevated expression of several pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. IL1β, IL8, TNFα, COX2, C/EBPβ), and tissue repair enzymes (MMP9, MMP13) were detected in susceptible and resistant species. However, responses specific to coho salmon (e.g. IL4, IL6, TGFβ) or responses shared among susceptible salmon (e.g. SAP, TRF, Cath in Atlantic and sockeye salmon) provide evidence for species-specific pathways contributing to resistance or susceptibility, respectively. Our results confirm the importance of an early pro-inflammatory TH1-type pathway as an initial host response during infection with Pacific sea lice, and demonstrate subsequent regulatory TH2-type processes as candidate defense mechanisms in the skin of resistant coho salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Braden
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3N5, Canada
| | - Ben F Koop
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3N5, Canada
| | - Simon R M Jones
- Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 6N7, Canada.
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26
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Rebl A, Rebl H, Korytář T, Goldammer T, Seyfert HM. The proximal promoter of a novel interleukin-8-encoding gene in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is strongly induced by CEBPA, but not NF-κB p65. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:155-164. [PMID: 24721762 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL8) is an immediate-early chemokine that has been well characterized in several fish species. Ten IL8 gene variants have already been described in rainbow trout, but none of their promoters has structurally been defined or functionally characterized in teleost fish. To uncover key factors regulating IL8 expression, we intended to functionally characterize an IL8 promoter from rainbow trout. Incidentally, we isolated a novel IL8 gene variant (IL8-G). It is structurally highly similar to the other trout IL8 gene variants and its mRNA concentration increased significantly in secondary lymphoid tissues after infecting healthy fish with Aeromonas salmonicida. The proximal promoter sequence of the IL8-G-encoding gene features in close proximity two consensus elements for CEBP attachment. The proximal site overlaps with a NF-κB-binding site. Cotransfection of an IL8-G promoter-driven reporter gene together with vectors expressing various mammalian CEBP or NF-κB factors revealed in human HEK-293 cells that CEBPA and NF-κB p50, but not NF-κB p65 activate this promoter. The stimulatory effect of NF-κB p50 is likely conveyed by synergizing with CEBPA. Deletion or mutation of either the distal or the proximal CEBP-binding site, respectively, caused a significant decrease in IL8-G promoter activation. We confirmed the significance of the CEBPA factor for IL8-G expression by comparing the stimulatory capacity of the trout CEBPA and -B factors, thereby reducing the evolutionary distance in the inter-species expression assays. Similar promoter induction potential and intracellular localization of the mammalian and teleostean CEBPA and -B factors suggests their functional conservation throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rebl
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henrike Rebl
- Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Cell Biology, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Seyfert
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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27
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Kanwal Z, Wiegertjes GF, Veneman WJ, Meijer AH, Spaink HP. Comparative studies of Toll-like receptor signalling using zebrafish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:35-52. [PMID: 24560981 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish model systems for infectious disease are increasingly used for the functional analysis of molecular pattern recognition processes. These studies benefit from the high conservation level of all innate immune factors in vertebrates. Zebrafish studies are strategically well positioned for this because of the ease of comparisons with studies in other fish species of which the immune system also has been intensively studied, but that are currently still less amendable to detailed genetic or microscopic studies. In this paper we focus on Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling factors, which currently are the best characterized in mammalian systems. We review the knowledge on TLR signalling in the context of recent advances in zebrafish studies and discuss possibilities for future approaches that can complement studies in cell cultures and rodent models. A focus in these comparisons is the role of negative control mechanisms in immune responses that appear very important in a whole organism to keep adverse systemic responses in check. We also pay much attention to comparisons with studies in common carp that is highly related to zebrafish and that because of its large body mass can complement immune studies in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Kanwal
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J Veneman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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28
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Dominguez GA, Bisesi JH, Kroll KJ, Denslow ND, Sabo-Attwood T. Control of transcriptional repression of the vitellogenin receptor gene in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) by select estrogen receptors isotypes. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:423-31. [PMID: 25061109 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The vitellogenin receptor (Vtgr) plays an important role in fish reproduction. This receptor functions to incorporate vitellogenin (Vtg), a macromolecule synthesized and released from the liver in the bloodstream, into oocytes where it is processed into yolk. Although studies have focused on the functional role of Vtgr in fish, the mechanistic control of this gene is still unexplored. Here we report the identification and analysis of the first piscine 5' regulatory region of the vtgr gene which was cloned from largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Using this putative promoter sequence, we investigated a role for hormones, including insulin and 17β-estradiol (E2), in transcriptional regulation through cell-based reporter assays. No effect of insulin was observed, however, E2 was able to repress transcriptional activity of the vtgr promoter through select estrogen receptor subtypes, Esr1 and Esr2a but not Esr2b. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that Esr1 likely interacts with the vtgr promoter region through half ERE and/or SP1 sites, in part. Finally we also show that ethinylestradiol (EE2), but not bisphenol-A (BPA), represses promoter activity similarly to E2. These results reveal for the first time that the Esr1 isoform may play an inhibitory role in the expression of LMB vtgr mRNA under the influence of E2, and potent estrogens such as EE2. In addition, this new evidence suggests that vtgr may be a target of select endocrine disrupting compounds through environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Dominguez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208 Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Joseph H Bisesi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208 Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610 Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Kevin J Kroll
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208 Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610 Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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29
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Li YW, Mo XB, Zhou L, Li X, Dan XM, Luo XC, Li AX. Identification of IRAK-4 in grouper (Epinephelus coioides) that impairs MyD88-dependent NF-κB activation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:190-197. [PMID: 24631582 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family members are crucial signal transducer in the Toll-like receptor/IL-1R signal pathway, which mediates downstream signal cascades involved in the innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we identified an IRAK-4 protein (EcIRAK-4) in the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), with an N-terminal death domain, a proST domain, and a central kinase domain, similar to that of other fishes and mammals. A sequence alignment and phylogenic analysis demonstrated that full-length EcIRAK-4 shares a high degree of sequence identity with those of other fishes, especially the roughskin sculpin, and their death domains and kinase domains share greater identity than their proST domains. A conservation analysis indicated that most of the functional sites in mammalian IRAK-4 are conserved in IRAK-4 of the grouper and other fishes, with the exception of the sites of interaction with IRAK-2 and one autophosphorylation site within the activation loop. EcIRAK-4 is broadly expressed in all the tissues examined, with highest expression in the head kidney and liver. After infection with Cryptocaryon irritans, EcIRAK-4 expression was significantly upregulated, especially in the skin, which suggests that this molecule is involved in the host's defense against parasitic infection. Surprisingly, after cotransfection with grouper MyD88, EcIRAK-4 significantly impaired the NF-κB activity induced by MyD88. EcIRAK-4 was uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm in HeLa cells. These findings suggest that although IRAK-4 is evolutionarily conserved between fish and mammals, its signal transduction function is markedly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education/ State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xu-Bing Mo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education/ State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Ling Zhou
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education/ State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xue-Ming Dan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xiao-Chun Luo
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - An-Xing Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education/ State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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30
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Brietzke A, Goldammer T, Rebl H, Korytář T, Köllner B, Yang W, Rebl A, Seyfert HM. Characterization of the interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4)-encoding gene in salmonid fish: the functional copy is rearranged in Oncorhynchus mykiss and that factor can impair TLR signaling in mammalian cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:206-214. [PMID: 24239597 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) is an essential factor for TLR-mediated activation of the host's immune functions subsequent to pathogen contact. We have characterized the respective cDNA and gene sequences from three salmonid species, salmon, rainbow trout and maraena whitefish. The gene from salmon is structured into eleven exons, as is the mammalian homologue, while exons have been fused in the genes from the two other salmonid species. Rainbow trout expresses also a pseudogene at low levels. Its basic structure resembles more closely the primordial gene than the functional copy does. The N-terminal death domain and the C-terminal protein kinase domain of the factors are better conserved throughout evolution than the linker domain. The deduced amino acid sequences of the factors from all three species group together in an evolutionary tree of IRAK4 factors. Scrutinizing expression and function of IRAK4 from rainbow trout, we found its highest expression in head kidney and spleen and lowest expression in muscle tissue. Infecting fish with Aeromonas salmonicida did not modulate its expression during 72 h of observation. Expression of a GFP-tagged trout IRAK4 revealed, expectedly, its cytoplasmic localization in human HEK-293 cells. However, this factor significantly quenched in a dose-dependent fashion not only the pathogen-induced stimulation of NF-κB factors in the HEK-293 reconstitution system of TLR2 signaling, but also the basal NF-κB levels in unstimulated control cells. Our data unexpectedly imply that IRAK4 is involved in establishing threshold levels of active NF-κB in resting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brietzke
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henrike Rebl
- Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Cell Biology, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Köllner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, PO Box 3094, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Hans-Martin Seyfert
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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31
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Lu Y, Li C, Wang D, Su X, Jin C, Li Y, Li T. Characterization of two negative regulators of the Toll-like receptor pathway in Apostichopus japonicus: inhibitor of NF-κB and Toll-interacting protein. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1663-1669. [PMID: 23978566 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling cascade plays a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens via the specific recognition of distinct pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). However, no negative regulators of the TLR-signaling cascade have been described in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). In the present study, two negative regulators known as the inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) and Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) have been identified in coelomocytes of this species using transcriptome sequencing and RACE (denoted as AjIκB and AjTollip, respectively). Both of these factors share a remarkably high degree of structural conservation with their mammalian orthologs, such as a central ankyrin repeat domain (ARD) for the deduced amino acids of AjIκB and the C2 and CUE domains for AjTollip. Constitutive expression patterns with differential expression levels were observed for these two genes. Moreover, mRNA transcript expression for AjIκB and AjTollip was highest in the tentacle and abundant in the muscle, respectively. Vibrio splendidus challenge study revealed that the expression level of these two genes was decreased within the first 48 h with 0.53-fold and 0.61-fold decrease compared with that in the control group for AjIκB and AjTollip, respectively. Taken together, these results indicated that AjIκB and AjTollip functioned as negative regulators in the TLR cascade in response to a V. splendidus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Lu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, PR China
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32
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Mariano G, Stilo R, Terrazzano G, Coccia E, Vito P, Varricchio E, Paolucci M. Effects of recombinant trout leptin in superoxide production and NF-κB/MAPK phosphorylation in blood leukocytes. Peptides 2013; 48:59-69. [PMID: 23932941 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies in mammals indicate that leptin is a multifunctional cytokine involved in regulation of energy metabolism and the modulation of the immune function. However, evidence for an immunomodulatory effect of leptin in fish is still missing. At least in part, this lack of knowledge is due to the absence of materials and models. In this study, we produced trout recombinant leptin (rt-lep) and tested its capacity to trigger cellular pathways, usually active in mammal immune system cells. STAT3, NF-κB, and the three major MAPK cascades (JNK, p38 and ERK), were activated by rt-lep in in vitro incubations with blood leucocytes of the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. We also showed that rt-lep causes a decrease in superoxide anion production in trout blood leucocytes. Thus our data indicate that as in mammals also in teleosts leptin plays pleiotropic activities. Importantly, its actions in fishes do not always conform to the picture emerging for mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Mariano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Universita' del Sannio, Italy.
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33
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Langevin C, Aleksejeva E, Passoni G, Palha N, Levraud JP, Boudinot P. The antiviral innate immune response in fish: evolution and conservation of the IFN system. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4904-20. [PMID: 24075867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity constitutes the first line of the host defense after pathogen invasion. Viruses trigger the expression of interferons (IFNs). These master antiviral cytokines induce in turn a large number of interferon-stimulated genes, which possess diverse effector and regulatory functions. The IFN system is conserved in all tetrapods as well as in fishes, but not in tunicates or in the lancelet, suggesting that it originated in early vertebrates. Viral diseases are an important concern of fish aquaculture, which is why fish viruses and antiviral responses have been studied mostly in species of commercial value, such as salmonids. More recently, there has been an interest in the use of more tractable model fish species, notably the zebrafish. Progress in genomics now makes it possible to get a relatively complete image of the genes involved in innate antiviral responses in fish. In this review, by comparing the IFN system between teleosts and mammals, we will focus on its evolution in vertebrates.
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34
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Zhang YB, Gui JF. Molecular regulation of interferon antiviral response in fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 38:193-202. [PMID: 22721905 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) response is the first line of host defense against virus infection. The recent years have witnessed tremendous progress in understanding of fish IFN antiviral response. Varied number of IFN genes has been identified in different fish species but obviously, they do not show a one-to-one orthologous relationship with mammalian IFN homologs. These genes are divided into two groups with different abilities to induce downstream gene expression through binding to different receptor complexes. Consistently, some fish IFN-stimulated genes such as Mx and PKR have been confirmed for their antiviral effects. In this review, we focus on how fish cells respond to IFNs and how fish IFNs are triggered through TLR pathway and RLR pathway. We highlight the roles of IRF3 and IRF7 in activation of fish IFN response. In addition, the unique mechanisms underlying IRF3/7-dependent fish IFN response and auto-regulation of fish IFN gene expression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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35
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Meng Z, Zhang XY, Guo J, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. Scavenger receptor in fish is a lipopolysaccharide recognition molecule involved in negative regulation of NF-κB activation by competing with TNF receptor-associated factor 2 recruitment into the TNF-α signaling pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4024-39. [PMID: 22988031 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors (SRs) play crucial roles in innate immunity by acting as pattern recognition receptors. Although SRs are widely documented in mammals, data on their occurrence and functions in ancient vertebrates are limited. In this study, we report, to our knowledge, the first cloning and functional characterization of an SR molecule from teleost fish (Tetraodon nigroviridis). This SR (TnSR) was identified as a homolog to mammalian scavenger receptor class A member 5 with the conserved structure of a class A SR. TnSR contained multidomains in a type II transmembrane receptor, including an SR cysteine-rich domain, two coiled-coil collagenous domains, a transmmebrane domain, and a short N-terminal intracellular region with an unexpected TNFR-associated factor 2-binding consensus motif similar to that in human MSR molecules. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that TnSR may be an ancient member of class A SRs resulting from the close relationship between scavenger receptor class A member 5 and macrophage SR in vertebrates associated with the subtle differences in TnSR structure. Subcellular localization analysis showed that TnSR was a cell membrane receptor with homotrimer forms involved in the recognition and internalization of LPS from surface membranes into lysosomes. Functionally, TnSR expression was dramatically induced by LPS stimulation. TnSR served as a negative regulator in LPS-induced NF-κB activation by the competitive recruitment of TNFR-associated factor 2 from the TNF-α signaling pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that SR plays an inhibitory role in LPS-elicited inflammation by cross-talking with the TNF-α inflammatory pathway. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the biological and evolutionary history of the SR family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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36
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Huang R, Lv J, Luo D, Liao L, Zhu Z, Wang Y. Identification, characterization and the interaction of Tollip and IRAK-1 in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:459-467. [PMID: 22659441 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tollip and IRAK-1 are key components of the TLR/IL-1R signaling pathway in mammals, which play crucial roles as mediators of the TLR/IL-1R signal transduction pathways. Although several TLRs have been found in fish, molecular associations, protein-protein interactions or the role of the TLR signaling pathway in infection-induced immunity in fish has received little attention. In this study, Tollip and IRAK-1 sequences of grass carp were isolated from a head kidney cDNA library. Full length transcripts and sequences of promoter regions were obtained by 3' and 5' RACE and genome walking, respectively. Reporter gene-promoter constructs and real-time RT-PCR analysis was used to determine grass carp Tollip and IRAK-1 transcription pattern in tissues. Recombinant proteins were used for antibodies production. Phylogenetically, the grass carp loci clustered with previously reported Tollip and IRAK-1genes, respectively, and their sequences shared the highest identity with the genes of zebrafish (Danio rerio). The promoter region of grass carp Tollip and IRAK-1 proved to be active. After viral infection transcript levels of both loci were upregulated in most immune-related tissues in a time-dependent manner. Using antibodies produced in this study, immunofluorescence analysis indicated that Tollip and IRAK-1 were uniformly distributed and co-localized in the cytoplasm of CIK cells. After viral infection, however, Tollip and IRAK-1 both trended toward the cell membrane. Our results demonstrate the existence of Tollip and IRAK-1 proteins in teleost species, and suggest that Tollip-IRAK-1 complexes are being recruited to receptor complexes after stimulation with virus. These results provide novel insights into the role of the TLR signaling pathway in teleosts, especially the action of teleost Tollip and IRAK-1 and the interaction of these molecules as part of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China
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Yan Y, Cui H, Wei J, Huang Y, Huang X, Qin Q. Functional genomic studies on an immune- and antiviral-related gene of MyD88 in orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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38
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Braden LM, Barker DE, Koop BF, Jones SR. Comparative defense-associated responses in salmon skin elicited by the ectoparasite Lepeophtheirus salmonis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2012; 7:100-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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39
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Palti Y. Toll-like receptors in bony fish: from genomics to function. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1263-1272. [PMID: 21414346 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Receptors that recognize conserved pathogen molecules are the first line of cellular innate immunity defense. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best understood of the innate immune receptors that detect infections in mammals. Key features of the fish TLRs and the factors involved in their signaling cascade have high structural similarity to the mammalian TLR system. However, the fish TLRs also exhibit very distinct features and large diversity which is likely derived from their diverse evolutionary history and the distinct environments that they occupy. Six non-mammalian TLRs were identified in fish. TLR14 shares sequence and structural similarity with TLR1 and 2, and the other five (TLR19, 20, 21, 22 and 23) form a cluster of novel TLRs. TLR4 was lost from the genomes of most fishes, and the TLR4 genes found in zebrafish do not recognize the mammalian agonist LPS and are likely paralogous and not orthologous to mammalian TLR4 genes. TLR6 and 10 are also absent from all fish genomes sequenced to date. Of the at least 16 TLR types identified in fish, direct evidence of ligand specificity has only been shown for TLR2, TLR3, TLR5M, TLR5S and TLR22. The common carp TLR2 was shown to recognize the synthetic triacylated lipopeptide Pam(3)CSK(4) and lipopeptides from gram positive bacteria. The membrane-bound TLR5 (TLR5M) signaling in response to flagellin in rainbow trout is amplified through interaction with the soluble form (TLR5S) in a positive loop feedback. In Fugu, TLR3 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and recognizes relatively short dsRNA, while TLR22 has a surveillance function like the human cell-surface TLR3. Genome and gene duplications have been major contributors to the teleost's rich evolutionary history and genomic diversity. Duplicate or multi-copy TLR genes were identified for TLR3 and 7 in common carp, TLR4b, 5, 8 and 20 in zebrafish, TLR8a in rainbow trout and TLR22 in rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon. The main task for current and near-future fish TLRs research is to develop specificity assays to identify the ligands of all fish TLRs, which will advance comparative immunology research and will contribute to our understanding of disease resistance mechanisms in fish and the development of new adjuvants and/or more effective vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yniv Palti
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA.
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40
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Iliev DB, Sobhkhez M, Fremmerlid K, Jørgensen JB. MyD88 interacts with interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3 and IRF7 in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): transgenic SsMyD88 modulates the IRF-induced type I interferon response and accumulates in aggresomes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42715-42724. [PMID: 21990356 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.293969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
MyD88 is an intracellular adaptor protein that transmits signals downstream of immune receptors such as the IL-1 receptor and the majority of the known mammalian toll-like receptors. Homologs of MyD88 have been identified in many vertebrate species; however, the adaptor has been studied mostly in mammals, and little is known about its function in lower vertebrates. The results presented in the current paper demonstrate, for the first time, that the teleost MyD88, through its Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor domain, interacts with SsIRF3 and two SsIRF7 paralogs: transcription factors that are critically involved in the virus-induced IFN responses. The data further highlight the potential of transgenic SsMyD88 to modulate the IRF-induced type I IFN response as the adaptor synergized with SsIRF3 to activate IRF-E/IFN-stimulated response element-containing reporter gene constructs and endogenous myxovirus resistance homolog expression. Microscopy analyses demonstrated that, similar to mammalian MyD88, both endogenous and transgenic SsMyD88 accumulated in intracellular aggregates. However, unlike the endogenous SsMyD88 clusters, which co-localized with endocytosed CpGs and probably represented myddosomes, overexpressed SsMyD88 accumulated in aggresomes. Although these structures accumulated ubiquitinated proteins, they did not associate with the autophagosome markers p62 and light chain 3-like protein, indicating that they are most likely classical aggresomes rather than aggresome-like induced structures, aggregates of ubiquitinated proteins induced by toll-like receptor/MyD88 signaling in antigen-presenting cells. The significance of the accumulation of transgenic MyD88 in aggresomes is currently unknown; nevertheless it is tempting to speculate that it might represent a defense mechanism against the potentially harmful effects of excessive MyD88 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar B Iliev
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mehrdad Sobhkhez
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kjersti Fremmerlid
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jorunn B Jørgensen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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41
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Gu YF, Fang Y, Jin Y, Dong WR, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. Discovery of the DIGIRR gene from teleost fish: a novel Toll-IL-1 receptor family member serving as a negative regulator of IL-1 signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2514-30. [PMID: 21804011 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-IL-1R (TIR) family members play crucial roles in a variety of defense, inflammatory, injury, and stress responses. Although they have been widely investigated in mammals, little is known about TIRs in ancient vertebrates. In this study, we report a novel double Ig IL-1R related molecule (DIGIRR) from three model fish (Tetraodon nigroviridis, Gasterosteus aculeatus, and Takifugu rubripes), adding a previously unknown homolog to the TIR family. This DIGIRR molecule contains two Ig-like domains in the extracellular region, one Arg-Tyr-mutated TIR domain in the intracellular region, and a unique subcellular distribution within the Golgi apparatus. These characteristics distinguish DIGIRR from other known family members. In vitro injection of DIGIRR into zebrafish embryos dramatically inhibited LPS-induced and IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation. Moreover, in vivo knockdown of DIGIRR by small interfering RNA significantly promoted the expression of IL-1β-stimulated proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1β) in DIGIRR-silenced liver and kidney tissues and in leukocytes. These results strongly suggest that DIGIRR is an important negative regulator of LPS-mediated and IL-1β-mediated signaling pathways and inflammatory responses. The Arg-Tyr-mutated site disrupted the signal transduction ability of DIGIRR TIR. Evolutionally, we propose a hypothesis that DIGIRR and single Ig IL-1R related molecule (SIGIRR) might originate from a common ancient IL-1R-like molecule that lost one (in DIGIRR) or two (in SIGIRR) extracellular Ig-like domains and intracellular Ser and Arg-Tyr amino acids. DIGIRR might be an evolutionary "transitional molecule" between IL-1R and SIGIRR, representing a shift from a potent receptor to a negative regulator. These results help define the evolutionary history of TIR family members and their associated signaling pathways and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-feng Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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