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Maritan E, Quagliariello A, Frago E, Patarnello T, Martino ME. The role of animal hosts in shaping gut microbiome variation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230071. [PMID: 38497257 PMCID: PMC10945410 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Millions of years of co-evolution between animals and their associated microbial communities have shaped and diversified the nature of their relationship. Studies continue to reveal new layers of complexity in host-microbe interactions, the fate of which depends on a variety of different factors, ranging from neutral processes and environmental factors to local dynamics. Research is increasingly integrating ecosystem-based approaches, metagenomics and mathematical modelling to disentangle the individual contribution of ecological factors to microbiome evolution. Within this framework, host factors are known to be among the dominant drivers of microbiome composition in different animal species. However, the extent to which they shape microbiome assembly and evolution remains unclear. In this review, we summarize our understanding of how host factors drive microbial communities and how these dynamics are conserved and vary across taxa. We conclude by outlining key avenues for research and highlight the need for implementation of and key modifications to existing theory to fully capture the dynamics of host-associated microbiomes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Maritan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Quagliariello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Padova, Italy
| | - Enric Frago
- CIRAD, UMR CBGP, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Université Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Tomaso Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Martino
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Padova, Italy
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Becchimanzi A, Nicoletti R, Di Lelio I, Russo E. Immune Gene Repertoire of Soft Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4922. [PMID: 38732132 PMCID: PMC11084805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects possess an effective immune system, which has been extensively characterized in several model species, revealing a plethora of conserved genes involved in recognition, signaling, and responses to pathogens and parasites. However, some taxonomic groups, characterized by peculiar trophic niches, such as plant-sap feeders, which are often important pests of crops and forestry ecosystems, have been largely overlooked regarding their immune gene repertoire. Here we annotated the immune genes of soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae) for which omics data are publicly available. By using immune genes of aphids and Drosophila to query the genome of Ericerus pela, as well as the transcriptomes of Ceroplastes cirripediformis and Coccus sp., we highlight the lack of peptidoglycan recognition proteins, galectins, thaumatins, and antimicrobial peptides in Coccidae. This work contributes to expanding our knowledge about the evolutionary trajectories of immune genes and offers a list of promising candidates for developing new control strategies based on the suppression of pests' immunity through RNAi technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Becchimanzi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Nicoletti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
- Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Lelio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Elia Russo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
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Mushtaq Z, Kurcheti PP, Jeena K, Gireesh-Babu P. Short peptidoglycan recognition protein 5 modulates immune response to bacteria in Indian major carp, Cirrhinusmrigala. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 152:105104. [PMID: 38040045 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) function in host antibacterial responses by recognizing bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN). In the present study, a short pgrp5 (named mpgrp5) was identified in Cirrhinus mrigala (mrigal). The full-length cDNA of the mpgrp5 gene was 1255 bp, containing an open reading frame of 746 bp encoding a protein of 248 amino acids. The predicted protein contained the typical Pgrp/amidase domain, conserved Zn2+, and PGN binding residues. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the mpgrp5 is closely related to Pgrps reported in Labeo rohita, Cyrinus carpio, and Ctenopharyngodon idella. The ontogenetic expression of mpgrp5 was highest at 7 days post-hatching (dph) and its possible maternal transfer. mpgrp5 was constitutively expressed in all tissues examined, with the highest expression observed in the intestine. Furthermore, mpgrp5 was found upregulated in mrigal post-challenge in a time-dependent manner at 6hpi in the liver (3.16 folds, p < 0.05) and kidney (2.79 folds, p < 0.05) and at 12hpi in gill (1.90 folds, p < 0.01), skin (1.93 folds, p < 0.01), and intestine, (2.71 folds, p < 0.05) whereas at 24hpi in spleen (4.0 folds, p < 0.01). Our results suggest that mpgrp5 may play an important role in antibacterial immune response from early life stages in mrigal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Mushtaq
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | | | - K Jeena
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - P Gireesh-Babu
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Meat, Hyderabad, 500092, India
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Yang W, Lin Y, He Y, Li Q, Chen W, Lin Q, Swevers L, Liu J. BmPGPR-L4 is a negative regulator of the humoral immune response in the silkworm Bombyx mori. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 115:e22093. [PMID: 38409870 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Toll, immune deficiency and prophenoloxidase cascade represent vital immune signaling pathways in insects. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are innate immune receptors that activate and regulate the immune signaling pathways. Previously, we reported that BmPGPR-L4 was induced in the silkworm Bombyx mori larvae by bacteria and peptidoglycan challenges. Here, we focused on the function of BmPGRP-L4 in regulating the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The hemolymph from BmPGRP-L4-silenced larvae exhibited an enhanced inhibitory effect on the growth of Escherichia coli, either by growth curve or inhibitory zone experiments. Coincidentally, most of the AMP genes were upregulated after RNAi of BmPGRP-L4. Oral administration of heat-inactivated E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus after RNAi of BmPGRP-L4 resulted in the increased expression of BmPGRP-L4 in different tissues of the silkworm larvae, revealing an auto-regulatory mechanism. By contrast, the expression of most AMP genes was downregulated by oral bacterial administration after RNAi of BmPGRP-L4. The above results demonstrate that BmPGRP-L4 recognizes bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns and negatively regulates AMP expression to achieve immunological homeostasis. As a negative regulator, BmPGPR-L4 is proposed to be involved in the feedback regulation of the immune signaling pathways of the silkworm to prevent excessive activation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyi Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanying He
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijian Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingsha Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luc Swevers
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens, Greece
| | - Jisheng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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Hwang SH, Jang HA, Kojour MAM, Yun K, Lee YS, Han YS, Jo YH. Effects of TmTak1 silencing on AMP production as an Imd pathway component in Tenebrio molitor. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18914. [PMID: 37919359 PMCID: PMC10622451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mealworms beetles, Tenebrio molitor, are the limelight next-generation food for humans due to their high nutrient contents. Since Tenebrio molitor is used as feed for pets and livestock in addition to their ability to decompose polystyrene and plastic waste, it is recognized as an insect with an industrial core value. Therefore, it is important to study the immune mechanism related to the development and infection of mealworms for mass breeding purposes. The immune deficiency (Imd) signaling is one of the main pathways with pivotal roles in the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Transforming growth factor-β activated kinase (TAK1) is one of the Imd pathway components, forms a complex with TAK1 binding protein 2 (TAB2) to ultimately help activate the transcription factor Relish and eventually induce host to produce AMPs. Relatively, little has been revealed about TAK1 in insect models, especially in the T. molitor. Therefore, this study was conducted to elucidate the function of TmTak1 in T. molitor. Our results showed that the highest and lowest mRNA expression of TmTak1 were found in egg and young larvae respectively. The tissue-specific expression patterns were reported in the gut of T. molitor larvae and the fat bodies of adults. Systemic microbial challenge illustrated TmTak1 high expression following the fungal infection in all dissected tissues except for the whole body. However, silencing TmTak1 experiments showed that the survivability of T. molitor larvae affected significantly following Escherichia coli infection. Accordingly, AMP induction after TmTak1 knock down was mainly reported in the integument and the fat bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hyeon Hwang
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Am Jang
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Korea Native Animal Resources Utilization Convergence Research Institute (KNAR), Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Maryam Ali Mohammadie Kojour
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunho Yun
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Korea Native Animal Resources Utilization Convergence Research Institute (KNAR), Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.
- Korea Native Animal Resources Utilization Convergence Research Institute (KNAR), Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.
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Touré H, Durand N, Guénal I, Herrmann JL, Girard-Misguich F, Szuplewski S. Mycobacterium abscessus Opsonization Allows an Escape from the Defensin Bactericidal Action in Drosophila. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0077723. [PMID: 37260399 PMCID: PMC10434004 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00777-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus, an intracellular nontuberculous mycobacterium, is considered the most pathogenic species among the group of rapidly growing mycobacteria. The resistance of M. abscessus to the host innate response contributes to its pathogenicity in addition to several virulence factors. We have recently shown in Drosophila that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), whose production is induced by M. abscessus, are unable to control mycobacterial infection. This could be due to their inability to kill mycobacteria and/or the hidden location of the pathogen in phagocytic cells. Here, we demonstrate that the rapid internalization of M. abscessus by Drosophila macrophages allows it to escape the AMP-mediated humoral response. By depleting phagocytes in AMP-deficient flies, we found that several AMPs were required for the control of extracellular M. abscessus. This was confirmed in the Tep4 opsonin-deficient flies, which we show can better control M. abscessus growth and have increased survival through overproduction of some AMPs, including Defensin. Furthermore, Defensin alone was sufficient to kill extracellular M. abscessus both in vitro and in vivo and control its infection. Collectively, our data support that Tep4-mediated opsonization of M. abscessus allows its escape and resistance toward the Defensin bactericidal action in Drosophila. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium abscessus, an opportunistic pathogen in cystic fibrosis patients, is the most pathogenic species among the fast-growing mycobacteria. How M. abscessus resists the host innate response before establishing an infection remains unclear. Using Drosophila, we have recently demonstrated that M. abscessus resists the host innate response by surviving the cytotoxic lysis of the infected phagocytes and the induced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including Defensin. In this work, we demonstrate that M. abscessus resists the latter response by being rapidly internalized by Drosophila phagocytes. Indeed, by combining in vivo and in vitro approaches, we show that Defensin is able to control extracellular M. abscessus infection through a direct bactericidal action. In conclusion, we report that M. abscessus escapes the host AMP-mediated humoral response by taking advantage of its internalization by the phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamadoun Touré
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Nicolas Durand
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | | | - Jean-Louis Herrmann
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Ile-de-France Ouest, GHU Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Fabienne Girard-Misguich
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
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7
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Smith BR, Patch KB, Gupta A, Knoles EM, Unckless RL. The genetic basis of variation in immune defense against Lysinibacillus fusiformis infection in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1010934. [PMID: 37549163 PMCID: PMC10434897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic causes of phenotypic variation often differ depending on the population examined, particularly if the populations were founded by relatively small numbers of genotypes. Similarly, the genetic causes of phenotypic variation among similar traits (resistance to different xenobiotic compounds or pathogens) may also be completely different or only partially overlapping. Differences in genetic causes for variation in the same trait among populations suggests context dependence for how selection acts on those traits. Similarities in the genetic causes of variation for different traits, on the other hand, suggests pleiotropy which would also influence how natural selection shapes variation in a trait. We characterized immune defense against a natural Drosophila pathogen, the Gram-positive bacterium Lysinibacillus fusiformis, in three different populations and found almost no overlap in the genetic architecture of variation in survival post infection. However, when comparing our results to a similar experiment with the fungal pathogen, B. bassiana, we found a convincing shared QTL peak for both pathogens. This peak contains the Bomanin cluster of Drosophila immune effectors. Loss of function mutants and RNAi knockdown experiments confirms a role of some of these genes in immune defense against both pathogens. This suggests that natural selection may act on the entire cluster of Bomanin genes (and the linked region under the QTL) or specific peptides for specific pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittny R. Smith
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Kistie B. Patch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Anjali Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Emma M. Knoles
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Unckless
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
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Sato R. Mechanisms and roles of the first stage of nodule formation in lepidopteran insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2023; 23:3. [PMID: 37405874 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Nodule formation is a process of cellular immunity in insects and other arthropods with open circulatory systems. Based on histological observations, nodule formation occurs in 2 stages. The first stage occurs immediately after microbial inoculation and includes aggregate formation by granulocytes. The second stage occurs approximately 2-6 h later and involves the attachment of plasmatocytes to melanized aggregates produced during the first stage. The first stage response is thought to play a major role in the rapid capture of invading microorganisms. However, little is known regarding how granulocytes in the hemolymph form aggregates, or how the first stage of the immunological response protects against invading microorganisms. Since the late 1990s, our understanding of the molecules and immune pathways that contribute to nodule formation has improved. The first stage of nodule formation involves a hemocyte-induced response that is triggered by pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognition proteins in the hemolymph regulated by a serine proteinase cascade and cytokine (Spätzle) and Toll signaling pathways. Hemocyte agglutination proceeds through stepwise release of biogenic amine, 5-HT, and eicosanoids that act downstream of the Toll pathway. The first stage of nodule formation is closely linked to melanization and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production, which is critical for insect humoral immunity. Nodule formation in response to artificial inoculation with millions of microorganisms has long been studied. It has recently been suggested that this system is the original natural immune system, and enables insects to respond to a single invading microorganism in the hemocoel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Sato
- Graduate School of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Bossen J, Kühle JP, Roeder T. The tracheal immune system of insects - A blueprint for understanding epithelial immunity. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 157:103960. [PMID: 37235953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The unique design of respiratory organs in multicellular organisms makes them prone to infection by pathogens. To cope with this vulnerability, highly effective local immune systems evolved that are also operative in the tracheal system of insects. Many pathogens and parasites (including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and metazoan parasites) colonize the trachea or invade the host via this route. Currently, only two modules of the tracheal immune system have been characterized in depth: 1) Immune deficiency pathway-mediated activation of antimicrobial peptide gene expression and 2) local melanization processes that protect the structure from wounding. There is an urgent need to increase our understanding of the architecture of tracheal immune systems, especially regarding those mechanisms that enable the maintenance of immune homeostasis. This need for new studies is particularly exigent for species other than Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Bossen
- Kiel University, Zoology, Dept, Molecular Physiology, Kiel, Germany; Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Jan-Philip Kühle
- Kiel University, Zoology, Dept, Molecular Physiology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Kiel University, Zoology, Dept, Molecular Physiology, Kiel, Germany; Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany.
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Ren F, Yan J, Wang X, Xie Y, Guo N, Swevers L, Sun J. Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein S5 of Bombyx mori Facilitates the Proliferation of Bombyx mori Cypovirus 1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:6338-6347. [PMID: 37053003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori cypovirus 1 (BmCPV1), a primary pathogen of the silkworm, is a typical dsRNA virus belonging to the Reoviridae family. In this study, a total of 2520 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by RNA-seq analysis of the silkworm midgut after BmCPV1 infection and Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation showed that the DEGs predominantly functioned in binding (molecular function), cell (cellular component), and cellular processes (biological process). Additionally, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional annotation revealed that the DEGs were mainly distributed in global and overview metabolism maps, translation, and signal transduction. Among the identified DEGs, BmPGRP-S5 belongs to the peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) family. Previous studies have revealed that PGRPs were involved in the interactions between silkworm and BmCPV1. Here, we explored the effect of BmPGRP-S5 on BmCPV1 replication and demonstrated that BmPGRP-S5 promotes the proliferation of BmCPV1 in BmN cells through overexpression or knockdown experiments. Knocking down of BmPGRP-S5 in silkworm larvae similarly promoted the proliferation of BmCPV1. Through experimental validation, we therefore determined that BmPGRP-S5 acts as a proviral host factor for BmCPV1 infection. This study clarifies the proliferation mechanism of BmCPV1 and provides new insights into the functional role of BmPGRP-S5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiming Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yukai Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Nan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens 15341, Greece
| | - Jingchen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Liu Y, Li X, Lin L. Transcriptome of the pygmy grasshopper Formosatettix qinlingensis (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae). PeerJ 2023; 11:e15123. [PMID: 37016680 PMCID: PMC10066883 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Formosatettix qinlingensis (Zheng, 1982) is a tiny grasshopper endemic to Qinling in China. For further study of its transcriptomic features, we obtained RNA-Seq data by Illumina HiSeq X Ten sequencing platform. Firstly, transcriptomic analysis showed that transcriptome read numbers of two female and one male samples were 25,043,314, 24,429,905, and 25,034,457, respectively. We assembled 65,977 unigenes, their average length was 1,072.09 bp, and the length of N50 was 2,031 bp. The average lengths of F. qinlingensis female and male unigenes were 911.30 bp, and 941.82 bp, and the N50 lengths were 1,745 bp and 1,735 bp, respectively. Eight databases were used to annotate the functions of unigenes, and 23,268 functional unigenes were obtained. Besides, we also studied the body color, immunity and insecticide resistance of F. qinlingensis. Thirty-nine pigment-related genes were annotated. Some immunity genes and signaling pathways were found, such as JAK-STAT and Toll-LIKE receptor signaling pathways. There are also some insecticide resistance genes and signal pathways, like nAChR, GST and DDT. Further, some of these genes were differentially expressed in female and male samples, including pigment, immunity and insecticide resistance. The transcriptomic study of F. qinlingensis will provide data reference for gene prediction and molecular expression study of other Tetrigidae species in the future. Differential genetic screening of males and females provides a basis for studying sex and immune balance in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Liu
- Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Hwang HJ, Patnaik BB, Baliarsingh S, Patnaik HH, Sang MK, Park JE, Cho HC, Song DK, Jeong JY, Hong CE, Kim YT, Sin HJ, Ziwei L, Park SY, Kang SW, Jeong HC, Park HS, Han YS, Lee YS. Transcriptome analysis of the endangered dung beetle Copris tripartitus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and characterization of genes associated to immunity, growth, and reproduction. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:94. [PMID: 36864388 PMCID: PMC9979532 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09122-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dung beetles recycle organic matter through the decomposition of feces and support ecological balance. However, these insects are threatened by the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals and habitat destruction. Copris tripartitus Waterhouse (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), a dung beetle, is listed as a class-II Korean endangered species. Although the genetic diversity of C. tripartitus populations has been investigated through analysis of mitochondrial genes, genomic resources for this species remain limited. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome of C. tripartitus to elucidate functions related to growth, immunity and reproduction for the purpose of informed conservation planning. RESULTS The transcriptome of C. tripartitus was generated using next-generation Illumina sequencing and assembled de novo using a Trinity-based platform. In total, 98.59% of the raw sequence reads were processed as clean reads. These reads were assembled into 151,177 contigs, 101,352 transcripts, and 25,106 unigenes. A total of 23,450 unigenes (93.40%) were annotated to at least one database. The largest proportion of unigenes (92.76%) were annotated to the locally curated PANM-DB. A maximum of 5,512 unigenes had homologous sequences in Tribolium castaneum. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed a maximum of 5,174 unigenes in the Molecular function category. Further, in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, a total of 462 enzymes were associated with established biological pathways. Based on sequence homology to known proteins in PANM-DB, representative immunity, growth, and reproduction-related genes were screened. Potential immunity-related genes were categorized into pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, the MyD88- dependent pathway, endogenous ligands, immune effectors, antimicrobial peptides, apoptosis, and adaptation-related transcripts. Among PRRs, we conducted detailed in silico characterization of TLR-2, CTL, and PGRP_SC2-like. Repetitive elements such as long terminal repeats, short interspersed nuclear elements, long interspersed nuclear elements and DNA elements were enriched in the unigene sequences. A total of 1,493 SSRs were identified among all unigenes of C. tripartitus. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive resource for analysis of the genomic topography of the beetle C. tripartitus. The data presented here clarify the fitness phenotypes of this species in the wild and provide insight to support informed conservation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Ju Hwang
- Korea Native Animal Resources Utilization Convergence Research Institute (KNAR), Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- Korea Native Animal Resources Utilization Convergence Research Institute (KNAR), Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea.,PG Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore-, Odisha, 756089, India.,Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Snigdha Baliarsingh
- PG Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore-, Odisha, 756089, India
| | - Hongray Howrelia Patnaik
- Korea Native Animal Resources Utilization Convergence Research Institute (KNAR), Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Min Kyu Sang
- Research Support Center (Core-Facility) for Bio-Bigdata Analysis and Utilization of Biological Resources, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Jie Eun Park
- Korea Native Animal Resources Utilization Convergence Research Institute (KNAR), Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea.,Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Hang Chul Cho
- iLAB, INSILICOGEN, INC. #2901~2904, Tower-Dong A, HEUNGDEOK IT VALLEY, 13, Heungdeok 1-Ro, Giheung-Gu, Yongin-Si, 16954, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Dae Kwon Song
- Korea Native Animal Resources Utilization Convergence Research Institute (KNAR), Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea.,Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Jun Yang Jeong
- Korea Native Animal Resources Utilization Convergence Research Institute (KNAR), Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea.,Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Chan Eui Hong
- Korea Native Animal Resources Utilization Convergence Research Institute (KNAR), Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea.,Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kim
- Korea Native Animal Resources Utilization Convergence Research Institute (KNAR), Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea.,Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Jun Sin
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Liu Ziwei
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Biodiversity Research Team, Animal & Plant Research Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Se Won Kang
- Biological Resource Center (BRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Heon Cheon Jeong
- Korea Native Animal Resources Utilization Convergence Research Institute (KNAR), Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Hong Seog Park
- Research Institute, GnC BIO Co., LTD., 621-6 Banseok-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34069, Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-Ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Korea Native Animal Resources Utilization Convergence Research Institute (KNAR), Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea. .,Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea. .,Research Support Center (Core-Facility) for Bio-Bigdata Analysis and Utilization of Biological Resources, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, South Korea.
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13
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Hou J, Hao W, Chang Li M, Gan Z, Chen SN, Lu YS, Xia LQ. Identification and characterization of two long-type peptidoglycan recognition proteins, PGRP-L1 and PGRP-L2, in the orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108580. [PMID: 36796596 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) play an important role in innate immunity by recognizing components of pathogenic bacteria (such as peptidoglycan, PGN) and are evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in both invertebrates and vertebrates. In the present study, two long-type PGRPs (designed as Eco-PGRP-L1 and Eco-PGRP-L2) were identified in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), which is a major economic species cultured in Asia. The predicted protein sequences of both Eco-PGRP-L1 and Eco-PGRP-L2 contain a typical PGRP domain. Eco-PGRP-L1 and Eco-PGRP-L2 exhibited organ/tissue-specific expression patterns. An abundant expression of Eco-PGRP-L1 was observed in pyloric caecum, stomach and gill, whereas a highest expression level of Eco-PGRP-L2 was found in head kidney, spleen, skin and heart. In addition, Eco-PGRP-L1 is distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus, while Eco-PGRP-L2 is mainly localized in cytoplasm. Both Eco-PGRP-L1 and Eco-PGRP-L2 were induced following the stimulation of PGN and have PGN binding activity. In addition, functional analysis revealed that Eco-PGRP-L1 and Eco-PGRP-L2 possess antibacterial activity against Edwardsiella tarda. These results may contribute to understand the innate immune system of orange-spotted grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hou
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Hao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Min Chang Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Zhen Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yi Shan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, Guangdong, China.
| | - Li Qun Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Liang Y, Wang T, Yang W, Chen Z, Li Q, Swevers L, Liu J. Silencing of the immune gene BmPGRP-L4 in the midgut affects the growth of silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36705338 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are one of the receptors in insects' immune pathways, essential for insects to recognize the exogenous pathogens in order to activate the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathway. In the silkworm Bombyx mori, previous studies focused on the short PGRPs and less is known about the long PGRPs. In this study, a long PGRP in silkworm BmPGRP-L4 was cloned and its expression and function were analysed. The results showed that BmPGRP-L4 contains a transmembrane region, a conserved PGRP domain, and an amidase-2 domain. The expression profile demonstrated that BmPGRP-L4 existed in diverse tissues including epidermis, fat body, midgut, and silk glands, with remarkably high expression in the midgut in the 5th instar. Oral infection with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus significantly induced BmPGRP-L4 in the midgut and epidermis, as well as in the fat body and silk glands. Peptidoglycan also induced the expression of BmPGRP-L4 in midgut tissue ex vivo and BmN4 cells in vitro. RNAi of BmPGRP-L4 was effective in the midgut and epidermis, while the efficiency in the fat body was transient. RNAi-mediated knock-down of BmPGRP-L4 reduced the weight and growth of the silkworm, possibly due to its participation in the immune response and the regulation of the microbiota in the midgut lumen of the silkworm larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yebin Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyi Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zemin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingrong Li
- The Sericulture and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luc Swevers
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens, Greece
| | - Jisheng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Wang Y, Yang LG, Feng GP, Yao ZL, Li SH, Zhou JF, Fang WH, Chen YH, Li XC. PvML1 suppresses bacterial infection by recognizing LPS and regulating AMP expression in shrimp. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1088862. [PMID: 36643915 PMCID: PMC9832027 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1088862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play essential roles in the innate immunity of Drosophila and mammals. Recent studies have revealed the presence of Toll-mediated immune signaling pathways in shrimp. However, the recognition and activation mechanism of Toll signaling pathways in crustaceans remain poorly understood due to the absence of key recognition molecules, such as peptidoglycan recognition proteins. Here, a novel MD2-related lipid-recognition (ML) member named PvML1 was characterized in Penaeus vannamei. We found that PvML1 shared a similar 3D structure with human MD2 that could specifically recognize lipopolysaccharides (LPS) participating in LPS-mediated TLR4 signaling. PvML1 was highly expressed in hemocytes and remarkably upregulated after Vibrio parahemolyticus challenge. Furthermore, the binding and agglutinating assays showed that PvML1 possessed strong binding activities to LPS and its key portion lipid A as well as Vibrio cells, and the binding of PvML1 with bacterial cells led to the agglutination of bacteria, suggesting PvML1 may act as a potential pathogen recognition protein upon interaction with LPS. Besides, coating V. parahemolyticus with recombinant PvML1 promoted bacterial clearance in vivo and increased the survival rate of bacterium-challenged shrimp. This result was further confirmed by RNAi experiments. The knockdown of PvML1 remarkably suppressed the clearance of bacteria in hemolymph and decreased the survival rate of infected shrimp. Meanwhile, the silencing of PvML1 severely impaired the expression of a few antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). These results demonstrated the significant correlation of bacterial clearance mediated by PvML1 with the AMP expression. Interestingly, we found that PvML1 interacted with the extracellular region of PvToll2, which had been previously shown to participate in bacterial clearance by regulating AMP expression. Taken together, the proposed antibacterial model mediated by PvML1 might be described as follows. PvML1 acted as a potential recognition receptor for Gram-negative bacteria by binding to LPS, and then it activated PvToll2-mediated signaling pathway by interacting with PvToll2 to eliminate invading bacteria through producing specific AMPs. This study provided new insights into the recognition and activation mechanism of Toll signaling pathways of invertebrates and the defense functions of ML members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Inland Saline-alkaline Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China,East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China,Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Molecular Engineering, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Li-Guo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Inland Saline-alkaline Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China,East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Peng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Inland Saline-alkaline Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China,East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zong-Li Yao
- Key Laboratory of Inland Saline-alkaline Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China,East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shou-Hu Li
- Key Laboratory of Inland Saline-alkaline Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China,East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Fang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Inland Saline-alkaline Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China,East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Hong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Inland Saline-alkaline Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China,East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE), College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China,*Correspondence: Yi-Hong Chen, ; Xin-Cang Li,
| | - Xin-Cang Li
- Key Laboratory of Inland Saline-alkaline Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China,East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Yi-Hong Chen, ; Xin-Cang Li,
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16
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Li J, Li J, Jing Z, Yu Q, Zheng G, Zhang B, Xing L, Zhang H, Wan F, Li C. Antiviral function of peptidoglycan recognition protein in Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 36464632 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are a class of molecules that play a critical role in insect immunity. Understanding the function of PGRPs is important to improve the efficiency of microbial insecticides. In this study, we investigated the role of PGRP-LB (a long type PGRP) in insect immunity against viruses using Spodoptera exigua and Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) as an insect-virus model. We cloned and identified a PGRP-LB gene from S. exigua; the gene consisted of 7 exons that encoded a polypeptide of 234 amino acids with a signal peptide and a typical amidase domain. Expression analysis revealed that the abundance of SePGRP-LB transcripts in the fat body was greater than in other tissues. Overexpression of SePGRP-LB resulted in a significant decrease of 49% in the rate of SeMNPV-infected cells. In addition, the multiplication of SeMNPV was significantly decreased: a decrease of 79% in the production of occlusion-derived virion (ODV), and a maximum decrease of 50% in the production of budded virion (BV). In contrast, silencing of SePGRP-LB expression by RNA interference resulted in a significant 1.65-fold increase in the rate of SeMNPV-infected cells, a significant 0.54-fold increase in ODV production, a maximum 1.57-fold increase in BV production, and the larval survival dropped to 21%. Our findings show that SePGRP-LB has an antiviral function against SeMNPV, and therefore this gene may provide a target for lepidopteran pest control using virus insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaohao Jing
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qianlong Yu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guiling Zheng
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Longsheng Xing
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fanghao Wan
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changyou Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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17
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Mei X, Peng P, Li C, Qiao P, He E, Qiu Z, Xia D, Zhao Q, Shen D. Peptidoglycan recognition protein 6 (PGRP6) from Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) serve as a pattern recognition receptor in innate immune response. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 111:e21955. [PMID: 35927931 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) recognize invading microbes via detecting peptidoglycans from microbial cell walls. PGRPs are highly conserved from insects to vertebrates and all play roles during the immune defensive response. Ten putative PGRPs have been identified through transcriptome analysis in the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée). Whereas, the biochemical functions of most of them have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we found PGRP6 messenger RNA exhibited extremely high expression levels in the midgut, and its transcript level increased dramatically upon bacterial infection. Moreover, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated recombinant PGRP6 exhibited a strong binding affinity to peptidoglycans from Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis, which could agglutinate M. luteus and yeast Pichia pastoris. Additionally, we demonstrated that PGRP6 was involved in the pathway of antimicrobial peptides synthesis, but could not enhance encapsulation and melanization of hemocytes. Overall, our results indicated that O. furnacalis PGRP6 serves as a pattern recognition receptor and detects peptidoglycans from microbes to initiate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghan Mei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peilin Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peitong Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Enxi He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyong Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dingguo Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaoling Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongxu Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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18
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Asgari D, Saski CA, Meisel RP, Nayduch D. Constitutively-expressed and induced immune effectors in the house fly (Musca domestica) and the transcription factors that may regulate them. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:782-797. [PMID: 35875866 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Insects possess both infection-induced and constitutively expressed innate immune defences. Some effectors, such as lysozymes and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), are constitutively expressed in flies, but expression patterns vary across tissues and species. The house fly (Musca domestica L.) has an impressive immune repertoire, with more effector genes than any other flies. We used RNA-seq to explore both constitutive and induced expression of immune effectors in flies. House flies were fed either Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Escherichia coli, or sterile control broth, and gene expression in the gut and carcass was analysed 4 h post-feeding. Flies fed either bacterium did not induce AMP expression, but some lysozyme and AMP genes were constitutively expressed. Prior transcriptome data from flies injected with bacteria also were analysed, and these constitutively expressed genes differed from those induced by bacterial injection. Binding sites for the transcription factor Myc were enriched upstream of constitutively expressed AMP genes, while upstream regions of induced AMPs were enriched for NF-κB binding sites resembling those of the Imd-responsive transcription factor Relish. Therefore, we identified at least two expression repertoires for AMPs in the house fly: constitutively expressed genes that may be regulated by Myc, and induced AMPs likely regulated by Relish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Asgari
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher A Saski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Richard P Meisel
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dana Nayduch
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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19
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Liao Z, Yang Z, Wang Y, He J, He Z, Zhang X, Buttino I, Qi P, Fan M, Guo B, Yan X, He M. Molecular characterization of peptidoglycan recognition proteins from Mytilus coruscus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:612-623. [PMID: 36272520 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mytilus shows great immune resistance to various bacteria from the living waters, indicating a complex immune recognition mechanism against various microbes. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) play an important role in the defense against invading microbes via the recognition of the immunogenic substance peptidoglycan (PGN). Therefore, eight PGRPs were identified from the gill transcriptome of Mytilus coruscus. The sequence features, expression pattern in various organs and larval development stages, and microbes induced expression profiles of these Mytilus PGRPs were determined. Our data revealed the constitutive expression of PGRPs in various organs with relative higher expression level in immune-related organs. The expression of PGRPs is developmentally regulated, and most PGRPs are undetectable in larvae stages. The expression level of most PGRPs was significantly increased with in vivo microbial challenges, showing strong response to Gram-positive strain in gill and digestive gland, strong response to Gram-negative strain in hemocytes, and relative weaker response to fungus in the three tested organs. In addition, the function analysis of the representative recombinant expressed PGRP (rMcPGRP-2) confirmed the antimicrobial and agglutination activities, showing the immune-related importance of PGRP in Mytilus. Our work suggests that Mytilus PGRPs can act as pattern recognition receptors to recognize the invading microorganisms and the antimicrobial effectors during the innate immune response of Mytilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liao
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, 316022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zongxin Yang
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, 316022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, 316022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianyu He
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, 316022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhijiang He
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, 316022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, 316022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Isabella Buttino
- Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Pengzhi Qi
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, 316022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meihua Fan
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, 316022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baoying Guo
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, 316022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, 316022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Menglan He
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, 316022, Zhejiang, China.
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20
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Yan Y, Jia MH, Le ZJ, Xu KK, Li C, Yang WJ. Four peptidoglycan recognition proteins are indispensable for antibacterial immunity in the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius). Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:1212-1220. [PMID: 36049566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), an important pattern recognition receptor of insects, is significant for reducing innate immunity and effective pest control. We cloned four PGRP genes (LsPGRP-LB, LsPGRP-LB1, LsPGRP-LE, and LsPGRP-SC2) from the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius), which encoded proteins of 216, 197, 317, and 190 amino acids, respectively. Three LsPGRPs were predominantly expressed in the larval and pupal stages, whereas LsPGRP-LE displayed high expression in adults. All the four LsPGRPs genes were highly expressed in the midgut and integument. Pathogen inoculation revealed that the four LsPGRPs actively responded to Escherichia coli and its peptidoglycan. The transcription levels of LsPGRP-LE and LsPGRP-SC2 increased significantly after Staphylococcus aureus stimulation. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the four LsPGRPs led to increased larval mortality when challenged by E. coli, and the expression of four antimicrobial peptide genes (LsCole, LsAtt2, LsDef1 and LsDef2) had a significant decrease. Higher mortality and lower AMP expression were also observed in L. serricorne under S. aureus infection after silencing LsPGRP-LE and LsPGRP-SC2. Our results suggest that the four LsPGRP genes play important and distinct regulatory roles in the antibacterial defense response of L. serricorne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yan
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Ming-Huan Jia
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Le
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Kang-Kang Xu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Wen-Jia Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China.
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21
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Masuzzo A, Manière G, Grosjean Y, Kurz L, Royet J. Bacteria-Derived Peptidoglycan Triggers a Noncanonical Nuclear Factor-κB-Dependent Response in Drosophila Gustatory Neurons. J Neurosci 2022; 42:7809-7823. [PMID: 36414007 PMCID: PMC9581565 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2437-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Probing the external world is essential for eukaryotes to distinguish beneficial from pathogenic micro-organisms. If it is clear that the main part of this task falls to the immune cells, recent work shows that neurons can also detect microbes, although the molecules and mechanisms involved are less characterized. In Drosophila, detection of bacteria-derived peptidoglycan by pattern recognition receptors of the peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) family expressed in immune cells triggers nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/immune deficiency (IMD)-dependent signaling. We show here that one PGRP protein, called PGRP-LB, is expressed in bitter gustatory neurons of proboscises. In vivo calcium imaging in female flies reveals that the PGRP/IMD pathway is cell-autonomously required in these neurons to transduce the peptidoglycan signal. We finally show that NF-κB/IMD pathway activation in bitter-sensing gustatory neurons influences fly behavior. This demonstrates that a major immune response elicitor and signaling module are required in the peripheral nervous system to sense the presence of bacteria in the environment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In addition to the classical immune response, eukaryotes rely on neuronally controlled mechanisms to detect microbes and engage in adapted behaviors. However, the mechanisms of microbe detection by the nervous system are poorly understood. Using genetic analysis and calcium imaging, we demonstrate here that bacteria-derived peptidoglycan can activate bitter gustatory neurons. We further show that this response is mediated by the PGRP-LC membrane receptor and downstream components of a noncanonical NF-κB signaling cascade. Activation of this signaling cascade triggers behavior changes. These data demonstrate that bitter-sensing neurons and immune cells share a common detection and signaling module to either trigger the production of antibacterial effectors or to modulate the behavior of flies that are in contact with bacteria. Because peptidoglycan detection doesn't mobilize the known gustatory receptors, it also demonstrates that taste perception is much more complex than anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Masuzzo
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biologie du Developpement de Marseille, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Manière
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement; Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, L'Institut Agro Dijon, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Yaël Grosjean
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement; Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, L'Institut Agro Dijon, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Léopold Kurz
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biologie du Developpement de Marseille, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Julien Royet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biologie du Developpement de Marseille, 13009 Marseille, France
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22
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Gauthier AE, Rotjan RD, Kagan JC. Lipopolysaccharide detection by the innate immune system may be an uncommon defence strategy used in nature. Open Biol 2022; 12:220146. [PMID: 36196535 PMCID: PMC9533005 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the publication of the Janeway's Pattern Recognition hypothesis in 1989, study of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and their immuno-stimulatory activities has accelerated. Most studies in this area have been conducted in model organisms, which leaves many open questions about the universality of PAMP biology across living systems. Mammals have evolved multiple proteins that operate as receptors for the PAMP lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria, but LPS is not immuno-stimulatory in all eukaryotes. In this review, we examine the history of LPS as a PAMP in mammals, recent data on LPS structure and its ability to activate mammalian innate immune receptors, and how these activities compare across commonly studied eukaryotes. We discuss why LPS may have evolved to be immuno-stimulatory in some eukaryotes but not others and propose two hypotheses about the evolution of PAMP structure based on the ecology and environmental context of the organism in question. Understanding PAMP structures and stimulatory mechanisms across multi-cellular life will provide insights into the evolutionary origins of innate immunity and may lead to the discovery of new PAMP variations of scientific and therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Gauthier
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randi D. Rotjan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan C. Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, and Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology, USA
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23
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Park BJ, Yoon YB, Park SC, Lee DH, Shin C, Kwak HJ, Kim JW, Cho SJ. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins from the earthworm, Eisenia andrei: Differential inducibility and tissue-specific expression. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 135:104483. [PMID: 35760219 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in innate immunity have been identified and characterized in earthworms. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are highly conserved PRRs that activate effector pathways such as prophenoloxidase cascade and Toll-like receptor pathway. In addition, PGRPs function as an enzyme, N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase (NAMLAA), to directly hydrolyze peptidoglycan. We identified four full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences, Ean-PGRP1/2/3/4, in Eisenia andrei, an earthworm. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses indicate that earthworm PGRP orthologs resemble short PGRP member proteins. The subcellular localizations of four Ean-PGRPs lacking the transmembrane domain are predicted to be extracellular or cytoplasmic. All Ean-PGRPs contain a highly conserved PGRP domain with a conserved Zn2+ binding site including a tyrosine residue essential for active amidase activity. Three highly conserved amino-acid residues (His, Trp, and Thr) necessary for amidase activity are also present, indicating that the Ean-PGRPs can be predicted to have amidase activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the Ean-PGRP genes are differentially induced by certain bacterial species, suggesting that the innate immune system of earthworms is likely to be somewhat specific rather than entirely non-specific. Tissue expression patterns indicate that Ean-PGRP mRNAs are primarily expressed in the immune-competent tissues and that their expression is tissue-specific according to Ean-PGRP types, particularly for Ean-PGRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Jun Park
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Yoo Bin Yoon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Soon Cheol Park
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Da Vinci College of General Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Chuog Shin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kwak
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Jung-Woong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea.
| | - Sung-Jin Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea.
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24
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Molecular and Functional Characterization of a Short-Type Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein, Ct-PGRP-S1 in the Giant Triton Snail Charonia tritonis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911062. [PMID: 36232364 PMCID: PMC9570181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in host antibacterial responses, and their functions have been characterized in most invertebrate and vertebrate animals. However, little information is available regarding the potential function of PGRPs in the giant triton snail Charonia tritonis. In this study, a short-type PGRP gene (termed Ct-PGRP-S1) was identified in C. tritonis. Ct-PGRP-S1 was predicted to contain several structural features known in PGRPs, including a typical PGRP domain (Amidase_2) and Src homology-3 (SH3) domain. The Ct-PGRP-S1 gene was constitutively expressed in all tissues examined except in proboscis, with the highest expression level observed in the liver. As a typical PRR, Ct-PGRP-S1 has an ability to degrade peptidoglycan (PGN) and was proven to have non-Zn2+-dependent amidase activity and antibacterial activity against Vibrioalginolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus. It is the first report to reveal the peptidoglycan recognition protein in C. tritonis, and these results suggest that peptidoglycan recognition protein Ct-PGRP-S1 is an important effector of C. tritonis that modulates bacterial infection resistance of V. alginolyticus and S. aureus, and this study may provide crucial basic data for the understanding of an innate immunity system of C. tritonis.
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25
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Kariyawasam U, Gulati M, Wang Y, Bao H, Shan T, Li X, Cao X, Sumathipala N, Hu Y, Zhang X, Boons GJ, Jiang H. Preferential binding of DAP-PGs by major peptidoglycan recognition proteins found in cell-free hemolymph of Manduca sexta. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 148:103827. [PMID: 36007680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) detect invading bacteria to trigger or modulate immune responses in insects. While these roles are established in Drosophila, functional studies are not yet achieved at the PGRP family level in other insects. To attain this goal, we selected Manduca sexta PGRP12 and five of the nine secreted PGRPs for recombinant expression and biochemical characterization. We cloned PGRP2-5, 12 and 13 cDNAs, produced the proteins in full (PGRP2-5, 13) or in part (PGRP3s, 12e, 13N, 13C) in Sf9 cells, and tested their bindings of two muramyl pentapeptides by surface plasmon resonance, two soluble peptidoglycans by competitive ELISA, and four insoluble peptidoglycans and eight whole bacteria by a pull-down assay. Preferential binding of meso-diaminopimelic acid-peptidoglycans (DAP-PGs) was observed in all the proteins containing a peptidoglycan binding domain and, since PGRP6, 7 and 9 proteins were hardly detected in cell-free hemolymph, the reportoire of PGRPs (including PGRP1 published previously) in M. sexta hemolymph is likely adapted to mainly detect Gram-negative bacteria and certain Gram-positive bacteria with DAP-PGs located on their surface. After incubation with plasma from naïve larvae, PGRP2, 3f, 4, 5, 13f and 13N considerably stimulated prophenoloxidase activation in the absence of a bacterial elicitor. PGRP3s and 12e had much smaller effects. Inclusion of the full-length PGRPs and their regions in the plasma also led to proHP8 activation, supporting their connections to the Toll pathway, since HP8 is a Spӓtzle-1 processing enzyme in M. sexta. Together, these findings raised concerns on the common belief that the Toll-pathway is specific for Gram-positive bacteria in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udeshika Kariyawasam
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Mansi Gulati
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Haibo Bao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangshu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Tisheng Shan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Xiuru Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xiaolong Cao
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Niranji Sumathipala
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Yingxia Hu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Xiufeng Zhang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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26
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Bidoli C, Miccoli A, Buonocore F, Fausto AM, Gerdol M, Picchietti S, Scapigliati G. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Early Hemocyte Responses upon In Vivo Stimulation with LPS in the Stick Insect Bacillus rossius (Rossi, 1788). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070645. [PMID: 35886821 PMCID: PMC9316843 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Non-model insect species such as B. rossius suffer from a profound gap of knowledge regarding the temporal progression of physiological responses following the challenge with bacterial pathogens or cell wall components thereof. The reason for this mostly lies in the lack of genomic/transcriptomic resources, which would provide an unparalleled in-depth capacity in the analysis of molecular, biochemical, and metabolic mechanisms. We present a high-quality transcriptome obtained from high-coverage sequencing of hemocytes harvested from adult stick insect specimens both pre- and post-LPS stimulation. Such a resource served as the basis for a stringent differential gene expression and functional enrichment analyses, the results of which were characterized and discussed in depth. Selected transcripts encoding for C-type lectins and ML-domain containing proteins were further investigated from a phylogenetic perspective. Overall, these findings shed light on the physiological responses driven by a short-term LPS stimulation in the European stick insect. Abstract Despite a growing number of non-model insect species is being investigated in recent years, a greater understanding of their physiology is prevented by the lack of genomic resources. This is the case of the common European stick insect Bacillus rossius (Rossi, 1788): in this species, some knowledge is available on hemocyte-related defenses, but little is known about the physiological changes occurring in response to natural or experimental challenges. Here, the transcriptional signatures of adult B. rossius hemocytes were investigated after a short-term (2 h) LPS stimulation in vivo: a total of 2191 differentially expressed genes, mostly involved in proteolysis and carbohydrate and lipid metabolic processes, were identified in the de novo assembled transcriptome and in-depth discussed. Overall, the significant modulation of immune signals—such as C-type lectins, ML domain-containing proteins, serpins, as well as Toll signaling-related molecules—provide novel information on the early progression of LPS-induced responses in B. rossius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Bidoli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Andrea Miccoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Anna Maria Fausto
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (F.B.); (A.M.F.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
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27
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Turner M, Pietri JE. Antimicrobial peptide expression in the cockroach gut during enterobacterial infection is specific and influenced by type III secretion. Biol Open 2022; 11:275513. [PMID: 35611712 PMCID: PMC9167622 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Omnivorous synanthropic cockroaches, such as the German cockroach (Blattella germanica), are reservoirs and vectors of enteric bacterial pathogens. A lifestyle conducive to frequent encounters with high loads of diverse bacteria may have led to the evolution of unique innate immune systems in these insects. The innate immune response of insects relies largely on generalized mechanisms to sense and eliminate foreign microbes. However, analyses of the genomes of common synanthropic cockroaches previously revealed a repertoire of pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptors and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that is significantly expanded relative to most holometabolous insect models and vectors, supporting the intriguing possibility that cockroaches may encode enhanced recognition within their immune system and may possess an enhanced capacity to fine tune innate immune responses. Investigating how cockroaches respond to infection with enterobacteria provides the opportunity to expand our fundamental knowledge of the regulation of insect innate immunity in a context that is biologically and medically relevant. German cockroaches can harbor both Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli in their gut without experiencing pathogenesis. The former colonizes the gut and replicates while the latter persists only transiently. We hypothesized that differences in the innate immune response may contribute to or result from the difference in infection dynamics between the two enterobacteria. To test this hypothesis, we used qRT-PCR to analyze expression of five genes encoding representative AMPs (Attacins, Blattellicin, Defensins) in the gut of German cockroaches 1 and 24 h after ingestion of live or heat-killed enterobacteria. We found that robust AMP expression was induced in response to ingestion of a live wild-type strain of S. Typhimurium, but not in response to live E. coli, heat-killed S. Typhimurium, or a live mutant strain of S. Typhimurium lacking type III secretion systems. These results indicate that the cockroach immune system does not respond to stimulation with high levels of ingested bacterial PAMPs such as peptidoglycan. Rather, AMP expression in the gut appears to be induced by active bacterial colonization involving type III secretion. We speculate that this form of regulation may have evolved to prevent over activation of the immune system from frequent ingestion of innocuous, non-colonizing, or non-viable bacteria. While additional work is needed to delineate the molecular mechanisms underlying our observations, our findings provide significant novel insight into the immunological adaptation of cockroaches to life in septic environments as well as the factors that regulate bacterial pathogen transmission by these insects.
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28
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He X, Zhou T, Cai Y, Liu Y, Zhao S, Zhang J, Wang X, Zhang R. A Versatile Hemolin With Pattern Recognitional Contributions to the Humoral Immune Responses of the Chinese Oak Silkworm Antheraea pernyi. Front Immunol 2022; 13:904862. [PMID: 35669768 PMCID: PMC9163686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolin is a distinctive immunoglobulin superfamily member involved in invertebrate immune events. Although it is believed that hemolin regulates hemocyte phagocytosis and microbial agglutination in insects, little is known about its contribution to the humoral immune system. In the present study, we focused on hemolin in Antheraea pernyi (Ap-hemolin) by studying its pattern recognition property and humoral immune functions. Tissue distribution analysis demonstrated the mRNA level of Ap-hemolin was extremely immune-inducible in different tissues. The results of western blotting and biolayer interferometry showed recombinant Ap-hemolin bound to various microbes and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In further immune functional studies, it was detected that knockdown of hemolin regulated the expression level of antimicrobial peptide genes and decreased prophenoloxidase activation in the A. pernyi hemolymph stimulated by microbial invaders. Together, these data suggest that hemolin is a multifunctional pattern recognition receptor that plays critical roles in the humoral immune responses of A. pernyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshan He
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianyang Zhou
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuchen Cai
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Research and Development Department, Liaoning Applos Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenyang, China
| | - Siqi Zhao
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinghai Zhang
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xialu Wang
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Rong Zhang, ; Xialu Wang,
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Rong Zhang, ; Xialu Wang,
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Wang Z, Zhou W, Huang B, Gao M, Li Q, Tao Y, Wang Z. Molecular and Functional Characterization of Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins OfPGRP-A and OfPGRP-B in Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050417. [PMID: 35621753 PMCID: PMC9146462 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), is the most destructive lepidopteran insect pest of corn (Zea mays L.) in China. Pathogenic microorganisms play an important role in the population control of the Asian corn borer. Although microorganisms can cause the death of O. furnacalis, an immune response also occurs as an attempt to fight off and eliminate invading pathogens. If the molecular mechanism of interaction between O. furnacalis and pathogenic bacteria is clarified, the lethal effect of pathogenic microorganisms can be better exerted by inhibiting the natural immune response of O. furnacalis. As an important member of the pattern-recognition receptor family, peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) plays a key role in the insect innate immune response. In this study, we cloned two PGRP genes from O. furnacalis and analyzed their spatiotemporal expression. In combination with bacterial induction experiments, we revealed the immune signal recognition pathway involved in the two proteins. The results of this study deepen the understanding of the natural immune response of O. furnacalis and provide new ideas for better utilization of pathogenic microorganisms in biological control of the Asian corn borer. Abstract Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are important components of insect immune systems, in which they play key roles. We cloned and sequenced two full-length PGRP, named OfPGRP-A and OfPGRP-B, from the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis. These two genes comprise open reading frames of 658 and 759 bp, encoding proteins of 192 and 218 amino acids, respectively. qPCR showed that OfPGRP-A and OfPGRP-B are prominently expressed in the midgut of O. furnacalis fourth instar larvae. After inoculation with Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus thuringiensis, the expression of OfPGRP-A was significantly upregulated, whereas the expression of OfPGRP-B was enhanced after inoculation with Escherichia coli. This suggests that OfPGRP-A mainly recognizes Gram-positive bacteria and may participate in the Toll signaling pathways, while OfPGRP-B identifies Gram-negative bacteria and may participate in Imd signaling pathways. Our results provide insights into the roles of PGRPs in O. furnacalis immune function and a foundation for using pathogens for the biological control of O. furnacalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengxia Wang
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (B.H.); (M.G.); (Q.L.); (Y.T.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA—CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (Z.W.)
| | - Wan Zhou
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China;
| | - Baohong Huang
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (B.H.); (M.G.); (Q.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Mengyuan Gao
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (B.H.); (M.G.); (Q.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Qianqian Li
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (B.H.); (M.G.); (Q.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yidong Tao
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (B.H.); (M.G.); (Q.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA—CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (Z.W.)
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Jiang J, Gao S, Chen Z, Guan X, Zhang F, Li L, Zhao Z, Zhao L, Xiao Y, Dong Y, Zhou Z. Apostichopus japonicus matrix metalloproteinase-16 might act as a pattern recognition receptor. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 121:135-141. [PMID: 34998985 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are an important family of proteinases involved in various physiological processes and associated with the immune response. However, the role of MMPs in the immune response remains unclear. To explore the possible role of MMPs in innate immunity, this study selected the MMP-16 gene encoding peptidoglycan (PGN) binding domain identified in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (named AjMMP-16, GenBank accession No. AQT26486) for microbial polysaccharide-induced transcriptional expression analysis by quantitative real-time PCR, correlation analysis with nine representative genes from A. japonicus immune pathways in microbial polysaccharide-induced transcriptional expression by using Pearson's correlation test, and prokaryotic recombinant expression. Next, its recombinant protein was employed for microbial polysaccharide-binding analysis with ELISA and bacterial binding analysis with the indirect immunofluorescence method. The results showed that AjMMP-16 was significantly induced by diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-type PGN, lipopolysaccharide, mannan, and β-1,3-glucan and was closely correlated with myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) in microbial polysaccharide-induced transcriptional expression. In addition, recombinant AjMMP-16 bound to lysine-type PGN, DAP-type PGN, lipopolysaccharide, mannan, β-1,3-glucan, Vibrio splendidus, Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens, Shewanella baltica, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. These results suggest that AjMMP-16 might act as a pattern recognition receptor in innate immunity and play an important role in initiating the MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Jiang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China
| | - Shan Gao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Guan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China
| | - Zelong Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China
| | - Ying Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China
| | - Zunchun Zhou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Key Lab of Germplasm Improvement and Fine Seed Breeding of Marine Aquatic Animals, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China.
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Liu H, Zha S, Zhang W, Yuan W, Lin Z, Bao Y. Genome-wide identification and characteristic analysis of PGRP gene family in Tegillarca granosa reveals distinct immune response of the invasive pathogen. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 121:232-238. [PMID: 35031474 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are conserved innate immune molecular in invertebrates and vertebrates, which play important roles in immune system by recognize the peptidoglycans of bacterial cell walls. Although PGRPs have been extensively characterized in insects, a systematic analysis of PGRPs in bivalves is lacking. In the present study, the phylogenic relationships, gene structures and expression profiles of PGRPs in marine bivalves were analyzed. The results indicated that the most PGRPs of bivalves were predicted to degrade the peptidoglycans and prevent excessive immunostimulation of bacteria. In addition, the results of the present study showed that the protein diversity of PGRPs in most marine bivalves was mainly generated by the alternative splicing of genes, however the alternative splicing of PGRP gene family was absent in Tegillarca granosa. The differences of PGRPs might be related to the genetic and environmental differences of marine bivalves. Spatiotemporal expression profiling in T. granosa suggested that PGRPs play important roles in the immune response of invasive pathogens. The present study describes a comprehensive view of PGRPs in the blood clam T. granosa and provides a foundation for functional characterization of this gene family in innate immune of marine bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China; Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, 315604, China
| | - Shanjie Zha
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China; School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Wenbin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China; School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Zhihua Lin
- Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, 315604, China
| | - Yongbo Bao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
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Shen D, Mei X, Guo J, Tong M, Xia D, Qiu Z, Zhao Q. Peptidoglycan recognition protein-S1 (PGRP-S1) from Diaphania pyloalis (Walker) is involved in the agglutination and prophenoloxidase activation pathway. Gene 2022; 809:146004. [PMID: 34648918 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of invading foreign exogenous pathogen is the first step to initiate the innate immune response of insects, which accomplished by the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) serve as an important type of PRRs, which activate immune response by detecting peptidoglycan of microbial cell wall. In this study, we have cloned the full-length cDNA of PGRP gene called PGRP-S1 from the Diaphania pyloalis (Walker). The open reading frame (ORF) of D. pyloalis PGRP-S1 encodes 211 amino acids which containing a secretion signal peptide and a canonical PGRP domain. Multisequence alignment revealed that PGRP-S1 possess the amino acid residues responsible for zinc binding and amidase activity. D. pyloalis PGRP-S1 exhibited the highest transcript level in fat body and followed in head. The mRNA concentration dramatically increased after an injection of Escherichia coli or Micrococcus luteus. Purified recombinant PGRP-S1 exhibit binding ability to peptidoglycans from Staphylococcus aureus or Bacillus subtilis and cause intensive agglutination of E. coli, M. luteus or S. aureus in the presence of zinc ions. Furthermore, phenoloxidase activity significantly increased when the plasma from larvae was incubated with recombinant PGPR-S1 and peptidoglycans from B. subtilis or M. luteus simultaneously. These results implied that PGRP-S1 was a member involving the prophenoloxidase activation pathway. Overall, our results indicated that D. pyloalis PGRP-S1 serve as a PRR to participate in the recognition of foreign pathogen and prophenoloxidase pathway stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China
| | - Xianghan Mei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China
| | - Jiyun Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China
| | - Meijin Tong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China
| | - Dingguo Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China
| | - Zhiyong Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China
| | - Qiaoling Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212018, China.
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33
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Sun Q, Liu X, Li X. Peptidoglycan-based immunomodulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:981-993. [PMID: 35076738 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a unique component in the cytoderm of prokaryotes which can be recognized by different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in eukaryotes, followed by a cascade of immune responses via different pathways. This review outlined the basic structure of PGN, its immunologic functions. The immunomodulation pathways mediated by PGN were elaborated. PGN induces specific immunity through stimulating different cytokine release and Th1/Th2-dominated immune responses during humoral/cellular immune response. The nonspecific immunity activation by PGN involves immunomodulation by different pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including PGN recognition proteins (PGRPs), nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). The sources and classification of PGRPs were summarized. In view of the stimulating activities of PGN and its monomers, the potential application of PGN as vaccine or adjuvant was prospected. This review provides systematic information on PGN functionalities from the point of immunoregulation, which might be useful in the deep exploitation of PGN.Key points. The immunological functions of PGN were illustrated. Cellular and humoral immunomodulation by PGN were outlined. The use of PGN as vaccine or adjuvant was prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshen Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiuliang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
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Asbah A, Ummussaadah U, Parenden N, Putri ASW, Rosa RA, Rumata NR, Emran TB, Dhama K, Nainu F. Pharmacological Effect of Caffeine on Drosophila melanogaster: A Proof-of-Concept in vivo Study for Nootropic Investigation. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2021; 76:1645-1654. [PMID: 35546991 PMCID: PMC9083854 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356628.1884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive investigation into drug candidates with nootropic activity using a proper and high throughput yet economical model organism is an important issue to consider. This proof-of-concept study was carried out to determine whether Drosophila melanogaster can be used as an in vivo screening platform to assess the nootropic activity of certain candidates for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. To test this, caffeine was used as a nootropic compound and a Drosophila mutant line lacking PGRP-LB with hyperactivation of NF-κB leading to early death with neurodegenerative phenotype was used as a model organism. Caffeine was orally administered via food to the PGRP-LB mutant of D. melanogaster at different concentrations (0.4 mM, 0.08 mM, 0.016 mM) prior to phenotypical observations of the survival and locomotor activity, as well as gene expression analysis, to assess the expression level of sod1, sod2, and cat genes. The results pointed out that the lifespan of D. melanogaster treated with 0.016 mM caffeine was dramatically increased; nonetheless, no changes were observed in the locomotor activity. Phenotypical analysis using a T-maze vial test demonstrated a good cognitive improvement in response to caffeine administration. Molecular analysis revealed that caffeine at a concentration of 0,016 mM induced the expression of the endogenous antioxidant genes sod1 and cat, but not sod2, signifying that the increased lifespan may be associated with a marked improvement in cytoplasmic antioxidant function. In general, the findings of the present study are in line with those previously observed in the mammalian model organism. Therefore, it can be concluded that D. melanogaster can be used as a model organism in preliminary investigation and screening of nootropic candidates prior to further testing in its mammalian counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Asbah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - U Ummussaadah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - N Parenden
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - A S W Putri
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - R A Rosa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - N R Rumata
- Sekolah Tinggi Farmasi Makassar, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - T B Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University, Chittagong-4381, Bangladesh
| | - K Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - F Nainu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
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Zhang K, Shen L, Wang X, Yang H, Zhang X, Pan G, Li C, Ji H, Abbas MN, Li C, Cui H. Scavenger receptor C regulates antimicrobial peptide expression by activating toll signaling in silkworm, Bombyx mori. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:396-404. [PMID: 34547317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor is pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) that plays a crucial function in host defense against pathogens. Scavenger receptor C (SR-C) is present only in invertebrates and its function has not been studied in detail. In this study, an SR-C homologous gene from the silkworm, Bombyx mori, was identified and characterized. SR-C was largely expressed in hemocytes and Malpighian tubules, with continuous expression in hemocytes. The peak expression was observed in hemocytes during molting and wandering stages both at mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, immunofluorescence demonstrated it to be mainly distributed in the cell membranes of hemocytes, including oenocytoids and granulocytes. The recombinant SR-C protein (rSR-C) could bind to different types of bacteria and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), with strong binding to gram-positive bacteria and Lys-type peptidoglycans. The overexpression of SR-C induced the expression of genes related to the Toll pathway and antibacterial peptides. While the knockdown of SR-C reduced the expression of AMPs and inhibited the Toll pathway, it impaired the bacterial clearance ability of silkworm larvae, thus decreasing silkworm larvae's survival rate. Altogether, SR-C is a PRR that protect silkworms against bacterial pathogens by enhancing the expression of AMPs expression via the Toll pathway in hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - He Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Guangzhao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, China
| | - Chongyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, China
| | - Haoyan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, China
| | - Cong Li
- School of River and Ocean, Chongqing Jiaotong University, 400074, China.
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, China; Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Zhou J, Zhou JF, Wang Y, Feng GP, Fang WH, Kang W, Ma LB, Li XC. SpSR-B2 functions as a potential pattern recognition receptor involved in antiviral and antibacterial immune responses of mud crab Scylla paramamosain. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:2173-2182. [PMID: 34780895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although class B scavenger receptors (SR-Bs) in mammals are multifunctional molecules, the functions of SR-Bs in invertebrates remain largely unknown. In this study, we characterized an SR-B homolog, namely SpSR-B2, from Scylla paramamosain. SpSR-B2 shared high similarity with mammalian SR-Bs, and exhibited specific binding activity to ac-LDL, indicating that it may be a new member of SR-B class in invertebrates. SpSR-B2 was upregulated after challenge with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or bacteria. Binding assays showed that SpSR-B2 specifically interacted with WSSV envelope protein VP24. Besides, SpSR-B2 could bind to all tested bacterial cells and agglutinate these bacteria. SpSR-B2 also exhibited a strong binding activity to LPS but weak binding activities to other tested polysaccharides. These findings indicated that SpSR-B2 was a potential recognition molecule for viral protein VP24 and bacterial LPS. Knockdown of SpSR-B2 resulted in dramatically decreased expressions of certain antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and overexpression of SpSR-B2 led to the increased expression of the AMP of SpALF2, suggesting that SpSR-B2 could regulate the expression of AMPs. Taken together, this study revealed that SpSR-B2 functioned as a potential pattern recognition receptor participating in antiviral and antibacterial immunity, and provided new insights into the immune functions of invertebrate SR-Bs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Jun-Fang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Guang-Peng Feng
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Wen-Hong Fang
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Ling-Bo Ma
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Xin-Cang Li
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China.
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Meraj S, Mohr E, Ketabchi N, Bogdanovic A, Lowenberger C, Gries G. Time- and tissue-specific antimicrobial activity of the common bed bug in response to blood feeding and immune activation by bacterial injection. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 135:104322. [PMID: 34644597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Unlike almost all hematophagous insects, common bed bugs, Cimex lectularius, are not known to transmit pathogens to humans. To help unravel the reasons for their lack of vector competence, we studied the time- and tissue-dependent expression of innate immune factors after blood feeding or immune activation through the intrathoracic injection of bacteria. We used minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC1) bioassays and the Kirby-Bauer protocol to evaluate antimicrobial peptide (AMP2) activity in tissue extracts from the midguts or 'rest of body' (RoB3) tissues (containing hemolymph and fat body AMPs) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. We compared AMP activity between blood-fed female bed bugs and yellow fever mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and determined how female and male bed bugs respond to immune challenges, and how long AMP gene expression remains elevated in bed bugs following a blood meal. Blood meal-induced AMP activity is 4-fold stronger in female bed bugs than in female mosquitoes. Male bed bugs have elevated AMP activity within 8 h of a blood meal or an intrathoracic injection with bacteria, with the strongest activity expressed in RoB tissue 24 h after the immune challenge. Female bed bugs have a stronger immune response than males within 24 h of a blood meal. The effects of blood meal-induced elevated AMP activity lasts longer against the Gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus subtilis, than against the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. Unravelling the specific immune pathways that are activated in the bed bugs' immune responses and identifying the bed bug-unique AMPs might help determine why these insects are not vectors of human parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Meraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A1S6, Canada.
| | - Emerson Mohr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Negin Ketabchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Anastasia Bogdanovic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Carl Lowenberger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Gerhard Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A1S6, Canada
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Wang Z, Feng K, Tang F, Xu M. Activation of the Host Immune Response in Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Induced by Serratia marcescens Bizio. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12110983. [PMID: 34821784 PMCID: PMC8617612 DOI: 10.3390/insects12110983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Hyphantria cunea (Drury) is a quarantine pest, due to its extensive host, leading to serious economic losses in the agricultural and forestry industries. To control this pest, it is increasingly important to use microbial pesticides because they are biologically active and ecologically safe. Serratia marcescens Bizio (SM1) is a potential biocontrol bacterium. Although SM1 has a pathogenic role in H. cunea, H. cunea self-defense reduces the pathogenic effect of SM1. In this study, immune-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in H. cunea were first identified after SM1 infection, and the immune regulation mode of H. cunea in response to SM1, including antimicrobial peptide synthesis pathways, melanization and cellular immunity, was revealed. According to the analysis, the immune system of H. cunea was induced by SM1. In summary, our study demonstrates how the immune systems of the H. cunea work to resist the infection of SM1, which provides the theoretical basis for researching more efficient microbial pesticides for H. cunea. Abstract Host–pathogen interactions are essential to our understanding of biological pesticides. Hyphantria cunea (Drury) is an important forest pest worldwide. The immune mechanism of the interaction between H. cunea and Serratia marcescens Bizio (SM1) is unclear. First, transcriptome sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis described the H. cunea immune response to SM1. A total of 234 immune-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found. Many immune regulatory genes in three classical pathways were found. Antimicrobial peptides, including attacin B, cecropin A, gloverin, lebocin and diapausin, are involved in defending against SM1 challenge, and are mainly produced by Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathways. Some melanization genes were changed in H. cunea, which suggested that H. cunea melanization was activated by SM1. Furthermore, phagocytosis, autophagolysosome and apoptosis pathways in cellular immunity were activated in H. cunea against SM1. Finally, the expression patterns of 10 immune genes were analyzed systematically by qRT-PCR, and most of the genes were upregulated compared to the control. Our studies provide useful information about the immune response of H. cunea under the stress of SM1, which is important to understand how SM1 affects the immune system of H. cunea and provides new ideas to control H. cunea by using SM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Z.W.); (K.F.); (M.X.)
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Kai Feng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Z.W.); (K.F.); (M.X.)
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Z.W.); (K.F.); (M.X.)
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13813966269
| | - Meng Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Z.W.); (K.F.); (M.X.)
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Geng T, Lu F, Zhu F, Wang S. Lineage-specific gene evolution of innate immunity in Bombyx mori to adapt to challenge by pathogens, especially entomopathogenic fungi. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 123:104171. [PMID: 34118279 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori is a model species of Lepidoptera, in which 21 gene families and 220 genes have been identified as involved in immunity. However, only 45 B. mori - Drosophila melanogaster - Anopheles gambiae - Apis mellifera - Tribolium castaneum 1:1:1:1:1 orthologous genes were identified. B. mori has unique immune factors not found in D. melanogaster - A. gambiae - A. mellifera - T. castaneum. Pattern recognition receptors, signal transducers and effector genes for antifungal immune responses in B. mori have evolved through expansion and modification of existing genes. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the antifungal immune responses of B. mori and focuses on the lineage-specific gene evolution used by Lepidoptera to adapt to the challenge by pathogens, especially entomopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Geng
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Sericulture Research Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
| | - Fuping Lu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Sericulture Research Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, 277160, China.
| | - Shuchang Wang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; Sericulture Research Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
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Salem Wehbe L, Barakat D, Acker A, El Khoury R, Reichhart JM, Matt N, El Chamy L. Protein Phosphatase 4 Negatively Regulates the Immune Deficiency-NF-κB Pathway during the Drosophila Immune Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1616-1626. [PMID: 34452932 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved immune deficiency (IMD) signaling pathway shields Drosophila against bacterial infections. It regulates the expression of antimicrobial peptides encoding genes through the activation of the NF-κB transcription factor Relish. Tight regulation of the signaling cascade ensures a balanced immune response, which is otherwise highly harmful. Several phosphorylation events mediate intracellular progression of the IMD pathway. However, signal termination by dephosphorylation remains largely elusive. Here, we identify the highly conserved protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) complex as a bona fide negative regulator of the IMD pathway. RNA interference-mediated gene silencing of PP4-19c, PP4R2, and Falafel, which encode the catalytic and regulatory subunits of the phosphatase complex, respectively, caused a marked upregulation of bacterial-induced antimicrobial peptide gene expression in both Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells and adult flies. Deregulated IMD signaling is associated with reduced lifespan of PP4-deficient flies in the absence of any infection. In contrast, flies overexpressing this phosphatase are highly sensitive to bacterial infections. Altogether, our results highlight an evolutionarily conserved function of PP4c in the regulation of NF-κB signaling from Drosophila to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layale Salem Wehbe
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and.,Unité de Recherche Environnement, Génomique et Protéomique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dana Barakat
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and.,Unité de Recherche Environnement, Génomique et Protéomique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Adrian Acker
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and
| | - Rita El Khoury
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and.,Unité de Recherche Environnement, Génomique et Protéomique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Nicolas Matt
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and
| | - Laure El Chamy
- Unité de Recherche Environnement, Génomique et Protéomique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, Beirut, Lebanon
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Shen D, Ji J, Zhang S, Liu J, An C. A Short-Type Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 1 (PGRP1) Is Involved in the Immune Response in Asian Corn Borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158198. [PMID: 34360963 PMCID: PMC8347126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect immune response is initiated by the recognition of invading microorganisms. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) function primarily as pattern recognition receptors by specifically binding to peptidoglycans expressed on microbial surfaces. We cloned a full-length cDNA for a PGRP from the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) and designated it as PGRP1. PGRP1 mRNA was mainly detected in the fat bodies and hemocytes. Its transcript levels increased significantly upon bacterial and fungal challenges. Purified recombinant PGRP1 exhibited binding activity to the gram-positive Micrococcus luteus, gram-negative Escherichia coli, entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, and yeast Pichia pastoris. The binding further induced their agglutination. Additionally, PGRP1 preferred to bind to Lys-type peptidoglycans rather than DAP-type peptidoglycans. The addition of recombinant PGRP1 to O. furnacalis plasma resulted in a significant increase in phenoloxidase activity. The injection of recombinant PGRP1 into larvae led to a significantly increased expression of several antimicrobial peptide genes. Taken together, our results suggest that O. furnacalis PGRP1 potentially recognizes the invading microbes and is involved in the immune response in O. furnacalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Shen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.S.); (J.J.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Jiayue Ji
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.S.); (J.J.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.S.); (J.J.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.S.); (J.J.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Chunju An
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.S.); (J.J.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-10-6273-4083
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Ozakman Y, Eleftherianos I. Nematode infection and antinematode immunity in Drosophila. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:1002-1013. [PMID: 34154933 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis and Steinernema form mutualistic complexes with Gram-negative bacteria. These insect parasites have emerged as excellent research tools for studying nematode pathogenicity and elucidating the features that allow them to persist and multiply within the host. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of nematode infection and host antinematode processes will lead to the development of novel means for parasitic nematode control. Recent work has demonstrated the power of using the Drosophila infection model to identify novel parasitic nematode infection factors and elucidate the genetic and functional bases of host antinematode defense. Here, we aim to highlight the recent advances and address their contribution to the development of novel means for parasitic nematode control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaprak Ozakman
- Infection and Innate Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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PGRP-LB: An Inside View into the Mechanism of the Amidase Reaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094957. [PMID: 34066955 PMCID: PMC8124813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are ubiquitous among animals and play pivotal functions in insect immunity. Non-catalytic PGRPs are involved in the activation of immune pathways by binding to the peptidoglycan (PGN), whereas amidase PGRPs are capable of cleaving the PGN into non-immunogenic compounds. Drosophila PGRP-LB belongs to the amidase PGRPs and downregulates the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway by cleaving meso-2,6-diaminopimelic (meso-DAP or DAP)-type PGN. While the recognition process is well analyzed for the non-catalytic PGRPs, little is known about the enzymatic mechanism for the amidase PGRPs, despite their essential function in immune homeostasis. Here, we analyzed the specific activity of different isoforms of Drosophila PGRP-LB towards various PGN substrates to understand their specificity and role in Drosophila immunity. We show that these isoforms have similar activity towards the different compounds. To analyze the mechanism of the amidase activity, we performed site directed mutagenesis and solved the X-ray structures of wild-type Drosophila PGRP-LB and its mutants, with one of these structures presenting a protein complexed with the tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), a muropeptide derived from the PGN. Only the Y78F mutation abolished the PGN cleavage while other mutations reduced the activity solely. Together, our findings suggest the dynamic role of the residue Y78 in the amidase mechanism by nucleophilic attack through a water molecule to the carbonyl group of the amide function destabilized by Zn2+.
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Toll9 from Bombyx mori functions as a pattern recognition receptor that shares features with Toll-like receptor 4 from mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2103021118. [PMID: 33963082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103021118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll/Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key regulators of the innate immune system in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while mammalian TLRs directly recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, the insect Toll pathway is thought to be primarily activated by binding Spätzle cytokines that are processed from inactive precursors in response to microbial infection. Phylogenetic and structural data generated in this study supported earlier results showing that Toll9 members differ from other insect Tolls by clustering with the mammalian TLR4 group, which recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through interaction with myeloid differentiation-2 (MD-2)-like proteins. Functional experiments showed that BmToll9 from the silkmoth Bombyx mori also recognized LPS through interaction with two MD-2-like proteins, previously named BmEsr16 and BmPP, that we refer to in this study as BmMD-2A and BmMD-2B, respectively. A chimeric BmToll9-TLR4 receptor consisting of the BmToll9 ectodomain and mouse TLR4 transmembrane and Toll/interleukin-1 (TIR) domains also activated LPS-induced release of inflammatory factors in murine cells but only in the presence of BmMD-2A or BmMD-2B. Overall, our results indicate that BmToll9 is a pattern recognition receptor for LPS that shares conserved features with the mammalian TLR4-MD-2-LPS pathway.
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Regulators and signalling in insect antimicrobial innate immunity: Functional molecules and cellular pathways. Cell Signal 2021; 83:110003. [PMID: 33836260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Insects possess an immune system that protects them from attacks by various pathogenic microorganisms that would otherwise threaten their survival. Immune mechanisms may deal directly with the pathogens by eliminating them from the host organism or disarm them by suppressing the synthesis of toxins and virulence factors that promote the invasion and destructive action of the intruder within the host. Insects have been established as outstanding models for studying immune system regulation because innate immunity can be explored as an integrated system at the level of the whole organism. Innate immunity in insects consists of basal immunity that controls the constitutive synthesis of effector molecules such as antimicrobial peptides, and inducible immunity that is activated after detection of a microbe or its product(s). Activation and coordination of innate immune defenses in insects involve evolutionary conserved immune factors. Previous research in insects has led to the identification and characterization of distinct immune signalling pathways that modulate the response to microbial infections. This work has not only advanced the field of insect immunology, but it has also rekindled interest in the innate immune system of mammals. Here we review the current knowledge on key molecular components of insect immunity and discuss the opportunities they present for confronting infectious diseases in humans.
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Li E, Qin J, Feng H, Li J, Li X, Nyamwasa I, Cao Y, Ruan W, Li K, Yin J. Immune-related genes of the larval Holotrichia parallela in response to entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis beicherriana LF. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:192. [PMID: 33731017 PMCID: PMC7967997 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) emerge as compatible alternatives to conventional insecticides in controlling Holotrichia parallela larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). However, the immune responses of H. parallela against EPNs infection remain unclear. Results In present research, RNA-Seq was firstly performed. A total of 89,427 and 85,741 unigenes were achieved from the midgut of H. parallela larvae treated with Heterorhabditis beicherriana LF for 24 and 72 h, respectively; 2545 and 3156 unigenes were differentially regulated, respectively. Among those differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 74 were identified potentially related to the immune response. Notably, some immune-related genes, such as peptidoglycan recognition protein SC1 (PGRP-SC1), pro-phenoloxidase activating enzyme-I (PPAE-I) and glutathione s-transferase (GST), were induced at both treatment points. Bioinformatics analysis showed that PGRP-SC1, PPAE-I and GST were all involved in anti-parasitic immune process. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that the three immune-related genes were expressed in all developmental stages; PGRP-SC1 and PPAE-I had higher expressions in midgut and fat body, respectively, while GST exhibited high expression in both of them. Moreover, in vivo silencing of them resulted in increased susceptibility of H. parallela larvae to H. beicherriana LF. Conclusion These results suggest that H. parallela PGRP-SC1, PPAE-I and GST are involved in the immune responses to resist H. beicherriana LF infection. This study provides the first comprehensive transcriptome resource of H. parallela exposure to nematode challenge that will help to support further comparative studies on host-EPN interactions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07506-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianhui Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Honglin Feng
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jinqiao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Innocent Nyamwasa
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yazhong Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weibin Ruan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
| | - Kebin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Wei X, Li C, Zhang Y, Li K, Li J, Ai K, Li K, Zhang J, Yang J. Fish NF‐κB couples TCR and IL‐17 signals to regulate ancestral T‐cell immune response against bacterial infection. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21457. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002393rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Kete Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Kunming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Jiansong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao China
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Nakamura T, Shimizu T, Inagaki F, Okazaki S, Saha SS, Uda A, Watanabe K, Watarai M. Identification of Membrane-Bound Lytic Murein Transglycosylase A (MltA) as a Growth Factor for Francisella novicida in a Silkworm Infection Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:581864. [PMID: 33553001 PMCID: PMC7862118 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.581864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, is transmitted by arthropod vectors within mammalian hosts. The detailed mechanisms contributing to growth and survival of Francisella within arthropod remain poorly understood. To identify novel factors supporting growth and survival of Francisella within arthropods, a transposon mutant library of F. tularensis subsp. novicida (F. novicida) was screened using an F. novicida-silkworm infection model. Among 750 transposon mutants screened, the mltA-encoding membrane-bound lytic murein transglycosylase A (MltA) was identified as a novel growth factor of F. novicida in silkworms. Silkworms infection with an mltA deletion mutant (ΔmltA) resulted in a reduction in the number of bacteria and prolonged survival. The ΔmltA strain exhibited limited intracellular growth and cytotoxicity in BmN4 silkworm ovary cells. Moreover, the ΔmltA strain induced higher expression of the antimicrobial peptide in silkworms compared to the wild-type strain. These results suggest that F. novicida MltA contributes to the survival of F. novicida in silkworms via immune suppression-related mechanisms. Intracellular growth of the ΔmltA strain was also reduced in human monocyte THP-1 cells. These results also suggest the contribution of MltA to pathogenicity in humans and utility of the F. novicida-silkworm infection model to explore Francisella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takemasa Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimizu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Fumiya Inagaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shoma Okazaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shib Shankar Saha
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barisal, Bangladesh
| | - Akihiko Uda
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masahisa Watarai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Swanson LC, Trujillo EA, Thiede GH, Katzenberger RJ, Shishkova E, Coon JJ, Ganetzky B, Wassarman DA. Survival Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila Is Increased by Heterozygosity for a Mutation of the NF-κB Innate Immune Response Transcription Factor Relish. Genetics 2020; 216:1117-1136. [PMID: 33109529 PMCID: PMC7768241 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) pathologies are caused by primary and secondary injuries. Primary injuries result from physical damage to the brain, and secondary injuries arise from cellular responses to primary injuries. A characteristic cellular response is sustained activation of inflammatory pathways commonly mediated by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factors. Using a Drosophila melanogaster TBI model, we previously found that the main proximal transcriptional response to primary injuries is triggered by activation of Toll and Imd innate immune response pathways that engage NF-κB factors Dif and Relish (Rel), respectively. Here, we found by mass spectrometry that Rel protein level increased in fly heads at 4-8 hr after TBI. To investigate the necessity of Rel for secondary injuries, we generated a null allele, Reldel , by CRISPR/Cas9 editing. When heterozygous but not homozygous, the Reldel mutation reduced mortality at 24 hr after TBI and increased the lifespan of injured flies. Additionally, the effect of heterozygosity for Reldel on mortality was modulated by genetic background and diet. To identify genes that facilitate effects of Reldel on TBI outcomes, we compared genome-wide mRNA expression profiles of uninjured and injured +/+, +/Reldel , and Reldel /Reldel flies at 4 hr following TBI. Only a few genes changed expression more than twofold in +/Reldel flies relative to +/+ and Reldel /Reldel flies, and they were not canonical innate immune response genes. Therefore, Rel is necessary for TBI-induced secondary injuries but in complex ways involving Rel gene dose, genetic background, diet, and possibly small changes in expression of innate immune response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Swanson
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Edna A Trujillo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Letters & Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Gene H Thiede
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Rebeccah J Katzenberger
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Evgenia Shishkova
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Letters & Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Barry Ganetzky
- Department of Genetics, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - David A Wassarman
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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50
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Li X, Yuan S, Sun Z, Lei L, Wan S, Wang J, Zou J, Gao Q. Gene identification and functional analysis of peptidoglycan recognition protein from the spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:1014-1024. [PMID: 32866609 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), which are structurally conserved innate immune molecules in invertebrate and vertebrate animals, play the important roles in regulation of innate immune responses. In this paper, three PGRP genes of spotted sea bass, Lateolabrax maculatus, were cloned, designated as Ssb-PGRP2, Ssb-PGRP-L2 and Ssb-PGRP-SC2, respectively. Sequence analysis showed that the deduced amino acid sequences of Ssb-PGRP2, Ssb-PGRP-L2 and Ssb-PGRP-SC2 proteins contained respectively 468, 482 and 167 amino acid residues, and had the typical structural features of PGRPs, i.e. conserved PGRP domain and Zn2+ binding domain including four specific amino acid residues which were required for amidase activity. q-PCR analysis of total mRNA showed that the mRNA expression of three PGRP genes were detected in all the examined tissues and the expression patterns of Ssb-PGRP2, Ssb-PGRP-L2 and Ssb-PGRP-SC2 were different. After injected with LPS, Poly (I:C) and Edwardsiella tarda, there was a clear time-dependent expression pattern for each of the three PGRP genes in head kidney, spleen, intestine and gill of the spotted sea bass. In our study, three recombinant proteins corresponding to the three members of the peptidoglycan recognition protein family were expressed and purified. Moreover, all of the three recombinant PGRP proteins significantly inhibited bacterial survival and growth, and expressed bactericidal effects on Vibrio harveyi, Staphylococcus aureus and Edwardsiella tarda. In particular, it was firstly verified that their antimicrobial activity presented the superimposed effect. Overall, these findings indicated that three PGRP genes of spotted sea bass were at least involved in host defense against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuya Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaosheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Lei
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Wan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
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