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Chen X, Zhang P, Li P, Wang G, Li J, Wu Y, Cao Z, Zhou Y, Sun Y. CpG ODN 1668 as TLR9 agonist mediates humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) antibacterial immune responses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:108839. [PMID: 37207883 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cromileptes altivelis (humpback grouper) is the main farmed species in the southern coastal area of China owing to its important economic value. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) belongs to the toll-like receptor (TLR) family and functions as a pattern recognition receptor, recognising unmethylated oligodeoxynucleotides containing the CpG motif (CpG ODNs) in bacterial and viral genomes, thereby activating host immune response. In this study, the C. altivelis TLR9 (CaTLR9) ligand CpG ODN 1668 was screened and found to significantly enhance the antibacterial immunity of humpback grouper in vivo and head kidney lymphocytes (HKLs) in vitro. In addition, CpG ODN 1668 also promoted the cell proliferation and immune gene expression of HKLs and strengthened the phagocytosis activity of head kidney macrophages. However, when the CaTLR9 expression was knocked down in the humpback group, the expression levels of TLR9, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-8 were significantly reduced, and the antibacterial immune effects induced by CpG ODN 1668 were mostly abolished. Therefore, CpG ODN 1668 induced antibacterial immune responses in a CaTLR9-dependent pathway. These results enhance the knowledge of the antibacterial immunity of fish TLR signalling pathways and have important implications for exploring natural antibacterial molecules in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Pengshuo Li
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Guotao Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhenjie Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yongcan Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Chen X, Wu Y, Qiu Y, Li P, Cao Z, Zhou Y, Sun Y. CpG ODN 2102 promotes antibacterial immune responses and enhances vaccine-induced protection in golden pompano (Trachinotusovatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 137:108783. [PMID: 37137380 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs and can be recognized by toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), activating the host's immune responses. In this study, ten different CpG ODNs were designed and synthesized to study the antibacterial immune responses of CpG ODNs in golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Results showed that CpG ODN 2102 significantly improved the immunity of golden pompano against bacteria. Besides, CpG ODN 2102 promoted the proliferation of head kidney lymphocytes and activated the head kidney macrophages. When TLR9-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to interfere with TLR9 expression, the immune responses were decreased. Moreover, the expression levels of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (Myd88), p65, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the TLR9-knockdown golden pompano kidney (GPK) cells were significantly reduced. The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) promoter activity of the TLR9-knockdown GPK cells was also significantly reduced. In vivo, the antibacterial immune effects induced by CpG ODN 2102 in golden pompano were mostly abolished when TLR9 expression was knocked down. These results suggested that TLR9 was involved in the immune responses induced by CpG ODN 2102. CpG ODN 2102 also enhanced the protective effect of the Vibrio harveyi vaccine pCTssJ, where the survival rate of golden pompano was significantly improved by 20%. In addition, CpG ODN 2102 enhanced the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of TLR9, Myxovirus resistance (Mx), interferon γ (IFN-γ), TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, major histocompatibility complex class (MHC) Iα, MHC IIα, Immunoglobulin D (IgD), and IgM. Therefore, TLR9 was involved in the antibacterial immune responses induced by CpG ODN 2102 and CpG ODN 2102 possessed adjuvant immune effects. These results enlarged our knowledge of the antibacterial immunity of fish TLRs signaling pathway and had important implications for exploring natural antibacterial molecules in fish and developing new vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Chen
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yulin Qiu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Pengshuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhenjie Cao
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yongcan Zhou
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Yun Sun
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Lai CY, Yu GY, Luo Y, Xiang R, Chuang TH. Immunostimulatory Activities of CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotides in Teleosts: Toll-Like Receptors 9 and 21. Front Immunol 2019; 10:179. [PMID: 30800129 PMCID: PMC6375897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors that detect a wide variety of microbial pathogens for the initiation of host defense immunological responses. Thirteen TLRs have been identified in mammals, and teleosts contain 22 mammalian or non-mammalian TLRs. Of these, TLR9 and TLR21 are the cytosine-phosphate-guanosine-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) recognition TLRs in teleosts. TLR9 is a mammalian TLR expressed in teleost but not in the avian species. TLR21 is a non-mammalian TLR expressed in both teleost and the avian species. Synthetic CpG-ODNs are potent immunostimulants that are being studied for their application against tumors, allergies, and infectious diseases, and as a vaccine adjuvant in humans. The immunostimulatory effects of CpG-ODNs as vaccine adjuvants and their antimicrobial function in domestic animals and teleosts are also being investigated. Most of our current knowledge about the molecular basis for the immunostimulatory activity of CpG-ODNs comes from earlier studies of the interaction between CpG-ODN and TLR9. More recent studies indicate that in addition to TLR9, TLR21 is another receptor for CpG-ODN recognition in teleosts to initiate immune responses. Whether these two receptors have differential functions in mediating the immunostimulatory activity of CpG-ODN in teleost has not been well-studied. Nevertheless, the existence of two recognition TLRs suggests that the molecular basis for the immunostimulatory activity of CpG-ODN in teleosts is different and more complex than in mammals. This article reviews the current knowledge of TLR9 and TLR21 activation by CpG-ODNs. The key points that need to be considered for CpG-ODNs as immunostimulants with maximum effectiveness in activation of immune responses in teleosts are discussed. This includes the structure/activity relationship of CpG-ODN activities for TLR9 and TLR21, the structure/functional relationship of these two TLRs, and differential expression levels and tissue distributions for these two TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yang Lai
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Guann-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yunping Luo
- Deptartment of Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Basic Medical Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,International Joint Center for Biomedical Research of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Angulo C, Alamillo E, Hirono I, Kondo H, Jirapongpairoj W, Perez-Urbiola JC, Reyes-Becerril M. Class B CpG-ODN2006 is highly associated with IgM and antimicrobial peptide gene expression through TLR9 pathway in yellowtail Seriola lalandi. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:71-82. [PMID: 29567135 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the TLR9 gene from yellowtail (Seriola lalandi) and evaluate its functional activity using the class B Cytosine-phosphate-guanine-oligodeoxynucleotide2006 (CpG-ODN2006) in an in vivo experiment after one-week immunostimulation. The gene expressions of TLR9, Immunoglobulin M (IgM), antimicrobial peptides and cytokines were evaluated by real time PCR, and humoral immune parameters were analyzed in serum. The TLR9 nucleotide sequence from yellowtail was obtained using the whole-genome shotgun sequencing method and bioinformatics tools. The yellowtail full-length cDNA sequence of SlTLR9 was 3789 bp in length, including a 66-bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR), a 3'-UTR of 528 bp, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 3192 bp translatable to 1064 amino acid showing a high degree of similarity with the counterparts of other fish species and sharing common structural architecture of the TLR family, including LRR domains, one C-terminal LRR region, and a TIR domain. Gene expression studies revealed the constitutive expression of TLR9 mRNA in all analyzed tissues; the highest levels were observed in intestine, liver and spleen where they play an important role in the fish immune system. The expression levels of TLR9 after B class CpG-ODN2006 (the main TLR9-agonist) was significantly up-regulated in all analyzed tissues, with the high expression observed in spleen followed by intestine and skin. The CpG-B has been shown as a potent B cell mitogen, and interestingly, IgM mRNA transcript was up-regulated in spleen and intestine, which was highly correlated with TLR9 after CpG-ODN2006 stimulation. The antimicrobial peptides, piscidin and NK-lysine, were up-regulated in spleen and gill after CpG-ODN2006 injection with a high correlation (r ≥ 0.82) with TLR9 gene expression. Cytokine genes were up-regulated in spleen, intestine and skin after CpG-ODN was compared with the control group. No significant correlation was observed between TLR9 and IL-1β, TNF-α and Mx gene expressions. The results showed that CpG-ODN2006 intraperitoneal injection enhanced lysozyme, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in serum and demonstrated that CpG-ODN2006 can induce a specific immune response via TLR9 in which IgM and antimicrobial peptides must have an important role in the defense mechanisms against infections in yellowtail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Angulo
- Grupo de Inmunología y Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
| | - Erika Alamillo
- Grupo de Inmunología y Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kondo
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Walissara Jirapongpairoj
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Juan Carlos Perez-Urbiola
- Grupo de Inmunología y Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
| | - Martha Reyes-Becerril
- Grupo de Inmunología y Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico.
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Jung MH, Jung SJ. CpG ODN 1668 induce innate and adaptive immune responses in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) against rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 69:247-257. [PMID: 28860075 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) causes severe mass mortalities in rock bream in Korea. CpG ODN 1668 showed promise as immunoprotective agents against RBIV infection in rock bream. In this study, we assessed innate/adaptive-related gene expression patterns in RBIV-infected rock bream with and without CpG ODN 1668 administration to determine important immune defense related factors that may affect fish survival. In the CpG ODN 1668+virus-injected group, virus copies were more than 7.4- to 790591-fold lower than in the virus-injected group at 4 d (8.79 × 104 and 6.58 × 105/μl, respectively), 7 d (5.30 × 102 and 2.29 × 107/μl, respectively) and 10 dpi (7.79 × 101 and 6.16 × 107/μl, respectively). Furthermore, in the CpG ODN 1668+virus-injected group, significantly higher levels of MyD88 (6 h, 1 d, 4 d and 7 dpi), IL1β (1 d, 2 d and 7 dpi) and perforin/granzyme (1 dpi) expression were observed, whereas these genes were not significantly expressed in the virus-injected group at that time points. Mx, ISG15 and PKR were significantly highly expressed at 4 d and 7 dpi and reduced when low viral loads at 10 dpi in the CpG ODN 1668+virus-injected group. Conversely, in the virus-injected group, Mx, ISG15 and PKR expression were significantly higher than the control group until 10 dpi. However, MHC class I, CD8, Fas, Fas ligand and caspases (3, 8 and 9) expression levels showed no statistically significant differences between virus- and CpG ODN 1668+virus-injected group. In summary, CpG ODN 1668 administration in fish induces innate immune response or cell death pathway, which could be a major contributing factor to effective fish control over viral transcription on 4 d to 10 dpi. Expression of MyD88, IL1β, perforin and granzyme-related immune gene response is critical factor for inhibition of RBIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Hwa Jung
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Ju Jung
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea
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Jung MH, Lee J, Ortega-Villaizan M, Perez L, Jung SJ. Protective immunity against Megalocytivirus infection in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) following CpG ODN administration. Vaccine 2017; 35:3691-3699. [PMID: 28579234 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) disease in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) remains an unsolved problem in Korea aquaculture farms. CpG ODNs are known as immunostimulant, can improve the innate immune system of fish providing resistance to diseases. In this study, we evaluated the potential of CpG ODNs to induce anti-viral status protecting rock bream from different RBIV infection conditions. We found that, when administered into rock bream, CpG ODN 1668 induces better antiviral immune responses compared to other 5 CpG ODNs (2216, 1826, 2133, 2395 and 1720). All CpG ODN 1668 administered fish (1/5µg) at 2days before infection (1.1×107) held at 26°C died even though mortality was delayed from 8days (1µg) and 4days (5µg). Similarly, CpG ODN 1668 administered (5µg) at 2days before infection (1.2×106) held at 23/20°C had 100% mortality; the mortality was delayed from 9days (23°C) and 11days (20°C). Moreover, when CpG ODN 1668 administered (1/5/10µg) at 2/4/7days before infection or virus concentration was decreased to 1.1×104 and held at 20°C had mortality rates of 20/60/30% (2days), 30/40/60% (4days) and 60/60/20% (7days), respectively, for the respective administration dose, through 100 dpi. To investigate the development of a protective immune response, survivors were re-infected with RBIV (1.1×107) at 100 and 400 dpi, respectively. While 100% of the previously unexposed fish died, 100% of the previously infected fish survived. The high survival rate of fish following re-challenge with RBIV indicates that protective immunity was established in the surviving rock bream. Our results showed the possibility of developing preventive measures against RBIV using CpG ODN 1668 by reducing RBIV replication speed (i.e. water temperature of 20°C and infection dose of 1.1×104).
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Hwa Jung
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Luis Perez
- IBMC, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Sung-Ju Jung
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea
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U-Taynapun K, Chirapongsatonkul N, Itami T, Tantikitti C. CpG ODN mimicking CpG rich region of myxosporean Myxobolus supamattayai stimulates innate immunity in Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) and defense against Streptococcus iniae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:116-124. [PMID: 27629917 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine CpG dinucleotides within specific sequence contexts (CpG motifs) have been reported as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Its immunostimulatory effects have been demonstrated in diverse vertebrate models. CpG ODN is typically found in bacterial or viral genome and recognized by a non-self recognition receptor Toll-like receptor9 (TLR9). Here, a new CpG ODN 1013 which mimics sequence of SSU rDNA of early eukaryotic organism myxosporidia, Myxobolus supamattayai, was employed to stimulate the immune responses of Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer. Its immunostimulant potentiality was comparatively compared with that of CpG ODN 1668, a widely used as functional immunostimulant. Both unmethylated CpG ODNs with some modified phosphorothioated positions were intraperitoneally injection (5 μg/fish). Hematological examination, immunological assays and immune-related genes expression were evaluated 12 h, 1, 3 and 5 d after post CpG ODN challenge. The immunosimulatory effect of these CpG ODNs on fish immunity to protect the bacterial pathogen Streptococcus iniae was also determined. The results demonstrated that these two CpG ODNs could induce immune responses in Asian sea bass including the significant (P < 0.05) increase level of WBC, peroxidase activity and oxidative radicals in head kidney (HK) leukocyte, serum innate immune parameters and up-regulation of four immune responsive genes compared with the control group. Most of immune responses induced by ODN 1668 were strong within 1 d but lesser extended while ODN 1013 prolonged the stimulatory effects during the whole experimental period. After challenge with S. iniae, the survival proportion in ODN 1013-treated fish was apparently higher than that treated with ODN 1668 and PBS, respectively. The results together suggested that CpG ODN 1013 enhanced innate immune responses, including humoral and cellular responses, through TLR9 mediated signaling pathway which is mainly contribute to the protective immunity in Asian sea bass against S. iniae infection. These findings can lead to a new approach in immunostimulant development by using the novel CpG ODN originating from the parasite M. supamattayai, besides those from bacterial and viral genomes, for disease control in fish host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittichon U-Taynapun
- Aquatic Animal Health Management Research Unit, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80110, Thailand; Aquatic Animal Health Research Center, Department of Aquatic Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Nion Chirapongsatonkul
- Aquatic Animal Health Management Research Unit, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80110, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Toshiaki Itami
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Chutima Tantikitti
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Center, Department of Aquatic Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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Cárdenas-Reyna T, Angulo C, Hori-Oshima S, Velázquez-Lizárraga E, Reyes-Becerril M. B-cell activating CpG ODN 1668 enhance the immune response of Pacific red snapper (Lutjanus peru) exposed to Vibrio parahaemolitycus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 62:72-81. [PMID: 27143535 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
B-class CpG ODN 1668 is known to possess clear immunostimulatory properties. In this study, we investigated the potential ability of CpG ODN 1668 to enhance the immune response of Pacific red snapper exposed to Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Four different treatments were evaluated in Pacific red snapper: (1) stimulatory CpG ODN 1668, (2) stimulatory CpG ODN 1668 and V. parahaemolyticus, (3) exposure only to V. parahaemolyticus and (4) PBS. Samples were taken at 24, 72, 168 and 240 h of stimulation/infection. The results show that intraperitoneal injection of CpG-ODN 1668 enhanced the anti-protease, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in serum. CpG ODN 1668 upregulated TLR9 and IgM gene expression in head-kidney, intestine and skin, with higher expression in head-kidney. A higher correlation was observed between TLR9 and IgM in head-kidney and intestine. Finally, no histopathological damages were observed in fish stimulated with CpG ODN 1668. In contrast, melanomacrophages-like structures were present in higher numbers in infected fish. Taken together, these results indicate that CpG ODN 1668 activates innate immune response and upregulate the TLR9 and IgM-mediated immune response. These results may be exploited for the control of Vibriosis in farmed Pacific red snapper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Cárdenas-Reyna
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera San Felipe Km. 3.5, Fraccionamiento Laguna Campestre, Mexicali, Baja California 21386, Mexico
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico
| | - Sawako Hori-Oshima
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera San Felipe Km. 3.5, Fraccionamiento Laguna Campestre, Mexicali, Baja California 21386, Mexico
| | - Esteban Velázquez-Lizárraga
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico
| | - Martha Reyes-Becerril
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico.
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Su H, Yuan G, Su J. A specific CpG oligodeoxynucleotide induces protective antiviral responses against grass carp reovirus in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 60:218-227. [PMID: 26972738 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) show strong immune stimulatory activity in vertebrate, however, they possess specific sequence feature among species. In this study, we screened out an optimal CpG ODN sequence for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), 1670A 5'-TCGAACGTTTTAACGTTTTAACGTT-3', from six published sequences and three sequences designed by authors based on grass carp head kidney mononuclear cells and CIK (C. idella kidney) cells proliferation. VP4 mRNA expression was strongly inhibited by CpG ODN 1670A in CIK cells with GCRV infection, showing its strong antiviral activity. The mechanism via toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-mediated signaling pathway was measured by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, and TLR21 did not play a role in the immune response to CpG ODN. The late up-regulation of CiRIG-I mRNA expression indicated that RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) signaling pathway participated in the immune response to CpG ODN which is the first report on the interaction between CpG and RLRs. We also found that the efficient CpG ODN can activates interferon system. Infected with GCRV, type I interferon expression was reduced and type II interferon was induced by the efficient CpG ODN in CIK cells, especially IFNγ2, suggesting that IFNγ2 played an important role in response to the efficient CpG ODN. These results provide a theoretical basis and new development trend for further research on CpG and the application of CpG vaccine adjuvant in grass carp disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gailing Yuan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
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10
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Li XP, Sun L. Toll-like receptor 2 of tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis: Signaling pathway and involvement in bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:321-328. [PMID: 26947353 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 is a member of the TLR family that plays a pivotal role in innate immunity. In mammals, TLR2 is known to recognize specific microbial structures and trigger MyD88-dependent signaling to induce various cytokine responses. In this study, we examined the expression and function of the tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis TLR2, CsTLR2. CsTLR2 is composed of 898 amino acid residues and shares 25.6%-27.3% overall sequence identities with known teleost TLR2. CsTLR2 is a transmembrane protein with a toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain and eight leucine-rich repeats. Expression of CsTLR2 occurred in multiple tissues and was upregulated during bacterial infection. Stimulation of the CsTLR2 pathway led to enhanced expression of MyD88-dependent signaling molecules. Recombinant CsTLR2 (rCsTLR2) corresponding to the extracellular region was able to bind to a wide range of bacteria. Under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, rCsTLR2 significantly reduced bacterial infection. These observations add new insights into the signaling and function of teleost TLR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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11
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Chi H, Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA, Zhang W, Hu YH. Th17 master transcription factors RORα and RORγ regulate the expression of IL-17C, IL-17D and IL-17F in Cynoglossus semilaevis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:169-178. [PMID: 26547017 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The RAR-related orphan receptors (RORs) are members of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors. In this study, we examined the regulatory properties of RORα (CsRORα) and RORγ (CsRORγ) in tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). CsRORα and CsRORγ expression was detected in major lymphoid organs and altered to significant extents after bacterial and viral infection. CsRORα enhanced the activities of CsIL-17C, CsIL-17D, and CsIL-17F promoters, which contain CsRORα and CsRORγ binding sites. CsRORγ also upregulated the promoter activities of CsIL-17D and CsIL-17F but not CsIL-17C. CsRORα and CsRORγ proteins were detected in the nucleus, and overexpression of CsRORα in tongue sole significantly increased the expression of CsIL-17C, CsIL-17D, and CsIL-17F, whereas overexpression of CsRORγ significantly increased the expression of CsIL-17C and CsIL-17F but no CsIL-17D. These results indicate that RORα and RORγ in teleost regulate the expression of IL-17 members in different manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Chi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jarl Bøgwald
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, Tromsø N-9037, Norway
| | - Roy Ambli Dalmo
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, Tromsø N-9037, Norway
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yong-hua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
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12
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Li XP, Sun L. TLR7 is required for optimal immune defense against bacterial infection in tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:93-99. [PMID: 26327112 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In mammals as well as in teleost, toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is known to be involved in antiviral immunity by recognizing viral RNA. However, the antibacterial potential of fish TLR7 is unclear. In this study, we analyzed the TLR7 of tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis), CsTLR7, and examined its potential involvement in antibacterial immunity. CsTLR7 is composed of 1052 amino acid residues and shares 64.0%-75.9% overall sequence identities with known teleost TLR7. CsTLR7 possesses a toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain and six leucine-rich repeats. Constitutive expression of CsTLR7 occurred in relatively high levels in kidney, spleen and liver. Bacterial infection upregulated CsTLR7 expression, whereas viral infection downregulated CsTLR7 expression. Knockdown of CsTLR7 significantly enhanced bacterial dissemination in the tissues of tongue sole. Treatment of tongue sole with the imidazoquinoline compound R848 (TLR7 activator) and the endosomal acidification inhibitor chloroquine (TLR7 inhibitor) caused enhanced and reduced resistance against bacterial infection respectively. These results indicate that CsTLR7 plays an essential role in the antibacterial immunity of tongue sole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Oceanography Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Oceanography Laboratory, Qingdao, China.
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13
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Sun Y, Hu YH. Cell-penetrating peptide-mediated subunit vaccine generates a potent immune response and protection against Streptococcus iniae in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 167:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Grzegorzewska AE. Prophylactic vaccinations in chronic kidney disease: Current status. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:2599-605. [PMID: 25911956 PMCID: PMC4685704 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1034915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, recent data on results concerning prophylactic vaccinations against hepatitis B virus, influenza viruses, and pneumococci are presented. Effects of active immunization in chronic kidney disease depend on category of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The lower GFR category the better results of response to vaccination. Abnormalities in toll-like receptors and down-regulation of B-cell activating factor receptor in transitional B cells were recently included into uremia-associated deficits in immunocompetence. Development of novel, more potent vaccines containing toll-like receptor agonists as adjuvants may help to achieve more effective immunization against hepatitis B virus in immunocompromised patients. Experimental studies announce further vaccine adjuvants. A vaccine against hepatitis C virus is not available yet, but promising results were already obtained in the experimental and preliminary clinical studies. Prophylactic vaccinations against influenza viruses and pneumococci become increasingly popular in dialysis facilities due to their proved benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja E Grzegorzewska
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Diseases; Poznań University of Medical Sciences; Poznań, Poland
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15
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Zhang J, Zhang BC, Sun L. P247 and p523: two in vivo-expressed megalocytivirus proteins that induce protective immunity and are essential to viral infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121282. [PMID: 25815484 PMCID: PMC4376877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Megalocytivirus is a DNA virus with a broad host range among teleost fish. Although the complete genome sequences of a number of megalocytivirus isolates have been reported, the functions of most of the genes of this virus are unknown. In this study, we selected two megalocytivirus immunogens, P247 and P523, which were expressed during host infection and, when in the form of DNA vaccines (pCN247 and pCN523 respectively), elicited strong protectivity against lethal megalocytivirus challenge in a turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) model. Compared to control fish, fish vaccinated with pCN247 and pCN523 exhibited drastically reduced viral loads in tissues and high levels of survival rates. Immune response analysis showed that pCN247 and pCN523 (i) induced production of specific serum antibodies, (ii) caused generation of cytotoxic immune cells and specific memory immune cells that responded to secondary antigen stimulation, and (iii) upregulated the expression of genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity. To examine the potential role of P247 and P523 in viral infection, the expression of P247 and P523 was knocked down by siRNA. Subsequent in vivo infection study showed that P247 and P523 knockdown significantly impaired viral replication. Furthermore, whole-genome transcriptome analysis revealed that P247 and P523 knockdown altered the expression profiles of 26 and 41 viral genes, respectively, putatively participating in diverse aspects of viral infection. Taken together, these results indicate that P247 and P523 induce protective immunity in teleost and play fundamental roles essential to viral replication. These observations provide the first evidence that suggests a likely link between the protectivity of viral immunogens and their biological significance in viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao cun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Zhou ZX, Zhang BC, Sun L. Poly(I:C) induces antiviral immune responses in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) that require TLR3 and MDA5 and is negatively regulated by Myd88. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112918. [PMID: 25393122 PMCID: PMC4231074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) is a ligand of toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 that has been used as an immunostimulant in humans and mice against viral diseases based on its ability to enhance innate and adapt immunity. Antiviral effect of poly(I:C) has also been observed in teleost, however, the underling mechanism is not clear. In this study, we investigated the potential and signaling mechanism of poly(I:C) as an antiviral agent in a model of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) infected with megalocytivirus. We found that poly(I:C) exhibited strong antiviral activity and enhanced activation of head kidney macrophages and peripheral blood leukocytes. In vivo studies showed that (i) TLR3 as well as MDA5 knockdown reduced poly(I:C)-mediated immune response and antiviral activity to significant extents; (ii) when Myd88 was overexpressed in flounder, poly(I:C)-mediated antiviral activity was significantly decreased; (iii) when Myd88 was inactivated, the antiviral effect of poly(I:C) was significantly increased. Cellular study showed that (i) the NF-κB activity induced by poly(I:C) was upregulated in Myd88-overexpressing cells and unaffected in Myd88-inactivated cells; (ii) Myd88 overexpression inhibited and upregulated the expression of poly(I:C)-induced antiviral genes and inflammatory genes respectively; (iii) Myd88 inactivation enhanced the expression of the antiviral genes induced by poly(I:C). Taken together, these results indicate that poly(I:C) is an immunostimulant with antiviral potential, and that the immune response of poly(I:C) requires TLR3 and MDA5 and is negatively regulated by Myd88 in a manner not involving NK-κB. These results provide insights to the working mechanism of poly(I:C), TLR3, and Myd88 in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-xia Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Bao-cun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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