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Machat R, Pojezdal L, Gebauer J, Tesarik R, Motlova J, Palikova M, Faldyna M. Immune response in diseased and healthy common carp exposed to carp edema virus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024:e14012. [PMID: 39238422 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The common carp is one of the most economically valuable freshwater fish worldwide and its aquaculture can be severely affected by the koi sleepy disease (KSD)/carp edema virus disease (CEVD). This study explores a natural outbreak of CEVD in a pond containing both clinically healthy and diseased fish of various origins exposed to the virus. We investigated mRNA expression of genes associated with known antiviral immune mechanisms, such as type I interferon signalling and cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and performed a comprehensive protein expression analysis to highlight differences between the two groups in various organs. Significant differences in expression profiles of common carp with and without clinical signs were found to be strongly dependent on the organ from which the sample originated. Components of the complement cascade, including various C3 proteins, exhibited upregulation only in less affected organs, specifically the head kidney and spleen. Other complement proteins such as B/C2 and C9 showed upregulation in the kidney, spleen, and gills but not in the skin. Conversely, lysozymes C and G, were observed to be upregulated in the most affected organs of the skin and gills. This study submits the first description of the immune system related proteome using a mass spectrometry on the samples isolated from fish infected with CEV. It also offers a unique comparison of immune reaction of CEV infected and healthy fish under an infectious pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Machat
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomir Pojezdal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Gebauer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Tesarik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Motlova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Palikova
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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Peng XY, Wang KL, Li L, Li B, Wu XY, Zhang ZW, Li N, Liu LH, Nie P, Chen SN. Transcription of NOD1 and NOD2 and their interaction with CARD9 and RIPK2 in IFN signaling in a perciform fish, the Chinese perch, Siniperca chuatsi. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1374368. [PMID: 38715616 PMCID: PMC11074466 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1374368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
NOD1 and NOD2 as two representative members of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family play important roles in antimicrobial immunity. However, transcription mechanism of nod1 and nod2 and their signal circle are less understood in teleost fish. In this study, with the cloning of card9 and ripk2 in Chinese perch, the interaction between NOD1, NOD2, and CARD9 and RIPK2 were revealed through coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays. The overexpression of NOD1, NOD2, RIPK2 and CARD9 induced significantly the promoter activity of NF-κB, IFNh and IFNc. Furthermore, it was found that nod1 and nod2 were induced by poly(I:C), type I IFNs, RLR and even NOD1/NOD2 themselves through the ISRE site of their proximal promoters. It is thus indicated that nod1 and nod2 can be classified also as ISGs due to the presence of ISRE in their proximal promoter, and their expression can be mechanistically controlled through PRR pathway as well as through IFN signaling in antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Lun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiang Yang Wu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi Wei Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lan Hao Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - P. Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Meng XY, Jiang QQ, Yu XD, Zhang QY, Ke F. Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A) inhibits Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) infection through two distinct mechanisms. J Virol 2023; 97:e0122623. [PMID: 37861337 PMCID: PMC10688370 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01226-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although a virus can regulate many cellular responses to facilitate its replication by interacting with host proteins, the host can also restrict virus infection through these interactions. In the present study, we showed that the host eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A), an essential protein in the translation machinery, interacted with two proteins of a fish rhabdovirus, Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV), and inhibited virus infection via two different mechanisms: (i) inhibiting the formation of crucial viral protein complexes required for virus transcription and replication and (ii) promoting the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of viral protein. We also revealed the functional regions of eEF1A that are involved in the two processes. Such a host protein inhibiting a rhabdovirus infection in two ways is rarely reported. These findings provided new information for the interactions between host and fish rhabdovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yu Meng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Qi Jiang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Dong Yu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ke
- Institute of Hydrobiology, College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Liu R, Meng F, Li X, Li H, Yang G, Shan S. Characterization of STING from common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) involved in spring viremia of carp virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109164. [PMID: 37839543 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) serve as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein and modulates innate immune responses to viral contagion. Most investigations involving teleost STING antiviral immunity have examined DNA viruses. Therefore, fish STING signaling events against RNA viruses require additional exploration. Here, common carp STING (named CcSTING) was cloned and characterized. The bioinformatics analyses of CcSTING showed evolutionary conservations and were most closely related to other cyprinid STINGs. Immunofluorescence staining discovered that the CcSTING was chiefly placed in the cytoplasm, specifically within the ER. CcSTING was ubiquitously generated in all analyzed organs, with especially strong expression in the gills and head kidney. Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) stimulation and poly(I:C) infection induced the generation of CcSTING in immune-associated organs, as well as in peripheral blood leukocytes. Additional investigations revealed that CcSTING overexpression strongly suppressed SVCV replication in EPC cells. Mechanistically, CcSTING enhanced IFN-1 and ISGs expression following SVCV infection. CcSTING also substantially increased both IFN and NF-κB promoter luciferase activity via a dosage-dependent fashion. Lastly, CcSTING significantly up-regulated both TBK1 and p65 phosphorylation. Collectively, these findings demonstrated the critical role and underlying mechanism of fish STING in response to RNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Fei Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xin Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Hua Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Shijuan Shan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Wang Y, Zuo W, Zhang Y, Bo Z, Zhang C, Zhang X, Wu Y. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase suppresses avian reovirus replication by its enzymatic product 25-hydroxycholesterol. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1178005. [PMID: 37455710 PMCID: PMC10340090 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1178005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) causing viral arthritis/tenosynovitis and viral enteritis in domestic fowl has significantly threatened on the poultry industry worldwide. ARV is a non-enveloped fusogenic virus that belongs to the Reoviridae family. Previous research revealed that cellular cholesterol in lipid rafts is essential for ARV replication. It has been reported that cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) and its product 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) have antiviral activities against enveloped viruses. However, few studies characterized the association of non-enveloped viruses with CH25H and the role of CH25H in the regulation of ARV replication. In this study, the expression of chicken CH25H (chCH25H) was found to be upregulated in ARV-infected cells at the early stage of infection. The results of overexpression and knockdown assays revealed that chCH25H has a significant antiviral effect against ARV infection. Furthermore, a 25HC treatment significantly inhibited ARV replication in a dose-dependent manner at both the entry and post-entry stages, and a chCH25H mutant lacking hydroxylase activity failed to inhibit ARV infection. These results indicate that CH25H, depending on its enzyme activity, exerts the antiviral effect against ARV via the synthesis of 25HC. In addition, we revealed that 25HC produced by CH25H inhibits viral entry by delaying the kinetics of ARV uncoating, and CH25H blocks cell-cell membrane fusion induced by the p10 protein of ARV. Altogether, our findings showed that CH25H, as a natural host restriction factor, possessed antiviral activity against ARV targeting viral entry and syncytium formation, through an enzyme activity-dependent way. This study may provide new insights into the development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zongyi Bo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yantao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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6
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Løkka G, Gamil AAA, Evensen Ø, Kortner TM. Establishment of an In Vitro Model to Study Viral Infections of the Fish Intestinal Epithelium. Cells 2023; 12:1531. [PMID: 37296652 PMCID: PMC10252704 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are still a major concern for the aquaculture industry. For salmonid fish, even though breeding strategies and vaccine development have reduced disease outbreaks, viral diseases remain among the main challenges having a negative impact on the welfare of fish and causing massive economic losses for the industry. The main entry port for viruses into the fish is through mucosal surfaces including that of the gastrointestinal tract. The contradictory functions of this surface, both creating a barrier towards the external environment and at the same time being responsible for the uptake of nutrients and ion/water regulation make it particularly vulnerable. The connection between dietary components and viral infections in fish has been poorly investigated and until now, a fish intestinal in vitro model to investigate virus-host interactions has been lacking. Here, we established the permissiveness of the rainbow trout intestinal cell line RTgutGC towards the important salmonid viruses-infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), salmonid alphavirus (subtype 3, SAV3) and infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV)-and explored the infection mechanisms of the three different viruses in these cells at different virus to cell ratios. Cytopathic effect (CPE), virus replication in the RTgutGC cells, antiviral cell responses and viral effects on the barrier permeability of polarized cells were investigated. We found that all virus species infected and replicated in RTgutGC cells, although with different replication kinetics and ability to induce CPE and host responses. The onset and progression of CPE was more rapid at high multiplicity of infection (MOI) for IPNV and SAV3 while the opposite was true of ISAV. A positive correlation between the MOI used and the induction of antiviral responses was observed for IPNV while a negative correlation was detected for SAV3. Viral infections compromised barrier integrity at early time points prior to observations of CPE microscopically. Further, the replication of IPNV and ISAV had a more pronounced effect on barrier function than SAV3. The in vitro infection model established herein can thus provide a novel tool to generate knowledge about the infection pathways and mechanisms used to surpass the intestinal epithelium in salmonid fish, and to study how a virus can potentially compromise gut epithelial barrier functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro Løkka
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (A.A.A.G.); (Ø.E.); (T.M.K.)
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7
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Simón R, Martínez P, González L, Ordás MC, Tafalla C. Differential response of RTGUTGC and RTGILL-W1 rainbow trout epithelial cell lines to viral stimulation. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:433-443. [PMID: 36633210 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces constitute the main route of entry of pathogens into the host. In fish, these mucosal tissues include, among others, the gastrointestinal tract, the gills and the skin. However, knowledge about the mechanisms of regulation of immunity in these tissues is still scarce, being essential to generate a solid base that allows the development of prevention strategies against these infectious agents. In this work, we have used the RTgutGC and RTgill-W1 epithelial-like cell lines, derived from the gastrointestinal tract and the gill of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), respectively, to investigate the transcriptional response of mucosal epithelial cells to a viral mimic, the dsRNA poly I:C, as well as to two important viral rainbow trout pathogens, namely viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Additionally, we have established how the exposure to poly I:C affected the susceptibility of RTgutGC and RTgill-W1 cells to both viruses. Our results reveal important differences in the way these two cell lines respond to viral stimuli, providing interesting information on these cell lines that have emerged in the past years as useful tools to study mucosal responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Simón
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lucía González
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Camino Ordás
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Fu J, Chen J, Meng X, Luo Z, Liu Y, Wei L. Molecular identification and functional analysis of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis -associated factor-1 (XAF1) in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108635. [PMID: 36822382 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) -associated factor 1 (XAF1) is an interferon-stimulated gene which exhibits pro-apoptosis effect. In this study, XAF1 was characterized from grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella and its expression pattern and function were analyzed. The open reading frame (orf) of XAF1 is 789 nucleotides (nt) encoding 262 amino acids. SMART online search results showed that a C2H2-type and six C2HC-type zinc-fingers were found in XAF1, however, the XAF1 of grass carp showed high sequence identity to zebrafish (71%), low sequence identity to tetrapods (21-22%). Rt-qPCR results showed that XAF1 was constitutively expressed in all tested organs/tissues with highest expression in blood. An inductive expression of XAF1 at mRNA level was observed in peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) and C. idellus kidney cells (CIKs) after treatment with C. idellus recombinant interferon-γ (rIFNg). Overexpressing XAF1 in CIKs exhibited resistance against grass carp reovirus (GCRV) and more sensitivity to cisplatin. These results implied a functional homologue of XAF1 in evolution, however the mechanism may require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Fu
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330022, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330022, PR China
| | - XinYan Meng
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330022, PR China
| | - Zhang Luo
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330022, PR China.
| | - Lili Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330045, PR China.
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Chen L, Liu J, Yan J, Pan J, Wu H, Xiao J, Feng H. Cloning and characterization of type IV interferon from black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:104614. [PMID: 36502963 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
From mammals to fish, interferons (IFNs) play vital roles in the immune response. In this study, a newly identified type IV interferon (bcIFN-υ) from black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) has been cloned and characterized. The CDS of bcIFN-υ consists of 489 nucleotides, encoding 163 amino acids, with the first 20 amino acids predicted to be the signal peptide region. The immunoblot and immunofluorescence assays verified that bcIFN-υ was a secreted cytokine. qPCR analysis and reporter assay demonstrated that bcIFN-υ participated in innate immune defense and activated the transcription of fish ISRE promoter under spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) stimulation. Additionally, compared with control group, EPC cells transfected with bcIFN-υ or incubated with the bcIFN-υ-containing conditioned media before SVCV infection showed greatly enhanced antiviral activity, and the transcription levels of MX1, PKR, ISG15 and Viperin genes were significantly increased. The subsequential co-immunoprecipitation assay identified the interaction between bcIFN-υ proteins. Collectively, our data conclude that bcIFN-υ is a kind of secretory protein with self-interaction and triggering the expression of downstream ISGs to enhance the antiviral activity of host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jiaji Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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Krishna Priya R, Premraj A, Sivakumar K, Sajeevan T. Identification of two ISG15 homologues involved in host immune response against RGNNV in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 3:100054. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Qiao X, Li Y, Jin Y, Wang S, Hou L, Wang L, Song L. The involvement of an interferon-induced protein 44-like (CgIFI44L) in the antiviral immune response of Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 129:96-105. [PMID: 36055558 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) encoding proteins are the essential executors of interferon (IFN) mediated antiviral defense. In the present study, an ISG member, interferon-induced protein 44-like (IFI44L) gene (designed as CgIFI44L-1) was identified from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The ORF of CgIFI44L-1 cDNA was of 1437 bp encoding a polypeptide of 479 amino acids with a TLDc domain and an MMR_HSR1 domain. The mRNA transcripts of CgIFI44L-1 were detected in all the tested tissues with highest level in haemocytes, which was 15.78-fold of that in gonad (p < 0.001). Among the haemocytes, the CgIFI44L-1 protein was detected to be highly expressed in granulocytes with dominant distribution in cytoplasm. The mRNA expression level of CgIFI44L-1 in haemocytes was significantly induced by poly (I:C) stimulation, and the expression level peaked at 24 h, which was 24.24-fold (p < 0.0001) of that in control group. After the treatment with the recombinant protein of an oyster IFN-like protein (rCgIFNLP), the mRNA expression level of CgIFI44L-1 was significantly enhanced at 6 h, 12 h and 24 h, which was 2.67-fold (p < 0.001), 5.44-fold (p < 0.001) and 5.16-fold (p < 0.001) of that in control group, respectively. When the expressions of CgSTAT and CgIFNLP were knocked down by RNA interference (RNAi), the mRNA transcripts of CgIFI44L-1 were significantly down-regulated after poly (I:C) stimulation, which was 0.09-fold (p < 0.001) and 0.06-fold (p < 0.001) of those in EGFP group, respectively. These results suggested that CgIFI44L-1 was a conserved ISG in oyster, which was regulated by CgIFNLP and CgSTAT, and involved in the oyster antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qiao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Youjing Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuhao Jin
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Sicong Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lilin Hou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai, Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai, Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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12
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Machat R, Pojezdal L, Gebauer J, Matiasovic J, Tesarik R, Minarova H, Hodkovicova N, Faldyna M. Early immune response of two common carp breeds to koi herpesvirus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:206-215. [PMID: 35940535 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Economic importance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) increases every year. Viral diseases are major threat for carp aquaculture and cause significant economic losses. Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is one of the most serious carp diseases. Current study is focused on confirmation of possible differences in early immune response to KHV depending on level of resistance. Class I interferon signalling, complement cascade and cell-mediated cytotoxicity are hypothesized as major mechanisms of early innate immune response against KHV. Different breeds of common carp show distinct level of resistance to KHV. Two breeds of common carp with completely different susceptibility to KHV were chosen for current research: amur wild carp (AS) as highly resistant and koi carp (KOI) as very susceptible breed. KHV infection caused no mortalities, but the viral load in selected tissues increased during infection. Levels of expressions of chosen genes was examined using qRT-PCR and overall change in protein expression profiles was analysed by mass spectrometry. Significant differences in immune response between AS and KOI were detected mostly at the level of protein expression. Although cell-mediated cytotoxicity showed minimal influence during KHV infection, many immune response parameters related to class I interferon signalling pathway and complement cascade were increased earlier during KHV infection in AS comparing to KOI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Machat
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomir Pojezdal
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Gebauer
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Matiasovic
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Tesarik
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Minarova
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic; Department of Ecology & Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, 612 42, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Hodkovicova
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic.
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13
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Wang X, Chen D, Lv Z, Zhao X, Ding C, Liu Y, Xiao T. Transcriptomics analysis provides new insights into the fish antiviral mechanism and identification of interferon-stimulated genes in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Mol Immunol 2022; 148:81-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.05.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Cohen-Rengifo M, Danion M, Gonzalez AA, Bégout ML, Cormier A, Noël C, Cabon J, Vitré T, Mark FC, Mazurais D. The extensive transgenerational transcriptomic effects of ocean acidification on the olfactory epithelium of a marine fish are associated with a better viral resistance. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:448. [PMID: 35710351 PMCID: PMC9204966 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08647-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Progressive CO2-induced ocean acidification (OA) impacts marine life in ways that are difficult to predict but are likely to become exacerbated over generations. Although marine fishes can balance acid–base homeostasis efficiently, indirect ionic regulation that alter neurosensory systems can result in behavioural abnormalities. In marine invertebrates, OA can also affect immune system function, but whether this is the case in marine fishes is not fully understood. Farmed fish are highly susceptible to disease outbreak, yet strategies for overcoming such threats in the wake of OA are wanting. Here, we exposed two generations of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) to end-of-century predicted pH levels (IPCC RCP8.5), with parents (F1) being exposed for four years and their offspring (F2) for 18 months. Our design included a transcriptomic analysis of the olfactory rosette (collected from the F2) and a viral challenge (exposing F2 to betanodavirus) where we assessed survival rates. Results We discovered transcriptomic trade-offs in both sensory and immune systems after long-term transgenerational exposure to OA. Specifically, RNA-Seq analysis of the olfactory rosette, the peripheral olfactory organ, from 18-months-old F2 revealed extensive regulation in genes involved in ion transport and neuronal signalling, including GABAergic signalling. We also detected OA-induced up-regulation of genes associated with odour transduction, synaptic plasticity, neuron excitability and wiring and down-regulation of genes involved in energy metabolism. Furthermore, OA-exposure induced up-regulation of genes involved in innate antiviral immunity (pathogen recognition receptors and interferon-stimulated genes) in combination with down-regulation of the protein biosynthetic machinery. Consistently, OA-exposed F2 challenged with betanodavirus, which causes damage to the nervous system of marine fish, had acquired improved resistance. Conclusion F2 exposed to long-term transgenerational OA acclimation showed superior viral resistance, though as their metabolic and odour transduction programs were altered, odour-mediated behaviours might be consequently impacted. Although it is difficult to unveil how long-term OA impacts propagated between generations, our results reveal that, across generations, trade-offs in plastic responses is a core feature of the olfactory epithelium transcriptome in OA-exposed F2 offspring, and will have important consequences for how cultured and wild fish interacts with its environment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08647-w.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgane Danion
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Fish Viral Pathology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Anne-Alicia Gonzalez
- MGX, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Biocampus Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Laure Bégout
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, 34250, Palavas-les-Flots, IRD, France
| | | | - Cyril Noël
- IFREMER, SEBIMER, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Joëlle Cabon
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Fish Viral Pathology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Felix C Mark
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
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15
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Xu X, Liu L, Feng J, Li X, Zhang J. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals potential anti-viral immune pathways of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) subverted by megalocytivirus RBIV-C1 for immune evasion. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:153-161. [PMID: 35150827 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Successful viral infection and multiplication chiefly rely on virus subversion mechanisms against host anti-viral immune responses. In this study, in order to reveal the anti-viral immune-related pathways suppressed by megalocytivirus infection, transcriptome analysis was performed on the head-kidney of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) infected with lethal dose of RBIV-C1 at 3, 6 and 9 days post challenge (dpc). The results showed that, compared to unchallenged groups, 190, 1220, and 3963 DEGs were detected in RBIV-C1 infected groups at 3, 6 and 9 dpc, respectively, of which, DEGs of complement components and pattern recognition proteins were up-regulated at 3 dpc and down-regulated at 6 and 9 dpc, DEGs of cytokines were up-regulated at 6 dpc and down-regulated at 9 dpc. Expression trend analysis revealed that DEGs of profiles 9 and 13 featured decreased expression patterns and were significantly enriched into 10 immune-related pathways, i.e., complement and coagulation cascades, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, chemokine signaling pathway, B/T cell receptor signaling pathway, antigen processing and presentation, and so on. Further co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed positive correlated innate immune related pathways at 3 and 6 dpc, and negative correlated innate and adaptive immune related pathways at 9 dpc. This study revealed a set of anti-viral immune genes/pathways that would also be potential targets subverted by RBIV-C1 for immune evasion, which can serve as a valuable resource for future studies on the molecular mechanisms of anti-viral immune defense of turbot and immune escape of megalocytivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudan Xu
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Ling Liu
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Jixing Feng
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Xuepeng Li
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, China.
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16
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Samms KA, Alkie TN, Jenik K, de Jong J, Klinger KM, DeWitte-Orr SJ. Oral delivery of a dsRNA-Phytoglycogen nanoparticle complex enhances both local and systemic innate immune responses in rainbow trout. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 121:215-222. [PMID: 34999226 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Salmonids are one of the most farmed fish species worldwide. These aquatic vertebrates rely heavily on their innate immune responses as the first line of defense to defend themselves against invading pathogens. Although commercial vaccines are available against some viral and bacterial pathogens affecting salmonids, their protective efficacy varies. Using a prophylactic inducer of local and systemic innate immune responses to limit infection could have significant implications in salmonid aquaculture. A potent inducer of innate immune responses in fish is double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a molecule that all viruses make during their replicative cycle. Polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) is a synthetic dsRNA commonly used to induce type I interferons (IFNs), interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) as well as an antiviral state in vertebrate species. Based on in vitro data it was hypothesized that both local and systemic innate immune responses, in salmonids, would be enhanced by orally delivering high molecular weight polyI:C (HMW polyI:C) using cationic phytoglycogen nanoparticles (NPs) as a delivery method. The present study investigates this hypothesis using two feed delivery methods. In the first in vivo study, to ensure an equal distribution of dose, individual rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were orally gavaged with feed moistened with a solution containing HMW-NP (polyI:C complexed with cationic phytoglycogen nanoparticles) or HMW polyI:C alone. In a second in vivo experiment, to better mimic a more realistic feeding scenario, rainbow trout were fed feed pellets to which HMW, or HMW-NP was added. The expression of IFN1 and ISGs (vig-3, Mx1) were quantified using real-time PCR in the intestine (local response) and head kidney (systemic response). The results of these studies indicate that HMW-NP induced a higher level of IFN1 and ISG expression in the intestine and head kidney compared to the HMW fed fish. The results of this study could lead to new advances in therapeutics for the aquaculture industry by utilizing the innate immune response against invading pathogens using an orally delivered stimulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla A Samms
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tamiru N Alkie
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Kristof Jenik
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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17
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Andresen AMS, Gjøen T. Chitosan nanoparticle formulation attenuates poly (I:C) induced innate immune responses against inactivated virus vaccine in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 40:100915. [PMID: 34634571 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many vaccine formulations, in particular vaccines based on inactivated virus, needs adjuvants to boost immunogenicity. In aquaculture, mineral and plant oil are used as adjuvant in commercial vaccines, and the advent of oil-adjuvanted vaccines was crucial to aquaculture development. Nevertheless, some of these approved vaccines display suboptimal performance in the field compared to experimental conditions. Therefore, there is a need to improve adjuvants and delivery methods for fish vaccines against viruses. We used RNA sequencing of Atlantic salmon head kidney to analyse the difference in gene expression 24 h after injection of different experimental vaccine formulations. We compared five different formulations in addition to a PBS control: inactivated virus alone (group V), soluble poly (I:C) (group P), nanoparticles containing poly (I:C) (group N), soluble poly (I:C) + inactivated virus (group PV) and finally nanoparticles containing poly (I:C) + inactivated virus (group NV). Our results showed poly (I:C)'s ability as adjuvant and its capacity influence innate immune genes expression in Atlantic salmon. Soluble poly (I:C) upregulated multiple immune related genes and was more effective compared to poly (I:C) formulated into chitosan nanoparticles (more than 10 fold increase in differentially expressed genes, DEGs). However, inclusion of inactivated ISA virus in the nanoparticle vaccine, increased the number of DEGs fivefold suggesting a synergistic effect of adjuvant and antigen. Our results indicate that the way poly (I:C) is formulated and the presence of antigen is important for the magnitude of the innate immune response in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tor Gjøen
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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18
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Wang Q, Duan X, Huang F, Cheng H, Zhang C, Li L, Ruan X, He Q, Yang H, Niu W, Qin Q, Zhao H. Polystyrene nanoplastics alter virus replication in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) spleen and brain tissues and spleen cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125918. [PMID: 34492850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) are known to impair the function of the digestive system, intestinal flora, immune system, and nervous system of marine organisms. We tested whether PS-NPs influence viral infection of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). We found that grouper spleen (GS) cells took up PS-NPs at exposure concentrations of 5, 50, and 500 μg/mL and experienced cytotoxicity at 50 and 500 μg/mL concentrations. At 12 h after exposure to 50 μg/mL of PS-NPs, the replication of Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) increased in GS cells after their invasion. Juvenile fish exposed to 300 and 3000 μg/L of PS-NPs for 7 d showed PS-NPs uptake to the spleen and vacuole formation in brain tissue. Moreover, PS-NPs exposure accelerated SGIV replication in the spleen and RGNNV replication in the brain. PS-NP exposure also decreased the expression of toll-like receptor genes and interferon-related genes before and after virus invasion in vitro and in vivo, thus reducing the resistance of cells and tissues to viral replication. This is the first report that PS-NPs have toxic effects on GS cells and spleen and brain tissues, and it provides new insights into assessing the impact of PS-NPs on marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuzhuo Duan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fengqi Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huitao Cheng
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chunli Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihua Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinhe Ruan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qi He
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huirong Yang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenbiao Niu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Huihong Zhao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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19
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Wang Q, Peng C, Yang M, Huang F, Duan X, Wang S, Cheng H, Yang H, Zhao H, Qin Q. Single-cell RNA-seq landscape midbrain cell responses to red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009665. [PMID: 34185811 PMCID: PMC8241073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) is an acute and serious fish disease caused by nervous necrosis virus (NNV) which has been reported massive mortality in more than fifty teleost species worldwide. VNN causes damage of necrosis and vacuolation to central nervous system (CNS) cells in fish. It is difficult to identify the specific type of cell targeted by NNV, and to decipher the host immune response because of the functional diversity and highly complex anatomical and cellular composition of the CNS. In this study, we found that the red spotted grouper NNV (RGNNV) mainly attacked the midbrain of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). We conducted single-cell RNA-seq analysis of the midbrain of healthy and RGNNV-infected fish and identified 35 transcriptionally distinct cell subtypes, including 28 neuronal and 7 non-neuronal cell types. An evaluation of the subpopulations of immune cells revealed that macrophages were enriched in RGNNV-infected fish, and the transcriptional profiles of macrophages indicated an acute cytokine and inflammatory response. Unsupervised pseudotime analysis of immune cells showed that microglia transformed into M1-type activated macrophages to produce cytokines to reduce the damage to nerve tissue caused by the virus. We also found that RGNNV targeted neuronal cell types was GLU1 and GLU3, and we found that the key genes and pathways by which causes cell cytoplasmic vacuoles and autophagy significant enrichment, this may be the major route viruses cause cell death. These data provided a comprehensive transcriptional perspective of the grouper midbrain and the basis for further research on how viruses infect the teleost CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengqi Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuzhuo Duan
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaowen Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huitao Cheng
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huirong Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huihong Zhao
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (QQ)
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (QQ)
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20
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Machat R, Pojezdal L, Piackova V, Faldyna M. Carp edema virus and immune response in carp (Cyprinus carpio): Current knowledge. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:371-378. [PMID: 33460151 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The importance of world aquaculture production grows annually together with the increasing need to feed the global human population. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important freshwater fish in global aquaculture. Unfortunately, carp production is affected by numerous diseases of which viral diseases are the most serious. Koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), and during the last decades also koi sleepy disease (KSD) are currently the most harmful viral diseases of common carp. This review summarizes current knowledge about carp edema virus (CEV), aetiological agent causing KSD, and about the disease itself. Furthermore, the article is focused on summarizing the available information about the antiviral immune response of common carp, like production of class I interferons (IFNs), activation of cytotoxic cells, and production of antibodies by B cells focusing on anti-CEV immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Machat
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomir Pojezdal
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Piackova
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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21
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Woldemariam NT, Agafonov O, Sindre H, Høyheim B, Houston RD, Robledo D, Bron JE, Andreassen R. miRNAs Predicted to Regulate Host Anti-viral Gene Pathways in IPNV-Challenged Atlantic Salmon Fry Are Affected by Viral Load, and Associated With the Major IPN Resistance QTL Genotypes in Late Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2113. [PMID: 33013890 PMCID: PMC7516080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) infection has been a major problem in salmonid aquaculture. Marker-assisted selection of individuals with resistant genotype at the major IPN quantitative trait locus (IPN-QTL) has significantly reduced mortality in recent years. We have identified host miRNAs that respond to IPNV challenge in salmon fry that were either homozygous resistant (RR) or homozygous susceptible (SS) for the IPN-QTL. Small RNA-sequenced control samples were compared to samples collected at 1, 7, and 20 days post challenge (dpc). This revealed 72 differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs). Viral load (VL) was lower in RR vs. SS individuals at 7 and 20 dpc. However, analysis of miRNA expression changes revealed no differences between RR vs. SS individuals in controls, at 1 or 7 dpc, while 38 "high viral load responding" miRNAs (HVL-DE miRNAs) were identified at 20 dpc. Most of the HVL-DE miRNAs showed changes that were more pronounced in the high VL SS group than in the low VL RR group when compared to the controls. The absence of differences between QTL groups in controls, 1 and 7 dpc indicates that the QTL genotype does not affect miRNA expression in healthy fish or their first response to viral infections. The miRNA differences at 20 dpc were associated with the QTL genotype and could, possibly, contribute to differences in resistance/susceptibility at the later stage of infection. In silico target gene predictions revealed that 180 immune genes were putative targets, and enrichment analysis indicated that the miRNAs may regulate several major immune system pathways. Among the targets of HVL-DE miRNAs were IRF3, STAT4, NFKB2, MYD88, and IKKA. Interestingly, TNF-alpha paralogs were targeted by different DE miRNAs. Most DE miRNAs were from conserved miRNA families that respond to viral infections in teleost (e.g., miR-21, miR-146, miR-181, miR-192, miR-221, miR-462, miR-731, and miR-8159), while eight were species specific. The miRNAs showed dynamic temporal changes implying they would affect their target genes differently throughout disease progression. This shows that miRNAs are sensitive to VL and disease progression, and may act as fine-tuners of both immediate immune response activation and the later inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nardos Tesfaye Woldemariam
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleg Agafonov
- Department of Core Facilities, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Institute of Cancer Research, Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Sindre
- Department of Fish Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Høyheim
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ross D Houston
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Robledo
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James E Bron
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Rune Andreassen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Andresen AMS, Boudinot P, Gjøen T. Kinetics of transcriptional response against poly (I:C) and infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) in Atlantic salmon kidney (ASK) cell line. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 110:103716. [PMID: 32360383 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants induce host innate immune responses improving long-lasting adaptive immunity against vaccine antigens. In vitro models can be used to compare these responses between adjuvants and the infection targeted by the vaccine. We utilized transcriptomic profiling of an Atlantic salmon cell line to compare innate immune responses against ISAV and an experimental viral vaccine adjuvant: poly (I:C). Induction of interferon and interferon induced genes were observed after both treatments, but often with different amplitude and kinetics. Using KEGG ortholog database and available software from Bioconductor we could specify a complete bioinformatic pipeline for analysis of transcriptomic data from Atlantic salmon, a feature not previously available. We have identified important differences in the transcriptional profile of Atlantic salmon cells exposed to viral infection and a viral vaccine adjuvant candidate, poly (I:C). This report increases our knowledge of viral host-pathogen interaction in salmon and to which extent these can be mimicked by adjuvant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Tor Gjøen
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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23
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Ignatz EH, Braden LM, Benfey TJ, Caballero-Solares A, Hori TS, Runighan CD, Fast MD, Westcott JD, Rise ML. Impact of rearing temperature on the innate antiviral immune response of growth hormone transgenic female triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:656-668. [PMID: 31891812 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
AquAdvantage Salmon (growth hormone transgenic female triploid Atlantic salmon) are a faster-growing alternative to conventional farmed diploid Atlantic salmon. To investigate optimal rearing conditions for their commercial production, a laboratory study was conducted in a freshwater recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) to examine the effect of rearing temperature (10.5 °C, 13.5 °C, 16.5 °C) on their antiviral immune and stress responses. When each temperature treatment group reached an average weight of 800 g, a subset of fish were intraperitoneally injected with either polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (pIC, a viral mimic) or an equal volume of sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Blood and head kidney samples were collected before injection and 6, 24 and 48 h post-injection (hpi). Transcript abundance of 7 antiviral biomarker genes (tlr3, lgp2, stat1b, isg15a, rsad2, mxb, ifng) was measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) on head kidney RNA samples. Plasma cortisol levels from blood samples collected pre-injection and from pIC and PBS groups at 24 hpi were quantified by ELISA. While rearing temperature and treatment did not significantly affect circulating cortisol, all genes tested were significantly upregulated by pIC at all three temperatures (except for tlr3, which was only upregulated in the 10.5 °C treatment). Target gene activation was generally observed at 24 hpi, with most transcript levels decreasing by 48 hpi in pIC-injected fish. Although a high amount of biological variability in response to pIC was evident across all treatments, rearing temperature significantly influenced transcript abundance and/or fold-changes comparing time- and temperature-matched pIC- and PBS-injected fish for several genes (tlr3, lgp2, stat1b, isg15a, rsad2 and ifng) at 24 hpi. As an example, significantly higher fold-changes of rsad2, isg15a and ifng were found in fish reared at 10.5 °C when compared to 16.5 °C. Multivariate analysis confirmed that rearing temperature modulated antiviral immune response. The present experiment provides novel insight into the relationship between rearing temperature and innate antiviral immune response in AquAdvantage Salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Ignatz
- AquaBounty Canada, 718 Route 310, Fortune, PE, C0A 2B0, Canada; Memorial University, Fisheries and Marine Institute, 155 Ridge Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5R3, Canada; Memorial University, Department of Ocean Sciences, 0 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Laura M Braden
- AquaBounty Canada, 718 Route 310, Fortune, PE, C0A 2B0, Canada; Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Tillmann J Benfey
- University of New Brunswick, Department of Biology, 10 Bailey Drive, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Albert Caballero-Solares
- Memorial University, Department of Ocean Sciences, 0 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Tiago S Hori
- Center for Aquaculture Technologies Canada, 20 Hope Street, Souris, PE, C0A 2B0, Canada.
| | - C Dawn Runighan
- AquaBounty Canada, 718 Route 310, Fortune, PE, C0A 2B0, Canada.
| | - Mark D Fast
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Jillian D Westcott
- Memorial University, Fisheries and Marine Institute, 155 Ridge Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5R3, Canada.
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Memorial University, Department of Ocean Sciences, 0 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
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24
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Bello-Perez M, Pereiro P, Coll J, Novoa B, Perez L, Falco A. Zebrafish C-reactive protein isoforms inhibit SVCV replication by blocking autophagy through interactions with cell membrane cholesterol. Sci Rep 2020; 10:566. [PMID: 31953490 PMCID: PMC6969114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the mechanisms involved in the recently reported antiviral activity of zebrafish C-reactive protein-like protein (CRP1-7) against the spring viraemia of carp rhabdovirus (SVCV) in fish are explored. The results neither indicate blocking of the attachment or the binding step of the viral replication cycle nor suggest the direct inhibition of G protein fusion activity or the stimulation of the host’s interferon system. However, an antiviral state in the host is induced. Further results showed that the antiviral protection conferred by CRP1-7 was mainly due to the inhibition of autophagic processes. Thus, given the high affinity of CRPs for cholesterol and the recently described influence of the cholesterol balance in lipid rafts on autophagy, both methyl-β-cyclodextrin (a cholesterol-complexing agent) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (a cholesterol molecule with antiviral properties) were used to further describe CRP activity. All the tested compounds exerted antiviral activity by affecting autophagy in a similar manner. Further assays indicate that CRP reduces autophagy activity by initially disturbing the cholesterol ratios in the host cellular membranes, which in turn negatively affects the intracellular regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases lysosomal pH as a consequence. Ultimately, here we propose that such pH changes exert an inhibitory direct effect on SVCV replication by disrupting the pH-dependent membrane-fusogenic ability of the viral glycoprotein G, which allows the release of the virus from endosomes into cytoplasm during its entry phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bello-Perez
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Elche, 03202, Spain
| | - Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, 36208, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Tecnologías Agrarias y Alimentarias (INIA), Dpto. Biotecnología, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, 36208, Spain
| | - Luis Perez
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Elche, 03202, Spain.
| | - Alberto Falco
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Elche, 03202, Spain.
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25
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Li Y, Jin S, Zhao X, Luo H, Li R, Li D, Xiao T. Sequence and expression analysis of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 from the barbel chub Squaliobarbus curriculus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:485-496. [PMID: 31494278 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MDA5 is a cytoplasmic viral double-stranded RNA recognition receptor that plays a pivotal role in the aquatic animal innate immune system. To decipher the role of MDA5 of Squaliobarbus curriculus (ScMDA5) in the immune response, full-length cDNA of ScMDA5 was cloned using the RACE technology, mRNA and protein expression levels of ScMDA5 signalling pathway members in response to stimulation were detected and effects of overexpression of ScMDA5 on the immune response were investigated. ScMDA5 comprises 3597 bp and is composed of an open reading frame (2958 nucleotides long) that translates into a putative peptide of 985 amino acid residues. ScMDA5 possesses two N-terminal caspase-recruiting domains, DEAD-like helicases superfamily, helicase superfamily C-terminal and RIG-I_C-RD domains, and differences in these domains among species were mainly observed with respect to their length and location. ScMDA5 was closely clustered with those of Carassius auratus, Ctenopharyngodon idellus and Mylopharyngodon piceus. ScMDA5 transcripts were most abundant in the spleen and the lowest in the liver. Expression levels of ScMDA5 in healthy tissues were significantly correlated with those of ScIRF3, ScIRF7 and ScIFN. Besides, mRNA expression levels of ScIRF3 were significantly correlated with those of ScIRF7 (0.956, P < 0.01). Expression level changes, including downregulation, upregulation and initial upregulation followed by downregulation, were found in ScMDA5 signalling pathway molecules in tissues after grass carp reovirus infection. Protein levels of ScMDA5 were the highest in the liver and the lowest in the spleen in detected healthy tissues. Overexpression of ScMDA5 led to significantly enhanced CiIRF7 and CiMx transcription in grass carp ovary cells (P < 0.05). The results of this study helped to clarify the role of ScMDA5 in the immune reaction against grass carp reovirus and provided fundamental information for fish breeding to achieve strong resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoguo Li
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Changde, Hunan, 415000, China
| | - Shengzhen Jin
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Rui Li
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Dongfang Li
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Tiaoyi Xiao
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Changde, Hunan, 415000, China.
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26
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Mugue N, Terekhanova N, Afanasyev S, Krasnov A. Transcriptome sequencing of hybrid bester sturgeon: Responses to poly (I:C) in the context of comparative immunogenomics. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:888-894. [PMID: 31425830 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sturgeons represent a substantial scientific interest due to their high economic value, endangered status and also as the most primitive group of ray-finned fishes. Rapid progress in knowledge of sturgeon immunity was achieved recently with use of RNA sequencing. We report transcriptome sequencing of gill, head kidney, and spleen of bester sturgeon (a hybrid of beluga Huso huso and sterlet Acipenser ruthenus) injected with synthetic double-stranded RNA (polyI:C). The composition of transcriptome and responses to treatment were examined in the context of comparative genomics with focus on immune genes. Sturgeon transcripts matched to 21.5 k different proteins (blastx). With reference to Atlantic salmon, the functional groups and pathways of the immune system were uniformly represented: at average 36.5 ± 0.8% genes were found. Immune genes comprise a significant fraction of transcriptome. Among twenty genes with highest transcription levels, five are specialized immune genes and two encode heme and iron binding proteins (serotransferrin and hemopexin) also known as acute phase proteins. Challenge induced multiple functional groups including apoptosis, cell cycle and a number of metabolic pathways. Treatment stimulated innate antiviral immunity, which is well conserved between sturgeon and salmon, the most responsive genes were mx, rsad2 (viperin), interferon induced protein 44 and protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5, cd87 and receptor transporting protein 3. Results added to knowledge of immune phylogeny. Gain and loss of genes was assessed by comparison with genomes from different phylogenetic groups. Among differentially expressed genes, percentage of acquired and lost genes was much lower in comparison with genes present in all vertebrates. Innate antiviral immunity was subject to the greatest changes in evolution of jawed vertebrates. A significant fraction of genes (15%) was lost in mammals and only half of genes is annotated in public databases as involved in antiviral responses. Change of function may have an important role in evolution of immunity together with gain and loss of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Mugue
- Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow, Russia; N. K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - Sergey Afanasyev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Aleksei Krasnov
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries & Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway.
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27
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Kim MS, Kim KH. Effect of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of either Mx1 or ISG15 gene in EPC cells on resistance against VHSV infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:1041-1046. [PMID: 31465870 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the type I interferon-mediated increase of Mx1 and ISG15 gene expression in Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells has been reported, the antiviral role of Mx1 and ISG15 in EPC cells has not been investigated. In this study, to know the anti-viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) role of Mx1 and ISG15 of EPC cells, either Mx1 or ISG15 gene was knocked-out using a CRISPR/Cas9 system, and the progression of cytopathic effects (CPE) and viral growth were analyzed. Mx1 gene and ISG15 gene knockout EPC cells were successfully produced via CRISPR/Cas9 coupled with a single-cell cloning. Through the sequence analysis, one clone showing two heterozygous indel patterns in Mx1 gene and a clone showing three heterozygous indel patterns in ISG15 gene were selected for further analyses. Mx1 knockout EPC cells did not show any differences in VHSV-mediated CPE progression, even when pre-treated with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), compared to control EPC cells. These results suggest that Mx1 in EPC cells may be unfunctional to cytoplasmic RNA viruses. In contrast to Mx1, ISG15 knockout cells showed clearly hampered anti-VHSV activity even when pre-treated with poly I:C, indicating that ISG15 plays an important role in type I interferon-mediated anti-viral activity in EPC cells, which allowed VHSV to replicate more efficiently in ISG15 knockout cells than Mx1 knockout and control cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Kim
- Department of Integrative Bio-industrial Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
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28
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Alkie TN, de Jong J, Jenik K, Klinger KM, DeWitte-Orr SJ. Enhancing innate antiviral immune responses in rainbow trout by double stranded RNA delivered with cationic phytoglycogen nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13619. [PMID: 31541160 PMCID: PMC6754369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is induced when pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) bind host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] is a synthetic analogue of viral dsRNA that acts as a PAMP, inducing type I interferons (IFNs) in vertebrates. In the present study, the immunostimulatory effects of high molecular weight (HMW) poly(I:C) in rainbow trout cells were measured when bound to a cationic phytoglycogen nanoparticle (Nano-HMW). The physical characteristics of the nanoparticle itself, when bound to different lengths of dsRNA and when cell associated was evaluated. Optimal concentration and timing for innate immune stimulation was measured using the RTG-P1 reporter cell line. The immunostimulatory effects of HMW poly (I:C) was compared to Nano-HMW in vitro using the RTgutGC cell line cultured in a conventional monolayer or a transwell culture system. The ability of an activated intestinal epithelium to transmit an antiviral signal to macrophages was evaluated using a co-culture of RTgutGC cells and RTSll (a monocyte/macrophage cell). In all culture conditions, Nano-HMW was a more effective inducer of IFN-related antiviral immune responses compared to HMW poly (I:C) alone. This study introduces the use of cationic phytoglycogen nanoparticles as a novel delivery system for immunomodulatory molecules to enhance immune responses in aquatic vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiru N Alkie
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jondavid de Jong
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Glysantis Inc., Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kristof Jenik
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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29
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Rakus K, Adamek M, Mojżesz M, Podlasz P, Chmielewska-Krzesińska M, Naumowicz K, Kasica-Jarosz N, Kłak K, Rakers S, Way K, Steinhagen D, Chadzińska M. Evaluation of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model for the viral infections of fish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:923-934. [PMID: 30920010 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a laboratory model organism used in different areas of biological research including studies of immune response and host-pathogen interactions. Thanks to many biological tools available, zebrafish becomes also an important model in aquaculture research since several fish viral infection models have been developed for zebrafish. Here, we have evaluated the possible use of zebrafish to study infections with fish viruses that have not yet been tested on this model organism. In vitro studies demonstrated that chum salmon reovirus (CSV; aquareovirus A) and two alloherpesviruses cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (CyHV-1) and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) are able to replicate in zebrafish cell lines ZF4 and SJD.1. Moreover, CSV induced a clear cytopathic effect and up-regulated the expression of antiviral genes vig-1 and mxa in both cell lines. In vivo studies demonstrated that both CSV and CyHV-3 induce up-regulation of vig-1 and mxa expression in kidney and spleen of adult zebrafish after infection by i.p. injection but not in larvae after infection by immersion. CyHV-3 is eliminated quickly from fish; therefore, virus clearing process could be evaluated, and in CSV-infected fish, a prolonged confrontation of the host with the pathogen could be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Miriam Mojżesz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Podlasz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Chmielewska-Krzesińska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Karolina Naumowicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Natalia Kasica-Jarosz
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kłak
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sebastian Rakers
- Working Group Aquatic Cell Technology and Aquaculture, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Keith Way
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, UK
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Magdalena Chadzińska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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30
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Zhang W, Jia P, Liu W, Jia K, Yi M. Screening for Antiviral Medaka Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells by Genome Wide Mutagenesis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:186-195. [PMID: 30617926 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-09870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV), one of the most prevalent fish pathogens, has caused significant losses in both yield and economy to the aquaculture. Host factors involved in NNV infection remain to be identified due to the lack of ideal model for the study of NNV and host interaction. Haploid stem cells have proven to be ideal materials in genetic screens. Here, we generated a cell line HX1G1 (simply named G1) with the activity against red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-mediated whole genome random mutagenesis from the haploid embryonic stem cell HX1a, a cell clone from haploid cell line HX1 that we previously derived from the medaka fish. G1 cells retained the characteristics of haploidy and pluripotency as indicated by the EBs differentiation ability after genetic mutagenesis. Compared with HX1a cells, no typical cytopathic effects were observed, and the expression of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP) was significantly reduced in G1 cells post RGNNV infection, indicating the enhanced anti-RGNNV activity of G1. Furthermore, we demonstrated that RGNNV entry into G1 cells was partially inhibited, and this inhibition might be relevant to the induced mutation of heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70) which was decisive for NNV entry. Interestingly, G1 cells were to some extent permissive to RGNNV infection, but RGNNV was spontaneously cleared in G1 cells during serial passage. In addition, we also found that the expression levels of interferon (IFN)-related genes were higher in G1 cells than those in HX1a cells, suggesting that viral clearance might be associated with the elevated expression of IFN-related genes in G1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Jia
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong, China
| | - Kuntong Jia
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, China.
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong, China.
| | - Meisheng Yi
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, China.
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong, China.
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31
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Langevin C, Boudinot P, Collet B. IFN Signaling in Inflammation and Viral Infections: New Insights from Fish Models. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030302. [PMID: 30917538 PMCID: PMC6466407 DOI: 10.3390/v11030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The overarching structure of the type I interferon (IFN) system is conserved across vertebrates. However, the variable numbers of whole genome duplication events during fish evolution offer opportunities for the expansion, diversification, and new functionalization of the genes that are involved in antiviral immunity. In this review, we examine how fish models provide new insights about the implication of virus-driven inflammation in immunity and hematopoiesis. Mechanisms that have been discovered in fish, such as the strong adjuvant effect of type I IFN that is used with DNA vaccination, constitute good models to understand how virus-induced inflammatory mechanisms can interfere with adaptive responses. We also comment on new discoveries regarding the role of pathogen-induced inflammation in the development and guidance of hematopoietic stem cells in zebrafish. These findings raise issues about the potential interferences of viral infections with the establishment of the immune system. Finally, the recent development of genome editing provides new opportunities to dissect the roles of the key players involved in the antiviral response in fish, hence enhancing the power of comparative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Langevin
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Bertrand Collet
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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32
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Eslamloo K, Ghorbani A, Xue X, Inkpen SM, Larijani M, Rise ML. Characterization and Transcript Expression Analyses of Atlantic Cod Viperin. Front Immunol 2019; 10:311. [PMID: 30894853 PMCID: PMC6414715 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viperin is a key antiviral effector in immune responses of vertebrates including the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Using cloning, sequencing and gene expression analyses, we characterized the Atlantic cod viperin at the nucleotide and hypothetical amino acid levels, and its regulating factors were investigated. Atlantic cod viperin cDNA is 1,342 bp long, and its predicted protein contains 347 amino acids. Using in silico analyses, we showed that Atlantic cod viperin is composed of 5 exons, as in other vertebrate orthologs. In addition, the radical SAM domain and C-terminal sequences of the predicted Viperin protein are highly conserved among various species. As expected, Atlantic cod Viperin was most closely related to other teleost orthologs. Using computational modeling, we show that the Atlantic cod Viperin forms similar overall protein architecture compared to mammalian Viperins. qPCR revealed that viperin is a weakly expressed transcript during embryonic development of Atlantic cod. In adults, the highest constitutive expression of viperin transcript was found in blood compared with 18 other tissues. Using isolated macrophages and synthetic dsRNA (pIC) stimulation, we tested various immune inhibitors to determine the possible regulating pathways of Atlantic cod viperin. Atlantic cod viperin showed a comparable pIC induction to other well-known antiviral genes (e.g., interferon gamma and interferon-stimulated gene 15-1) in response to various immune inhibitors. The pIC induction of Atlantic cod viperin was significantly inhibited with 2-Aminopurine, Chloroquine, SB202190, and Ruxolitinib. Therefore, endosomal-TLR-mediated pIC recognition and signal transducers (i.e., PKR and p38 MAPK) downstream of the TLR-dependent pathway may activate the gene expression response of Atlantic cod viperin. Also, these results suggest that antiviral responses of Atlantic cod viperin may be transcriptionally regulated through the interferon-activated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Eslamloo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Atefeh Ghorbani
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Xi Xue
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Sabrina M Inkpen
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Mani Larijani
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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33
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Poynter SJ, Leis EM, DeWitte-Orr SJ. In vitro transcribed dsRNA limits viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV)-IVb infection in a novel fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) skin cell line. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:403-409. [PMID: 30468892 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The farming of baitfish, fish used by anglers to catch predatory species, is of economic and ecological importance in North America. Baitfish, including the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), are susceptible to infection from aquatic viruses, such as viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). VHSV infections can cause mass mortality events and have the potential to be spread to novel water bodies through baitfish as a vector. In this study, a novel skin cell line derived from fathead minnow (FHMskin) is described and its use as a tool to study innate antiviral immune responses and possible therapies is introduced. FHMskin grows optimally in 10% fetal bovine serum and at warmer temperatures, 25-30 °C. FHMskin is susceptible and permissive to VHSV-IVb infection, producing high viral titres of 7.35 × 107 TCID50/mL after only 2 days. FHMskin cells do not experience significant dsRNA-induced death after treatment with 50-500 ng/mL of in vitro transcribed dsRNA for 48 h and respond to dsRNA treatment by expressing high levels of three innate immune genes, viperin, ISG15, and Mx1. Pretreatment with dsRNA for 24 h significantly protected cells from VHSV-induced cell death, 500 ng/mL of dsRNA reduced cell death from 70% to less than 15% at a multiplicity of infection of 0.1. Thus, the novel cell line, FHMskin, represents a new method for producing high tires of VHSV-IVb in culture, and for studying dsRNA-induced innate antiviral responses, with future applications in dsRNA-based antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Poynter
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Eric M Leis
- La Crosse Fish Health Center-Midwest Fisheries Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, WI, USA
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34
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Ke F, Zhang QY. Aquatic animal viruses mediated immune evasion in their host. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:1096-1105. [PMID: 30557608 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are important and lethal pathogens that hamper aquatic animals. The result of the battle between host and virus would determine the occurrence of diseases. The host will fight against virus infection with various responses such as innate immunity, adaptive immunity, apoptosis, and so on. On the other hand, the virus also develops numerous strategies such as immune evasion to antagonize host antiviral responses. Here, We review the research advances on virus mediated immune evasions to host responses containing interferon response, NF-κB signaling, apoptosis, and adaptive response, which are executed by viral genes, proteins, and miRNAs from different aquatic animal viruses including Alloherpesviridae, Iridoviridae, Nimaviridae, Birnaviridae, Reoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. Thus, it will facilitate the understanding of aquatic animal virus mediated immune evasion and potentially benefit the development of novel antiviral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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35
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Zhang J, Sun L. Global profiling of megalocytivirus-induced proteins in tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) spleen identifies cellular processes essential to viral infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:150-159. [PMID: 30428365 PMCID: PMC7102559 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Megalocytivirus is a DNA virus with a broad host range among farmed fish including tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). In this study, label-free proteomics was performed to examine protein expression in tongue sole spleen induced by megalocytivirus at 8 and 12 days post infection (dpi). Compared to uninfected control fish, virus-infected fish displayed 315 up-regulated proteins and 111 down-regulated proteins at 8 dpi, and 48 up-regulated proteins and 43 down-regulated proteins at 12 dpi. The expressions of five differentially expressed proteins were confirmed by Western blot. The differentially expressed proteins were enriched in the pathways and processes associated with innate immune response and viral infection. Interference with the expression of two up-regulated proteins of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), i.e. proteasome assembly chaperone 2 and proteasome maturation protein, significantly reduced viral propagation in fish, whereas overexpression of these two proteins significantly enhanced viral propagation. Consistently, inhibition of the functioning of proteasome significantly impaired viral replication in vivo. This study provided the first global protein profile responsive to megalocytivirus in tongue sole, and revealed an essential role of UPS in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China; Deep Sea Research Center, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.
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36
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Huang B, Wang ZX, Liang Y, Zhai SW, Huang WS, Nie P. Identification of four type I IFNs from Japanese eel with differential expression properties and Mx promoter inducibility. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 91:62-71. [PMID: 30240715 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFNs are a family of cytokines with antiviral, anti-proliferative and immune-modulatory functions. In this study, four type I IFNs (termed AjIFN1-4) have been cloned from the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. The open reading frames of AjIFN1-4 are 552, 534, 546 and 561 bp in length, encoding 183, 177, 181, and 186 amino acids (aa), respectively. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis results revealed that AjIFN1 and AjIFN2 belong to group one (2C-containing) IFNs, while AjIFN3 and AjIFN4 belong to group two (4C-containing) IFNs. Syntenic comparison showed that chromosome block duplication and rearrangement events might have occurred at IFN loci in different teleost lineages. Expression analysis revealed the rapid induction of AjIFNl and AjIFN2 in response to poly I:C stimulation, while AjIFN3 and AjIFN4 were predominantly expressed at later time points. Two Mx promoter reporter assays were conducted to assess the Mx-inducing capability of AjIFN1-4. It is shown that the overexpression of AjIFN1-4 all promoted the luciferase activity of MxB reporter, but the activity of MxC reporter increased only in cells transfected with AjIFN1. Collectively, it is suggested that teleost IFNs were evolved independently in different lineages of fish and may function differently in teleost antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Z X Wang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Y Liang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - S W Zhai
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - W S Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Development and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - P Nie
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; College of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
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37
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Semple SL, Vo NTK, Poynter SJ, Li M, Heath DD, DeWitte-Orr SJ, Dixon B. Extracellular dsRNA induces a type I interferon response mediated via class A scavenger receptors in a novel Chinook salmon derived spleen cell line. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 89:93-101. [PMID: 30118734 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite increased global interest in Chinook salmon aquaculture, little is known of their viral immune defenses. This study describes the establishment and characterization of a continuous cell line derived from Chinook salmon spleen, CHSS, and its use in innate immune studies. Optimal growth was seen at 14-18 °C when grown in Leibovitz's L-15 media with 20% fetal bovine serum. DNA analyses confirmed that CHSS was Chinook salmon and genetically different from the only other available Chinook salmon cell line, CHSE-214. Unlike CHSE-214, CHSS could bind extracellular dsRNA, resulting in the rapid and robust expression of antiviral genes. Receptor/ligand blocking assays confirmed that class A scavenger receptors (SR-A) facilitated dsRNA binding and subsequent gene expression. Although both cell lines expressed three SR-A genes: SCARA3, SCARA4, and SCARA5, only CHSS appeared to have functional cell-surface SR-As for dsRNA. Collectively, CHSS is an excellent cell model to study dsRNA-mediated innate immunity in Chinook salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Semple
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - N T K Vo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - S J Poynter
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - M Li
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - D D Heath
- Great Lakes Institute of Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 2990 Riverside Drive, West Windsor, Ontario, N9C 1A2, Canada
| | - S J DeWitte-Orr
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5, Canada; Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - B Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Mou CY, Wang Y, Zhang QY, Gao FX, Li Z, Tong JF, Zhou L, Gui JF. Differential interferon system gene expression profiles in susceptible and resistant gynogenetic clones of gibel carp challenged with herpesvirus CaHV. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 86:52-64. [PMID: 29727627 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) system plays a vital role in the first line of defense against viruses. In this study, we first identified multiple transcripts of 15 IFN system genes, including PRRs (TLR2, TLR3, RIG-I, and LGP2), PRR-mediated IFN signal pathway (MyD88, MITA, and MAVS), IFN regulatory factors (IRF1, IRF3, IRF7, and IRF9), IFNs (IFNφ1 and IFNφ3), and ISGs (Mx and viperin), and one transcript of TLR9 in de novo transcriptome assembly data of gibel carp head-kidney. Multiple nucleotide alignments and phylogenetic analysis of common region showed that the transcripts of every of the 15 IFN system genes were classified into two homologs with distinctly divergent sequences, indicating that hexaploid gibel carp may be an allopolyploid. During Carassius auratus herpesvirus (CaHV) infection, gibel carp resistant clone H significantly suppressed CaHV replication with markedly less viral loads than those in highly susceptible clone A+ and moderately resistant clone F. Then, qPCR analyses were performed to reveal their differential and dynamic expression changes during CaHV infection in head kidney, spleen and liver among three gibel carp gynogenetic clones. Through qPCR and hierarchical clustering analysis, 8 genes, such as RIG-Is, LGP2s, IRF1-B, IRF3s, IRF7s, IRF9-B, Mxs, and viperins, were identified as candidate resistant-related genes. They remarkably increased their expression in immune tissues of three clones after CaHV infection. Significantly, the up-regulation folds of these genes in clone A+, F and H were related to their resistance ability to CaHV, progressively increasing from susceptible clone to resistant clone at 1 dpi. The positive correlation to the resistance ability suggested that resistant clone H immediately triggered stronger IFN response. IFNφ3 showed a different dynamic change and was sharply induced in moderately resistant clone F at 3 dpi. The other 5 IFN system genes (TLR2, TLR3, TLR9, MyD88, and MITA) maintained a low expression level after CaHV challenge. Interestingly, the A or B copies/homologs of almost these IFN system genes exhibited differential transcript abundance in immune tissue after CaHV challenge, suggesting A or B homologs might occur dominant or biased expression of homeologs during gibel carp evolution. These data provide candidate resistant-related genes for disease-resistance breeding of gibel carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yan Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Fan-Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jin-Feng Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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39
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Verrier ER, Genet C, Laloë D, Jaffrezic F, Rau A, Esquerre D, Dechamp N, Ciobotaru C, Hervet C, Krieg F, Jouneau L, Klopp C, Quillet E, Boudinot P. Genetic and transcriptomic analyses provide new insights on the early antiviral response to VHSV in resistant and susceptible rainbow trout. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:482. [PMID: 29921219 PMCID: PMC6009034 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4860-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a major threat for salmonid farming and for wild fish populations worldwide. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of innate factors regulated by a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for the natural resistance to waterborne VHSV infection in rainbow trout. The aim of this study was to analyze the early transcriptomic response to VHSV inoculation in cell lines derived from previously described resistant and susceptible homozygous isogenic lines of rainbow trout to obtain insights into the molecular mechanisms responsible for the resistance to the viral infection. RESULTS We first confirmed the presence of the major QTL in a backcross involving a highly resistant fish isogenic line (B57) and a highly susceptible one (A22), and were able to define the confidence interval of the QTL and to identify its precise position. We extended the definition of the QTL since it controls not only resistance to waterborne infection but also the kinetics of mortality after intra-peritoneal injection. Deep sequencing of the transcriptome of B57 and A22 derived cell lines exposed to inactivated VHSV showed a stronger response to virus inoculation in the resistant background. In line with our previous observations, an early and strong induction of interferon and interferon-stimulated genes was correlated with the resistance to VHSV, highlighting the major role of innate immune factors in natural trout resistance to the virus. Interestingly, major factors of the antiviral innate immunity were much more expressed in naive B57 cells compared to naive A22 cells, which likely contributes to the ability of B57 to mount a fast antiviral response after viral infection. These observations were further extended by the identification of several innate immune-related genes localized close to the QTL area on the rainbow trout genome. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results improve our knowledge in virus-host interactions in vertebrates and provide novel insights in the molecular mechanisms explaining the resistance to VHSV in rainbow trout. Our data also provide a collection of potential markers for resistance and susceptibility of rainbow trout to VHSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi R Verrier
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Present address: Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMRS1110, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Carine Genet
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Present address: GenPhySE, INRA, Université de Toulouse INPT ENSAT, Université de Toulouse INPT ENVT, 52627, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Denis Laloë
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Florence Jaffrezic
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Andrea Rau
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Diane Esquerre
- GenPhySE, INRA, Université de Toulouse INPT ENSAT, Université de Toulouse INPT ENVT, 52627, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nicolas Dechamp
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Céline Ciobotaru
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Caroline Hervet
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Present address: BioEpAR, INRA, Oniris, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Francine Krieg
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Luc Jouneau
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christophe Klopp
- Plateforme Bioinformatique Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées UBIA, INRA, 52627, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Edwige Quillet
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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40
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Poynter SJ, DeWitte-Orr SJ. Understanding Viral dsRNA-Mediated Innate Immune Responses at the Cellular Level Using a Rainbow Trout Model. Front Immunol 2018; 9:829. [PMID: 29740439 PMCID: PMC5924774 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses across genome types produce long dsRNA molecules during replication [viral (v-) dsRNA]. dsRNA is a potent signaling molecule and inducer of type I interferon (IFN), leading to the production of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), and a protective antiviral state within the cell. Research on dsRNA-induced immune responses has relied heavily on a commercially available, and biologically irrelevant dsRNA, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). Alternatively, dsRNA can be produced by in vitro transcription (ivt-) dsRNA, with a defined sequence and length. We hypothesized that ivt-dsRNA, containing legitimate viral sequence and length, would be a more appropriate proxy for v-dsRNA, compared with poly I:C. This is the first study to investigate the effects of v-dsRNA on the innate antiviral response and to compare v-dsRNA to ivt-dsRNA-induced responses in fish cells, specifically rainbow trout. Previously, class A scavenger receptors (SR-As) were found to be surface receptors for poly I:C in rainbow trout cells. In this study, ivt-dsRNA binding was blocked by poly I:C and v-dsRNA, as well as SR-A competitive ligands, suggesting all three dsRNA molecules are recognized by SR-As. Downstream innate antiviral effects were determined by measuring IFN and ISG transcript levels using qRT-PCR and antiviral assays. Similar to what has been shown previously with ivt-dsRNA, v-dsRNA was able to induce IFN and ISG transcript production between 3 and 24 h, and its effects were length dependent (i.e., longer v-dsRNA produced a stronger response). Interestingly, when v-dsRNA and ivt-dsRNA were length and sequence matched both molecules induced statistically similar IFN and ISG transcript levels, which resulted in similar antiviral states against two aquatic viruses. To pursue sequence effects further, three ivt-dsRNA molecules of the same length but different sequences (including host and viral sequences) were tested for their ability to induce IFN/ISG transcripts and an antiviral state. All three induced responses similarly. This study is the first of its kind to look at the effects v-dsRNA in fish cells as well as to compare ivt-dsRNA to v-dsRNA, and suggests that ivt-dsRNA may be a good surrogate for v-dsRNA in the study of dsRNA-induced responses and potential future antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Poynter
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Álvarez-Torres D, Gómez-Abellán V, Arizcun M, García-Rosado E, Béjar J, Sepulcre MP. Identification of an interferon-stimulated gene, isg15, involved in host immune defense against viral infections in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 73:220-227. [PMID: 29277364 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) play a key role in the innate immunity of vertebrates against viral infections by inducing hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), such as isg15. Isg15 is an ubiquitin-like protein, which can conjugate cellular and viral proteins in a process called ISGylation, although it can also act as a cytokine-like protein. Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) is an important asymptomatic carrier of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) and nodavirus, representing a threat to other co-cultivated susceptible species. In order to better understand virus-host interactions in this fish species, this study addresses the identification and molecular characterization of seabream isg15 (sb-isg15). In addition, the modulation of transcript levels of sb-isg15 was analysed in SAF-1 cells and seabream acidophilic granulocytes (AGs) stimulated in vitro with different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or inoculated with VHSV and striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV). The full-length cDNA of sb-isg15 gene, encoding a predicted protein of 155 amino acids, was identified and seen to share the same characteristics as other fish and mammalian isg15 genes. Here we report the clear induction of sb-isg15 transcript levels in SAF-1 cells and AGs stimulated with toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, such as polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) or genomic DNA from Vibrio anguillarum (VaDNA), respectively. Furthermore, VHSV and SJNNV inoculation induced a significant degree of sb-isg15 transcription in SAF-1 cells and AGs. However, the relative levels of viral RNA transcription showed that SJNNV replication seems to be more efficient than VHSV in both in vitro systems. Interestingly, sb-isg15 transcript induction elicited by VaDNA was reduced in VHSV- and SJNNV-inoculated AGs, suggesting an interference prompted by the viruses against the type I IFN system. Taken together, these findings support the use of seabream AGs as a valuable experimental system to study virus-host interactions, in which sb-isg15 seems to play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Álvarez-Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoria Gómez-Abellán
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - Esther García-Rosado
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Julia Béjar
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - María P Sepulcre
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Kim KH, Yang IJ, Kim WJ, Park CJ, Park JW, Noh GE, Lee S, Lee YM, Hwang HK, Kim HC. Expression Analysis of Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15 in the Rock Bream Oplegnathus fasciatus against Rock Bream Iridovirus (RSIV) Challenge. Dev Reprod 2018; 21:371-378. [PMID: 29354783 PMCID: PMC5769131 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2017.21.4.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is known to interfere with viral
replication and infection by limiting the viral infection of cells.
Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) interferes with viral replication and
infectivity by limiting viral infection in cells. It also plays an important
role in the immune response. In this study, tissue-specific expression of ISG15
in healthy rock bream samples and spatial and temporal expression analysis of
rock bream ISG15 (RbISG15) were performed following rock bream iridovirus (RSIV)
infection. RbISG15 expression was significantly higher in the eye, gill,
intestine, kidney, liver, muscle, spleen, and stomach, but low in the brain.
There were particularly high levels of expression in the liver and muscle.
RbISG15 expression was also examined in several tissues and at various times
following RSIV infection. ISG15 expression increased within 3 h in the whole
body and decreased at 24 h after infection. In addition, temporal expression of
several tissues following RSIV infection showed a similar pattern in the muscle,
kidney, and spleen, increasing at 3 h and decreasing at 72 h. These results
suggest that ISG15 plays an important role in the immune response of rock bream.
Overall, this study characterizes the response of RbISG15 following RSIV
infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hee Kim
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Geoje 53334, Republic of Korea
| | - In Jung Yang
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Geoje 53334, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Kim
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Geoje 53334, Republic of Korea
| | - Choul-Ji Park
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Geoje 53334, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Park
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Geoje 53334, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Eon Noh
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Geoje 53334, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyung Lee
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Geoje 53334, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mee Lee
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Geoje 53334, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Kyu Hwang
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Geoje 53334, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Kim
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Geoje 53334, Republic of Korea
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Meng XY, Luo Y, Anwar MN, Sun Y, Gao Y, Zhang H, Munir M, Qiu HJ. Long Non-Coding RNAs: Emerging and Versatile Regulators in Host-Virus Interactions. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1663. [PMID: 29234324 PMCID: PMC5712331 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of non-protein-coding RNA molecules, which are involved in various biological processes, including chromatin modification, cell differentiation, pre-mRNA transcription and splicing, protein translation, etc. During the last decade, increasing evidence has suggested the involvement of lncRNAs in both immune and antiviral responses as positive or negative regulators. The immunity-associated lncRNAs modulate diverse and multilayered immune checkpoints, including activation or repression of innate immune signaling components, such as interleukin (IL)-8, IL-10, retinoic acid inducible gene I, toll-like receptors 1, 3, and 8, and interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 7, transcriptional regulation of various IFN-stimulated genes, and initiation of the cell apoptosis pathways. Additionally, some virus-encoded lncRNAs facilitate viral replication through individually or synergistically inhibiting the host antiviral responses or regulating multiple steps of the virus life cycle. Moreover, some viruses are reported to hijack host-encoded lncRNAs to establish persistent infections. Based on these amazing discoveries, lncRNAs are an emerging hotspot in host–virus interactions. In this review, we summarized the current findings of the host- or virus-encoded lncRNAs and the underlying mechanisms, discussed their impacts on immune responses and viral replication, and highlighted their critical roles in host–virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuzi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Muhammad Naveed Anwar
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | | | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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He L, Zhang A, Pei Y, Chu P, Li Y, Huang R, Liao L, Zhu Z, Wang Y. Differences in responses of grass carp to different types of grass carp reovirus (GCRV) and the mechanism of hemorrhage revealed by transcriptome sequencing. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:452. [PMID: 28595568 PMCID: PMC5465539 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Grass carp is an important farmed fish in China that is affected by serious disease, especially hemorrhagic disease caused by grass carp reovirus (GCRV). The mechanism underlying the hemorrhagic symptoms in infected fish remains to be elucidated. Although GCRV can be divided into three distinct subtypes, differences in the pathogenesis and host immune responses to the different subtypes are still unclear. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive insight into the grass carp response to different GCRV subtypes and to elucidate the mechanism underlying the hemorrhagic symptoms. Results Following infection of grass carp, GCRV-I was associated with a long latent period and low mortality (42.5%), while GCRV-II was associated with a short latent period and high mortality (81.4%). The relative copy number of GCRV-I remained consistent or decreased slightly throughout the first 7 days post-infection, whereas a marked increase in GCRV-II high copy number was detected at 5 days post-infection. Transcriptome sequencing revealed 211 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Group I (66 up-regulated, 145 down-regulated) and 670 (386 up-regulated, 284 down-regulated) in Group II. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed significant enrichment in the terms or pathways involved in immune responses and correlating with blood or platelets. Most of the DEGs in Group I were also present in Group II, although the expression profiles differed, with most DEGs showing mild changes in Group I, while marked changes were observed in Group II, especially the interferon-related genes. Many of the genes involved in the complement pathway and coagulation cascades were significantly up-regulated at 7 days post-infection in Group II, suggesting activation of these pathways. Conclusion GCRV-I is associated with low virulence and a long latent period prior to the induction of a mild host immune response, whereas GCRV-II is associated with high virulence, a short latent period and stimulates a strong and extensive host immune response. The complement and coagulation pathways are significantly activated at 7 days post-infection, leading to the endothelial cell and blood cell damage that result in hemorrhagic symptoms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3824-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Aidi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yongyan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lanjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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