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Morningstar M, Hughes C, French RC, Grannis C, Mattson WI, Nelson EE. Functional connectivity during facial and vocal emotion recognition: Preliminary evidence for dissociations in developmental change by nonverbal modality. Neuropsychologia 2024; 202:108946. [PMID: 38945440 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The developmental trajectory of emotion recognition (ER) skills is thought to vary by nonverbal modality, with vocal ER becoming mature later than facial ER. To investigate potential neural mechanisms contributing to this dissociation at a behavioural level, the current study examined whether youth's neural functional connectivity during vocal and facial ER tasks showed differential developmental change across time. Youth ages 8-19 (n = 41) completed facial and vocal ER tasks while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging, at two timepoints (1 year apart; n = 36 for behavioural data, n = 28 for neural data). Partial least squares analyses revealed that functional connectivity during ER is both distinguishable by modality (with different patterns of connectivity for facial vs. vocal ER) and across time-with changes in connectivity being particularly pronounced for vocal ER. ER accuracy was greater for faces than voices, and positively associated with age; although task performance did not change appreciably across a 1-year period, changes in latent functional connectivity patterns across time predicted participants' ER accuracy at Time 2. Taken together, these results suggest that vocal and facial ER are supported by distinguishable neural correlates that may undergo different developmental trajectories. Our findings are also preliminary evidence that changes in network integration may support the development of ER skills in childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morningstar
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Canada.
| | - C Hughes
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Canada
| | - R C French
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
| | - C Grannis
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W I Mattson
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - E E Nelson
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University Wexner College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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2
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Johnston CR, Quarmley M, Nelson BD, Helion C, Murty VP, Jarcho JM. Social feedback biases emerge during recall but not prediction and shift across the development of social anxiety. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308593120. [PMID: 38117853 PMCID: PMC10756286 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308593120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory is a reconstructive process that can result in events being recalled as more positive or negative than they actually were. While positive recall biases may contribute to well-being, negative recall biases may promote internalizing symptoms, such as social anxiety. Adolescence is characterized by increased salience of peers and peak incidence of social anxiety. Symptoms often wax and wane before becoming more intractable during adulthood. Open questions remain regarding how and when biases for social feedback are expressed and how individual differences in biases may contribute to social anxiety across development. Two studies used a social feedback and cued response task to assess biases about being liked or disliked when retrieving memories vs. making predictions. Findings revealed a robust positivity bias about memories for social feedback, regardless of whether memories were true or false. Moreover, memory bias was associated with social anxiety in a developmentally sensitive way. Among adults (study 1), more severe symptoms of social anxiety were associated with a negativity bias. During the transition from adolescence to adulthood (study 2), age strengthened the positivity bias in those with less severe symptoms and strengthened the negativity bias in those with more severe symptoms. These patterns of bias were isolated to perceived memory retrieval and did not generalize to predictions about social feedback. These results provide initial support for a model by which schemas may infiltrate perceptions of memory for past, but not predictions of future, social events, shaping susceptibility for social anxiety, particularly during the transition into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille R. Johnston
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19122
| | - Megan Quarmley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19122
| | - Brady D. Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY11794
| | - Chelsea Helion
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19122
| | - Vishnu P. Murty
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19122
| | - Johanna M. Jarcho
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19122
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3
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Polack RG, Bronstein MV, Questel M, Edelman A, Vinogradov S, Kober H, Joormann J, Everaert J. Social interpretation inflexibility moderates emotional reactions to social situations in children and adolescents. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:2352-2364. [PMID: 37466071 PMCID: PMC10796842 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Interpretation biases and inflexibility (i.e., difficulties revising interpretations) have been linked to increased internalizing symptoms. Although adolescence is a developmental period characterized by novel social situations and increased vulnerability to internalizing disorders, no studies have examined interpretation inflexibility in adolescents. Additionally, no studies (on adolescents or adults) have examined interpretation flexibility as a protective factor against adverse outcomes of interpersonal events. Using a novel task and a 28-day diary we examined relations among interpretation bias and inflexibility, internalizing symptoms, and negative interpersonal events in a sample of children and adolescents (N = 159, ages 9-18). At baseline, negative interpretation bias was positively correlated with social anxiety symptoms, and positive interpretation bias negatively correlated with social anxiety and depressive symptoms. Inflexible positive interpretations were correlated with higher social anxiety and depressive symptoms, while inflexible negative interpretations were correlated with higher social anxiety. Finally, interpretation inflexibility moderated daily associations between negative interpersonal events and depressive symptoms in daily life, such that higher inflexibility was associated with stronger associations between interpersonal events and subsequent depressive symptoms, potentially increasing depressive symptom instability. These results suggest that interpretation biases and inflexibility may act as both risk and protective factors for adolescent anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuma Gadassi Polack
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, Connecticut, USA
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Tel-Aviv Yaffo Academic College, Tel-Aviv Yaffo, Israel
| | - Michael V. Bronstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
| | - Marcia Questel
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, Connecticut, USA
| | - Audrey Edelman
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sophia Vinogradov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hedy Kober
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jutta Joormann
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jonas Everaert
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Zhou Z, Gao Y, Feng R, Zhuo L, Bao W, Liang K, Qiu H, Cao L, Tang M, Li H, Zhang L, Huang G, Huang X. Aberrant intrinsic hippocampal and orbitofrontal connectivity in drug-naive adolescent patients with major depressive disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:2363-2374. [PMID: 36115899 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-02086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) have been highly implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD) and the researches have penetrated to the subregional level. However, relatively little is known about the intrinsic connectivity patterns of these two regions in adolescent MDD (aMDD), especially that of their functional subregions. Therefore, in the current study, we recruited 68 first-episode drug-naive aMDD patients and 43 matched typically developing controls (TDC) to characterize the alterations of whole-brain rsFC patterns in hippocampus and OFC at both regional and subregional levels in aMDD. The definition of specific functional subregions in hippocampus and OFC were based on the prior functional clustering-analysis results. Furthermore, the relationship between rsFC alterations and clinical features was also explored. Compared to TDC group, aMDD patients showed decreased connectivity of the left whole hippocampus with bilateral OFC and right inferior temporal gyrus at the regional level and increased connectivity between one of the right hippocampal subregions and right posterior insula at the subregional level. Reduced connectivity of OFC was only found in the subregion of left OFC with left anterior insula extending to lenticula in aMDD patients relative to TDC group. Our study identifies that the aberrant hippocampal and orbitofrontal rsFC was predominantly located in the insular cortex and could be summarized as an altered hippo-orbitofrontal-insular circuit in aMDD, which may be the unique features of brain network dysfunction in depression at this particular age stage. Moreover, we observed the distinct rsFC alterations in adolescent depression at the subregional level, especially the medial and lateral OFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Zhou
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingxue Gao
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruohan Feng
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan Mental Health Center, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Mianyang, China
| | - Lihua Zhuo
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan Mental Health Center, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Mianyang, China
| | - Weijie Bao
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaili Liang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Qiu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingxiao Cao
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyue Tang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hailong Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lianqing Zhang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoping Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sichuan Mental Health Center, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Mianyang, China
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Psychoradiology Research Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Dobbelaar S, Achterberg M, van Drunen L, van Duijvenvoorde AC, van IJzendoorn MH, Crone EA. Development of social feedback processing and responses in childhood: an fMRI test-replication design in two age cohorts. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023; 18:nsac039. [PMID: 35661224 PMCID: PMC10985675 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated behavioral and neural correlates underlying social feedback processing and subsequent aggressive behaviors in childhood in two age cohorts (test sample: n = 509/n = 385 and replication sample: n = 354/n = 195, 7-9 years old). Using a previously validated Social Network Aggression Task, we showed that negative social feedback resulted in most behavioral aggression, followed by less aggression after neutral and least aggression after positive feedback. Receiving positive and negative social feedback was associated with increased activity in the insula, medial prefrontal cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Responding to feedback was associated with additional activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) following positive feedback. This DLPFC activation correlated negatively with aggression. Furthermore, age analyses showed that older children showed larger reductions in aggression following positive feedback and more neural activation in the DLPFC when responding to positive feedback compared to younger children. To assess the robustness of our results, we examined these processes in two independent behavioral/functional magnetic resonance imaging samples using equivalence testing, thereby contributing to replicable reports. Together, these findings demonstrate an important role of social saliency and regulatory processes where regulation of aggression rapidly develops between the ages of 7 and 9 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Dobbelaar
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 AK, The Netherlands
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 AK, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 DR, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle Achterberg
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 AK, The Netherlands
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 AK, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 DR, The Netherlands
| | - Lina van Drunen
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 AK, The Netherlands
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 AK, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 DR, The Netherlands
| | - Anna c.k van Duijvenvoorde
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 AK, The Netherlands
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 AK, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus H van IJzendoorn
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 AK, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 DR, The Netherlands
- Research Department of Clinical, Education and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Eveline A Crone
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 AK, The Netherlands
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 AK, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 DR, The Netherlands
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6
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Shangguan C, Wang Y, Zhou B, Lu J, Shan M. Greater resting frontal alpha asymmetry associated with higher emotional expressive flexibility. Laterality 2023; 28:254-273. [PMID: 37368940 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2023.2228525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Emotional expressive flexibility (EEF) is an important social ability that has prompted scholars to examine its benefits to human mental health. However, the neural underpinnings of individual differences in the EEF remain unclear. In neuroscience, frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) is regarded as a sensitive indicator of certain emotional modalities and affective styles. To the best of our knowledge, no study has linked FAA with EEF to examine whether FAA could be a potential neural indicator of EEF. In the present study, 47 participants (Mage = 22.38 years, 55.3% women) underwent a resting electroencephalogram and completed the flexible regulation of emotional expression scale (FREE). The results revealed that after controlling for gender, resting FAA scores positively predicted EEF, with relative left frontal activity associated with higher EEF. Additionally, this prediction was reflected in both the enhancement and suppression dimensions of EEF. Furthermore, individuals with relative left frontal activity reported greater enhancement and EEF than individuals with relative right frontal activity. The present study indicated that FAA may be a neural marker of EEF. In the future, more empirical studies are needed to provide causal evidence that the improvement in FAA can enhance EEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Shangguan
- College of Education Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Psychology, School of Marxist, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingping Zhou
- School of Education, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamei Lu
- School of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixian Shan
- College of Education Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Xie H, Moraczewski D, McNaughton KA, Warnell KR, Alkire D, Merchant JS, Kirby LA, Yarger HA, Redcay E. Social reward network connectivity differs between autistic and neurotypical youth during social interaction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.05.543807. [PMID: 37333161 PMCID: PMC10274709 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.05.543807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
A core feature of autism is difficulties with social interaction. Atypical social motivation is proposed to underlie these difficulties. However, prior work testing this hypothesis has shown mixed support and has been limited in its ability to understand real-world social-interactive processes in autism. We attempted to address these limitations by scanning neurotypical and autistic youth (n = 86) during a text-based reciprocal social interaction that mimics a "live" chat and elicits social reward processes. We focused on task-evoked functional connectivity (FC) of regions responsible for motivational-reward and mentalizing processes within the broader social reward circuitry. We found that task-evoked FC between these regions was significantly modulated by social interaction and receipt of social-interactive reward. Compared to neurotypical peers, autistic youth showed significantly greater task-evoked connectivity of core regions in the mentalizing network (e.g., posterior superior temporal sulcus) and the amygdala, a key node in the reward network. Furthermore, across groups, the connectivity strength between these mentalizing and reward regions was negatively correlated with self-reported social motivation and social reward during the scanner task. Our results highlight an important role of FC within the broader social reward circuitry for social-interactive reward. Specifically, greater context-dependent FC (i.e., differences between social engagement and non-social engagement) may indicate an increased "neural effort" during social reward and relate to differences in social motivation within autistic and neurotypical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xie
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, D.C., USA
- The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Dustin Moraczewski
- Data Science and Sharing Team, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn A. McNaughton
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Diana Alkire
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Junaid S. Merchant
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura A. Kirby
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather A. Yarger
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth Redcay
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Sharma E, Ravi GS, Kumar K, Thennarasu K, Heron J, Hickman M, Vaidya N, Holla B, Rangaswamy M, Mehta UM, Krishna M, Chakrabarti A, Basu D, Nanjayya SB, Singh RL, Lourembam R, Kumaran K, Kuriyan R, Kurpad SS, Kartik K, Kalyanram K, Desrivieres S, Barker G, Orfanos DP, Toledano M, Purushottam M, Bharath RD, Murthy P, Jain S, Schumann G, Benegal V. Growth trajectories for executive and social cognitive abilities in an Indian population sample: Impact of demographic and psychosocial determinants. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 82:103475. [PMID: 36736106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive abilities are markers of brain development and psychopathology. Abilities, across executive, and social domains need better characterization over development, including factors that influence developmental change. This study is based on the cVEDA [Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions] study, an Indian population based developmental cohort. Verbal working memory, visuo-spatial working memory, response inhibition, set-shifting, and social cognition (faux pas recognition and emotion recognition) were cross-sectionally assessed in > 8000 individuals over the ages 6-23 years. There was adequate representation across sex, urban-rural background, psychosocial risk (psychopathology, childhood adversity and wealth index, i.e. socio-economic status). Quantile regression was used to model developmental change. Age-based trajectories were generated, along with examination of the impact of determinants (sex, childhood adversity, and wealth index). Development in both executive and social cognitive abilities continued into adulthood. Maturation and stabilization occurred in increasing order of complexity, from working memory to inhibitory control to cognitive flexibility. Age related change was more pronounced for low quantiles in response inhibition (β∼4 versus =2 for higher quantiles), but for higher quantiles in set-shifting (β > -1 versus -0.25 for lower quantiles). Wealth index had the largest influence on developmental change across cognitive abilities. Sex differences were prominent in response inhibition, set-shifting and emotion recognition. Childhood adversity had a negative influence on cognitive development. These findings add to the limited literature on patterns and determinants of cognitive development. They have implications for understanding developmental vulnerabilities in young persons, and the need for providing conducive socio-economic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eesha Sharma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India.
| | - G S Ravi
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Keshav Kumar
- Department of Mental Health and Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kandavel Thennarasu
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Jon Heron
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hickman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nilakshi Vaidya
- PONS Centre, Charité Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Bharath Holla
- Department of Integrative Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Madhavi Rangaswamy
- Department of Psychology, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
| | - Urvakhsh Meherwan Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Murali Krishna
- Foundation for Research and Advocacy in Mental Health, Mysuru, India
| | | | - Debashish Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Roshan Lourembam
- Department of Psychology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, India
| | - Kalyanaraman Kumaran
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, United Kingdom & Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysuru, India
| | - Rebecca Kuriyan
- Division of Nutrition, St John's Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sunita Simon Kurpad
- Department of Psychiatry & Department of Medical Ethics, St. John's Medical College & Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kamakshi Kartik
- Rishi Valley Rural Health Centre, Madanapalle, Chittoor, India
| | | | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, MRC SGDP Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mireille Toledano
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meera Purushottam
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Gunter Schumann
- PONS Centre, Charité Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Vivek Benegal
- Centre for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
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9
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Goldman DA, Sankar A, Rich A, Kim JA, Pittman B, Constable RT, Scheinost D, Blumberg HP. A graph theory neuroimaging approach to distinguish the depression of bipolar disorder from major depressive disorder in adolescents and young adults. J Affect Disord 2022; 319:15-26. [PMID: 36103935 PMCID: PMC9669784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Markers to differentiate depressions of bipolar disorder (BD-Dep) from depressions of major depressive disorder (MDD-Dep), and for more targeted treatments, are critically needed to decrease current high rates of misdiagnosis that can lead to ineffective or potentially deleterious treatments. Distinguishing, and specifically treating the depressions, during the adolescent/young adult epoch is especially important to decrease illness progression and improve prognosis, and suicide, as it is the epoch when suicide thoughts and behaviors often emerge. With differences in functional connectivity patterns reported when BD-Dep and MDD-Dep have been studied separately, this study used a graph theory approach aimed to identify functional connectivity differences in their direct comparison. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging whole-brain functional connectivity (Intrinsic Connectivity Distribution, ICD) measures were compared across adolescents/young adults with BD-Dep (n = 28), MDD-Dep (n = 20) and HC (n = 111). Follow-up seed-based connectivity was conducted on regions of significant ICD differences. Relationships with demographic and clinical measures were assessed. RESULTS Compared to the HC group, both the BD-Dep and MDD-Dep groups exhibited left-sided frontal, insular, and medial temporal ICD increases. The BD-Dep group had additional right-sided ICD increases in frontal, basal ganglia, and fusiform areas. In seed-based analyses, the BD-Dep group exhibited increased interhemispheric functional connectivity between frontal areas not seen in the MDD-Dep group. LIMITATIONS Modest sample size; medications not studied systematically. CONCLUSIONS This study supports bilateral and interhemispheric functional dysconnectivity as features of BD-Dep that may differentiate it from MDD-Dep in adolescents/young adults and serve as a target for early diagnosis and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Goldman
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America
| | - Anjali Sankar
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America; Department of Neurology and Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Rich
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America
| | - Jihoon A Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America
| | - Brian Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America
| | - R Todd Constable
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America
| | - Hilary P Blumberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America; Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America.
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10
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Matsuda K, Nagasaka K, Kato J, Takashima I, Higo N. Structural plasticity of motor cortices assessed by voxel-based morphometry and immunohistochemical analysis following internal capsular infarcts in macaque monkeys. Cereb Cortex Commun 2022; 3:tgac046. [PMID: 36457456 PMCID: PMC9706438 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Compensatory plastic changes in the remaining intact brain regions are supposedly involved in functional recovery following stroke. Previously, a compensatory increase in cortical activation occurred in the ventral premotor cortex (PMv), which contributed to the recovery of dexterous hand movement in a macaque model of unilateral internal capsular infarcts. Herein, we investigated the structural plastic changes underlying functional changes together with voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis of magnetic resonance imaging data and immunohistochemical analysis using SMI-32 antibody in a macaque model. Unilateral internal capsular infarcts were pharmacologically induced in 5 macaques, and another 5 macaques were used as intact controls for immunohistochemical analysis. Three months post infarcts, we observed significant increases in the gray matter volume (GMV) and the dendritic arborization of layer V pyramidal neurons in the contralesional rostral PMv (F5) as well as the primary motor cortex (M1). The histological analysis revealed shrinkage of neuronal soma and dendrites in the ipsilesional M1 and several premotor cortices, despite not always detecting GMV reduction by VBM analysis. In conclusion, compensatory structural changes occur in the contralesional F5 and M1 during motor recovery following internal capsular infarcts, and the dendritic growth of pyramidal neurons is partially correlated with GMV increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Matsuda
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nagasaka
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 9503198, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 9503198, Japan
| | - Junpei Kato
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takashima
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Higo
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan
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11
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Ravindranath O, Calabro FJ, Foran W, Luna B. Pubertal development underlies optimization of inhibitory control through specialization of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 58:101162. [PMID: 36308857 PMCID: PMC9618767 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control improves into young adulthood after specialization of relevant brain systems during adolescence. However, the biological mechanisms supporting this unique transition are not well understood. Given that adolescence is defined by puberty, we examined relative contributions of chronological age and pubertal maturation to inhibitory control development. 105 8-19-year-olds completed 1-5 longitudinal visits (227 visits total) in which pubertal development was assessed via self-reported Tanner stage and inhibitory control was assessed with an in-scanner antisaccade task. As expected, percentage and latency of correct antisaccade responses improved with age and pubertal stage. When controlling for pubertal stage, chronological age was distinctly associated with correct response rate. In contrast, pubertal stage was uniquely associated with antisaccade latency even when controlling for age. Chronological age was associated with fMRI task activation in several regions including the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, while puberty was associated with right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) activation. Furthermore, task-related connectivity between VLPFC and cingulate was associated with both pubertal stage and response latency. These results suggest that while age-related developmental processes may support maturation of brain systems underlying the ability to inhibit a response, puberty may play a larger role in the effectiveness of generating cognitive control responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orma Ravindranath
- Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, USA,Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, USA,Correspondence to: Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Neurocognitive Development, University of Pittsburgh, Loeffler Building, 121 Meyran Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Finnegan J. Calabro
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, USA,Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, USA,Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Beatriz Luna
- Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, USA,Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, USA,Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, USA
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12
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Routier L, Mahmoudzadeh M, Panzani M, Saadatmehr B, Gondry J, Bourel-Ponchel E, Moghimi S, Wallois F. The frontal sharp transient in newborns: An endogenous neurobiomarker concomitant to the physiological and critical transitional period around delivery? Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:4026-4039. [PMID: 36066405 PMCID: PMC10068298 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The frontal sharp transient (FST) consists of transient electrical activity recorded around the transitional period from the in to ex utero environment. Although its positive predictive value is assumed, nothing is known about its functionality or origin. The objectives were (i) to define its characteristics and (ii) to develop functional hypothesis. The 128-channels high-resolution electroencephalograms of 20 healthy newborns (37.1-41.6 weeks) were studied. The morphological and time-frequency characteristics of 418 FSTs were analyzed. The source localization of the FSTs was obtained using a finite element head model (5 layers and fontanels) and various source localization methods (distributed and dipolar). The characteristics (duration, slopes, and amplitude) and the localization of FSTs were not modulated by the huge developmental neuronal processes that occur during the very last period of gestation. The sources were located beneath the ventral median part of the frontal lobe around the interhemispheric fissure, suggesting that the olfactory bulbs and orbitofrontal cortex, essential in olfaction and the mother-infant attachment relationship, are likely candidates for the generation of FSTs. FSTs may contribute to the implementation of the functionalities of brain structures involved in the higher-order processing necessary for survival ahead of delivery, with a genetic fingerprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Routier
- GRAMFC, INSERM UMR-S 1105, CURS, University of Picardie Jules Verne, rue René Laennec, 80054 Amiens, Cedex 1, France.,Pediatric Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Amiens-Picardie University Hospital, 1 rond-point du Professeur Christian Cabrol, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudzadeh
- GRAMFC, INSERM UMR-S 1105, CURS, University of Picardie Jules Verne, rue René Laennec, 80054 Amiens, Cedex 1, France
| | - Marine Panzani
- GRAMFC, INSERM UMR-S 1105, CURS, University of Picardie Jules Verne, rue René Laennec, 80054 Amiens, Cedex 1, France
| | - Bahar Saadatmehr
- GRAMFC, INSERM UMR-S 1105, CURS, University of Picardie Jules Verne, rue René Laennec, 80054 Amiens, Cedex 1, France
| | - Jean Gondry
- GRAMFC, INSERM UMR-S 1105, CURS, University of Picardie Jules Verne, rue René Laennec, 80054 Amiens, Cedex 1, France.,Maternity Department, Amiens-Picardie University Hospital, 1 rond-point du Professeur Christian Cabrol, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Emilie Bourel-Ponchel
- GRAMFC, INSERM UMR-S 1105, CURS, University of Picardie Jules Verne, rue René Laennec, 80054 Amiens, Cedex 1, France.,Pediatric Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Amiens-Picardie University Hospital, 1 rond-point du Professeur Christian Cabrol, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Sahar Moghimi
- GRAMFC, INSERM UMR-S 1105, CURS, University of Picardie Jules Verne, rue René Laennec, 80054 Amiens, Cedex 1, France
| | - Fabrice Wallois
- GRAMFC, INSERM UMR-S 1105, CURS, University of Picardie Jules Verne, rue René Laennec, 80054 Amiens, Cedex 1, France.,Pediatric Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Amiens-Picardie University Hospital, 1 rond-point du Professeur Christian Cabrol, 80054 Amiens, France
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13
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Hamoudi W, Tripathi MK, Ojha SK, Amal H. A cross-talk between nitric oxide and the glutamatergic system in a Shank3 mouse model of autism. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:83-91. [PMID: 35716826 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a multifunctional signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in synaptic transmission and neuronal function. Pioneering studies show that nitric oxide (NO) and S-nitrosylation (SNO, the NO-mediated posttranslational modification) can engender nitrosative stress in the brain, contributing to neurodegenerative diseases. Little is known, however, about the aberrant NO signaling in neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We have recently shown that the Shank3 mutation in mice representing a model of ASD causes excessive NO levels and aberrant protein SNO. The glutamatergic system is involved in ASD, specifically in SHANK3 pathology. We used SNOTRAP technology to identify the SNO-proteome in the brain of the Shank3 mutant mice to understand the role of SNO in the glutamatergic system during the development of these mice. We conducted a systems biology analysis of the SNO-proteome to investigate the biological processes and signaling pathways in the brain of juvenile and adult Shank3 mutant and wild-type mice. The Shank3 mutation caused significant SNO-enrichment of a glutamate signaling pathway in the juvenile and adult mutant mice, although different protein subsets were S-nitrosylated in both ages. Cellular compartments analysis showed that "glutamatergic Synapse" is SNO-enriched significantly in the mutant mice of both ages. We also found eight S-nitrosylated proteins involved in glutamate transmission in both ages. 38 SNO-proteins found in the mutant mice are among the high-risk SFARI gene list. Biochemical examination shows a reduction in the levels of NMDA Receptor (NR1) in the cortex and striatum of the mutant mice of both ages. Neuronal NOS knockdown in SHSY-5Y rescued NR1 levels. In conclusion, this study reveals novel SNO of key glutamatergic proteins in Shank3 mutant mice and a cross-talk between nitric oxide and the glutamatergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajeha Hamoudi
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Manish Kumar Tripathi
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Shashank Kumar Ojha
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Haitham Amal
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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14
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Rice T, Prout TA, Walther A, Hoffman L. Defense-Oriented Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy as a Tailored Treatment for Boys: Neurobiological Underpinnings to Male-Specific Response Tested in Regulation-Focused Psychotherapy for Children. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12080248. [PMID: 35892348 PMCID: PMC9331291 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents defense-oriented psychoanalytic psychotherapy as a tailored treatment for boys through a neurophysiological hypothesis. Male central nervous system development is reviewed, with a focus on the development of the emotion regulation system. The organizational effects of pre- and post-natal androgens delay central nervous system development in males relative to females, following a caudal to rostral phylogenetic framework. Ventromedial prefrontal structures mature at an earlier developmental age than dorsolateral prefrontal structures, creating less of a gender gap in the available underlying neural architecture for responsivity to targeted therapeutic intervention. The hypothesized operation of defense analysis upon ventromedial prefrontal cortical structures and corticolimbic connectivity therefore positions boys to benefit from psychotherapy equally as girls. In this study, we explored gender differences in presentation and response to a short-term, manualized defense-oriented psychoanalytic psychotherapy named regulation-focused psychotherapy for children. In a sample size of 43 school-aged children, consisting of 32 boys and 11 girls, with oppositional defiant disorder, we found no statistically significant differences in participant characteristics upon entry nor in treatment response, as measured by changes in scores on the Oppositional Defiant Disorder Rating Scale, the oppositional defiant problems subscale of the Child Behavior Checklist, the suppression and reappraisal subscales of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents, and the lability and negativity subscale of the Emotion Regulation Checklist. The findings were comparable with the gendered findings of preexisting studies of play therapy, where boys and girls improve equally, but not of behaviorally predominant psychotherapy, where girls appear to have superior responses. Our findings suggest that the treatment as a general play therapy, but with a focus on the implicit emotion regulation system, was successful in meeting boys’ gendered treatment needs. Conclusions are drawn with implications for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Rice
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-212-523-5625
| | - Tracy A. Prout
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Andreas Walther
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Leon Hoffman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- New York Psychoanalytic Society & Institute–Pacella Research Center, New York, NY 10028, USA
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15
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Lian H, Jiang J, Wang Y, Yu X, Zheng R, Long J, Zhou M, Zhou S, Wei C, Zhao A, Gao J. A novel multimeric sCD19-streptavidin fusion protein for functional detection and selective expansion of CD19-targeted CAR-T cells. Cancer Med 2022; 11:2978-2989. [PMID: 35621033 PMCID: PMC9359867 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CARs are engineered receptors comprising an immunoglobulin single‐chain variable fragment (scFv) that identifies and binds to the target antigen, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular T‐cell signaling domain. CD19 is a B lineage‐specific transmembrane glycoprotein and is expressed in more than 95% of B‐cell malignancies. Streptavidin (SA) is a homo‐tetrameric protein derived from Streptomyces avidinii, which can bind four biotin molecules with an extremely high affinity at a Kd value of 10‐15 M. Aims The aim of the study is to generate a novel soluble multimeric fusion protein, sCD19‐streptavidin (sCD19‐SA) for functional detection and selective expansion of CD19‐targeted CAR‐T cells. Methods The fusion proteins CD19‐SA was expressed in CHO cells and purified by use of Ni‐nitrilotriacetic acid agarose beads. Results A novel fusion protein (sCD19‐SA) was generated, consisting of the extracellular domain of human CD19 and the core region of SA, and could be used to functionally detect CD19‐targeted CAR‐T cells. Furthermore, this protein was demonstrated to form multimers to activate CAR‐T cells to induce their selective expansion. Importantly, sCD19‐SA‐stimulated CD19‐targeted CAR‐T cells could improve antitumor effects in vivo. Conclusions Our study has highlighted the potential of utilizing antigen‐SA fusion proteins such as sCD19‐SA for CAR‐T therapy for the functional detection of CAR expression and selective expansion of CAR‐T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lian
- The First People's Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinhong Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Lishui People's Hospital, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rong Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Long
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengjie Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shirong Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Wei
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ai Zhao
- Department of Geriatric, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jimin Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Qixin Biotech, Wenzhou, China
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16
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The Interaction between Serotonin Transporter Allelic Variation and Maternal Care Modulates Instagram Sociability in a Sample of Singaporean Users. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095348. [PMID: 35564743 PMCID: PMC9105050 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human social interactions ensure recognition and approval from others, both in offline and online environments. This study applies a model from behavioral genetics on Instagram sociability to explore the impact of individual development on behavior on social networks. We hypothesize that sociable attitudes on Instagram resulted from an interaction between serotonin transporter gene alleles and the individual’s social relationship with caregivers. We assess the environmental and genetic components of 57 Instagram users. The self-report questionnaire Parental Bonding Instrument is adopted to determine the quality of parental bonding. The number of posts, followed users (“followings”), and followers are collected from Instagram as measures of online social activity. Additionally, the ratio between the number of followers and followings (“Social Desirability Index”) was calculated to estimate the asymmetry of each user’s social network. Finally, buccal mucosa cell samples were acquired, and the polymorphism rs25531 (T/T homozygotes vs. C-carriers) within the serotonin transporter gene was examined. In the preliminary analysis, we identified a gender effect on the number of followings. In addition, we specifically found a gene–environment interaction on the standardized Instagram “Social Desirability Index” in line with our predictions. Users with the genotype more sensitive to environmental influences (T/T homozygotes) showed a higher Instagram “Social Desirability Index” than nonsensitive ones (C-carriers) when they experienced positive maternal care. This result may contribute to understanding online social behavior from a gene*environment perspective.
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17
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Mirucka B, Kisielewska M. The Effect of Experimental Manipulation of Self-Objectification on Creative Potential in Adolescents. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2022.2059918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Voisin DA, Wakeford A, Nye J, Mun J, Jones SR, Locke J, Huhman KL, Wilson ME, Albers HE, Michopoulos V. Sex and social status modify the effects of fluoxetine on socioemotional behaviors in Syrian hamsters and rhesus macaques. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 215:173362. [PMID: 35219757 PMCID: PMC8983589 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Social subordination increases risk for psychiatric disorders, while dominance increases resilience to these disorders. Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin (5HT) reuptake inhibitor whose actions are mediated in part by the 5HT1A receptor (5HT1AR), has sex- and social status-specific effects on socioemotional behavior and aggressive behavior. However, the impact of social status on these sex-specific effects remains unclear. The current study evaluated the impact of acute fluoxetine treatment and social status on dominance-related behaviors in female and male hamsters, and the impact of chronic fluoxetine treatment on socioemotional behavior and 5HT1AR binding potential (5HT1ARBP) in female rhesus macaques. We hypothesized that sex differences in the effects of fluoxetine on aggression in hamsters would be diminished in dominant and enhanced in subordinate males and that aggression in female hamsters would be enhanced in dominants and diminished in subordinates. In female rhesus macaques, we hypothesized that chronic fluoxetine would alter socioemotional behaviors and site-specific 5HT1ARBP in a status-dependent manner. Male (n = 46) and female (n = 56) hamsters were paired with conspecifics for three days to establish social rank. Hamsters received a single dose of 20 mg/kg fluoxetine or vehicle two-hours prior to a test with a non-aggressive intruder. Female rhesus monkeys (n = 14) housed were administered fluoxetine (2.8 mg/kg/day) or vehicle injections chronically for 14-days, separated by a three-week washout period. On Day 15, positron emission tomography neuroimaging for 5HT1ARBP was conducted. Fluoxetine treatment decreased aggression in subordinate female monkeys and subordinate female hamsters but not in dominant females of either species. Fluoxetine decreased aggression in dominant but not in subordinate male hamsters. Fluoxetine also reduced and increased prefrontal 5HT1ARBP in dominant and subordinate females, respectively. Taken together, these results provide cross-species evidence that social status and sex impact how increased 5HT modulates agonistic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dené A Voisin
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Alison Wakeford
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jonathon Nye
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jiyoung Mun
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Molecular Imaging Department, Charles River Laboratories, Mattawan, MI, United States of America
| | - Sara R Jones
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Jason Locke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Kim L Huhman
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Mark E Wilson
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - H Elliott Albers
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
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19
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Sandre A, Morningstar M, Farrell-Reeves A, Dirks M, Weinberg A. Adolescents and young adults differ in their neural response to and recognition of adolescent and adult emotional faces. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14060. [PMID: 35357699 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peer relationships become increasingly important during adolescence. The success of these relationships may rely on the ability to attend to and decode subtle or ambiguous emotional expressions that are common in social interactions. However, most studies examining youths' processing and labeling of facial emotion have employed adult faces and faces that depict emotional extremes as stimuli. In this study, 40 adolescents and 40 young adults viewed blends of angry-neutral, fearful-neutral, and happy-neutral faces (e.g., 100% angry, 66% angry, 33% angry, neutral) portrayed by adolescent and adult actors as electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. Participants also labeled these faces according to the emotion expressed (i.e., angry, fearful, happy, or neutral). The Late Positive Potential (LPP), an event-related potential (ERP) component that reflects sustained attention to motivationally salient information, was scored from the EEG following face presentation. Among adolescents, as peer-age faces moved from ambiguous (33%) to unambiguous (100%) emotional expression, the LPP similarly increased. These effects were not found when adolescents viewed emotional face blends portrayed by adult actors. Additionally, while both adolescents and young adults showed greater emotion labeling accuracy as faces increased in emotional intensity from ambiguous to unambiguous emotional expression, adolescent participants did not show greater accuracy when labeling peer-compared to adult-age faces. Together, these data suggest that adolescents attend more to subtle differences in peer-age emotional faces, but they do not label these emotional expressions more accurately than adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislinn Sandre
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Melanie Dirks
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anna Weinberg
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Harrison O, Windmann S, Rosner R, Steil R. Interpersonal problems and cooperative behavior in patients suffering from prolonged grief disorder as compared to bereaved healthy controls. J Clin Psychol 2022; 78:1912-1924. [PMID: 35247273 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interpersonal factors, such as impairments in social interaction or lack of social support, have an important share when it comes to the development, maintenance, and progression of various mental disorders. METHODS Individuals suffering from prolonged grief disorder (PGD) and matched bereaved healthy controls (n = 54) underwent a thorough diagnostic procedure, further completed the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-D-32), and participated in a finitely iterated prisoner's dilemma (FIPD). RESULTS Individuals suffering from PGD reported significantly more interpersonal problems. Both groups behaved differently in the FIPD with healthy controls being more carefully, adapting their behavior more flexible, whereas PGD patients displayed a lower responsiveness, which may indicate an inability to adapt to changes in relationships. CONCLUSION We conclude that interpersonal problems appear to be a relevant feature of PGD. Future studies need to clarify the causal relation behind this link, and should also include measures of attachment, social support, and disconnectedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavia Harrison
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Windmann
- Department of Cognitive Psychology II, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rita Rosner
- Department of Clinical and Biological Psychology, Catholic University Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Regina Steil
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Gießen, Germany
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21
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Dwortz MF, Curley JP, Tye KM, Padilla-Coreano N. Neural systems that facilitate the representation of social rank. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20200444. [PMID: 35000438 PMCID: PMC8743891 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Across species, animals organize into social dominance hierarchies that serve to decrease aggression and facilitate survival of the group. Neuroscientists have adopted several model organisms to study dominance hierarchies in the laboratory setting, including fish, reptiles, rodents and primates. We review recent literature across species that sheds light onto how the brain represents social rank to guide socially appropriate behaviour within a dominance hierarchy. First, we discuss how the brain responds to social status signals. Then, we discuss social approach and avoidance learning mechanisms that we propose could drive rank-appropriate behaviour. Lastly, we discuss how the brain represents memories of individuals (social memory) and how this may support the maintenance of unique individual relationships within a social group. This article is part of the theme issue 'The centennial of the pecking order: current state and future prospects for the study of dominance hierarchies'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine F. Dwortz
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - James P. Curley
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kay M. Tye
- Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nancy Padilla-Coreano
- Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FN 32611, USA
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22
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Freitas LL, Cardoso TSG, Argollo N, Mello CB. Socioeconomic Status, Urbanization and Executive Functions Development: Differences Between Urban and Rural Children. PSICOLOGIA: TEORIA E PESQUISA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0102.3772e38220.en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Socioeconomic Status (SES) has been linked to the development of Executive Functions (EF) usually by means of parental education and family income. Living conditions related to urbanization characteristics are rarely considered. This cross-sectional study investigated the performance in EF tasks of 99 Brazilian children aged 6 to 8 years residing in rural and urban regions. Results showed that children who lived in the rural area performed better than those who lived in the industrial city in the working memory and inhibitory tasks. Social interactions and urbanization conditions, such as parent occupations and social stratification, may explain these differences. Therefore, urbanization conditions of locations where families live should be considered in future studies concerning the influences of SES in EF development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiago S. G. Cardoso
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brasil; Centro Universitário Adventista de São Paulo, Brasil
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23
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Parmar D, Enticott PG, Albein-Urios N. Anodal HD-tDCS for cognitive inflexibility in autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:1298-1300. [PMID: 34450360 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dinisha Parmar
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalia Albein-Urios
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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24
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Pandolfo G, Genovese G, Bruno A, Palumbo D, Poli U, Gangemi S, Aragona P, Meduri A. Sharing the Same Perspective. Mental Disorders and Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Systematic Review of Evidence from 2010 to 2020. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081067. [PMID: 34440271 PMCID: PMC8394052 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The relevance of the association between mental disorders and other conditions might have been underestimated due to its complexity. Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSC) is an ophthalmological disorder associated with many psychiatric factors. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the association between mental disorders and CSC. Methods: Articles about studies performed on humans on CSC published in peer-reviewed journals from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2020 were included in the review. Results: We selected 21 research papers. Nine studies measured stress and anxious depressive symptoms, which are associated with CSC onset and recurrences, emerging as a state marker of the disease. Four out of the five studies focused on sleep disorders suggested a reliable association with CSC. Four studies evaluated other various psychiatric factors. The role of psychopharmacological medication has still not been elucidated (three studies). Conclusion: Multiple pieces of evidence highlights that CSC might arise in the context of systemic disease. This notion, together with the increasing evidence supporting a link between psychiatric disorders and choroidal thickness, suggests that CSC and mental disorders may share some etiopathogenetic pathways. Further research is needed to better investigate possible common etiopathogenetic pathways, especially vascular, immunological and endocrinological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Pandolfo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy; (G.P.); (A.B.); (D.P.); (U.P.); (P.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Giovanni Genovese
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy; (G.P.); (A.B.); (D.P.); (U.P.); (P.A.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio Bruno
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy; (G.P.); (A.B.); (D.P.); (U.P.); (P.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Diletta Palumbo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy; (G.P.); (A.B.); (D.P.); (U.P.); (P.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Umberto Poli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy; (G.P.); (A.B.); (D.P.); (U.P.); (P.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Policlinico “G. Martino”, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Pasquale Aragona
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy; (G.P.); (A.B.); (D.P.); (U.P.); (P.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Alessandro Meduri
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy; (G.P.); (A.B.); (D.P.); (U.P.); (P.A.); (A.M.)
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25
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Green KH, van de Groep S, Sweijen SW, Becht AI, Buijzen M, de Leeuw RNH, Remmerswaal D, van der Zanden R, Engels RCME, Crone EA. Mood and emotional reactivity of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: short-term and long-term effects and the impact of social and socioeconomic stressors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11563. [PMID: 34078968 PMCID: PMC8172919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90851-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a formative period for socio-emotional development which is threatened by the COVID-19 pandemic. The current longitudinal study examined two aims: (1) the short- and long-term effects of the pandemic on young people's mood (i.e. vigor, tension, and depression levels) and emotional reactivity (i.e. fluctuations in daily mood), and (2) the impact of stressors on mood, emotional reactivity, self-oriented (i.e. maladaptive behavior towards COVID-19 rules) and other-benefitting behaviors (i.e. behavior aimed at helping and comforting others). We conducted an online two-week daily diary study among 462 Dutch adolescents (Mage = 15.27 years, 64% females) and 371 young adults (Mage = 21.49 years, 81% females) in May 2020, with a follow-up in November 2020 (N = 238 and 231, respectively adolescents and young adults). In May 2020, young adults and older relative to younger adolescents showed higher levels and more fluctuations in tension and depression and lower levels of vigor. Vigor levels decreased and tension and depression levels increased between May 2020 and November 2020, especially for younger adolescents. There were positive associations between instability of negative emotions (i.e. tension and depression fluctuations) and the exposure to stressors (i.e. family stress and inequality of online homeschooling) in the adolescent sample. Together, this study demonstrates vulnerability regarding young people's mood and emotional reactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for adolescents who experience more stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla H Green
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Suzanne van de Groep
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie W Sweijen
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrik I Becht
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Center Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Moniek Buijzen
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca N H de Leeuw
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle Remmerswaal
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne van der Zanden
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger C M E Engels
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline A Crone
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Morningstar M, French RC, Mattson WI, Englot DJ, Nelson EE. Social brain networks: Resting-state and task-based connectivity in youth with and without epilepsy. Neuropsychologia 2021; 157:107882. [PMID: 33964273 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with epilepsy often experience social difficulties and deficits in social cognition. It remains unknown how disruptions to neural networks underlying such skills may contribute to this clinical phenotype. The current study compared the organization of relevant brain circuits-the "mentalizing network" and a salience-related network centered on the amygdala-in youth with and without epilepsy. Functional connectivity between the nodes of these networks was assessed, both at rest and during engagement in a social cognitive task (facial emotion recognition), using functional magnetic resonance imaging. There were no group differences in resting-state connectivity within either neural network. In contrast, youth with epilepsy showed comparatively lower connectivity between the left posterior superior temporal sulcus and the medial prefrontal cortex-but greater connectivity within the left temporal lobe-when viewing faces in the task. These findings suggest that the organization of a mentalizing network underpinning social cognition may be disrupted in youth with epilepsy, though differences in connectivity within this circuit may shift depending on task demands. Our results highlight the importance of considering functional task-based engagement of neural systems in characterizations of network dysfunction in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morningstar
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - R C French
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W I Mattson
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - D J Englot
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Radiology and Radiological Sciences, and Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - E E Nelson
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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27
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Parents still matter! Parental warmth predicts adolescent brain function and anxiety and depressive symptoms 2 years later. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:226-239. [PMID: 32096757 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419001718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety is the most prevalent psychological disorder among youth, and even following treatment, it confers risk for anxiety relapse and the development of depression. Anxiety disorders are associated with heightened response to negative affective stimuli in the brain networks that underlie emotion processing. One factor that can attenuate the symptoms of anxiety and depression in high-risk youth is parental warmth. The current study investigates whether parental warmth helps to protect against future anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescents with histories of anxiety and whether neural functioning in the brain regions that are implicated in emotion processing and regulation can account for this link. Following treatment for anxiety disorder (Time 1), 30 adolescents (M age = 11.58, SD = 1.26) reported on maternal warmth, and 2 years later (Time 2) they participated in a functional neuroimaging task where they listened to prerecorded criticism and neutral statements from a parent. Higher maternal warmth predicted lower neural activation during criticism, compared with the response during neutral statements, in the left amygdala, bilateral insula, subgenual anterior cingulate (sgACC), right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. Maternal warmth was associated with adolescents' anxiety and depressive symptoms due to the indirect effects of sgACC activation, suggesting that parenting may attenuate risk for internalizing through its effects on brain function.
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28
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Venticinque JS, Chahal R, Beard SJ, Schriber RA, Hastings PD, Guyer AE. Neural responses to implicit forms of peer influence in young adults. Soc Neurosci 2021; 16:327-340. [PMID: 33820483 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2021.1911843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Young adults are acutely sensitive to peer influences. Differences have been found in neural sensitivity to explicit peer influences, such as seeing peer ratings on social media. The present study aimed to identify patterns of neural sensitivity to implicit peer influences, which involve more subtle cues that shape preferences and behaviors. Participants were 43 young adults (MAge = 19.2 years; 24 males) who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while completing a task used to assess neural responses to implicitly "socially tagged" symbols (previously judged by peers as liked vs. not liked, thus differing in apparent popularity) vs. novel symbols that carried no social meaning (not judged by peers). Results indicated greater activity in brain regions involved in salience detection (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex) and reward processing (e.g., caudate) to socially tagged vs. novel symbols, and particularly to unpopular symbols. Greater self-reported susceptibility to peer influence was related to more activity in the insula and caudate when viewing socially tagged vs. novel symbols. These results suggest that the brain is sensitive to even subtle cues varying in level of peer endorsement and neural sensitivity differed by the tendency to conform to peers' behaviors particularly in regions implicated in social motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Venticinque
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rajpreet Chahal
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah J Beard
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Roberta A Schriber
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paul D Hastings
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Amanda E Guyer
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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29
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Simultaneous spatial-temporal decomposition for connectome-scale brain networks by deep sparse recurrent auto-encoder. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:2646-2660. [PMID: 33755922 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00469-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Exploring the spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of human brain activity has been of great interest, in the quest to better understand connectome-scale brain networks. Though modeling spatial and temporal patterns of functional brain networks have been researched for a long time, the development of a unified and simultaneous spatial-temporal model has yet to be realized. For instance, although some deep learning methods have been proposed recently in order to model functional brain networks, most of them can only represent either spatial or temporal perspective of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data and rarely model both domains simultaneously. Due to the recent success in applying sequential auto-encoders for brain decoding, in this paper, we propose a deep sparse recurrent auto-encoder (DSRAE) to be applied unsupervised to learn spatial patterns and temporal fluctuations of brain networks at the same time. The proposed DSRAE was evaluated and validated based on three tasks of the publicly available Human Connectome Project (HCP) fMRI dataset, resulting with promising evidence. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed DSRAE is among the early efforts in developing unified models that can extract connectome-scale spatial-temporal networks from 4D fMRI data simultaneously.
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30
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Jiang N, Xu J, Li X, Wang Y, Zhuang L, Qin S. Negative Parenting Affects Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms Through Alterations in Amygdala-Prefrontal Circuitry: A Longitudinal Twin Study. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:560-569. [PMID: 33097228 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The synergic interaction of risk genes and environmental factors has been thought to play a critical role in mediating emotion-related brain circuitry function and dysfunction in depression and anxiety disorders. Little, however, is known regarding neurodevelopmental bases underlying how maternal negative parenting affects emotion-related brain circuitry linking to adolescent internalizing symptoms and whether this neurobehavioral association is heritable during adolescence. METHODS The effects of maternal parenting on amygdala-based emotional circuitry and internalizing symptoms were examined by using longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging among 100 monozygotic twins and 78 dizygotic twins from early adolescence (age 13 years) to mid-adolescence (age 16 years). The mediation effects among variables of interest and their heritability were assessed by structural equation modeling and quantitative genetic analysis, respectively. RESULTS Exposure to maternal negative parenting was positively predictive of stronger functional connectivity of the amygdala with the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. This neural pathway mediated the association between negative parenting and adolescent depressive symptoms and exhibited moderate heritability (21%). CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight that maternal negative parenting in early adolescence is associated with the development of atypical amygdala-prefrontal connectivity in relation to internalizing depressive symptoms in mid-adolescence. Such abnormality of emotion-related brain circuitry is heritable to a moderate degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengzhi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xinying Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yanyu Wang
- School of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Liping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Shaozheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
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31
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Poluyi E, Morgan E, Poluyi C, Ikwuegbuenyi C, Imaguezegie G. Examining the Relationship between Concussion and Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Review on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). INDIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background Current epidemiological studies have examined the associations between moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and their risks of developing neurodegenerative diseases. Concussion, also known as mild TBI (mTBI), is however quite distinct from moderate or severe TBIs. Only few studies in this burgeoning area have examined concussion—especially repetitive episodes—and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, no definite relationship has been established between them.
Objectives This review will discuss the available literatures linking concussion and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
Materials and Methods Given the complexity of this subject, a realist review methodology was selected which includes clarifying the scope and developing a theoretical framework, developing a search strategy, selection and appraisal, data extraction, and synthesis. A detailed literature matrix was set out in order to get relevant and recent findings on this topic.
Results Presently, there is no objective clinical test for the diagnosis of concussion because the features are less obvious on physical examination. Absence of an objective test in diagnosing concussion sometimes leads to skepticism when confirming the presence or absence of concussion. Intriguingly, several possible explanations have been proposed in the pathological mechanisms that lead to the development of some neurodegenerative disorders (such as ALS and AD) and concussion but the two major events are deposition of tau proteins (abnormal microtubule proteins) and neuroinflammation, which ranges from glutamate excitotoxicity pathways and inflammatory pathways (which leads to a rise in the metabolic demands of microglia cells and neurons), to mitochondrial function via the oxidative pathways.
Conclusion mTBI constitutes majority of brain injuries. However, studies have focused mostly on moderate-to-severe TBI as highlighted above with inconclusive and paucity of studies linking concussion and neurodegenerative disorders. Although, it is highly probable that repetitive concussion (mTBI) and subconcussive head injuries may be risk factors for ALS) and AD from this review. It will be imperative therefore to conduct more research with a focus on mTBI and its association with ALS and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Poluyi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eghosa Morgan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Charles Poluyi
- MPH Program, University of Buffalo, New York, United States
| | | | - Grace Imaguezegie
- Department of Surgery, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
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Hwang HC, Kim SM, Han DH. Different facial recognition patterns in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder assessed using a computerized emotional perception test and fMRI. J Affect Disord 2021; 279:83-88. [PMID: 33039778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emotional perception test is considered an effective tool in differentiating between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We hypothesized that schizophrenic patients would show decreased emotional perception ability compared with bipolar patients and that the disrupted emotional perception ability would be associated with the disrupted functional connectivity within the fronto-temporal-occipital circuit. METHODS In total, 55 schizophrenic patients, 54 bipolar patients, and 50 healthy participants were evaluated using a computerized assessment tool for facial emotion recognition, resting-state magnetic resonance imaging, and Korean versions of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). RESULTS The emotional perception index (EPI) was higher in the schizophrenia group than in the bipolar and healthy control (lowest) groups. The PANSS total and YMRS scores positively correlated with the EPI in schizophrenia and bipolar patients. In healthy controls, EPI positively correlated with regional homogeneity (ReHo) within the left fusiform gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, and right inferior temporal gyrus. In schizophrenic patients, EPI negatively correlated with ReHo within the frontal lobe and left fusiform gyrus. In bipolar patients, EPI positively correlated with ReHo within the left parietal lobe and negatively correlated with ReHo within both frontal lobes. LIMITATIONS More specific definition of EPI should be suggested. Due to lack of cognitive function tests, cognitive functions might be biased throughout the analyses. CONCLUSIONS Schizophrenic patients showed decreased emotion recognition abilities compared with bipolar patients. Further, schizophrenic patients showed less frontal cortex usage, while bipolar patients used the parietal lobe to compensate for facial emotion recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Chan Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Mi Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
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Pfeifer JH, Allen NB. Puberty Initiates Cascading Relationships Between Neurodevelopmental, Social, and Internalizing Processes Across Adolescence. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:99-108. [PMID: 33334434 PMCID: PMC8494463 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of dramatic developmental transitions-from puberty-related changes in hormones, bodies, and brains to an increasingly complex social world. The concurrent increase in the onset of many mental disorders has prompted the search for key developmental processes that drive changes in risk for psychopathology during this period of life. Hormonal surges and consequent physical maturation linked to pubertal development in adolescence are thought to affect multiple aspects of brain development, social cognition, and peer relations, each of which have also demonstrated associations with risk for mood and anxiety disorders. These puberty-related effects may combine with other nonpubertal influences on brain maturation to transform adolescents' social perception and experiences, which in turn continue to shape both mental health and brain development through transactional processes. In this review, we focus on pubertal, neural, and social changes across the duration of adolescence that are known or thought to be related to adolescent-emergent disorders, specifically depression, anxiety, and deliberate self-harm (nonsuicidal self-injury). We propose a theoretical model in which social processes (both social cognition and peer relations) are critical to understanding the way in which pubertal development drives neural and psychological changes that produce potential mental health vulnerabilities, particularly (but not exclusively) in adolescent girls.
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Sarovic D. A Unifying Theory for Autism: The Pathogenetic Triad as a Theoretical Framework. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:767075. [PMID: 34867553 PMCID: PMC8637925 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.767075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a unifying theory for autism by applying the framework of a pathogenetic triad to the scientific literature. It proposes a deconstruction of autism into three contributing features (an autistic personality dimension, cognitive compensation, and neuropathological risk factors), and delineates how they interact to cause a maladaptive behavioral phenotype that may require a clinical diagnosis. The autistic personality represents a common core condition, which induces a set of behavioral issues when pronounced. These issues are compensated for by cognitive mechanisms, allowing the individual to remain adaptive and functional. Risk factors, both exogenous and endogenous ones, show pathophysiological convergence through their negative effects on neurodevelopment. This secondarily affects cognitive compensation, which disinhibits a maladaptive behavioral phenotype. The triad is operationalized and methods for quantification are presented. With respect to the breadth of findings in the literature that it can incorporate, it is the most comprehensive model yet for autism. Its main implications are that (1) it presents the broader autism phenotype as a non-pathological core personality domain, which is shared across the population and uncoupled from associated features such as low cognitive ability and immune dysfunction, (2) it proposes that common genetic variants underly the personality domain, and that rare variants act as risk factors through negative effects on neurodevelopment, (3) it outlines a common pathophysiological mechanism, through inhibition of neurodevelopment and cognitive dysfunction, by which a wide range of endogenous and exogenous risk factors lead to autism, and (4) it suggests that contributing risk factors, and findings of immune and autonomic dysfunction are clinically ascertained rather than part of the core autism construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Sarovic
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,MedTech West, Gothenburg, Sweden
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35
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Early life sleep disruption alters glutamate and dendritic spines in prefrontal cortex and impairs cognitive flexibility in prairie voles. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 2. [PMID: 35505895 PMCID: PMC9060254 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2021.100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life experiences are crucial for proper organization of excitatory synapses within the brain, with outsized effects on late-maturing, experience-dependent regions such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Previous work in our lab showed that early life sleep disruption (ELSD) from postnatal days 14–21 in the highly social prairie vole results in long lasting impairments in social behavior. Here, we further hypothesized that ELSD alters glutamatergic synapses in mPFC, thereby affecting cognitive flexibility, an mPFC-dependent behavior. ELSD caused impaired cued fear extinction (indicating cognitive inflexibility), increased dendritic spine density, and decreased glutamate immunogold-labeling in vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGLUT1)-labeled presynaptic nerve terminals within mPFC. Our results have profound implications for neurodevelopmental disorders in humans such as autism spectrum disorder that also show poor sleep, impaired social behavior, cognitive inflexibility, as well as altered dendritic spine density and glutamate changes in mPFC, and imply that poor sleep may cause these changes. Early Life Sleep Disruption impairs prefrontal cortex-dependent glutamate and behavior in prairie voles. Sleep during postnatal week 3 is important for social and cognitive development. Long-term effects of early life sleep disruption include increased dendritic spine density and alterations in glutamate.
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Lanno GM, Ramos C, Preem L, Putrinš M, Laidmäe I, Tenson T, Kogermann K. Antibacterial Porous Electrospun Fibers as Skin Scaffolds for Wound Healing Applications. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:30011-30022. [PMID: 33251437 PMCID: PMC7689890 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrospun fiber scaffolds have a huge potential for the successful treatment of infected wounds based on their unique properties. Although several studies report novel drug-loaded electrospun fiber-based biomaterials, many of these do not provide information on their interactions with eukaryotic and bacterial cells. The main aim of this study was to develop antibacterial drug-loaded porous biocompatible polycaprolactone (PCL) fiber scaffolds mimicking the native extracellular matrix for wound healing purposes. Mechanical property evaluation and different biorelevant tests were conducted in order to understand the structure-activity relationships and reveal how the surface porosity of fibers and the fiber diameter affect the scaffold interactions with the living bacterial and eukaryotic fibroblast cells. Cell migration and proliferation assays and antibiofilm assays enabled us to enlighten the biocompatibility and safety of fiber scaffolds and their suitability to be used as scaffolds for the treatment of infected wounds. Here, we report that porous PCL microfiber scaffolds obtained using electrospinning at high relative humidity served as the best surfaces for fibroblast attachment and growth compared to the nonporous microfiber or nonporous nanofiber PCL scaffolds. Porous chloramphenicol-loaded microfiber scaffolds were more elastic compared to nonporous scaffolds and had the highest antibiofilm activity. The results indicate that in addition to the fiber diameter and fiber scaffold porosity, the single-fiber surface porosity and its effect on drug release, mechanical properties, cell viability, and antibiofilm activity need to be understood when developing antibacterial biocompatible scaffolds for wound healing applications. We show that pores on single fibers within an electrospun scaffold, in addition to nano- and microscale diameter of the fibers, change the living cell-fiber interactions affecting the antibiofilm efficacy and biocompatibility of the scaffolds for the local treatment of wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg-Marten Lanno
- Institute
of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Celia Ramos
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liis Preem
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marta Putrinš
- Institute
of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivo Laidmäe
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Department
of Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tanel Tenson
- Institute
of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karin Kogermann
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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Beer JC, Smith AR, Jarcho JM, Chen G, Reynolds RC, Pine DS, Nelson EE. Anxiously elaborating the social percept: Anxiety and age differences in functional connectivity of the fusiform face area in a peer evaluation paradigm. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne C. Beer
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
| | - Ashley R. Smith
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
| | - Johanna M. Jarcho
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
| | - Gang Chen
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
| | - Richard C. Reynolds
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
| | - Eric E. Nelson
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
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Lopez-Chaichio L, Padial-Molina M, O'Valle F, Gil-Montoya JA, Catena A, Galindo-Moreno P. Oral health and healthy chewing for healthy cognitive ageing: A comprehensive narrative review. Gerodontology 2020; 38:126-135. [PMID: 33179281 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ageing leads to physiological cognitive decline that it is worsened in people with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Despite the ongoing search for a solution to this cognitive decline, no effective remedies have been established. It has been determined that modifiable external factors, such as oral health and occlusal function, prevent cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE To analyse the primary interactions between occlusal function and cognitive functions. MAIN FINDINGS Masticatory function is related to cognitive functions. In particular, current evidence, from both animal and human studies, suggests that the activation of masticatory muscles and proper mastication, with natural teeth or dental prosthesis, induces the release of several mediators and the activation of specific brain areas. Together, they result in higher neuronal activity, neurotrophic support, blood flow and the prevention of amyloid-beta plaque formation. Thus, all the components of the masticatory system must work together in order to preserve cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS Available evidence suggests that oral and cognitive health are more interconnected than previously thought. Therefore, maintenance and adequate restoration of the whole masticatory system are important for the prevention of cognitive decline. In summary, oral and chewing health lead to healthy cognitive ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Lopez-Chaichio
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Padial-Molina
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco O'Valle
- Department of Pathology and IBIMER, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.Granada), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Gil-Montoya
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.Granada), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Gerodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Andres Catena
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Galindo-Moreno
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Imrie S, Zadeh S, Wylie K, Golombok S. Children with Trans Parents: Parent-Child Relationship Quality and Psychological Well-being. PARENTING, SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020; 21:185-215. [PMID: 34421395 PMCID: PMC8372299 DOI: 10.1080/15295192.2020.1792194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Families with trans parents are an increasingly visible family form, yet little is known about parenting and child outcomes in these families. This exploratory study offers the first quantitative assessment of parent-child relationship quality and child socio-emotional and behavioral adjustment in families with a self-identified trans parent with school-aged children. Design. A sample of 35 families (37 trans parents, 13 partners, and 25 children aged 8-18 years) was recruited primarily through social media. Parents, children, and teachers were administered a range of standardized interview and questionnaire assessments of parent-child relationship quality, quality of parenting, psychological adjustment, and gender-related minority stress. Results. Parents and children had good quality relationships, as assessed by both parents and children, and children showed good psychological adjustment. Child age at the time the parent communicated their gender identity to the child was unrelated to child outcomes. Conclusions. Parents and children in trans parent families had good quality relationships and children showed good psychological adjustment. The findings of this exploratory study challenge commonly held concerns about the potentially negative effects on children of growing up with a trans parent.
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Said-Metwaly S, Fernández-Castilla B, Kyndt E, Van den Noortgate W, Barbot B. Does the Fourth-Grade Slump in Creativity Actually Exist? A Meta-analysis of the Development of Divergent Thinking in School-Age Children and Adolescents. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10648-020-09547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Yan W, Zhang R, Zhou M, Lu S, Li W, Xie S, Zhang N. Relationships between abnormal neural activities and cognitive impairments in patients with drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:283. [PMID: 32503481 PMCID: PMC7275517 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior resting state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging studies (rs-fMRI) via the regional homogeneity (ReHo) method have demonstrated inconsistent and conflicting results because of several confounding factors, such as small sample size, medicinal influence, and illness duration. Relationships between ReHo measures and cognitive impairments in patients with drug-naive First-Episode Schizophrenia (dn-FES) are rarely reported. This study was conducted to explore the correlations between ReHo measures and cognitive deficits and clinical symptoms in patients with dn-FES. METHODS A total of 69 patients with dn-FES and 74 healthy controls were recruited. MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), and Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were used to assess cognitive function, Intelligence Quotient (IQ), and clinical symptoms, respectively. The correlations between ReHo maps and cognitive deficits and the severity of symptoms were examined using strict correlation analysis. RESULTS ReHo values in right Middle Frontal Gyrus (MFG) and Superior Frontal Gyrus (SFG) increased in dn-FES group, whereas ReHo values in right cuneus decreased. Correlation analysis showed that the ReHo values in right MFG positively correlated with attention/vigilance impairments, social cognition deficits, and the severity of clinical manifestations. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that abnormal spontaneous activities in right MFG reflect illness severity and cognitive deficits, which also serve as a basis for establishing objective diagnostic markers and might be a clinical intervention target for treating patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Min Zhou
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Shuiping Lu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Wenmei Li
- grid.453246.20000 0004 0369 3615School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023 China ,grid.453246.20000 0004 0369 3615College of Telecommunications & Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210003 China ,Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Shiping Xie
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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Cataldo I, Neoh MJY, Chew WF, Foo JN, Lepri B, Esposito G. Oxytocin receptor gene and parental bonding modulate prefrontal responses to cries: a NIRS Study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8588. [PMID: 32444796 PMCID: PMC7244477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to interpret and regulate emotions relies on experiences of emotional socialization, obtained firstly through the interaction with the parents, and on genetic features that affect how individuals take on social situations. Evidence from the genetic field states that specific allelic variations of the oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms regulate physiological modulation of human behavior, especially concerning responses to social cues and affiliative behaviors. Starting from this gene-by-environment interaction frame, we assessed 102 young adults for OXTr rs53576 and rs2254298, recalled parental bonding (using the Parental Bonding Instrument), and recorded participants' neural responses to social stressors using Near InfraRed Spectroscopy (NIRS). The results highlight that higher genetic susceptibility (G/G homozygous) to familiar context and positive early life interactions modulate more optimal neural responses to general social cues, in terms of promptness to action. With regards to the dimensions of parental bonding, we found lateralized effects, with greater activation in the right prefrontal cortex for Care subscales, and on the left side of the prefrontal cortex for Overprotection. Results provide evidence to understand the neurological mechanisms behind the negative impact of poor parenting practices on the child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cataldo
- Affiliative Behavior and Physiology Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy.,Mobile and Social Computing Lab, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy
| | - Michelle Jin-Yee Neoh
- Social and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Fang Chew
- Social and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Nee Foo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bruno Lepri
- Mobile and Social Computing Lab, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Affiliative Behavior and Physiology Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy. .,Social and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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Soltani Zangbar H, Ghadiri T, Seyedi Vafaee M, Ebrahimi Kalan A, Fallahi S, Ghorbani M, Shahabi P. Theta Oscillations Through Hippocampal/Prefrontal Pathway: Importance in Cognitive Performances. Brain Connect 2020; 10:157-169. [PMID: 32264690 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2019.0733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Among various hippocampal rhythms, including sharp-wave ripples, gamma, and theta, theta rhythm is crucial for cognitive processing, particularly learning and memory. Theta oscillations are observable in both humans and rodents during spatial navigations. However, the hippocampus (Hip) is well known as the generator of current rhythm, and other brain areas, such as prefrontal cortex (PFC), can be affected by theta rhythm, too. The PFC is a core structure for the execution of diverse higher cortical functions defined as cognition. This region is connected to the hippocampus through the hippocampal/prefrontal pathway; hereby, theta oscillations convey hippocampal inputs to the PFC and simultaneously synchronize the activity of these two regions during memory, learning and other cognitive tasks. Importantly, thalamic nucleus reunions (nRE) and basolateral amygdala are salient relay structures modulating the synchronization, firing rate, and phase-locking of the hippocampal/prefrontal oscillations. Herein, we summarized experimental studies, chiefly animal researches in which the theta rhythm of the Hip-PFC axis was investigated using either electrophysiological assessments in rodent or integrated diffusion-weighted imaging and electroencephalography in human cases under memory-based tasks. Moreover, we briefly reviewed alterations of theta rhythm in some CNS diseases with the main feature of cognitive disturbance. Interestingly, animal studies implied the interruption of theta synchronization in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. To disclose the precise role of theta rhythm fluctuations through the Hip-PFC axis in cognitive performances, further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Soltani Zangbar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Ghadiri
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Ebrahimi Kalan
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Solmaz Fallahi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Meysam Ghorbani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parviz Shahabi
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Radu V, Price JC, Levett SJ, Narayanasamy KK, Bateman-Price TD, Wilson PB, Mather ML. Dynamic Quantum Sensing of Paramagnetic Species Using Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond. ACS Sens 2020; 5:703-710. [PMID: 31867948 PMCID: PMC7106109 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring paramagnetic species (PS), such as free radicals and paramagnetic metalloproteins, play an essential role in a multitude of critical physiological processes including metabolism, cell signaling, and immune response. These highly dynamic species can also act as intrinsic biomarkers for a variety of disease states, while synthetic paramagnetic probes targeted to specific sites on biomolecules enable the study of functional information such as tissue oxygenation and redox status in living systems. The work presented herein describes a new sensing method that exploits the spin-dependent emission of photoluminescence (PL) from an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for rapid, nondestructive detection of PS in living systems. Uniquely this approach involves simple measurement protocols that assess PL contrast with and without the application of microwaves. The method is demonstrated to detect concentrations of paramagnetic salts in solution and the widely used magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent gadobutrol with a limit of detection of less than 10 attomol over a 100 μm × 100 μm field of view. Real-time monitoring of changes in the concentration of paramagnetic salts is demonstrated with image exposure times of 20 ms. Further, dynamic tracking of chemical reactions is demonstrated via the conversion of low-spin cyanide-coordinated Fe3+ to hexaaqua Fe3+ under acidic conditions. Finally, the capability to map paramagnetic species in model cells with subcellular resolution is demonstrated using lipid membranes containing gadolinium-labeled phospholipids under ambient conditions in the order of minutes. Overall, this work introduces a new sensing approach for the realization of fast, sensitive imaging of PS in a widefield format that is readily deployable in biomedical settings. Ultimately, this new approach to nitrogen vacancy-based quantum sensing paves the way toward minimally invasive real-time mapping and observation of free radicals in in vitro cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Radu
- Optics
and Photonics Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Joshua Colm Price
- Optics
and Photonics Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Simon James Levett
- Optics
and Photonics Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | | | - Thomas David Bateman-Price
- Optics
and Photonics Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Philippe Barrie Wilson
- Leicester
School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, U.K.
| | - Melissa Louise Mather
- Optics
and Photonics Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
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45
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Lee JK, Amaral DG, Solomon M, Rogers SJ, Ozonoff S, Nordahl CW. Sex Differences in the Amygdala Resting-State Connectome of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 5:320-329. [PMID: 31563470 PMCID: PMC7033019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multifactorial liability models predict greater dissimilarity in the neural phenotype of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in female individuals than in male individuals, while gender incoherence and extreme male brain models predict attenuated sex differences in ASD. The amygdala is an informative target to explore these models because it is implicated in both the neurobiology of ASD and sex differences in typical development. METHODS This study investigated amygdala resting-state functional connectivity in a cohort of 116 children with ASD (36 female) and 58 typically developing children (27 female) 2 to 7 years of age during natural sleep. First, multivariate distance matrix regression assessed global sex and diagnostic differences across the amygdala connectome. Second, univariate general linear models identified regions with mean connectivity differences. RESULTS Multivariate distance matrix regression revealed greater differences between typically developing children and those with ASD in females than in males, consistent with multifactorial liability models, and attenuated sex differences in the left amygdala connectome of children with ASD in a pattern consistent with the gender incoherence model. Univariate analysis identified similar sex differences in dorsomedial and ventral prefrontal cortices, lingual gyrus, and posterior cingulate cortex, but also noted that lower amygdala connectivity with superior temporal sulcus is observed across sexes. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that compared with sex-matched control subjects, ASD manifests differently in the brain at the time of diagnosis and prior to the influence of compensatory mechanisms in male and female children, consistent with multifactorial liability models, and that ASD is associated with reduced sex differences in a pattern consistent with gender incoherence models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Lee
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.
| | - David G Amaral
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Sally J Rogers
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Sally Ozonoff
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Christine Wu Nordahl
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.
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46
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Chen MH, Chen YL, Bai YM, Huang KL, Wu HJ, Hsu JW, Su TP, Tsai SJ, Tu PC, Li CT, Lin WC, Wu YT. Functional connectivity of specific brain networks related to social and communication dysfunction in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 2020; 284:112785. [PMID: 31982661 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have impaired social cognition and communication. However, the functioning of the brain networks involved in the social cognition and communication impairment in ADHD patients remains unclear. METHODS In total, 18 adolescents with ADHD and 16 age- and sex-matched typically developing adolescents (controls)-all of whom underwent a brain magnetic resonance imaging examination-were enrolled. Their parents filled out Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham IV (SNAP-IV) and Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) questionnaires. Functional connectivity analyses based on the default mode network, frontoparietal network, and cinguloopercular network were performed. RESULTS Compared with controls, adolescents with ADHD exhibited higher total and subscale scores on SNAP-IV and SRS. Higher SNAP-IV and SRS scores were associated with higher functional connectivity between the default mode network (ventromedial prefrontal cortex) and cinguloopercular network (anterior insula) and between the FPN (dorsolateral and prefrontal cortex) and cinguloopercular network, but with lower functional connectivity between the default mode network (posterior cingulate cortex) and frontoparietal network (inferior parietal lobule) and between the default mode network (precuneus) and cinguloopercular network (temporoparietal junction). DISCUSSION Social cognition and communication impairment and ADHD may commonly share the aberrant functional connectivity in the default mode network, frontoparietal network, and cinguloopercular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Hong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Mei Bai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Lin Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Wei Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tung-Ping Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Tu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Philosophy of Mind and Cognition, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Te Wu
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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47
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Morningstar M, Hung A, Mattson WI, Gedela S, Ostendorf AP, Nelson EE. Internalizing symptoms in intractable pediatric epilepsy: Structural and functional brain correlates. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 103:106845. [PMID: 31882324 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Internalizing disorders (i.e., depression and anxiety) are common comorbidities in people with epilepsy. In adults with epilepsy, comorbid depression or anxiety is associated with worse seizure control and reduced quality of life, and may be linked to specific neural biomarkers. Less is known about brain correlates of internalizing symptoms in pediatric populations. In the current study, we performed a retrospective analysis of 45 youth between the ages of 6 and 18 years old with intractable epilepsy. Individuals were evaluated for internalizing symptoms on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and underwent magnetic resonance (MR) and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) imaging as part of the clinical evaluation for surgical treatment of epilepsy. Forty-two percent of patients experienced clinically significant internalizing symptoms based on parent report. Compared with individuals who scored in the normal range, youth with clinical levels of internalizing problems showed overall reductions in cortex volume, as well as widespread reductions in cortical thickness and functional activation in the bilateral occipital/parietal lobe, left temporal regions, and left inferior frontal cortex on MR and PET scans. There were no group differences in amygdala or hippocampus volumes, nor other patient- or illness-related variables such as age, sex, or the type, lateralization, or duration of epilepsy. Results suggest that high rates of internalizing disorders are present in youth with refractory epilepsy. Multifocal reductions in cortical thickness and function may be nonspecific risk factors for clinically meaningful internalizing symptoms in youth with chronic epilepsy. As such, the presence of broad cortical thinning and reduced glucose uptake upon radiological examination may warrant more focused clinical evaluation of psychological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Morningstar
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States of America.
| | - Andy Hung
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Whitney I Mattson
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Satyanarayana Gedela
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Emory University College of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Adam P Ostendorf
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States of America; Department of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Eric E Nelson
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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48
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Earnshaw VA, Menino DD, Sava LM, Perrotti J, Barnes TN, Humphrey DL, Reisner SL. LGBTQ bullying: a qualitative investigation of student and school health professional perspectives. JOURNAL OF LGBT YOUTH 2020; 17:280-297. [PMID: 33224407 PMCID: PMC7678806 DOI: 10.1080/19361653.2019.1653808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Researchers and practitioners have recently called for greater involvement of school health professionals (SHPs; e.g., school psychologists, nurses, guidance counselors) in interventions to identify and address bullying of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) students. To inform future interventions, this study explored the perspectives of LGBTQ students and SHPs on LGBTQ bullying and SHPs' responses to LGBTQ bullying. Five online, asynchronous focus groups were held in 2018 with 28 LGBTQ students and 19 SHPs recruited from Massachusetts, US. Methods were guided by Rapid Qualitative Inquiry. Results revealed a disconnect in perceptions of LGBTQ bullying among LGBTQ students versus SHPs, with LGBTQ students reporting a range of often significant verbal, social, and physical bullying experiences and SHPs reporting minimal awareness of LGBTQ bullying at their schools. Transgender students reported bullying related to their gender identity, including verbal, physical, and sexual harassment, deadnaming (referred to by their birth name), and misgendering (called an incorrect pronoun). LGBTQ students of color reported bullying based on their race/ethnicity and pronounced social isolation. LGBTQ students reported mixed experiences with reporting bullying to SHPs. Intervention efforts are needed to enhance communication between LGBTQ students and SHPs, and to strengthen SHPs' skills to respond to LGBTQ bullying.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Earnshaw
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - D D Menino
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L M Sava
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Perrotti
- Safe Schools Program for LGBTQ Students, Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T N Barnes
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
- Center for Research in Education and Social Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - D L Humphrey
- Center for Research in Education and Social Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - S L Reisner
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA
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49
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Quarmley ME, Nelson BD, Clarkson T, White LK, Jarcho JM. I Knew You Weren't Going to Like Me! Neural Response to Accurately Predicting Rejection Is Associated With Anxiety and Depression. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:219. [PMID: 31632249 PMCID: PMC6783491 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and depression often emerge in adolescence. A normative increase in the desire for peer acceptance may be one of many contributing factors. These shifts occur during a phase of development in which neural reward networks, including structures such as the ventral striatum, undergo critical changes. Despite the salience of peer feedback during adolescence, neural responses to reward have largely been examined in the monetary domain, leaving many open questions about responses to social rewards. Moreover, most paradigms do not tease apart different aspects of reward processing (e.g., receiving feedback, being correct). Anxiety and depression are also associated with alterations in reward networks; however, little is known about how anxiety and depression in adolescence relate to differences in social vs. non-social reward processing. In this study, adolescents (n = 28) underwent fMRI while completing novel monetary and social feedback tasks, which tease apart reward domain (social/monetary), valence (positive/negative), and outcome (correct/incorrect). Participants were shown a pair of stimuli (doors/age-matched peers) and asked to indicate which stimulus would provide positive (win money/social like) or negative (lose money/social dislike) feedback. Participants then received feedback about the purported accuracy of their response. Region-of-interest analyses showed that left ventral striatum response varied by domain (social/monetary), valence (positive/negative), and outcome (correct/incorrect) of reward. Additionally, unique associations between anxiety, depression, and brain function were observed for correct, but not for incorrect trials, in the social, but not monetary task. Specifically, adolescents with high anxiety symptoms, but low depression, displayed greater left ventral striatum activation when correctly identifying peers who gave dislike (vs. like) feedback. Thus, anxious youth exhibited enhanced activation in a brain region implicated in reward processing when they accurately predicted someone was going to dislike them. Higher levels of both depression and anxiety symptoms were associated with greater striatal activation to correctly identifying peers who gave like (vs. dislike) feedback. These results suggest a neural mechanism by which negative prediction biases may be reinforced in anxious youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Quarmley
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brady D Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Tessa Clarkson
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lauren K White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Johanna M Jarcho
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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50
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Kvarnung M, Shahsavani M, Taylan F, Moslem M, Breeuwsma N, Laan L, Schuster J, Jin Z, Nilsson D, Lieden A, Anderlid BM, Nordenskjöld M, Syk Lundberg E, Birnir B, Dahl N, Nordgren A, Lindstrand A, Falk A. Ataxia in Patients With Bi-Allelic NFASC Mutations and Absence of Full-Length NF186. Front Genet 2019; 10:896. [PMID: 31608123 PMCID: PMC6769111 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of hereditary ataxia syndromes is heterogeneous, and the mechanisms underlying these disorders are often unknown. Here, we utilized exome sequencing in two siblings with progressive ataxia and muscular weakness and identified a novel homozygous splice mutation (c.3020-1G > A) in neurofascin (NFASC). In RNA extracted from fibroblasts, we showed that the mutation resulted in inframe skipping of exon 26, with a deprived expression of the full-length transcript that corresponds to NFASC isoform NF186. To further investigate the disease mechanisms, we reprogrammed fibroblasts from one affected sibling to induced pluripotent stem cells, directed them to neuroepithelial stem cells and finally differentiated to neurons. In early neurogenesis, differentiating cells with selective depletion of the NF186 isoform showed significantly reduced neurite outgrowth as well as fewer emerging neurites. Furthermore, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of patient-derived neuronal cells revealed a lower threshold for openings, indicating altered Na+ channel kinetics, suggesting a lower threshold for openings as compared to neuronal cells without the NFASC mutation. Taken together, our results suggest that loss of the full-length NFASC isoform NF186 causes perturbed neurogenesis and impaired neuronal biophysical properties resulting in a novel early-onset autosomal recessive ataxia syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Kvarnung
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mansoureh Shahsavani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fulya Taylan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Moslem
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Breeuwsma
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Loora Laan
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Schuster
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhe Jin
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agne Lieden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Anderlid
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Nordenskjöld
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Syk Lundberg
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bryndis Birnir
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niklas Dahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann Nordgren
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindstrand
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden
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