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Elzinga SE, Eid SA, McGregor BA, Jang DG, Hinder LM, Dauch JR, Hayes JM, Zhang H, Guo K, Pennathur S, Kretzler M, Brosius FC, Koubek EJ, Feldman EL, Hur J. Transcriptomic analysis of diabetic kidney disease and neuropathy in mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050080. [PMID: 37791586 PMCID: PMC10565109 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) are common complications of type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes. However, the mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of these complications are unclear. In this study, we optimized a streptozotocin-induced db/+ murine model of T1D and compared it to our established db/db T2D mouse model of the same C57BLKS/J background. Glomeruli and sciatic nerve transcriptomic data from T1D and T2D mice were analyzed by self-organizing map and differential gene expression analysis. Consistent with prior literature, pathways related to immune function and inflammation were dysregulated in both complications in T1D and T2D mice. Gene-level analysis identified a high degree of concordance in shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both complications and across diabetes type when using mice from the same cohort and genetic background. As we have previously shown a low concordance of shared DEGs in DPN when using mice from different cohorts and genetic backgrounds, this suggests that genetic background may influence diabetic complications. Collectively, these findings support the role of inflammation and indicate that genetic background is important in complications of both T1D and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Elzinga
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Eid
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Brett A. McGregor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Dae-Gyu Jang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lucy M. Hinder
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - John M. Hayes
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Frank C. Brosius
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Emily J. Koubek
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eva L. Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
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Chiang KH, Chiu YC, Yar N, Chen YC, Cheng CH, Liu YC, Chang CY, Chuu JJ. Renoprotective Impacts of Inonotus obliquus Ethanol-Ethyl Acetate Extract on Combined Streptozotocin and Unilateral Nephrectomy-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054443. [PMID: 36901874 PMCID: PMC10002342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common causes of end stage renal disease (ESRD) globally. Medication options to stop or slow the progression of chronic renal disease (CKD) are limited, and patients with DN remain at a high risk of developing renal failure. Inonotus obliquus extracts (IOEs) of Chaga mushroom have been shown to have anti-glycemic, anti-hyperlipidemia, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects against diabetes. In this study, we examined the potential renal protective role of an ethyl acetate layer after water-ethyl acetate separation from Inonotus obliquus ethanol crude extract (EtCE-EA) from Chaga mushrooms in diabetic nephropathy mice after preparation with 1/3 NT + STZ. Our data showed that treatment with EtCE-EA can effectively regulate blood glucose, albumin-creatinine ratio, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, and it can improve the renal damage in 1/3 NT + STZ-induced CRF mice with an increase in concentration (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg). In the immunohistochemical staining test, EtCE-EA can effectively reduce the expression of TGF-β and α-SMA after induction according to the increase in the concentration (100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg), thereby slowing down the degree of kidney damage. Our findings demonstrate that EtCE-EA could provide renal protection in diabetes nephropathy, possibly due to the decreased expression of transforming growth factor-β1 and α-smooth muscle actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Hsing Chiang
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chiu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 10341, Taiwan
- Urological Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 10662, Taiwan
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan
| | - Noi Yar
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, College of Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 71005, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Cheng
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, College of Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 71005, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chien Liu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, College of Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 71005, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Chang
- Department of Neurology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
- Center for General Education, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 71005, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.C.); (J.-J.C.); Tel.: +886-6-2533131 (ext. 6201) (C.-Y.C.); +886-6-2533131 (ext. 3927) (J.-J.C.)
| | - Jiunn-Jye Chuu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, College of Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 71005, Taiwan
- Pharmacy Department, Wei-Gong Memorial Hospital, Miaoli 35159, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.C.); (J.-J.C.); Tel.: +886-6-2533131 (ext. 6201) (C.-Y.C.); +886-6-2533131 (ext. 3927) (J.-J.C.)
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3
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Badal SS, Al Tuhaifi T, Yu YF, Lopez D, Plato CT, Joly K, Breckenridge DG, Yang HC, Liles JT, Fogo AB. Selonsertib Enhances Kidney Protection Beyond Standard of Care in a Hypertensive, Secondary Glomerulosclerosis CKD Model. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:1169-1182. [PMID: 35919527 PMCID: PMC9337896 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0001032022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite widespread use of renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system inhibitors and the benefits of lowering glomerular pressure in patients with CKD, there remains a major unmet need for therapies targeting underlying causes of CKD progression. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) promotes apoptosis and glomerulosclerosis, and is implicated in the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a major cause of CKD. Selonsertib is a selective ASK1 inhibitor currently in clinical development for the treatment of DKD. We examined the added benefits of selonsertib on existing glomerulosclerosis and related molecular pathways in the nondiabetic 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 Nx) rat model in combination with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) enalapril. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats underwent 5/6 Nx with kidney biopsy 8 weeks later for assessment of glomerulosclerosis, and were randomized to four treatment groups with equal glomerulosclerosis: selonsertib, enalapril, combination (selonsertib plus enalapril), and untreated controls. Serum creatinine, systolic BP (SBP), and urinary albumin were measured at intervals. Animals were euthanized at week 12 for histologic, biochemical, and molecular analyses. Results All rats developed hypertension, albuminuria, and glomerulosclerosis by week 8. Kidney function further declined, and glomerulosclerosis and albuminuria progressively increased in controls from week 8 to 12. Enalapril treatment alone from week 8 to 12 reduced SBP versus controls, decreased albuminuria, and resulted in numerically lower glomerulosclerosis. Selonsertib alone had no effect on SBP but preserved kidney function. Combined treatment significantly reduced glomerulosclerosis, with more regression than either monotherapy. Enalapril treatment resulted in fewer interstitial macrophages, whereas selonsertib treatment reduced apoptosis and podocyte loss. RNA-seq revealed that combined treatment influenced pathways related to extracellular matrix and wound healing. Conclusions Selonsertib targets a novel, nonhemodynamic pathway in CKD. Our data suggest that ASK1 inhibition, when combined with ACEI, has additive effects to reduce progression of glomerulosclerosis, attenuate kidney function decline, and reduce podocyte loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tareq Al Tuhaifi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ya-Fen Yu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Fourth Hospital, Wuxi, Anhui, China
| | - David Lopez
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California
| | | | | | | | - Hai-Chun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Agnes B. Fogo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Protective effects of rituximab on puromycin-induced apoptosis, loss of adhesion and cytoskeletal alterations in human podocytes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12297. [PMID: 35853959 PMCID: PMC9296604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16333-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are highly specialized cells playing a key role in the filtration function of the kidney. A damaged podocyte ultrastructure is associated with a reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and accompanied with a loss of adhesion to the glomerular basement membrane leading to proteinuria in many forms of glomerular diseases, e.g. nephrotic syndrome. If the first-line therapy with glucocorticoids fails, alternative immunosuppressive agents are used, which are known to have the potential to stabilize the actin cytoskeleton. A new option for preventing relapses in steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome is the monoclonal antibody rituximab, which, in addition to its B-cell depleting effect, is assumed to have direct effects on podocytes. We here provide data on the non-immunological off-target effects of the immunosuppressant rituximab on podocyte structure and dynamics in an in vitro puromycin aminonucleoside model of podocyte injury. A conditionally immortalized human podocyte cell line was used. Differentiated podocytes were treated with puromycin aminonucleoside and rituximab. Our studies focussed on analyzing the structure of the actin cytoskeleton, cellular adhesion and apoptosis using immunofluorescence staining and protein biochemistry methods. Treatment with rituximab resulted in a stabilization of podocyte actin stress fibers in the puromycin aminonucleoside model, leading to an improvement in cell adhesion. A lower apoptosis rate was observed after parallel treatment with puromycin aminonucleoside and rituximab visualized by reduced nuclear fragmentation. Consistent with this data, Western-blot analyses demonstrated that rituximab directly affects the caspase pathways by inhibiting the activation of Caspases-8, -9 and -3, suggesting that rituximab may inhibit apoptosis. In conclusion, our results indicate an important role of the immunosuppressant rituximab in terms of stability and morphogenesis of podocytes, involving apoptosis pathways. This could help to improve therapeutical concepts for patients with proteinuria mediated by diseased podocytes.
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Kohnken R, Himmel L, Logan M, Peterson R, Biswas S, Dunn C, LeRoy B. Symmetric Dimethylarginine Is a Sensitive Biomarker of Glomerular Injury in Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 50:176-185. [PMID: 34634957 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211045341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glomerular filtration rate is the gold-standard method for assessment of renal function but is rarely performed in routine toxicity studies. Standard serum biomarkers of renal function are insensitive and become elevated only with significant loss of organ function. Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a ubiquitous analyte that is freely filtered by the glomerulus and can be detected in serum. It has shown utility for the detection of renal injury in dogs and cats in clinical veterinary practice, but the potential utility of SDMA to detect renal injury in preclinical species or toxicity studies has not been thoroughly investigated. We utilized a well-characterized glomerular toxicant, puromycin aminonucleoside, to induce podocyte injury and subsequent proteinuria in young male Sprague-Dawley rats. At the end of 1 or 2 weeks, blood, urine, and kidney tissue were collected for analysis. One week following a single 50 mg/kg dose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and albumin mean values were within historical control ranges, while SDMA was increased. Glomerular changes in these animals included periodic acid-Schiff positive globules within podocytes, podocyte hypertrophy by light microscopy, and podocyte degeneration with effacement of foot processes by electron microscopy (EM). Taken together, our data indicate that SDMA may be a useful biomarker for early detection of glomerular toxicities in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruce LeRoy
- Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
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Yuan Q, Lv Y, Ding H, Ke Q, Shi C, Luo J, Jiang L, Yang J, Zhou Y. CPT1α maintains phenotype of tubules via mitochondrial respiration during kidney injury and repair. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:792. [PMID: 34392303 PMCID: PMC8364553 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04085-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Impaired energy metabolism in proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) is strongly associated with various kidney diseases. Here, we characterized proximal tubular phenotype alternations during kidney injury and repair in a mouse model of folic acid nephropathy, in parallel, identified carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α (CPT1α) as an energy stress response accompanied by renal tubular dedifferentiation. Genetic ablation of Cpt1α aggravated the tubular injury and interstitial fibrosis and hampered kidney repair indicate that CPT1α is vital for the preservation and recovery of tubular phenotype. Our data showed that the lipid accumulation and mitochondrial mass reduction induced by folic acid were persistent and became progressively more severe in PTECs without CPT1α. Interference of CPT1α reduced capacities of mitochondrial respiration and ATP production in PTECs, and further sensitized cells to folic acid-induced phenotypic changes. On the contrary, overexpression of CPT1α protected mitochondrial respiration and prevented against folic acid-induced tubular cell damage. These findings link CPT1α to intrinsic mechanisms regulating the mitochondrial respiration and phenotype of kidney tubules that may contribute to renal pathology during injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yuan
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yunhui Lv
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingqing Ke
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Caifeng Shi
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Junwei Yang
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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7
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Shrestha P, Adepu S, Vivès RR, Masri RE, Klooster A, Kaptein F, Dam W, Bakker SJL, van Goor H, van de Sluis B, van den Born J. Hypercholesterolemia in Progressive Renal Failure Is Associated with Changes in Hepatic Heparan Sulfate - PCSK9 Interaction. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1371-1388. [PMID: 33758009 PMCID: PMC8259657 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020091376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia is an important risk factor in CKD. The liver clears triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) via LDL receptor (LDLR), LDLR-related protein-1 (LRP-1), and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), mostly syndecan-1. HSPGs also facilitate LDLR degradation by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Progressive renal failure affects the structure and activity of hepatic lipoprotein receptors, PCSK9, and plasma cholesterol. METHODS Uninephrectomy- and aging-induced CKD in normotensive Wistar rats and hypertensive Munich-Wistar-Frömter (MWF) rats. RESULTS Compared with 22-week-old sex- and strain-matched rats, 48-week-old uninephrectomized Wistar-CKD and MWF-CKD rats showed proteinuria, increased plasma creatinine, and hypercholesterolemia (all P<0.05), which were most apparent in hypertensive MWF-CKD rats. Hepatic PCSK9 expression increased in both CKD groups (P<0.05), with unusual sinusoidal localization, which was not seen in 22-week-old rats. Heparan sulfate (HS) disaccharide analysis, staining with anti-HS mAbs, and mRNA expression of HS polymerase exostosin-1 (Ext-1), revealed elongated HS chains in both CKD groups. Solid-phase competition assays showed that the PCSK9 interaction with heparin-albumin (HS-proteoglycan analogue) was critically dependent on polysaccharide chain length. VLDL binding to HS from CKD livers was reduced (P<0.05). Proteinuria and plasma creatinine strongly associated with plasma cholesterol, PCSK9, and HS changes. CONCLUSIONS Progressive CKD induces hepatic HS elongation, leading to increased interaction with PCSK9. This might reduce hepatic lipoprotein uptake and thereby induce dyslipidemia in CKD. Therefore, PCSK9/HS may be a novel target to control dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragyi Shrestha
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saritha Adepu
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romain R. Vivès
- University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Institute of Structural Biology, Grenoble, France
| | - Rana El Masri
- University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Institute of Structural Biology, Grenoble, France
| | - Astrid Klooster
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Friesland, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur Kaptein
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy Dam
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob van den Born
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Bogdanova E, Beresneva O, Galkina O, Zubina I, Ivanova G, Parastaeva M, Semenova N, Dobronravov V. Myocardial Hypertrophy and Fibrosis Are Associated with Cardiomyocyte Beta-Catenin and TRPC6/Calcineurin/NFAT Signaling in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats with 5/6 Nephrectomy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4645. [PMID: 33924991 PMCID: PMC8124394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial hypertension (AH) is associated with heart and chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the precise mechanisms of myocardial remodeling (MR) in the settings of CKD remain elusive. We hypothesized that TRPC6, calcineurin/NFAT, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways are involved in the development of MR in the background of CKD and AH. METHODS Early CKD was induced by performing a 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6NE) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-NE). Sham-operated (SO) SHR (SHR-SO) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY-SO) rats served as controls. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate, myocardial mass index (MMI), serum creatinine, cardiomyocyte diameter (dCM), myocardial fibrosis (MF), serum and kidney α-Klotho levels, myocardial expression of calcineurin (CaN), TRPC6, and β-catenin were measured two months after 5/6NE or SO. RESULTS NE-induced kidney dysfunction corresponded to mild-to-moderate human CKD and was associated with an increase in FGF23 and a decrease in renal α-Klotho. The levels of SBP, MMI, dCM, and MF were higher in SHRs compared to WKY-SO as well as in SHR-NE vs. SHR-SO. The MR was associated with increased cardiomyocyte expression of CaN/NFAT and β-catenin along with its intracellular re-distribution. TRPC6 protein levels were substantially elevated in both SHR groups with higher Trpc6 mRNA expression in SHR-NE. CONCLUSIONS The Wnt/β-catenin and TRPC6/CaN/NFAT hypertrophic signaling pathways seem to be involved in myocardial remodeling in the settings of AH and CKD and might be mediated by FGF23 and α-Klotho axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evdokia Bogdanova
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Pavlov University, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia; (E.B.); (O.B.); (O.G.); (I.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Olga Beresneva
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Pavlov University, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia; (E.B.); (O.B.); (O.G.); (I.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Olga Galkina
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Pavlov University, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia; (E.B.); (O.B.); (O.G.); (I.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Irina Zubina
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Pavlov University, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia; (E.B.); (O.B.); (O.G.); (I.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Galina Ivanova
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Physiology, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia;
| | - Marina Parastaeva
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Pavlov University, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia; (E.B.); (O.B.); (O.G.); (I.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Natalia Semenova
- Research Department of Pathomorphology, Almazov National Medical Research Center, Saint Petersburg 197341, Russia;
- Laboratory of Leukemia Research, Russian Research Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology of FMBA of Russia, Saint Petersburg 191024, Russia
| | - Vladimir Dobronravov
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Pavlov University, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia; (E.B.); (O.B.); (O.G.); (I.Z.); (M.P.)
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9
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Zou J, Yang J, Zhu X, Zhong J, Elshaer A, Matsusaka T, Pastan I, Haase VH, Yang HC, Fogo AB. Stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor ameliorates glomerular injury sensitization after tubulointerstitial injury. Kidney Int 2020; 99:620-631. [PMID: 33137336 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we found that mild tubulointerstitial injury sensitizes glomeruli to subsequent injury. Here, we evaluated whether stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-α (HIF-α), a key regulator of tissue response to hypoxia, ameliorates tubulointerstitial injury and impact on subsequent glomerular injury. Nep25 mice, which express the human CD25 receptor on podocytes under control of the nephrin promotor and develop glomerulosclerosis when a specific toxin is administered were used. Tubulointerstitial injury, evident by week two, was induced by folic acid, and mice were treated with an HIF stabilizer, dimethyloxalylglycine or vehicle from week three to six. Uninephrectomy at week six assessed tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Glomerular injury was induced by podocyte toxin at week seven, and mice were sacrificed ten days later. At week six tubular injury markers normalized but with patchy collagen I and interstitial fibrosis. Pimonidazole staining, a hypoxia marker, was increased by folic acid treatment compared to vehicle while dimethyloxalylglycine stimulated HIF-2α expression and attenuated tubulointerstitial hypoxia. The hematocrit was increased by dimethyloxalylglycine along with downstream effectors of HIF. Tubular epithelial cell injury, inflammation and interstitial fibrosis were improved after dimethyloxalylglycine, with further reduced mortality, interstitial fibrosis, and glomerulosclerosis induced by specific podocyte injury. Thus, our findings indicate that hypoxia contributes to tubular injury and consequent sensitization of glomeruli to injury. Hence, restoring HIFs may blunt this adverse crosstalk of tubules to glomeruli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zou
- Division of Nephrology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jaewon Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Division of Nephrology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon, South Korea
| | - Xiaoye Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Wudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianyong Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ahmed Elshaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Volker H Haase
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Medicine and Research Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hai-Chun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Agnes B Fogo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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10
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Tan RZ, Zhong X, Li JC, Zhang YW, Yan Y, Liao Y, Wen D, Diao H, Wang L, Shen HC. An optimized 5/6 nephrectomy mouse model based on unilateral kidney ligation and its application in renal fibrosis research. Ren Fail 2019; 41:555-566. [PMID: 31234688 PMCID: PMC6598497 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2019.1627220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
5/6 Nephrectomy (PNx) on rat and mouse mimics renal failure after loss of kidney function in human, and it has been widely used in CKD researches. However, existing methods for PNx model construction present high mortality of animals after modeling due to hemorrhage and infection in or after surgery. Here, we report a novel and highly efficient PNx modeling method to simulate conventional 5/6 nephrectomy, which significantly reduced the mortality of animals and simplified the modeling procedures. In this novel modeling method, we directly ligated the upper and lower poles of left kidney after removal the right kidney 1 week later (l-PNx), which leads to necrosis of ligated upper and lower poles of the kidney and mimics the conventional 5/6 nephrectomy (c-PNx). After modeling 4 and 12 weeks, the serum creatinine, BUN and proteinuria levels were strongly increased in both c-PNx and l-PNx model. Importantly, compared with the c-PNx, l-PNx model present more severe renal fibrosis estimated by Masson staining, IHC and western blotting. The results showed that the protein levels of α-SMA were significantly increased in the kidney of c-PNx and l-PNx models, but more increase was found in l-PNx model. It is noteworthy that, compared with c-PNx model, the survival rate of l-PNx model was markedly increased. In summary, we established a novel and efficient 5/6 nephrectomy model, which can mimic conventional 5/6 nephrectomy to construct a renal fibrosis and renal failure mouse model, that is conducive to mechanism and treatment researches of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Zhi Tan
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Xia Zhong
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Jian-Chun Li
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Yu-Wei Zhang
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Ying Yan
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Yuan Liao
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Dan Wen
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Hui Diao
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Li Wang
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
| | - Hong-Chun Shen
- a Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China.,b College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China.,c Depertment of Nephrology , Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , China
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11
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Pillai SM, Herzog B, Seebeck P, Pellegrini G, Roth E, Verrey F. Differential Impact of Dietary Branched Chain and Aromatic Amino Acids on Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in Rats. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1460. [PMID: 31920685 PMCID: PMC6913537 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of dietary proteins generates waste products that are excreted by the kidney, in particular nitrogen-containing urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine, and other metabolites such as phosphates, sulfates, and protons. Kidney adaptation includes an increase in renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and represents a burden for diseased kidneys increasing the progression rate of CKD. The present study aimed at identifying potential differences between amino acid (AA) groups constituting dietary proteins regarding their impact on RPF, GFR, and CKD progression. We utilized the well-established 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 Nx) CKD model in rats and submitted the animals for 5 weeks to either the control diet (18% casein protein) or to diets containing 8% casein supplemented with 10% of a mix of free amino acids, representing all or only a subset of the amino acids contained in casein. Whereas the RPF and GFR measured in free moving animals remained stable during the course of the diet in rats receiving the control mix, these parameters decreased in animals receiving the branched chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation and increased in the ones receiving the aromatic amino acids (AAAs). In animals receiving essential amino acids (EAAs) containing both BCAAs and AAAs, there was only a small increase in RPF. The kidneys of the 5/6 Nx rats receiving the BCAA diet showed the strongest increase in smooth muscle actin and collagen mRNA expression as a result of higher level of inflammation and fibrosis. These animals receiving BCAAs also showed an increase in plasma free fatty acids pointing to a problem at the level of energy metabolism. In contrast, the animals under AAA diet showed an activation of AMPK and STAT3. Taken together, our results demonstrate that subsets of EAAs contained in dietary proteins, specifically BCAAs and AAAs, exert contrasting effects on kidney functional parameters and CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyuktha Muralidharan Pillai
- Institute of Physiology and The Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Kidney Control of Homeostasis (Kidney.CH), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Herzog
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Seebeck
- Zurich Integrative Rodent Physiology (ZIRP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Pellegrini
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Roth
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - François Verrey
- Institute of Physiology and The Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Kidney Control of Homeostasis (Kidney.CH), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Methionine restriction delays aging-related urogenital diseases in male Fischer 344 rats. GeroScience 2019; 42:287-297. [PMID: 31728897 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary methionine restriction (MR) has been found to enhance longevity across many species. We hypothesized that MR might enhance longevity in part by delaying or inhibiting age-related disease processes. To this end, male Fischer 344 rats were fed control (CF, 0.86% methionine) or MR (0.17% methionine) diets throughout their life until sacrifice at approximately 30 months of age, and histopathology was performed to identify the incidence and progression of two important aging-related pathologies, namely, chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN) and testicular tumorigenesis. Although kidney pathology was observed in 87% CF rats and CPN in 62% of CF animals, no evidence of kidney disease was observed in MR rats. Consistent with the absence of renal pathology, urinary albumin levels were lower in the MR group compared to controls throughout the study, with over a six-fold difference between the groups at 30 months of age. Biomarkers associated with renal disease, namely, clusterin, cystatin C, and β-2 microglobulin, were reduced following 18 months of MR. A reduction in testicular tumor incidence from 88% in CF to 22% in MR rats was also observed. These results suggest that MR may lead to metabolic and cellular changes providing protection against age-related diseases.
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13
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Temporal and tissue-specific activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in discrete mouse models of kidney disease. Kidney Int 2019; 97:538-550. [PMID: 31932072 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence in animal models of chronic kidney disease (CKD) implicates Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) signaling as a mediator of uremic toxicity. However, details about its tissue-specific and time-dependent activation in response to various renal pathologies remain poorly defined. Here, a comprehensive analysis of AHR induction was conducted in response to discrete models of kidney diseases using a transgenic mouse line expressing the AHR responsive-promoter tethered to a β-galactosidase reporter gene. Following validation using a canonical AHR ligand (a dioxin derivative), the transgenic mice were subjected to adenine-induced and ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury models representing CKD and acute kidney injury (AKI), respectively, in humans. Indoxyl sulfate was artificially increased in mice through the drinking water and by inhibiting its excretion into the urine. Adenine-fed mice showed a distinct and significant increase in β-galactosidase in the proximal and distal renal tubules, cardiac myocytes, hepatocytes, and microvasculature in the cerebral cortex. The pattern of β-galactosidase increase coincided with the changes in serum indoxyl sulfate levels. Machine-learning-based image quantification revealed positive correlations between indoxyl sulfate levels and β-galactosidase expression in various tissues. This pattern of β-galactosidase expression was recapitulated in the indoxyl sulfate-specific model. The ischemia/reperfusion injury model showed increase in β-galactosidase in renal tubules that persisted despite reduction in serum indoxyl sulfate and blood urea nitrogen levels. Thus, our results demonstrate a relationship between AHR activation in various tissues of mice with CKD or AKI and the levels of indoxyl sulfate. This study demonstrates the use of a reporter gene mouse to probe tissue-specific manifestations of uremia in translationally relevant animal models and provide hypothesis-generating insights into the mechanism of uremic toxicity that warrant further investigation.
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14
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FGF23-Mediated Activation of Local RAAS Promotes Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184634. [PMID: 31540546 PMCID: PMC6770314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are prone to developing cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, which is associated with increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) serum levels. Elevated circulating FGF23 was shown to induce left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) via the calcineurin/NFAT pathway and contributed to cardiac fibrosis by stimulation of profibrotic factors. We hypothesized that FGF23 may also stimulate the local renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) in the heart, thereby further promoting the progression of FGF23-mediated cardiac pathologies. We evaluated LVH and fibrosis in association with cardiac FGF23 and activation of RAAS in heart tissue of 5/6 nephrectomized (5/6Nx) rats compared to sham-operated animals followed by in vitro studies with isolated neonatal rat ventricular myocytes and fibroblast (NRVM, NRCF), respectively. Uremic rats showed enhanced cardiomyocyte size and cardiac fibrosis compared with sham. The cardiac expression of Fgf23 and RAAS genes were increased in 5/6Nx rats and correlated with the degree of cardiac fibrosis. In NRVM and NRCF, FGF23 stimulated the expression of RAAS genes and induced Ngal indicating mineralocorticoid receptor activation. The FGF23-mediated hypertrophic growth of NRVM and induction of NFAT target genes were attenuated by cyclosporine A, losartan and spironolactone. In NRCF, FGF23 induced Tgfb and Ctgf, which were suppressed by losartan and spironolactone, only. Our data suggest that FGF23-mediated activation of local RAAS in the heart promotes cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.
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15
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Belghasem ME, A'amar O, Roth D, Walker J, Arinze N, Richards SM, Francis JM, Salant DJ, Chitalia VC, Bigio IJ. Towards minimally-invasive, quantitative assessment of chronic kidney disease using optical spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7168. [PMID: 31073168 PMCID: PMC6509114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The universal pathologic features implicated in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA). Current methods of estimating IFTA are slow, labor-intensive and fraught with variability and sampling error, and are not quantitative. As such, there is pressing clinical need for a less-invasive and faster method that can quantitatively assess the degree of IFTA. We propose a minimally-invasive optical method to assess the macro-architecture of kidney tissue, as an objective, quantitative assessment of IFTA, as an indicator of the degree of kidney disease. The method of elastic-scattering spectroscopy (ESS) measures backscattered light over the spectral range 320-900 nm and is highly sensitive to micromorphological changes in tissues. Using two discrete mouse models of CKD, we observed spectral trends of increased scattering intensity in the near-UV to short-visible region (350-450 nm), relative to longer wavelengths, for fibrotic kidneys compared to normal kidney, with a quasi-linear correlation between the ESS changes and the histopathology-determined degree of IFTA. These results suggest the potential of ESS as an objective, quantitative and faster assessment of IFTA for the management of CKD patients and in the allocation of organs for kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa E Belghasem
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ousama A'amar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Roth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Walker
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nkiruka Arinze
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean M Richards
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean M Francis
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Salant
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vipul C Chitalia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare system, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irving J Bigio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Liu S. Heart-kidney interactions: mechanistic insights from animal models. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F974-F985. [PMID: 30838876 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00624.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological changes in the heart or kidney can instigate the release of a cascade of cardiorenal mediators that promote injury in the other organ. Combined dysfunction of heart and kidney is referred to as cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) and has gained considerable attention. CRS has been classified into five distinct entities, each with different major pathophysiological changes. Despite the magnitude of the public health problem of CRS, the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood, and effective intervention is unavailable. Animal models have allowed us to discover pathogenic molecular changes to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for heart-kidney interactions and to enable more accurate risk stratification and effective intervention. Here, this article focuses on the use of currently available animal models to elucidate mechanistic insights in the clinical cardiorenal phenotype arising from primary cardiac injury, primary renal disease with special emphasis of chronic kidney disease-specific risk factors, and simultaneous cardiorenal/renocardiac dysfunction. The development of novel animal models that recapitulate more closely the cardiorenal phenotype in a clinical scenario and discover the molecular basis of this condition will be of great benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
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17
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Hsieh WY, Chang TH, Chang HF, Chuang WH, Lu LC, Yang CW, Lin CS, Chang CC. Renal chymase-dependent pathway for angiotensin II formation mediated acute kidney injury in a mouse model of aristolochic acid I-induced acute nephropathy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210656. [PMID: 30633770 PMCID: PMC6329531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is the primary enzyme that converts angiotensin I (Ang I) to angiotensin II (Ang II) in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). However, chymase hydrates Ang I to Ang II independently of ACE in some kidney diseases, and it may play an important role. The present study investigated whether chymase played a crucial role in aristolochic acid I (AAI)-induced nephropathy. C57BL/6 mice were treated with AAI via intraperitoneal injection for an accumulated AAI dosage of 45 mg/kg body weight (BW) (15 mg/kg BW per day for 3 days). The animals were sacrificed after acute kidney injury development, and blood, urine and kidneys were harvested for biochemical and molecular assays. Mice exhibited increased serum creatinine, BUN and urinary protein after the AAI challenge. Significant infiltrating inflammatory cells and tubular atrophy were observed in the kidneys, and high immunocytokine levels were detected. Renal RAS-related enzyme activities were measured, and a significantly increased chymase activity and slightly decreased ACE activity were observed in the AAI-treated mice. The renal Ang II level reflected the altered profile of RAS enzymes and was significantly increased in AAI-treated mice. Treatment of AAI-induced nephropathic mice with an ACE inhibitor (ACEI) or chymase inhibitor (CI; chymostatin) reduced renal Ang II levels. The combination of ACEI and CI (ACEI+CI) treatment significantly reversed the AAI-induced changes of Ang II levels and kidney inflammation and injuries. AAI treatment significantly increased renal p-MEK without increasing p-STAT3 and p-Smad3 levels, and p-MEK/p-ERK1/2 signalling pathway was significantly activated. CI and ACEI+CI treatments reduced this AAI-activated signaling pathway. AAI-induced nephropathy progression was significantly mitigated with CI and ACEI+CI treatment. This study elucidates the role of RAS in the pathogenesis of AAI-induced nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yeh Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Hsiang Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fang Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hsuan Chuang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Che Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wei Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chu Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Environmental and Precision Medicine Laboratory, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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18
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Liles JT, Corkey BK, Notte GT, Budas GR, Lansdon EB, Hinojosa-Kirschenbaum F, Badal SS, Lee M, Schultz BE, Wise S, Pendem S, Graupe M, Castonguay L, Koch KA, Wong MH, Papalia GA, French DM, Sullivan T, Huntzicker EG, Ma FY, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Altuhaifi T, Yang H, Fogo AB, Breckenridge DG. ASK1 contributes to fibrosis and dysfunction in models of kidney disease. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4485-4500. [PMID: 30024858 DOI: 10.1172/jci99768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an underlying component of acute and chronic kidney disease. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a widely expressed redox-sensitive serine threonine kinase that activates p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases, and induces apoptotic, inflammatory, and fibrotic signaling in settings of oxidative stress. We describe the discovery and characterization of a potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of ASK1, GS-444217, and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of ASK1 inhibition to reduce kidney injury and fibrosis. Activation of the ASK1 pathway in glomerular and tubular compartments was confirmed in renal biopsies from patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and was decreased by GS-444217 in several rodent models of kidney injury and fibrosis that collectively represented the hallmarks of DKD pathology. Treatment with GS-444217 reduced progressive inflammation and fibrosis in the kidney and halted glomerular filtration rate decline. Combination of GS-444217 with enalapril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, led to a greater reduction in proteinuria and regression of glomerulosclerosis. These results identify ASK1 as an important target for renal disease and support the clinical development of an ASK1 inhibitor for the treatment of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Lee
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | | | - Sarah Wise
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Keith A Koch
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Frank Y Ma
- Department of Nephrology and Monash University Centres for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology and Monash University Centres for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tareq Altuhaifi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haichun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Agnes B Fogo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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19
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms of kidney fibrosis. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 65:16-36. [PMID: 29909119 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the final pathological process common to any ongoing, chronic kidney injury or maladaptive repair. It is considered as the underlying pathological process of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which affects more than 10% of world population and for which treatment options are limited. Renal fibrosis is defined by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, which disrupts and replaces the functional parenchyma that leads to organ failure. Kidney's histological structure can be divided into three main compartments, all of which can be affected by fibrosis, specifically termed glomerulosclerosis in glomeruli, interstitial fibrosis in tubulointerstitium and arteriosclerosis and perivascular fibrosis in vasculature. In this review, we summarized the different appearance, cellular origin and major emerging processes and mediators of fibrosis in each compartment. We also depicted and discussed the challenges in translation of anti-fibrotic treatment to clinical practice and discuss possible solutions and future directions.
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20
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Liu S, Wang BH, Kelly DJ, Krum H, Kompa AR. Chronic kidney disease with comorbid cardiac dysfunction exacerbates cardiac and renal damage. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:628-645. [PMID: 28994186 PMCID: PMC5742721 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying chronic kidney disease with comorbid cardiac dysfunction, we investigated renal and cardiac, functional and structural damage when myocardial infarction (MI) was applied in the setting of kidney injury (induced by 5/6 nephrectomy-STNx). STNx or Sham surgery was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats with MI or Sham surgery performed 4 weeks later. Rats were maintained for a further 8 weeks. Rats (n = 36) were randomized into four groups: Sham+Sham, Sham+MI, STNx+Sham and STNx+MI. Increased renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis (P < 0.01) and kidney injury molecule-1 expression (P < 0.01) was observed in STNx+MI compared to STNx+Sham animals, while there were no further reductions in renal function. Heart weight was increased in STNx+MI compared to STNx+Sham or Sham+MI animals (P < 0.05), despite no difference in blood pressure. STNx+MI rats demonstrated greater cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area and increased cardiac interstitial fibrosis compared to either STNx+Sham (P < 0.01) or Sham+MI (P < 0.01) animals which was accompanied by an increase in diastolic dysfunction. These changes were associated with increases in ANP, cTGF and collagen I gene expression and phospho-p38 MAPK and phospho-p44/42 MAPK protein expression in the left ventricle. Addition of MI accelerated STNx-induced structural damage but failed to significantly exacerbate renal dysfunction. These findings highlight the bidirectional response in this model known to occur in cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) and provide a useful model for examining potential therapies for CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- School of MedicineSouth China University of TechnologyChina
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in TherapeuticsDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Bing H. Wang
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in TherapeuticsDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Darren J. Kelly
- Department of MedicineSt. Vincent's HospitalUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Henry Krum
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in TherapeuticsDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Andrew R. Kompa
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in TherapeuticsDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
- Department of MedicineSt. Vincent's HospitalUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
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21
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Dehnadi A, Benedict Cosimi A, Neal Smith R, Li X, Alonso JL, Means TK, Arnaout MA. Prophylactic orthosteric inhibition of leukocyte integrin CD11b/CD18 prevents long-term fibrotic kidney failure in cynomolgus monkeys. Nat Commun 2017; 8:13899. [PMID: 28071653 PMCID: PMC5234083 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic acute kidney injury (AKI), an inflammatory disease process, often progresses to chronic kidney disease (CKD), with no available effective prophylaxis. This is in part due to lack of clinically relevant CKD models in non-human primates. Here we demonstrate that inhibition of the archetypal innate immune receptor CD11b/CD18 prevents progression of AKI to CKD in cynomolgus monkeys. Severe ischaemia-reperfusion injury of the right kidney, with subsequent periods of the left ureter ligation, causes irreversible right kidney failure 3, 6 or 9 months after AKI. Moreover, prophylactic inactivation of CD11b/CD18, using the orthosteric CD11b/CD18 inhibitor mAb107, improves microvascular perfusion and histopathology, reduces intrarenal pro-inflammatory mediators and salvages kidney function long term. These studies reveal an important early role of CD11b+ leukocytes in post-ischaemic kidney fibrosis and failure, and suggest a potential early therapeutic intervention to mitigate progression of ischaemic AKI to CKD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Dehnadi
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - A Benedict Cosimi
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Rex Neal Smith
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Xiangen Li
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Leukocyte Biology and Inflammation Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - José L Alonso
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Leukocyte Biology and Inflammation Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Terry K Means
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - M Amin Arnaout
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Leukocyte Biology and Inflammation Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Center For Regenerative Medicine, Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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22
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Le Clef N, Verhulst A, D’Haese PC, Vervaet BA. Unilateral Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion as a Robust Model for Acute to Chronic Kidney Injury in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152153. [PMID: 27007127 PMCID: PMC4805266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an underestimated, yet important risk factor for development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Even after initial total recovery of renal function, some patients develop progressive and persistent deterioration of renal function and these patients are more likely to progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Animal models are indispensable for unravelling the mechanisms underlying this progression towards CKD and ESRD and for the development of new therapeutic strategies in its prevention or treatment. Ischemia (i.e. hypoperfusion after surgery, bleeding, dehydration, shock, or sepsis) is a major aetiology in human AKI, yet unilateral ischemia-reperfusion is a rarely used animal model for research on CKD and fibrosis. Here, we demonstrate in C57Bl/6J mice, by both histology and gene expression, that unilateral ischemia-reperfusion without contralateral nephrectomy is a very robust model to study the progression from acute renal injury to long-term tubulo-interstitial fibrosis, i.e. the histopathological hallmark of CKD. Furthermore, we report that the extent of renal fibrosis, in terms of Col I, TGFβ, CCN2 and CCN3 expression and collagen I immunostaining, increases with increasing body temperature during ischemia and ischemia-time. Thus, varying these two main determinants of ischemic injury allows tuning the extent of the long-term fibrotic outcome in this model. Finally, in order to cover the whole practical finesse of ischemia-reperfusion and allow model and data transfer, we provide a referenced overview on crucial technical issues (incl. anaesthesia, analgesia, and pre- and post-operative care) with the specific aim of putting starters in the right direction of implementing ischemia in their research and stimulate them, as well as the community, to have a critical view on ischemic literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Le Clef
- Departement Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Anja Verhulst
- Departement Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Patrick C. D’Haese
- Departement Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin A. Vervaet
- Departement Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
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23
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Riyadh Thiab N, King N, McMillan M, Almashhadany A, L Jones G. Age-related protein and mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidases (GPx) and Hsp-70 in different regions of rat kidney with and without stressor. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2016.2.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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