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El Haj M. When you look at your past: Eye movement during autobiographical retrieval. Conscious Cogn 2024; 118:103652. [PMID: 38301389 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Until recently, little was known about whether or how autobiographical memory (i.e., memory of personal information) activates eye movement. This issue is now being addressed by several studies demonstrating not only how autobiographical memory activates eye movement, but also how eye movement influences the characteristics of autobiographical retrieval. This paper summarizes this research and presents a hypothesis according to which fixations and saccades during autobiographical retrieval mirror the construction of the visual image of the retrieved event. This hypothesis suggests that eye movements during autobiographical retrieval mirror the attempts of the visual system to generate and manipulate mental representations of autobiographical retrieval. It offers a theoretical framework for a burgeoning area of research that provides a rigorous behavioral evaluation of the phenomenological experience of memory.
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Leckey S, Bhagath S, Johnson EG, Ghetti S. Attention to novelty interferes with toddlers' emerging memory decision-making. Child Dev 2024; 95:98-113. [PMID: 37409734 PMCID: PMC10770300 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Memory decision-making in 26- to 32-month-olds was investigated using visual-paired comparison paradigms, requiring toddlers to select familiar stimuli (Active condition) or view familiar and novel stimuli (Passive condition). In Experiment 1 (N = 108, 54.6% female, 62% White; replication N = 98), toddlers with higher accuracy in the Active condition showed reduced novelty preference in that condition, but not in the Passive condition (d = -.11). In Experiment 2 (N = 78; 52.6% female; 70.5% White), a brief 5% increase in target size boosted gaze transitions across conditions (d = .50) and accuracy in the Active condition (d = .53). Overall, evidence suggests that better attentional distribution can support decision-making. Research was conducted between 2014 and 2020 in Northern California.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Leckey
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
| | - Shefali Bhagath
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
| | | | - Simona Ghetti
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
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3
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Goujon A, Mathy F, Thorpe S. The fate of visual long term memories for images across weeks in adults and children. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21763. [PMID: 36526824 PMCID: PMC9758234 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
What is the content and the format of visual memories in Long Term Memory (LTM)? Is it similar in adults and children? To address these issues, we investigated, in both adults and 9-year-old children, how visual LTM is affected over time and whether visual vs semantic features are affected differentially. In a learning phase, participants were exposed to hundreds of meaningless and meaningful images presented once or twice for either 120 ms or 1920 ms. Memory was assessed using a recognition task either immediately after learning or after a delay of three or six weeks. The results suggest that multiple and extended exposures are crucial for retaining an image for several weeks. Although a benefit was observed in the meaningful condition when memory was assessed immediately after learning, this benefit tended to disappear over weeks, especially when the images were presented twice for 1920 ms. This pattern was observed for both adults and children. Together, the results call into question the dominant models of LTM for images: although semantic information enhances the encoding & maintaining of images in LTM when assessed immediately, this seems not critical for LTM over weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Goujon
- grid.7459.f0000 0001 2188 3779Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive UR 481, Université de Franche-Comté, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, 25030 Besançon, Cedex, France
| | - Fabien Mathy
- grid.460782.f0000 0004 4910 6551Laboratory BCL CNRS UMR 7320 & Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Simon Thorpe
- CerCo-CNRS & Université de Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
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Divjak D, Milin P, Medimorec S, Borowski M. Behavioral Signatures of Memory Resources for Language: Looking beyond the Lexicon/Grammar Divide. Cogn Sci 2022; 46:e13206. [PMID: 36353955 PMCID: PMC9787600 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although there is a broad consensus that both the procedural and declarative memory systems play a crucial role in language learning, use, and knowledge, the mapping between linguistic types and memory structures remains underspecified: by default, a dual-route mapping of language systems to memory systems is assumed, with declarative memory handling idiosyncratic lexical knowledge and procedural memory handling rule-governed knowledge of grammar. We experimentally contrast the processing of morphology (case and aspect), syntax (subordination), and lexical semantics (collocations) in a healthy L1 population of Polish, a language rich in form distinctions. We study the processing of these four types under two conditions: a single task condition in which the grammaticality of stimuli was judged and a concurrent task condition in which grammaticality judgments were combined with a digit span task. Dividing attention impedes access to declarative memory while leaving procedural memory unaffected and hence constitutes a test that dissociates which types of linguistic information each long-term memory construct subserves. Our findings confirm the existence of a distinction between lexicon and grammar as a generative, dual-route model would predict, but the distinction is graded, as usage-based models assume: the hypothesized grammar-lexicon opposition appears as a continuum on which grammatical phenomena can be placed as being more or less "ruly" or "idiosyncratic." However, usage-based models, too, need adjusting as not all types of linguistic knowledge are proceduralized to the same extent. This move away from a simple dichotomy fundamentally changes how we think about memory for language, and hence how we design and interpret behavioral and neuroimaging studies that probe into the nature of language cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Divjak
- Department of Modern LanguagesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom,Department of English Language & LinguisticsUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Petar Milin
- Department of Modern LanguagesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Srdan Medimorec
- Department of Modern LanguagesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom,Department of Psychology, Centre for Applied Psychological ScienceTeesside UniversityMiddlesbroughUnited Kingdom
| | - Maciej Borowski
- Department of Modern LanguagesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
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Mason GM, Kurdziel LBF, Spencer RMC. The memory benefits of two naps per day during infancy: A pilot investigation. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 65:101647. [PMID: 34530287 PMCID: PMC8627454 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In infancy, sleep occurs in multiple nap and overnight bouts that change developmentally in quantity and distribution. Though studies suggest that infant memory benefits from a single nap, no work has assessed the relative benefits of different naps (morning vs. afternoon), nor how multiple naps support memory across the day. We investigated the memory benefit of a morning nap, relative to morning wake, and the effect of these intervals on afternoon nap function in 9-month-olds (n = 15). Infants participated in two within-subjects conditions (separated by 1-2 weeks). In the Nap-Nap condition, infants took their morning and afternoon naps; in the Wake-Nap condition, infants were kept awake during morning naptime, but napped unrestricted in the afternoon. Before each nap/wake interval, infants completed an imitation memory task, with memory assessed again shortly after the nap/wake interval. In the Nap-Nap condition, infants showed memory retention across morning and afternoon naps. In contrast, infants tended to forget items learned across morning wake in the Wake-Nap condition. Moreover, morning wake was associated with a significant decline in post-nap retention of items learned in the afternoon. Furthermore, relations between nap slow-wave activity (SWA) and memory varied across naps, with SWA either not predicting (morning naps) or positively predicting (afternoon naps) memory change in the Nap-Nap condition, but negatively predicting afternoon memory change in the Wake-Nap condition. We conclude that two naps per day (rather than one) aids memory at 9 months, and that skipping the morning nap may moderate relations between afternoon nap physiology and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Mason
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, United States; Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | | | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, United States; Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States; Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States.
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Korpics J, Altman L, Feinglass J, Stillerman A. Prevalence and Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Chicago Public School Students in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2021; 91:802-812. [PMID: 34426968 DOI: 10.1111/josh.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) can impair health and other outcomes. To obtain district-level data about the prevalence and impact of ACEs in Chicago Public Schools (CPS), we advocated for CPS to add a short ACE screener to the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) and analyzed the results. METHODS Responses to the screener were scored zero, one, or two ACEs. Student scores for violence and victimization, substance use, sexual health risk, mental health, housing insecurity, physical health, grades, and multiple risk/high vulnerability (those students in the top 20% of affirmative responses) were correlated with ACE scores for categories and individual items. RESULTS Among 1883 student respondents (response rate 73%), there were 17.8% affirmative responses for experiencing physical abuse and 19.8% for witnessing domestic violence; 20% reported at least one ACE and 8% both. A significant dose-response was found for behaviors, experiences, and sleep by ACE scores. CONCLUSIONS ACEs were common among CPS high school students and associated with many negative behavior and health-related outcomes. Increased awareness of ACEs and their impact among all school personnel can inform and strengthen the development of safer, more supportive, and trauma-informed schools that help all students and families thrive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Korpics
- Cook County Health and Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, 1950 W Polk St, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Lara Altman
- Illinois ACE Response Collaborative, PhD Candidate, School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Walter Annenberg Hall, 2120 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208
| | - Joseph Feinglass
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University, 750 N Lakeshore Dr. 10th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Audrey Stillerman
- School Health Centers, Clinical Assistant Professor of Family Medicine, Office of Community Engagement and Neighborhood Health Partnerships, University of Illinois at Chicago, 818 S. Wolcott, Rm 809, Chicago, IL, 60612
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Amso D, Kirkham N. A Multiple‐Memory Systems Framework for Examining Attention and Memory Interactions in Infancy. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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El Haj M. Autobiographical memory in Korsakoff syndrome: A review. Encephale 2021; 47:356-361. [PMID: 33832714 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory (AM) (i.e., memory for personal information) is a unique form of memory that goes beyond recalling information such as what, where and when of an event, to include what that event means and why it is important to our life story. This paper therefore reviews the available literature on AM in Korsakoff syndrome (KS). It summarizes the characteristics of AM disorders in KS patients. These disorders are mainly characterized by the difficulties that patients with KS have in retrieving and reliving specific AMs and in retrieving recent and remote memories. Another core characteristic of AM disorders in KS is confabulations. This paper hypothesizes that patients with KS may produce autobiographical confabulations to support their objectives and beliefs or even to answer a social demand or simply to share personal experiences with others. Although the current evidence demonstrates disorders of AM in KS, there is a need for more research about the characteristics of these disorders. This review thus proposes several perspectives for theoretical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M El Haj
- Nantes Université, University Angers, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (LPPL - EA 4638), 44000 Nantes, France; Unité de Gériatrie, Centre Hospitalier de Tourcoing, Tourcoing, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
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The Ontogeny of Hippocampus-Dependent Memories. J Neurosci 2020; 41:920-926. [PMID: 33328296 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1651-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of memories that contain information about the specific time and place of acquisition, which are commonly referred to as "autobiographical" or "episodic" memories, critically relies on the hippocampus and on a series of interconnected structures located in the medial temporal lobe of the mammalian brain. The observation that adults retain very few of these memories from the first years of their life has fueled a long-standing debate on whether infants can make the types of memories that in adults are processed by the hippocampus-dependent memory system, and whether the hippocampus is involved in learning and memory processes early in life. Recent evidence shows that, even at a time when its circuitry is not yet mature, the infant hippocampus is able to produce long-lasting memories. However, the ability to acquire and store such memories relies on molecular pathways and network-based activity dynamics different from the adult system, which mature with age. The mechanisms underlying the formation of hippocampus-dependent memories during infancy, and the role that experience exerts in promoting the maturation of the hippocampus-dependent memory system, remain to be understood. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the ontogeny and the biological correlates of hippocampus-dependent memories.
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El Haj M, Boutoleau-Bretonnière C, Janssen SMJ. Eye movements of recent and remote autobiographical memories: fewer and longer lasting fixations during the retrieval of childhood memories. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 85:2466-2473. [PMID: 32862309 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01403-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There is an increased interest in the study of eye movements during the retrieval of autobiographical memories. Following this trend, the aim of the current study was to evaluate eye movements during the retrieval of remote and recent autobiographical memories. We instructed 71 participants to retrieve memories of personal events from early childhood (6-10 years), late childhood/early adolescence (11-14 years), late adolescence (15-18 years), and the last month. During the retrieval of these memories, participants wore eye-tracking glasses. Analyses showed that early childhood memories triggered fewer fixations and fixations with longer durations than memories from the last month. However, no significant differences were observed for the number of saccades, saccade durations, or total amplitude of the saccades. The fewer and longer lasting fixations during the retrieval of early childhood memories can be attributed either to the visual system reconstructing remote memories from an observer perspective or to difficulties when reconstructing remote memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El Haj
- Faculté de Psychologie, Laboratoire de Psychologie Des Pays de La Loire (LPPL - EA 4638), Université de Nantes, Chemin de La Censive du Tertre, Univ Angers, BP 81227, 44312, Nantes, France. .,Unité de Gériatrie, Centre Hospitalier de Tourcoing, Tourcoing, France. .,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
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11
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Prado EL, Maleta K, Caswell BL, George M, Oakes LM, DeBolt MC, Bragg MG, Arnold CD, Iannotti LL, Lutter CK, Stewart CP. Early Child Development Outcomes of a Randomized Trial Providing 1 Egg Per Day to Children Age 6 to 15 Months in Malawi. J Nutr 2020; 150:1933-1942. [PMID: 32286620 PMCID: PMC7330477 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eggs are a rich source of nutrients important for brain development, including choline, riboflavin, vitamins B-6 and B-12, folate, zinc, protein, and DHA. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of 1 egg per day over a 6-mo period on child development. METHODS In the Mazira Project randomized controlled trial, 660 children aged 6-9 mo were randomly allocated into an intervention or control group. Eggs were provided to intervention households during twice-weekly home visits for 6 mo. Control households were visited at the same frequency. At enrollment, blinded assessors administered the Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool (MDAT), and 2 eye-tracking tasks using a Tobii-Pro X2-60 eye tracker: a visual paired comparison memory task and an Infant Orienting with Attention task. At endline, 6-mo later, blinded assessors administered the MDAT and eye-tracking tasks plus an additional elicited imitation memory task. RESULTS At endline, intervention and control groups did not significantly differ in any developmental score, with the exception that a smaller percentage of children were delayed in fine motor development in the intervention group (10.6%) compared with the control group (16.5%; prevalence ratio: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.38-0.91). Among 10 prespecified effect modifiers for the 8 primary developmental outcomes, we found 7 significant interactions demonstrating a consistent pattern that children who were less vulnerable, for example, those with higher household wealth and maternal education, showed positive effects of the intervention. Given multiple hypothesis testing, some findings may have been due to chance. CONCLUSION The provision of 1 egg per day had no overall effect on child development in this population of children, however, some benefits may be seen among children in less vulnerable circumstances. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03385252.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth Maleta
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Bess L Caswell
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Matthews George
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Lisa M Oakes
- Department of Psychology and Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michaela C DeBolt
- Department of Psychology and Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Megan G Bragg
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Charles D Arnold
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lora L Iannotti
- Brown School, Institute for Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chessa K Lutter
- RTI International, Washington DC, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Christine P Stewart
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Picture-evoked changes in pupil size predict learning success in children. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 192:104787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Janssen SMJ. Introduction to the Cognitive Abilities Account for the Reminiscence Bump in the Temporal Distribution of Autobiographical Memory. Psychol Rep 2019; 123:12-42. [PMID: 31039675 DOI: 10.1177/0033294119843221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
People tend to recall more specific personal events from adolescence and early adulthood than from other lifetime periods, a finding known as the reminiscence bump. Several explanations have suggested that events from the reminiscence bump are especially emotional, important, or positive, but studies using cue words have not found support for these claims. An alternative account postulates that cognitive abilities function optimally in adolescence and early adulthood, which may cause more memories to be stored in those lifetime periods. Although other studies have previously discussed the cognitive abilities account as a possible explanation for the reminiscence bump, it was only recently shown that cognitive abilities are indeed related to autobiographical memory performance. When this recent finding is combined with previous findings that cognitive abilities as well as autobiographical memory function optimally in adolescence and early adulthood, they suggest that the cognitive abilities account is a promising explanation for the reminiscence bump in the temporal distribution of word-cued memories. However, because the account does not aim to explain the reminiscence bump in the distribution of highly significant events, it should be regarded as complementary to the existing accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve M J Janssen
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
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Ramsaran AI, Schlichting ML, Frankland PW. The ontogeny of memory persistence and specificity. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 36:100591. [PMID: 30316637 PMCID: PMC6969236 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in the ontogeny of memory blossomed in the twentieth century following the initial observations that memories from infancy and early childhood are rapidly forgotten. The intense exploration of infantile amnesia in subsequent years has led to a thorough characterization of its psychological determinants, although the neurobiology of memory persistence has long remained elusive. By contrast, other phenomena in the ontogeny of memory like infantile generalization have received relatively less attention. Despite strong evidence for reduced memory specificity during ontogeny, infantile generalization is poorly understood from psychological and neurobiological perspectives. In this review, we examine the ontogeny of memory persistence and specificity in humans and nonhuman animals at the levels of behavior and the brain. To this end, we first describe the behavioral phenotypes associated with each phenomenon. Looking into the brain, we then discuss neurobiological mechanisms in the hippocampus that contribute to the ontogeny of memory. Hippocampal neurogenesis and critical period mechanisms have recently been discovered to underlie amnesia during early development, and at the same time, we speculate that similar processes may contribute to the early bias towards memory generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam I Ramsaran
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G3, Canada
| | | | - Paul W Frankland
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G3, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada; Child & Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, M5G 1M1, Canada.
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Seehagen S, Zmyj N, Herbert JS. Remembering in the Context of Internal States: The Role of Sleep for Infant Memory. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Quam C, Wang A, Maddox WT, Golisch K, Lotto A. Procedural-Memory, Working-Memory, and Declarative-Memory Skills Are Each Associated With Dimensional Integration in Sound-Category Learning. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1828. [PMID: 30333772 PMCID: PMC6175975 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigates relationships between procedural-memory, declarative-memory, and working-memory skills and adult native English speakers' novel sound-category learning. Participants completed a sound-categorization task that required integrating two dimensions: one native (vowel quality), one non-native (pitch). Similar information-integration category structures in the visual and auditory domains have been shown to be best learned implicitly (e.g., Maddox et al., 2006). Thus, we predicted that individuals with greater procedural-memory capacity would better learn sound categories, because procedural memory appears to support implicit learning of new information and integration of dimensions. Seventy undergraduates were tested across two experiments. Procedural memory was assessed using a linguistic adaptation of the serial-reaction-time task (Misyak et al., 2010a,b). Declarative memory was assessed using the logical-memory subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-4th edition (WMS-IV; Wechsler, 2009). Working memory was assessed using an auditory version of the reading-span task (Kane et al., 2004). Experiment 1 revealed contributions of only declarative memory to dimensional integration, which might indicate not enough time or motivation to shift over to a procedural/integrative strategy. Experiment 2 gave twice the speech-sound training, distributed over 2 days, and also attempted to train at the category boundary. As predicted, effects of declarative memory were removed and effects of procedural memory emerged, but, unexpectedly, new effects of working memory surfaced. The results may be compatible with a multiple-systems account in which declarative and working memory facilitate transfer of control to the procedural system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Quam
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Alisa Wang
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - W. Todd Maddox
- Cognitive Design and Statistical Consulting, LLC., Austin, TX, United States
| | - Kimberly Golisch
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- College of Medicine–Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Andrew Lotto
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Duranton C, Jeannin S, Bedossa T, Gaunet F. [Studying episodic memory : dogs as a biological model ?]. Med Sci (Paris) 2017; 33:1089-1095. [PMID: 29261497 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20173312016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to remember past events in all of their dimensions (what? where? when? i.e. autobiographic/episodic memory) is highly adaptive. Conversely, individuals who do not have such ability are less likely to benefit from recognizing situations similar to previous ones, e.g. to avoid being defeated several times. We will present the different types of memory and their ontogeny, focusing on those that are found in dogs. We will then describe more precisely the episodic memory, i.e. remembering events or actions from others, and their location and the time of the events and will present to which degree such a skill is found in dogs. We will show that, even if dogs are a social species whose specificities should reveal the existence of an episodic-like memory, dogs remember who and what happened but no study evidenced yet that they remember the precise time it was done. Further studies are thus needed, especially as dogs represent a relevant biological model for comparative cognition to study the ontogeny or senescence of non verbal episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Duranton
- Laboratoire de psychologie cognitive, université Aix-Marseille, CNRS, UMR7290, Fédération 3C, 3, place Victor Hugo, CS 80249, Bâtiment 9, Case D, 13331 Marseille Cedex 03, France
| | - Sarah Jeannin
- Laboratoire éthologie, cognition et développement, université Paris Nanterre, Bâtiment BSL, 200, avenue de la République, 92000 Nanterre, France
| | - Thierry Bedossa
- École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7, avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Florence Gaunet
- Laboratoire de psychologie cognitive, université Aix-Marseille, CNRS, UMR7290, Fédération 3C, 3, place Victor Hugo, CS 80249, Bâtiment 9, Case D, 13331 Marseille Cedex 03, France
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Plancoulaine S, Stagnara C, Flori S, Bat-Pitault F, Lin JS, Patural H, Franco P. Early features associated with the neurocognitive development at 36 months of age: the AuBE study. Sleep Med 2017; 30:222-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gordon KR, McGregor KK, Waldier B, Curran MK, Gomez RL, Samuelson LK. Preschool Children's Memory for Word Forms Remains Stable Over Several Days, but Gradually Decreases after 6 Months. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1439. [PMID: 27729880 PMCID: PMC5037137 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on word learning has focused on children's ability to identify a target object when given the word form after a minimal number of exposures to novel word-object pairings. However, relatively little research has focused on children's ability to retrieve the word form when given the target object. The exceptions involve asking children to recall and produce forms, and children typically perform near floor on these measures. In the current study, 3- to 5-year-old children were administered a novel test of word form that allowed for recognition memory and manual responses. Specifically, when asked to label a previously trained object, children were given three forms to choose from: the target, a minimally different form, and a maximally different form. Children demonstrated memory for word forms at three post-training delays: 10 mins (short-term), 2-3 days (long-term), and 6 months to 1 year (very long-term). However, children performed worse at the very long-term delay than the other time points, and the length of the very long-term delay was negatively related to performance. When in error, children were no more likely to select the minimally different form than the maximally different form at all time points. Overall, these results suggest that children remember word forms that are linked to objects over extended post-training intervals, but that their memory for the forms gradually decreases over time without further exposures. Furthermore, memory traces for word forms do not become less phonologically specific over time; rather children either identify the correct form, or they perform at chance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Gordon
- DeLTA Center and Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa CityIA, USA
| | - Karla K. McGregor
- DeLTA Center and Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa CityIA, USA
| | - Brigitte Waldier
- DeLTA Center and Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa CityIA, USA
| | - Maura K. Curran
- DeLTA Center and Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa CityIA, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Gomez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, TucsonAZ, USA
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20
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Vihman MM. Learning words and learning sounds: Advances in language development. Br J Psychol 2016; 108:1-27. [PMID: 27449816 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phonological development is sometimes seen as a process of learning sounds, or forming phonological categories, and then combining sounds to build words, with the evidence taken largely from studies demonstrating 'perceptual narrowing' in infant speech perception over the first year of life. In contrast, studies of early word production have long provided evidence that holistic word learning may precede the formation of phonological categories. In that account, children begin by matching their existing vocal patterns to adult words, with knowledge of the phonological system emerging from the network of related word forms. Here I review evidence from production and then consider how the implicit and explicit learning mechanisms assumed by the complementary memory systems model might be understood as reconciling the two approaches.
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Moser A, Zimmermann L, Dickerson K, Grenell A, Barr R, Gerhardstein P. They can interact, but can they learn? Toddlers’ transfer learning from touchscreens and television. J Exp Child Psychol 2015; 137:137-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Gross J, Gardiner B, Hayne H. Developmental reversals in recognition memory in children and adults. Dev Psychobiol 2015; 58:52-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gross
- Department of Psychology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Beatrix Gardiner
- Department of Psychology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Harlene Hayne
- Department of Psychology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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Jabès A, Nelson CA. 20 years after “The ontogeny of human memory: A cognitive neuroscience perspective,” where are we? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025415575766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In 1995, Nelson published a paper describing a model of memory development during the first years of life. The current article seeks to provide an update on the original work published 20 years ago. Specifically, we review our current knowledge on the relation between the emergence of explicit memory functions throughout development and the maturation of associated brain regions. It is now well established that the brain regions subserving explicit memory functions (i.e. the hippocampal formation) are far from mature at birth, and exhibit important and gradual structural changes during childhood and beyond. Accordingly, explicit memory functions develop progressively. While some functions are present shortly after birth (formerly proposed as pre-explicit memory), others exhibit protracted developmental profiles during the first years of life. We examine the link between the emergence of different memory functions and the maturation of specific hippocampal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Jabès
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Nordqvist E, Rudner M, Johansson M, Lindgren M, Heimann M. The relationship between deferred imitation, associative memory, and communication in 14-months-old children. Behavioral and electrophysiological indices. Front Psychol 2015; 6:260. [PMID: 25852588 PMCID: PMC4360574 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study combines behavioral observations of memory (deferred imitation, DI, after a brief delay of 30 min and after a long delay of 2-3 weeks) and electrophysiological (event-related potentials, ERPs) measures of associative memory, as well as parental reports of non-verbal and verbal communication in sixteen 14-months-old children. Results show that for DI, the children remembered the stimulus after the brief but not after the long delay. There was a clear electrophysiological response indicating associative memory. Furthermore, a correlation between DI and ERP suggests that both measures of memory (DI and associative memory) tap into similar mechanisms in 14-months-old children. There was also a statistically significant relation between parental report of receptive (verbal) language and the ERP, showing an association between receptive language skills and associative memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Nordqvist
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
- The Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
| | - Mary Rudner
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
- The Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
- Linnaeus Centre HEAD, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
| | | | | | - Mikael Heimann
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
- The Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
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Mullally SL, Maguire EA. Learning to remember: the early ontogeny of episodic memory. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 9:12-29. [PMID: 24480487 PMCID: PMC4071442 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 60 years the neural correlates of human episodic memory have been the focus of intense neuroscientific scrutiny. By contrast, neuroscience has paid substantially less attention to understanding the emergence of this neurocognitive system. In this review we consider how the study of memory development has evolved. In doing so, we concentrate primarily on the first postnatal year because it is within this time window that the most dramatic shifts in scientific opinion have occurred. Moreover, this time frame includes the critical age (∼9 months) at which human infants purportedly first begin to demonstrate rudimentary hippocampal-dependent memory. We review the evidence for and against this assertion, note the lack of direct neurocognitive data speaking to this issue, and question how demonstrations of exuberant relational learning and memory in infants as young as 3-months old can be accommodated within extant models. Finally, we discuss whether current impasses in the infant memory literature could be leveraged by making greater use of neuroimaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which have been deployed so successfully in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad L Mullally
- Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom.
| | - Eleanor A Maguire
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom.
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26
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Hamlin JK. Context-dependent social evaluation in 4.5-month-old human infants: the role of domain-general versus domain-specific processes in the development of social evaluation. Front Psychol 2014; 5:614. [PMID: 24994991 PMCID: PMC4061491 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to distinguish friends from foes allows humans to engage in mutually beneficial cooperative acts while avoiding the costs associated with cooperating with the wrong individuals. One way to do so effectively is to observe how unknown individuals behave toward third parties, and to selectively cooperate with those who help others while avoiding those who harm others. Recent research suggests that a preference for prosocial over antisocial individuals emerges by the time that infants are 3 months of age, and by 8 months, but not before, infants evaluate others' actions in context: they prefer those who harm, rather than help, individuals who have previously harmed others. Currently there are at least two reasons for younger infants' failure to show context-dependent social evaluations. First, this failure may reflect fundamental change in infants' social evaluation system over the first year of life, in which infants first prefer helpers in any situation and only later evaluate prosocial and antisocial actors in context. On the other hand, it is possible that this developmental change actually reflects domain-general limitations of younger infants, such as limited memory and processing capacities. To distinguish between these possibilities, 4.5-month-olds in the current studies were habituated, rather than familiarized as in previous work, to one individual helping and another harming a third party, greatly increasing infants' exposure to the characters' actions. Following habituation, 4.5-month-olds displayed context-dependent social preferences, selectively reaching for helpers of prosocial and hinderers of antisocial others. Such results suggest that younger infants' failure to display global social evaluation in previous work reflected domain-general rather than domain-specific limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Hamlin
- Department of Psychology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
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27
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Taylor G, Herbert JS. Infant and adult visual attention during an imitation demonstration. Dev Psychobiol 2014; 56:770-82. [PMID: 24037972 PMCID: PMC4209116 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Deferred imitation tasks have shown that manipulations at encoding can enhance infant learning and memory performance within an age, suggesting that brain maturation alone cannot fully account for all developmental changes in early memory abilities. The present study investigated whether changes in the focus of attention during learning might contribute to improving memory abilities during infancy. Infants aged 6, 9, and 12 months, and an adult comparison group, watched a video of a puppet imitation demonstration while visual behavior was recorded on an eye tracker. Overall, infants spent less time attending to the video than adults, and distributed their gaze more equally across the demonstrator and puppet stimulus. In contrast, adults directed their gaze primarily to the puppet. When infants were tested for their behavioral recall of the target actions, "imitators" were shown to have increased attention to the person and decreased attention to the background compared to "non-imitators." These results suggest that attention during learning is related to memory outcome and that changes in attention may be one mechanism by which manipulations to the learning event may enhance infant recall memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Taylor
- Department of Psychology, University of SheffieldWestern Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jane S Herbert
- Department of Psychology, University of SheffieldWestern Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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Richmond JL, Power J. Age-related differences in memory expression during infancy: using eye-tracking to measure relational memory in 6- and 12-month-olds. Dev Psychobiol 2014; 56:1341-51. [PMID: 24634167 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Relational memory, or the ability to bind components of an event into a network of linked representations, is a primary function of the hippocampus. Here we extend eye-tracking research showing that infants are capable of forming memories for the relation between arbitrarily paired scenes and faces, by looking at age-related changes in relational memory over the first year of life. Six- and 12-month-old infants were familiarized with pairs of faces and scenes before being tested with arrays of three familiar faces that were presented on a familiar scene. Preferential looking at the face that matches the scene is typically taken as evidence of relational memory. The results showed that while 6-month-old showed very early preferential looking when face/scene pairs were tested immediately, 12-month-old did not exhibit evidence of relational memory either immediately or after a short delay. Theoretical implications for the functional development of the hippocampus and practical implications for the use of eye tracking to measure memory during early life are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Richmond
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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29
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Newcombe NS, Balcomb F, Ferrara K, Hansen M, Koski J. Two rooms, two representations? Episodic-like memory in toddlers and preschoolers. Dev Sci 2014; 17:743-56. [PMID: 24628962 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory involves binding together what-where-when associations. In three experiments, we tested the development of memory for such contextual associations in a naturalistic setting. Children searched for toys in two rooms with two different experimenters; each room contained two identical sets of four containers, but arranged differently. A distinct toy was hidden in a distinct container in each room. In Experiment 1, which involved children between 15 and 26 months who were prompted with a very explicit cue (a part of the hidden toy), we found a marked shift in performance with age: while 15- to 20-month-olds concentrated their searches on the two containers that sometimes contained toys, they did not distinguish between them according to context, but 21-26-month-olds did. However, surprisingly, without toy cues, even the youngest children showed a fragile ability to disambiguate the two containers by room context. In Experiment 2, we tested 34- to 40-month-olds and 64- to 72-month-olds without toy cues. The 5-year-olds were nearly perfect, and the 3-year-olds showed a significant preference for the correct container given only the context. In Experiment 3, we filled in the age range, and also investigated the effects of the use of labels (i.e. names of experimenters and rooms) and of familiarization time, in groups of 34- to 40-month-olds, 42- to 48-month-olds, and 50- to 56-month-olds. Neither labels nor familiarization time had an effect. Across experiments, there was regular age-related improvement in context-based memory. Overall, the results suggest that children's episodic memory may undergo an early qualitative change, yet to be precisely characterized, and that continuing increments in the use of contextual cues occur throughout the preschool period. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkwEFw0UEz4&list=PLwxXcOKHPC0llAPVcJyW4EtzlA934A2Rz&index=1.
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Montirosso R, Tronick E, Morandi F, Ciceri F, Borgatti R. Four-month-old infants' long-term memory for a stressful social event. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82277. [PMID: 24349244 PMCID: PMC3861393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants clearly show an early capacity for memory for inanimate emotionally neutral events. However, their memory for social stress events has received far less attention. The aim of the study was to investigate infants' memory for a stressful social event (i.e., maternal unresponsiveness during the Still-Face paradigm) after a 15-day recall interval using changes in behavioral responses and salivary post-stress cortisol reactivity as measures of memory. Thirty-seven infants were exposed to social stress two times (experimental condition); the first time when they were 4 months of age and second exposure after a 2 week interval. Infants in the control condition (N = 37) were exposed to social stress just one time, at the age corresponding to the second exposure for infants in the experimental condition (4 months plus 2 weeks). Given individual differences in infants' reactivity to social stress events, we categorized infants as increasers or decreasers based on their cortisol reactivity after their initial exposure to the stress of the maternal still-face. Infants in the experimental condition, both increasers and decreasers, showed a significant change in cortisol response after the second exposure to the maternal still-face, though change was different for each reactivity group. In contrast, age-matched infants with no prior exposure to the maternal still-face showed similar post-stress cortisol reactivity to the reactivity of the experimental infants at their first exposure. There were no behavioral differences between increasers and decreasers during the Still-Face paradigm and exposures to the social stress. Thus differences between the experimental and control groups' post-stress cortisol reactivity was associated with the experimental group having previous experience with the social stress. These findings indicate long-term memory for social stress in infants as young as 4 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Montirosso
- Centre 0–3 for the Study of Social Emotional Development of the at Risk Infant, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini (Lecco), Italy
| | - Ed Tronick
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Francesca Ciceri
- Biology Laboratory, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini (Lecco), Italy
| | - Renato Borgatti
- Centre 0–3 for the Study of Social Emotional Development of the at Risk Infant, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini (Lecco), Italy
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini (Lecco), Italy
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31
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Pajevic S, Basser PJ, Fields RD. Role of myelin plasticity in oscillations and synchrony of neuronal activity. Neuroscience 2013; 276:135-47. [PMID: 24291730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Conduction time is typically ignored in computational models of neural network function. Here we consider the effects of conduction delays on the synchrony of neuronal activity and neural oscillators, and evaluate the consequences of allowing conduction velocity (CV) to be regulated adaptively. We propose that CV variation, mediated by myelin, could provide an important mechanism of activity-dependent nervous system plasticity. Even small changes in CV, resulting from small changes in myelin thickness or nodal structure, could have profound effects on neuronal network function in terms of spike-time arrival, oscillation frequency, oscillator coupling, and propagation of brain waves. For example, a conduction delay of 5ms could change interactions of two coupled oscillators at the upper end of the gamma frequency range (∼100Hz) from constructive to destructive interference; delays smaller than 1ms could change the phase by 30°, significantly affecting signal amplitude. Myelin plasticity, as another form of activity-dependent plasticity, is relevant not only to nervous system development but also to complex information processing tasks that involve coupling and synchrony among different brain rhythms. We use coupled oscillator models with time delays to explore the importance of adaptive time delays and adaptive synaptic strengths. The impairment of activity-dependent myelination and the loss of adaptive time delays may contribute to disorders where hyper- and hypo-synchrony of neuronal firing leads to dysfunction (e.g., dyslexia, schizophrenia, epilepsy).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pajevic
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, NIH, USA
| | - P J Basser
- Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, Program on Pediatric Imaging and Tissue Sciences, NICHD, USA
| | - R D Fields
- Nervous System Development and Plasticity Section, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, USA.
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32
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van Hoogmoed AH, van den Brink D, Janzen G. Infants' object location and identity processing in spatial scenes: an ERP study. Brain Behav 2013; 3:729-37. [PMID: 24363975 PMCID: PMC3868177 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fast detection and identification of objects in an environment is important for using objects as landmarks during navigation. While adults rapidly process objects within an environment and use landmarks during navigation, infants do not routinely use distal landmarks below the age of 18 months. In the current event-related potential (ERP) study we adopted an oddball paradigm to examine whether infants are capable of processing objects in environments, which is a prerequisite for using objects as landmarks. METHODS We measured the electrophysiological correlates and time courses related to the processing of changes in object location, object identity, and a switch of two objects. RESULTS Twelve-month-old infants showed an Nc (negative central) effect reflecting increased attention likely caused by initial change detection within 300 msec for all three manipulations. In addition, they showed conscious processing of an object change and a location change as evidenced by a positive slow wave (PSW). CONCLUSION This study is the first to show that infants are capable of rapidly detecting changes in single objects when these are presented in an environment, but lack conscious detection of a switch. These results indicate that 12-month-old infants as yet lack the ability to rapidly bind the identity and location of multiple objects within an environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H van Hoogmoed
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute PO Box 9104, Nijmegen, 6500 HE, The Netherlands ; Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour PO Box 9101, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle van den Brink
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute PO Box 9104, Nijmegen, 6500 HE, The Netherlands ; Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour PO Box 9101, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Janzen
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute PO Box 9104, Nijmegen, 6500 HE, The Netherlands ; Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour PO Box 9101, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
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Lavenex P, Banta Lavenex P. Building hippocampal circuits to learn and remember: Insights into the development of human memory. Behav Brain Res 2013; 254:8-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yim H, Dennis SJ, Sloutsky VM. The development of episodic memory: items, contexts, and relations. Psychol Sci 2013; 24:2163-72. [PMID: 24058066 DOI: 10.1177/0956797613487385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory involves the formation of relational structures that bind information about the stimuli people experience to the contexts in which they experience them. The ability to form and retain such structures may be at the core of the development of episodic memory. In the first experiment reported here, 4- and 7-year-olds were presented with paired-associate learning tasks requiring memory structures of different complexity. A multinomial-processing tree model was applied to estimate the use of different structures in the two age groups. The use of two-way list-context-to-target structures and three-way structures was found to increase between the ages of 4 and 7. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the ability to form increasingly complex relational memory structures develops between the ages of 4 and 7 years and that this development extends well into adulthood. These results have important implications for theories of memory development.
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Spatio-temporal differences in perineuronal net expression in the mouse hippocampus, with reference to parvalbumin. Neuroscience 2013; 253:368-79. [PMID: 24016683 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal net (PNN) is a specialized aggregate of the extracellular matrix, which is considered to be involved in regulation of structural plasticity of neuronal circuits. Here we examined the spatial and temporal differences in Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-labeled PNN intensity in single cells in the mouse hippocampus, where the neuronal circuits engaged in cognition and emotion are embedded in the dorsal and ventral parts, respectively. In young mice, the intensity of PNN was very low, and there were no significant dorsoventral differences in all hippocampal regions. Developmental increase in PNN intensity was larger in the dorsal part than in the ventral part. As a result, PNN intensity was higher in the dorsal part than in the ventral part in adult mice. Aging dissimilarly affects different regions of the dorsal hippocampus. Namely, PNN intensity in the dorsal part of old mice declined in the CA1 region, remained unchanged in the CA3 region, increased in the dentate gyrus. By contrast, there were no significant aging-related changes in PNN intensity in the ventral hippocampus. We also examined the intensity of parvalbumin (PV), an EF-hand calcium-binding protein, because it has been shown that PNNs are closely related to PV-containing GABAergic inhibitory neurons. Contrary to expectations, developmental and aging-related changes in PV intensity were not comparable to those seen in PNN intensity. The correlation coefficients between PNN and PV intensities in single cells showed gradual decline during development and aging in the CA1 and CA3 regions, while there were little correlations in the dentate gyrus regardless of age. In summary, PNNs are differentially expressed in the dorsal and ventral hippocampal circuits during development and aging, indicating their possible role for cognition and emotion control.
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Barr R. Memory Constraints on Infant Learning From Picture Books, Television, and Touchscreens. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
It has been proposed by some that only humans have the ability to mentally travel back in time (i.e., have episodic memory) and forward in time (i.e., have the ability to simulate the future). However, there is evidence from a variety of nonhuman animals (e.g., primates, dolphins, scrub jays, rats, and pigeons) that they have some ability to recover personal memories of what-where-when an event occurred (an earlier requirement of the ability to recover an episodic memory) and answer unexpected questions (another requirement to distinguish between semantic and episodic memory). Also, perhaps more critically, according to Tulving's more recent definition of mental time-travel, several animals (primates and scrub jays) have been shown to be able to pass the spoon test. That is, they are able to plan for the future. Thus, although humans show an advanced ability to mentally travel backward and forward in time, there is growing evidence that nonhuman animals have some of this capacity as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Zentall
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Graf F, Borchert S, Lamm B, Goertz C, Kolling T, Fassbender I, Teubert M, Vierhaus M, Freitag C, Spangler S, Keller H, Lohaus A, Schwarzer G, Knopf M. Imitative Learning of Nso and German Infants at 6 and 9 Months of Age. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022113487075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study focused on the assessment of imitation performance in a large sample of 6- and 9-month-old infants from two different cultural contexts: German middle-class infants from urban areas and Nso infants from a rural area in northwestern Cameroon were tested by using age-adapted deferred imitation tasks that were varied regarding their cultural familiarity (two types of instruments each being highly familiar for one of the two cultural contexts). Within both cultural groups and without being influenced by the cultural familiarity of the instruments, infants performed more target actions in the test compared with the baseline phase, even though this difference did not yield significance in the group of 6-month-old Cameroonian Nso infants. Moreover, a higher mean number of imitated actions has been observed for 9-month-olds compared with 6-month-olds demonstrating an age-related improvement of infants’ learning ability. Furthermore, at 9 months of age, German infants showed a higher level of baseline activity compared with the infants in the Cameroonian sample, which is assumed to be based on differences regarding the degree of object experiences. Results provide evidence that early in infancy, imitation is a universal learning tool in different cultural environments.
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HEIMANN MIKAEL, HERBERT JANES, TJUS TOMAS, RÖNNBERG JERKER. Recent advances in early memory development: Research on typical and atypical children. Scand J Psychol 2013; 54:1-3. [DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Heimann M, Nordqvist E, Rudner M, Johansson M, Lindgren M. Associative learning measured with ERP predicts deferred imitation using a strict observation only design in 14 to 15 month old children. Scand J Psychol 2013; 54:33-40. [PMID: 23320882 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Deferred imitation (DI) is an established procedure for behavioral measurement of early declarative-like memories in infancy and previous work has indicated a link between this type of memory and brain potentials in infants. The present study compared infants' memory performance in this paradigm with electrophysiological indices of associative learning. Thirty children (M = 14.5 months) participated, of which 15 (8 boys) had acceptable event-related potentials (ERP) recordings that could be included in the final analysis. Deferred imitation was measured with an observation-only procedure using three actions and a 30 min delay. ERP was recorded with a high-density electrode net (128 electrodes) during associative learning. Change scores based on Nc, a middle latency component associated with attentional processes, predicted deferred imitation performance. Thus, associative learning measured with ERP predicts deferred imitation using a strict observation only design in 14 to 15 month old children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Heimann
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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41
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Zentall TR. Animals represent the past and the future. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 11:573-90. [PMID: 24027784 PMCID: PMC10480834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed by some that only humans have the ability to mentally travel back in time (i.e., have episodic memory) and forward in time (i.e., have the ability to simulate the future). However, there is evidence from a variety of nonhuman animals (e.g., primates, dolphins, scrub jays, rats, and pigeons) that they have some ability to recover personal memories of what-where-when an event occurred (an earlier requirement of the ability to recover an episodic memory) and answer unexpected questions (another requirement to distinguish between semantic and episodic memory). Also, perhaps more critically, according to Tulving’s more recent definition of mental time-travel, several animals (primates and scrub jays) have been shown to be able to pass the spoon test. That is, they are able to plan for the future. Thus, although humans show an advanced ability to mentally travel backward and forward in time, there is growing evidence that nonhuman animals have some of this capacity as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Zentall
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Mai X, Xu L, Li M, Shao J, Zhao Z, deRegnier RA, Nelson CA, Lozoff B. Auditory recognition memory in 2-month-old infants as assessed by event-related potentials. Dev Neuropsychol 2012; 37:400-14. [PMID: 22799760 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2011.650807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies of auditory recognition memory in sleeping newborns reported 2 event-related potential (ERP) components, P2 and negative slow wave (NSW), reflecting voice discrimination and detection of novelty, respectively. In the present study, using high-density recording arrays, ERPs were acquired from 26 2-month-old awake infants as they were presented with a familiar and unfamiliar voice (i.e., mother and stranger) with equal probability. In addition to P2 and NSW, we observed a positive slow wave (PSW) over the right temporo-parietal scalp, indicating memory updating. Our study suggests that infants appear to have the capacity to encode novel stimuli as early as 2 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Mai
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Paule MG, Green L, Myerson J, Alvarado M, Bachevalier J, Schneider JS, Schantz SL. Behavioral toxicology of cognition: extrapolation from experimental animal models to humans: behavioral toxicology symposium overview. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2012; 34:263-73. [PMID: 22311110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A variety of behavioral instruments are available for assessing important aspects of cognition in both animals and humans and, in many cases, the same instruments can be used in both. While nonhuman primates are phylogenetically closest to humans, rodents, pigeons and other animals also offer behaviors worthy of note. Delay Discounting procedures are as useful as any in studies of impulsivity and may have utility in shedding light on processes associated with drug abuse. Specific memory tests such as Visual Paired Comparisons tasks (similar to the Fagan test of infant intelligence) can be modified to allow for assessment of different aspects of memory such as spatial memory. Use of these and other specific memory tasks can be used to directly monitor aspects of cognitive development in infant animals, particularly in nonhuman primates such as monkeys, and children and to draw inferences with respect to possible neuroanatomical substrates sub-serving their functions. Tasks for assessing working memory such as Variable Delayed Response (VDR), modified VDR and Spatial Working Memory tasks are now known to be affected in Parkinson's disease (PD). These and other cognitive function tasks are being used in a monkey model of PD to assess the ability of anti-Parkinson's disease therapies to ameliorate these cognitive deficits without diminishing their therapeutic effects on motor dysfunction. Similarly, in a rat model of the cognitive deficits associated with perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), clear parallels with children can be seen in at least two areas of executive function: cognitive flexibility and response inhibition. In the rat model, discrimination reversal tasks were utilized to assess cognitive flexibility, a function often assessed in humans using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. Response inhibition was assessed using performance in a Differential Reinforcement of Low Response Rates (DRL) task. As the data continue to accumulate, it becomes more clear that our attempts to adapt animal-appropriate tasks for the study of important aspects of human cognition have proven to be very fruitful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merle G Paule
- Divison of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR, United States.
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Güler OE, Hostinar CE, Frenn KA, Nelson CA, Gunnar MR, Thomas KM. Electrophysiological evidence of altered memory processing in children experiencing early deprivation. Dev Sci 2012; 15:345-58. [PMID: 22490175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Associations between early deprivation and memory functioning were examined in 9- to 11-year-old children. Children who had experienced prolonged institutional care prior to adoption were compared to children who were adopted early from foster care and children reared in birth families. Measures included the Paired Associates Learning task from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test and Automated Battery (CANTAB) and a continuous recognition memory task during which ERPs were also recorded. Children who experienced prolonged institutionalization showed deficits in both behavioral memory measures as well as an attenuated P300 parietal memory effect. Results implicate memory function as one of the domains that may be negatively influenced by early deprivation in the form of institutional care.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Evren Güler
- Department of Psychology, Augsburg College, 2211 Riverside Ave., Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
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Jack F, Simcock G, Hayne H. Magic Memories: Young Children’s Verbal Recall After a 6-Year Delay. Child Dev 2011; 83:159-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Friedrich M, Friederici AD. Word Learning in 6-Month-Olds: Fast Encoding–Weak Retention. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 23:3228-40. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
There has been general consensus that initial word learning during early infancy is a slow and time-consuming process that requires very frequent exposure, whereas later in development, infants are able to quickly learn a novel word for a novel meaning. From the perspective of memory maturation, this shift in behavioral development might represent a shift from slow procedural to fast declarative memory formation. Alternatively, it might be caused by the maturation of specific brain structures within the declarative memory system that may support lexical mapping from the very first. Here, we used the neurophysiological method of ERPs to watch the brain activity of 6-month-old infants, when repeatedly presented with object–word pairs in a cross-modal learning paradigm. We report first evidence that infants as young as 6 months are able to associate objects and words after only very few exposures. A memory test 1 day later showed that infants did not fully forget this newly acquired knowledge, although the ERP effects indicated it to be less stable than immediately after encoding. The combined results suggest that already at 6 months the encoding process of word learning is based on fast declarative memory formation, but limitations in the consolidation of declarative memory diminish the long lasting effect in lexical-semantic memory at that age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Friedrich
- 1Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- 2Free University of Berlin
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Abstract
In two experiments, we investigated the development of representational flexibility in visual recognition memory during infancy using the Visual Paired Comparison (VPC) task. In Experiment 1, 6- and 9-month-old infants exhibited recognition when familiarization and test occurred in the same room, but showed no evidence of recognition when familiarization and test occurred in different rooms. In contrast, 12- and 18-month-old infants exhibited recognition irrespective of testing room. Thus, flexibility across a change of room was observed at a younger age than flexibility across a change of background that has previously been seen with the VPC procedure (Robinson & Pascalis, 2004). To determine if limitations in representational flexibility across a change of background could be overcome by experiences during encoding, in Experiment 2, 6-, 9-, 12- and 18-month-old infants were familiarized with a picture on multiple backgrounds. At all ages, infants showed recognition across a change in background at test. These findings indicate that dissociating an item from its context during encoding may be an important factor in understanding the representational flexibility of visual recognition memory in infancy. Developmental changes in representational flexibility are likely driven by changes in the functional maturity of the hippocampal formation, and experience.
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Jabès A, Lavenex PB, Amaral DG, Lavenex P. Postnatal development of the hippocampal formation: a stereological study in macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:1051-70. [PMID: 21344402 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We performed a stereological analysis of neuron number, neuronal soma size, and volume of individual regions and layers of the macaque monkey hippocampal formation during early postnatal development. We found a protracted period of neuron addition in the dentate gyrus throughout the first postnatal year and a concomitant late maturation of the granule cell population and individual dentate gyrus layers that extended beyond the first year of life. Although the development of CA3 generally paralleled that of the dentate gyrus, the distal portion of CA3, which receives direct entorhinal cortex projections, matured earlier than the proximal portion of CA3. CA1 matured earlier than the dentate gyrus and CA3. Interestingly, CA1 stratum lacunosum-moleculare, in which direct entorhinal cortex projections terminate, matured earlier than CA1 strata oriens, pyramidale, and radiatum, in which the CA3 projections terminate. The subiculum developed earlier than the dentate gyrus, CA3, and CA1, but not CA2. However, similarly to CA1, the molecular layer of the subiculum, in which the entorhinal cortex projections terminate, was overall more mature in the first postnatal year compared with the stratum pyramidale in which most of the CA1 projections terminate. Unlike other hippocampal fields, volumetric measurements suggested regressive events in the structural maturation of presubicular neurons and circuits. Finally, areal and neuron soma size measurements revealed an early maturation of the parasubiculum. We discuss the functional implications of the differential development of distinct hippocampal circuits for the emergence and maturation of different types of "hippocampus-dependent" memory processes, including spatial and episodic memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Jabès
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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