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Sung B. Effect of Social Vulnerability on Cocaine-Related Mortality Rates in U.S. Counties. J Psychoactive Drugs 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38860858 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2024.2366192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Cocaine-related mortality rates have risen sharply since 2013 and social vulnerability is a crucial indicator for drug-related mortality rates. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between social vulnerability and cocaine-related mortality rates in U.S. counties. The Data were collected from the CDC WONDER, CDC's Social Vulnerability Index (CDC's SVI), and American Community Survey (ACS). The Data were analyzed by spatial autoregression models. According to present results, first, counties with social vulnerability (socioeconomic) were positively related to higher rates of cocaine overdose death (spatial lag: B = 0.323, p < .05; spatial error: B = 0.513, p < .01). Second, counties with social vulnerability (minority status & language) were negatively related to higher rates of cocaine overdose death (spatial lag: B = -0.233, p < .05). Third, counties with social vulnerability (housing type & transportation) were positively related to higher rates of cocaine overdose death (spatial lag: B = 0.413, p < .001; spatial error: B = 0.378, p < .001). In conclusion, the spread of cocaine overdose on U.S. counties with social vulnerabilities demonstrated a disproportionate burden of cocaine-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baksun Sung
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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Poireau M, Clergue-Duval V, Maillard A, Icick R, Azuar J, Smith P, Faurent M, Volle E, Delmaire C, Cabé J, Bloch V, Vorspan F. Predictors of abstinence maintenance after cocaine inpatient detoxification: A prospective study. Am J Addict 2024. [PMID: 38761123 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cocaine is a highly addictive substance, and with no approved medication for cocaine use disorder (CUD), leading to a heavy burden. Despite validated psychosocial treatments, relapse rates after detoxification are very high in CUD. Few consistent factors can predict abstinence after detoxification. Our study, therefore, aimed at identifying factors predicting abstinence among CUD patients after inpatient detoxification. METHODS Eighty-one CUD inpatients were included during detoxification and characterized for clinical and sociodemographic data at baseline and at a follow-up of 3 months after discharge, including a standard measure of their abstinence duration from cocaine. We performed Cox univariate analyzes to determine the factors associated with abstinence maintenance, followed by a multivariate Cox regression to identify independent predictors. RESULTS Abstinence maintenance was shorter in patients injecting cocaine (hazard ratio [HR] = 5.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.01-13.27, p < .001) and using cocaine heavily in the month before inclusion (HR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00-1.06, p = .046). Conversely, abstinence maintenance was longer in patients with longer inpatient detoxification stays (HR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.94-0.99, p = .015) and prescribed with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (HR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.16-0.56, p < .001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Patients with severe CUD may require longer inpatient stays to achieve abstinence. Regarding SSRI prescription, more specific studies are needed to provide stronger recommendations about their use in clinical practice. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest several modifiable factors to improve inpatient treatment response in CUD. As there are no specific recommendations about the optimal duration of inpatient stay, our results could pave the way for evidence-based guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Poireau
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, APHP, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, INSERM, Paris, France
- FHU NOR-SUD (Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders), APHP, Paris, France
| | - Virgile Clergue-Duval
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, APHP, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Angéline Maillard
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, APHP, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Romain Icick
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, APHP, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Julien Azuar
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, APHP, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Smith
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, APHP, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Faurent
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, APHP, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Christine Delmaire
- Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, INSERM, Paris, France
- Service de Neuroradiologie, Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Julien Cabé
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vanessa Bloch
- Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, INSERM, Paris, France
- FHU NOR-SUD (Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders), APHP, Paris, France
- Service de Pharmacie à Usage Interne, Hôpital Fernand Widal, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Florence Vorspan
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, APHP, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144 Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology, INSERM, Paris, France
- FHU NOR-SUD (Network of Research in Substance Use Disorders), APHP, Paris, France
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Bartholomew TS, Plesons M, Serota DP, Alonso E, Metsch LR, Feaster DJ, Ucha J, Suarez E, Forrest DW, Chueng TA, Ciraldo K, Brooks J, Smith JD, Barocas JA, Tookes HE. Project CHARIOT: study protocol for a hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation study of comprehensive tele-harm reduction for engagement of people who inject drugs in HIV prevention services. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2024; 19:21. [PMID: 38528570 PMCID: PMC10964520 DOI: 10.1186/s13722-024-00447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who inject drugs (PWID) remain a high priority population under the federal Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative with 11% of new HIV infections attributable to injection drug use. There is a critical need for innovative, efficacious, scalable, and community-driven models of healthcare in non-stigmatizing settings for PWID. We seek to test a Comprehensive-TeleHarm Reduction (C-THR) intervention for HIV prevention services delivered via a syringe services program (SSP). METHODS The CHARIOT trial is a hybrid type I effectiveness-implementation study using a parallel two-arm randomized controlled trial design. Participants (i.e., PWID; n = 350) will be recruited from a syringe services program (SSP) in Miami, Florida. Participants will be randomized to receive either C-THR or non-SSP clinic referral and patient navigation. The objectives are: (1) to determine if the C-THR intervention increases engagement in HIV prevention (i.e., HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis; PrEP or medications for opioid use disorder; MOUD) compared to non-SSP clinic referral and patient navigation, (2) to examine the long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the C-THR intervention, and (3) to assess the barriers and facilitators to implementation and sustainment of the C-THR intervention. The co-primary outcomes are PrEP or MOUD engagement across follow-up at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. For PrEP, engagement is confirmed by tenofovir on dried blood spot or cabotegravir injection within the previous 8 weeks. For MOUD, engagement is defined as screening positive for norbuprenorphine or methadone on urine drug screen; or naltrexone or buprenorphine injection within the previous 4 weeks. Secondary outcomes include PrEP adherence, engagement in HCV treatment and sustained virologic response, and treatment of sexually transmitted infections. The short and long term cost-effectiveness analyses and mixed-methods implementation evaluation will provide compelling data on the sustainability and possible impact of C-THR on comprehensive HIV prevention delivered via SSPs. DISCUSSION The CHARIOT trial will be the first to our knowledge to test the efficacy of an innovative, peer-led telehealth intervention with PWID at risk for HIV delivered via an SSP. This innovative healthcare model seeks to transform the way PWID access care by bypassing the traditional healthcare system, reducing multi-level barriers to care, and meeting PWID where they are. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05897099. Trial registry name: Comprehensive HIV and Harm Prevention Via Telehealth (CHARIOT). Registration date: 06/12/2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S Bartholomew
- Division of Health Services Research and Policy, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Marina Plesons
- Division of Health Services Research and Policy, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - David P Serota
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Alonso
- Division of Health Services Research and Policy, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Lisa R Metsch
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J Feaster
- Biostatistics Division, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jessica Ucha
- Division of Health Services Research and Policy, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Edward Suarez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - David W Forrest
- Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Teresa A Chueng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Katrina Ciraldo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jimmie Brooks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Justin D Smith
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Joshua A Barocas
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hansel E Tookes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Tran AD, Grebely J, Chambers M, Degenhardt L, Farrell M, Bajis S, Larance B. Health utility among people who regularly use opioids in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2024. [PMID: 38403293 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies of health utilities among people who use opioids have mostly been based on in-treatment populations. We aim to report utility-based quality of life by participants' socio-demographic, drug and treatment characteristics, and to examine the determinants of health utility among people who use opioids regularly. METHODS Cross-sectional study of participants who used opioids regularly, recruited across New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania in 2018-2019. Differences in European Quality of Life (EQ-5D-5L) heath utility scores between socio-demographic and clinical subgroups were assessed using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test by rank. To address the unique distribution of EQ-5D-5L health utility scores in the current sample, a two-part model was applied to assess factors associated with health utility. RESULTS Among 402 participants enrolled in the study, 385 (96%) completed the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. The mean health utility of the total sample was 0.63 (SD 0.29). Participants who previously received opioid agonist treatment [OAT] (adj marginal effect (ME) -0.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.20 to -0.02) and those currently in OAT (adj ME -0.13; 95% CI -0.22 to -0.06) reported lower health utility than those who had never received OAT. Participants who used both pharmaceutical opioids and benzodiazepines had lower health utility compared to no pharmaceutical opioids and no benzodiazepines use (adj ME -0.17; 95% CI -0.28 to -0.07). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Findings provide important health utility data for economic evaluations, useful for guiding allocation of resources for treatment strategies among people who use opioids. Lower health utilities among those using benzodiazepines and pharmaceutical opioids suggests interventions targeting these subgroups may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Dam Tran
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Mark Chambers
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Farrell
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sahar Bajis
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Briony Larance
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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Armoon B, Griffiths MD, Mohammadi R, Ahounbar E, Fleury MJ. Acute care utilization and its associated determinants among patients with substance-related disorders: A worldwide systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2023; 30:1096-1113. [PMID: 37211655 DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identifying determinants of emergency department (ED) use and hospitalization among patients with substance-related disorders (SRDs) can improve health services to address unmet health needs. AIM The present study aimed to identify the prevalence rates of ED use and hospitalization, and their associated determinants among patients with SRDs. METHODS Studies in English published from January 1, 1995, to December 1, 2022, were searched on PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to identify primary studies. RESULTS The pooled prevalence rates of ED use and hospitalization among patients with SRDs were 36% and 41%, respectively. Patients with SRDs who were the most at risk of being both ED users and hospitalized were those (i) having medical insurance, (ii) having other drug and alcohol use disorders, (iii) having mental health disorders, and (iv) having chronic physical illnesses. A lower level of education increased the risk of ED use only. DISCUSSION To decrease ED use and hospitalization, more comprehensive services may be offered to these vulnerable patients with diversified needs. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Chronic care integrating outreach interventions could be more provided for patients with SRDs after discharge from acute care units or hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Armoon
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rasool Mohammadi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Elaheh Ahounbar
- Orygen, The National Center of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Center for Youth Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie-Josée Fleury
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Devin J, Lyons S, Murphy L, O’Sullivan M, Lynn E. Factors associated with suicide in people who use drugs: a scoping review. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:655. [PMID: 37670233 PMCID: PMC10478413 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a significant contributor to global mortality. People who use drugs (PWUD) are at increased risk of death by suicide relative to the general population, but there is a lack of information on associated candidate factors for suicide in this group. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of existing evidence on potential factors for death by suicide in PWUD. METHODS A scoping review was conducted according to the Arksey and O'Malley framework. Articles were identified using Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SOCIndex, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the Campbell Collaboration Database of Systematic Reviews; supplemented by grey literature, technical reports, and consultation with experts. No limitations were placed on study design. Publications in English from January 2000 to December 2021 were included. Two reviewers independently screened full-text publications for inclusion. Extracted data were collated using tables and accompanying narrative descriptive summaries. The review was reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. RESULTS The initial search identified 12,389 individual publications, of which 53 met the inclusion criteria. The majority (87%) of included publications were primary research, with an uncontrolled, retrospective study design. The most common data sources were drug treatment databases or national death indexes. Eleven potential factors associated with death by suicide among PWUD were identified: sex; mental health conditions; periods of heightened vulnerability; age profile; use of stimulants, cannabis, or new psychoactive substances; specific medical conditions; lack of dual diagnosis service provision; homelessness; incarceration; intravenous drug use; and race or ethnicity. Opioids, followed by cannabis and stimulant drugs were the most prevalent drugs of use in PWUD who died by suicide. A large proportion of evidence was related to opioid use; therefore, more primary research on suicide and explicit risk factors is required. CONCLUSIONS The majority of studies exploring factors associated with death by suicide among PWUD involved descriptive epidemiological data, with limited in-depth analyses of explicit risk factors. To prevent suicide in PWUD, it is important to consider potential risk factors and type of drug use, and to tailor policies and practices accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Devin
- Health Research Board, Grattan House, 67–72 Lower Mount Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 1st Floor Ardilaun House Block B, 111 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Suzi Lyons
- Health Research Board, Grattan House, 67–72 Lower Mount Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Lisa Murphy
- Health Research Board, Grattan House, 67–72 Lower Mount Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michael O’Sullivan
- Health Research Board, Grattan House, 67–72 Lower Mount Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ena Lynn
- Health Research Board, Grattan House, 67–72 Lower Mount Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Kelly BC, Vuolo M. Trends in Psychotropic Drug-Implicated Cardiovascular Mortality: Patterns in U.S. Mortality, 1999-2020. Am J Prev Med 2023; 65:377-384. [PMID: 36894483 PMCID: PMC10440260 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psychotropic drug-implicated (PDI) mortality-deaths in which psychotropic drugs were a contributing but not underlying cause of death-increased over two decades, with circulatory mortality as the primary cause leading to such deaths. Trends in PDI circulatory mortality over a 22-year period and its patterning in U.S. deaths are described. METHODS Deaths extracted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research Multiple Causes of Death database from 1999 to 2020 were analyzed to generate annual counts and rates for drug-implicated deaths due to diseases of the circulatory system, including by specific drug, sex, race/ethnicity, age, and state. RESULTS During a period when overall age-adjusted circulatory mortality rates declined, PDI circulatory mortality more than doubled, from 0.22 per 100,000 in 1999 to 0.57 per 100,000 by 2020, now representing 1 in 444 circulatory deaths. Although PDI deaths from ischemic heart diseases are proportionally aligned with overall circulatory deaths (50.0% vs 48.5%), PDI deaths from hypertensive diseases represent a larger proportion (19.8% vs 8.0%). Psychostimulants generated the greatest escalation for PDI circulatory deaths (0.029-0.332 per 100,000). The sex gap in PDI mortality rates widened (0.291 females, 0.861 males). PDI circulatory mortality is particularly notable for Black Americans and midlife Americans, with considerable geographic variability. CONCLUSIONS Circulatory mortality with psychotropic drugs as a contributing cause escalated over 2 decades. Trends in PDI mortality are not evenly distributed across the population. Greater engagement with patients about their substance use is needed to intervene in cardiovascular deaths. Prevention and clinical intervention could contribute to reinvigorating previous trends of declining cardiovascular mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Kelly
- Department of Sociology, College of Liberal Arts, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Mike Vuolo
- Department of Sociology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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Kaviyani F, Khorrami M, Heydari H, Namvar M. Understanding the laps and relapse process: in-depth interviews with individual who use methamphetamine. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2023; 18:41. [PMID: 37420278 PMCID: PMC10327377 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-023-00548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The high rate of treatment failure is a common problem in the treatment of methamphetamine use. Therefore, the aim of this research is to identify the most common causes of relapse in methamphetamine users. METHOD This is a qualitative study and of content analysis type. Information was collected using purposeful sampling and through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The statistical population consisted of all people with the methamphetamine-use disorder in 2022 who were in the abstinence phase and participated in the meetings of the Narcotics Anonymous (NA) Center of Bojnord. Theoretical sampling continued until data saturation. A total of 10 one-on-one interviews were conducted, each lasting between 45 to 80 min. Additionally, two focus group interviews were conducted with six members in each group, lasting between 95 to 110 min and data saturation was achieved through these interviews. Data analysis was done using the content analysis method (Sterling). Recoding and Holsti's method were used to measure reliability; validity was then calculated through content validity assessment. FINDINGS The results of the thematic analysis showed that laps and relapse factors were identified and categorized into 5 organizing themes, including negative emotional states, positive emotional states, negative physical states, interpersonal factors, and environmental factors, consisting of 39 basic themes. RESULT Identifying the risk factors leading to laps and relapse in methamphetamine users and increasing the knowledge in this field can lay the groundwork for preventive therapeutic interventions in this community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Kaviyani
- Addiction and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khorrami
- Addiction and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
| | - Hamid Heydari
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Vorspan F, Domenech P, Grabli D, Yelnik J, Delavest M, Dauré C, Bellivier F, Pelissolo A, Belaid H, Baunez C, Karachi C, Mallet L. A single case report of STN-DBS for severe crack-cocaine dependence: double-blind ON vs. SHAM randomized controlled assessment. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1146492. [PMID: 37304434 PMCID: PMC10248431 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1146492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Crack-cocaine dependence is a severe condition with a high mortality rate. This single case study report details the first deep brain stimulation (DBS) trial targeting the sub-thalamic nucleus (STN) for crack-cocaine dependence. The investigation aimed to assess the effects of STN-DBS on cocaine craving and cocaine use, as well as STN-DBS safety and tolerance in this indication. In this pilot study, we performed double blind cross-over trials, with "ON-DBS" vs. "SHAM-DBS" for 1-month periods. STN-DBS failed to reduce cocaine craving and use. An episode of DBS-induced hypomania occurred after several weeks of cocaine intake at stimulation parameters previously well tolerated. Future research on cocaine dependence should be conducted after a prolonged abstinence period and/or explore novel types of stimulation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Vorspan
- Université de Paris Cité, INSERM UMRS 1144, Paris, Île-de-France, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, GHU NORD, GH Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Philippe Domenech
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, Île-de-France, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor - Albert Chenevier, DMU IMPACT, Département Médical-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, Créteil, France
| | - David Grabli
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, Île-de-France, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, GHU Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Jérôme Yelnik
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Marine Delavest
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, GHU NORD, GH Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Charles Dauré
- Université de Paris Cité, INSERM UMRS 1144, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Université de Paris Cité, INSERM UMRS 1144, Paris, Île-de-France, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, GHU NORD, GH Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Antoine Pelissolo
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor - Albert Chenevier, DMU IMPACT, Département Médical-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, Ile-de-France, France
| | - Hayat Belaid
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, GHU Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurochirurgie, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Christelle Baunez
- UMR7289 CNRS & Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, Provence-Alpes-Côôte-d'Azur, France
| | - Carine Karachi
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, Île-de-France, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, GHU Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neurochirurgie, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Luc Mallet
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, Île-de-France, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor - Albert Chenevier, DMU IMPACT, Département Médical-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, Créteil, France
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Global Health Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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10
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Dykxhoorn DM, Wang H, Da Fonseca Ferreira A, Wei J, Dong C. MicroRNA-423-5p Mediates Cocaine-Induced Smooth Muscle Cell Contraction by Targeting Cacna2d2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6584. [PMID: 37047559 PMCID: PMC10094933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine abuse increases the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) and causes acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and hypertension (HTN). Significant research has explored the role of the sympathetic nervous system mediating the cocaine effects on the cardiovascular (CV) system. However, the response of the sympathetic nervous system alone is insufficient to completely account for the CV consequences seen in cocaine users. In this study, we examined the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in mediating the effect of cocaine on the CV system. MiRNAs regulate many important biological processes and have been associated with both response to cocaine and CV disease development. Multiple miRNAs have altered expression in the CV system (CVS) upon cocaine exposure. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the cocaine response in the CV system, we studied the role of miRNA-423-5p and its target Cacna2d2 in the regulation of intracellular calcium concentration and SMC contractility, a critical factor in the modulation of blood pressure (BP). We used in vivo models to evaluate BP and aortic stiffness. In vitro, cocaine treatment decreased miR-423-5p expression and increased Cacna2d2 expression, which led to elevated intracellular calcium concentrations and increased SMC contractility. Overexpression of miR-423-5p, silencing of its target Cacna2d2, and treatment with a calcium channel blocker reversed the elevated SMC contractility caused by cocaine. In contrast, suppression of miR-423-5p increased the intracellular calcium concentration and SMC contractibility. In vivo, smooth muscle-specific overexpression of miR-423-5p ameliorated the increase in BP and aortic stiffness associated with cocaine use. Thus, miR-423-5p regulates SMC contraction by modulating Cacna2d2 expression increasing intracellular calcium concentrations. Modulation of the miR-423-5p-Cacna2d2-Calcium transport pathway may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to improve cocaine-induced HTN and aortic stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M. Dykxhoorn
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Huilan Wang
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Andrea Da Fonseca Ferreira
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jianqin Wei
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Chunming Dong
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Section of Cardiology, Miami VA Health Systems, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Biomedical Research Building, Suite 812, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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11
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Rooney B, Sobiecka P, Rock K, Copeland C. From Bumps to Binges: Overview of Deaths Associated with Cocaine in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (2000-2019). J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:207-215. [PMID: 36611264 PMCID: PMC10037635 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The UK, as the "cocaine capital of Europe," currently accounts for ∼75% of all cocaine-related hospital admissions in Europe. This study aims to analyze the trends in cocaine-related deaths in England, Wales and Northern Ireland over 20 years (2000-2019). Cases reported to the National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths (NPSAD) occurring between 2000 and 2019 where cocaine was detected at post-mortem (PM) were extracted for analysis. A total of 5,339 cases were retrieved, with an increase in the rate of reporting over time. Cocaine was deemed a cause of death and quantified in PM blood samples along with its major metabolite benzoylecgonine in 685 cases. Of these 685 cases, 25% (n = 170/685) occurred following acute use, 22% (n = 154/685) following chronic/binge use, 40% (n = 271/685) in combination with morphine, 4% (n = 29/685) in drug packer/swallower circumstances and 9% (n = 61/685) in a suicide context. Cardiac complications were evident in 22% of cases (n = 154/685). The average concentration of cocaine detected in cardiac cases (900 ng/mL) was considerably lower than that detected in cases where acute (19,100 ng/mL) or chronic/binge (6,200 ng/mL) dosing was evident. This is the first cocaine-related mortality study in these geographical areas. Deaths following cocaine use continue to rise despite its Class A drug listing in the UK. While underlying and external risk factors including polydrug use, cardiac complications and mental health can all contribute to the incidence of fatal drug toxicity following cocaine use, this study demonstrates that the risk of a cocaine overdose cannot be attributed to a specific blood concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Rooney
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Pola Sobiecka
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Kirsten Rock
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Stamford St., London SE1 9NQ, UK
- National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Caroline Copeland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Stamford St., London SE1 9NQ, UK
- National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
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12
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Fishbein DH, Sloboda Z. A National Strategy for Preventing Substance and Opioid Use Disorders Through Evidence-Based Prevention Programming that Fosters Healthy Outcomes in Our Youth. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2023; 26:1-16. [PMID: 36542196 PMCID: PMC9768412 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-022-00420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The recently released National Drug Control Strategy (2022) from the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) lays out a comprehensive plan to, not only enhance access to treatment and increase harm reduction strategies, but also increase implementation of evidence-based prevention programming at the community level. Furthermore, the Strategy provides a framework for enhancing our national data systems to inform policy and to evaluate all components of the plan. However, not only are there several missing components to the Strategy that would assure its success, but there is a lack of structure to support a national comprehensive service delivery system that is informed by epidemiological data, and trains and credentials those delivering evidence-based prevention, treatment, and harm reduction/public health interventions within community settings. This paper provides recommendations for the establishment of such a structure with an emphasis on prevention. Systematically addressing conditions known to increase liability for behavioral problems among vulnerable populations and building supportive environments are strategies consistently found to avert trajectories away from substance use in general and substance use disorders (SUD) in particular. Investments in this approach are expected to result in significantly lower rates of SUD in current and subsequent generations of youth and, therefore, will reduce the burden on our communities in terms of lowered social and health systems involvement, treatment needs, and productivity. A national strategy, based on strong scientific evidence, is presented to implement public health policies and prevention services. These strategies work by improving child development, supporting families, enhancing school experiences, and cultivating positive environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H Fishbein
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 105 Smith Level Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.
- National Prevention Science Coalition to Improve Lives, Oakland, CA, USA.
| | - Zili Sloboda
- National Prevention Science Coalition to Improve Lives, Oakland, CA, USA
- Applied Prevention Science International, Ontario, OH, USA
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13
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Armoon B, Fleury MJ, Griffiths MD, Bayani A, Mohammadi R, Ahounbar E. Emergency Department Use, Hospitalization, and Their Sociodemographic Determinants among Patients with Substance-Related Disorders: A Worldwide Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:331-345. [PMID: 36592043 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2161313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Identifying the determinants of emergency department (ED) use and hospitalization among patients with substance-related disorders (SRD) can help inform healthcare services and case management regarding their unmet health needs and strategies to reduce their acute care. Objectives: The present study aimed to identify sociodemographic characteristics, type of used drug, and risky behaviors associated with ED use and hospitalization among patients with SRD. Methods: Studies in English published from January 1st, 1995 to April 30th, 2022 were searched from PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to identify primary studies on ED use and hospitalization among patients with SRD. Results: Of the 17,348 outputs found, a total of 39 studies met the eligibility criteria. Higher ED use and hospitalization among patients with SRD were associated with a history of homelessness (ED use: OR = 1.93, 95%CI = 1.32-2.83; hospitalization: OR = 1.53, 95%CI = 1.36-1.73) or of injection drug use (ED use: OR = 1.34, 95%CI = 1.13-1.59; hospitalization: OR = 1.42, 95%CI = 1.20-1.69). Being female (OR = 1.24, 95%CI = 1.14-1.35), using methamphetamine (OR = 1.99, 95%CI = 1.24-3.21) and tobacco (OR = 1.25, 95%CI = 1.11-1.42), having HIV (OR = 1.70, 95%CI = 1.47-1.96), a history of incarceration (OR = 1.90, 95%CI = 1.27-2.85) and injury (OR = 2.62, 95%CI = 1.08-6.35) increased ED use only, while having age over 30 years (OR = 1.40, 95%CI = 1.08-1.81) and using cocaine (OR = 1.60, 95%CI = 1.32-1.95) increased hospitalization only among patients with SRD. Conclusions: The finding outline the necessity of developing outreach program and primary care referral for patients with SRD. Establishing a harm reduction program, incorporating needle/syringe exchange programs, and safe injection training with the aim of declining ED use and hospitalization, is likely be another beneficial strategy for patients with SRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Armoon
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Fleury
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Azadeh Bayani
- Student Research Committee, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasool Mohammadi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Elaheh Ahounbar
- Orygen, The National Center of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Center for Youth Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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14
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Bartholomew TS, Andraka-Cristou B, Totaram RK, Harris S, Doblecki-Lewis S, Ostrer L, Serota DP, Forrest DW, Chueng TA, Suarez E, Tookes HE. "We want everything in a one-stop shop": acceptability and feasibility of PrEP and buprenorphine implementation with mobile syringe services for Black people who inject drugs. Harm Reduct J 2022; 19:133. [PMID: 36463183 PMCID: PMC9719627 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-022-00721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A recent surge in HIV outbreaks, driven by the opioid and stimulant use crises, has destabilized our progress toward targets set forth by Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for America for the high-priority community of people who inject drugs (PWID), particularly Black PWID. METHODS In order to ascertain the acceptability and feasibility of using a mobile syringe services program (SSP) for comprehensive HIV prevention via PrEP and medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), our mixed methods approach included a quantitative assessment and semi-structured qualitative interviews with Black PWID (n = 30) in Miami-Dade County who were actively engaged in mobile syringe services. RESULTS Participants felt that delivery of MOUD and PrEP at a mobile SSP would be both feasible and acceptable, helping to address transportation, cost, and stigma barriers common within traditional healthcare settings. Participants preferred staff who are compassionate and nonjudgmental and have lived experience. CONCLUSIONS A mobile harm reduction setting could be an effective venue for delivering comprehensive HIV prevention services to Black PWID, a community that experiences significant barriers to care via marginalization and racism in a fragmented healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S. Bartholomew
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Division of Health Services Research and Policy, Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th St., #1020, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Barbara Andraka-Cristou
- grid.170430.10000 0001 2159 2859Department of Health Management and Informatics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA ,grid.170430.10000 0001 2159 2859Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Rachel K. Totaram
- grid.170430.10000 0001 2159 2859Department of Health Management and Informatics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Shana Harris
- grid.170430.10000 0001 2159 2859Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA ,grid.170430.10000 0001 2159 2859Department of Anthropology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Susanne Doblecki-Lewis
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - Lily Ostrer
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - David P. Serota
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - David W. Forrest
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Anthropology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - Teresa A. Chueng
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - Edward Suarez
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - Hansel E. Tookes
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
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15
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Riley ED, Hsue PY, Coffin PO. A Chronic Condition Disguised as an Acute Event: the Case for Re-thinking Stimulant Overdose Death. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:3462-3464. [PMID: 35713806 PMCID: PMC9550944 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports indicate that stimulant-related deaths are increasing dramatically. People who die from acute stimulant toxicity have high rates of pre-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD), much of which is undiagnosed. Moreover, people who use stimulants with CVD often remain asymptomatic until presenting to an emergency department with an acute event. Prior research shows that symptoms of stimulant toxicity may occur on a regular basis, and that people who die from stimulant toxicity are older than those who die of opioid toxicity. Taken collectively, the existing evidence suggests that death from acute stimulant toxicity is often an outcome of long-term, cumulative exposure leading to cardiovascular dysfunction rather than acute intoxication. Strategies tailored to the distinct etiology of stimulant overdose are needed. We propose a three-part approach including (1) implementing stimulant use interventions that promote not only abstinence, but also use reduction, (2) treating ongoing stimulant use as a chronic cardiovascular condition, and (3) making stimulant toxicity interventions relevant to the populations most affected, which includes people outside of the traditional health-care system. In short, to reduce stimulant-related fatality, we need to transform our approach in ways that are tailored to address its natural history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise D Riley
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave., UCSF Mailbox 0874, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0874, USA.
| | - Priscilla Y Hsue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Phillip O Coffin
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave., UCSF Mailbox 0874, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0874, USA
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
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16
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Mauro PM, Gutkind S, Rivera-Aguirre A, Gary D, Cerda M, Santos EC, Castillo-Carniglia A, Martins SS. Trends in cannabis or cocaine-related dependence and alcohol/drug treatment in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 108:103810. [PMID: 35939947 PMCID: PMC9912990 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of changing cannabis and other drug policy and regulation, concerns may arise regarding drug treatment access and use. We assessed cannabis/cocaine-related dependence and treatment in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. METHODS Nationally representative cross-sectional household surveys of people ages 15-64 in Argentina (4 surveys, 2006-2017), Chile (7 surveys, 2006-2018), and Uruguay (4 surveys, 2006-2018) were harmonized. We estimated weighted prevalences of cannabis or cocaine-related (cocaine or cocaine paste) dependence, based on meeting 3+ past-year ICD-10 dependence criteria. We estimated weighted prevalences of past-year alcohol/drug treatment use (Argentina, Chile) or use/seeking (Uruguay) among people with past-year cannabis/cocaine-related dependence. We tested model-based prevalence trends over time and described individual-level treatment correlates by country. RESULTS Cannabis/cocaine dependence prevalence increased in the region starting in 2010-2011, driven by cannabis dependence. Adjusted cannabis dependence prevalence increased from 0.7% in 2010 to 1.5% in 2017 in Argentina (aPD=0.8, 95% CI= 0.3, 1.2), from 0.8% in 2010 to 2.8% in 2018 in Chile (aPD=2.0, 95% CI= 1.4, 2.6), and from 1.4% in 2011 to 2.4% in 2018 in Uruguay (aPD=0.9, 95% CI= 0.2, 1.6). Cocaine-related dependence increased in Uruguay, decreased in Argentina, and remained stable in Chile. Among people with past-year cannabis/cocaine dependence, average alcohol/drug treatment use prevalence was 15.3% in Argentina and 6.0% in Chile, while treatment use/seeking was 14.7% in Uruguay. Alcohol/drug treatment prevalence was lower among people with cannabis dependence than cocaine-related dependence. Treatment correlates included older ages in all countries and male sex in Argentina only. CONCLUSION Alcohol/drug treatment use among people with cannabis/cocaine-related dependence remained low, signaling an ongoing treatment gap in the context of growing cannabis dependence prevalence in the region. Additional resources may be needed to increase treatment access and uptake. Future studies should assess contributors of low treatment use, including perceived need, stigma, and service availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia M Mauro
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168(th) St, New York NY 10032 USA.
| | - Sarah Gutkind
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168(th) St, New York NY 10032 USA
| | - Ariadne Rivera-Aguirre
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016 USA; Millennium Nucleus for the Evaluation and Analysis of Drug Policies (nDP), Chile
| | - Dahsan Gary
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168(th) St, New York NY 10032 USA
| | - Magdalena Cerda
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016 USA
| | - Erica Chavez Santos
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168(th) St, New York NY 10032 USA; University of Washington School of Public Health, 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Alvaro Castillo-Carniglia
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016 USA; Millennium Nucleus for the Evaluation and Analysis of Drug Policies (nDP), Chile; Society and Health Research Center, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Artes, Universidad Mayor, Badajoz 130, Room 1306, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus on Sociomedicine (SocioMed), Chile
| | - Silvia S Martins
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168(th) St, New York NY 10032 USA
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17
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O'Keefe EL, Dhore A, Lavie CJ. Early Onset Cardiovascular Disease from Cocaine, Amphetamines, Alcohol, and Marijuana. Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:1342-1351. [PMID: 35840019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), a disease typically associated with aging and the definitive leading cause of death worldwide, now threatens the young and middle-aged populations. Recreational abuse of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and amphetamine-type stimulants has been an escalating public health problem for decades, but now use of these substances has become a significant contributor to early onset CVD. While this remains a global phenomenon, the epicenter of substance abuse is rooted in North America where it has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. For the first time in history, the United States (US) crossed 100,000 overdose-related deaths in a calendar year. Sadly, Canada's recreational drug abuse problem closely mirrors that of the US. This is indicative of the larger public health crisis unfolding, as we now know that these substances are cardiotoxic and are contributing to the rising levels of premature chronic CVD, including hypertension, arrhythmias, heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, arterial dissection, sudden cardiac death and early mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carl J Lavie
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA.
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18
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Mowbray O, Purser G, Tennant E, Paseda O. Substance use related violent deaths among racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Addict Behav 2022; 133:107384. [PMID: 35671554 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While prior research highlights the overlap of substance use and violent death, few examine this overlap among different racial/ethnic groups or how patterns change over time. This study examines how substance use related deaths differ by racial/ethnic groups in the United States. We use data from the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), which includes violent deaths from 43 states in the U.S., collected for the decade between 2009 and 2019 (N = 226,459). Fixed-effects multivariate models examined whether race/ethnicity was associated with substance use-related death over time, controlling for additional demographic and clinical factors. Results showed a significantly larger rate of increase over time for African American and Hispanic (any race) persons compared to White non-Hispanic persons for most types of substance use-related deaths. While current rates of substance use may show little variability between African American, Hispanic, and White non-Hispanic individuals, this research suggests that the consequences for substance use, including death, may be disproportional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orion Mowbray
- University of Georgia, School of Social Work, 279 Williams St, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Greg Purser
- Louisiana State University, Department of Social Work, Huey P Long Field House, APT 311, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA
| | - Elena Tennant
- Louisiana State University, Department of Social Work, Huey P Long Field House, APT 311, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA
| | - Oluwayomi Paseda
- University of Georgia, School of Social Work, 279 Williams St, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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19
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Tisdale C, de Andrade D, Leung J, Chiu V, Hides L. Utilising data linkage to describe and explore mortality among a retrospective cohort of individuals admitted to residential substance use treatment. Drug Alcohol Rev 2021; 40:1202-1206. [PMID: 34590362 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with moderate to severe substance use disorders may seek residential treatment, but outcomes after discharge for this hard-to-reach population are often unknown. Using linked data, we examined mortality outcomes among individuals after residential treatment. METHODS We included 1056 individuals admitted to three residential treatment facilities across Queensland, Australia, from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2016. Records were linked to Queensland death registration data and cause of death records from the Australian Coordinating Registry (1 January-31 December 2018). Standard mortality ratios were assessed, comparing participants to the Queensland, Australia, general population. Causes of death and years of potential life lost (YPLL) were examined. RESULTS Thirty-six participants died (3.4%) in 3408 years of follow-up data. The age- and sex-adjusted standard mortality ratios were 3.96 (95% confidence interval: 2.78, 5.48) overall, 8.19 (3.74, 15.55) in females and 3.38 (2.23, 4.92) in males. Two-thirds of deaths were due to suicide/overdose. There was an average of 45.50 YPLL (SD 9.16). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study used linked data to quantify mortality following residential substance use treatment. The YPLL and avoidable nature of deaths highlight the need for continuing care following discharge from residential services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvert Tisdale
- School of Psychology, Lives Lived Well Research Group, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Psychology, National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dominique de Andrade
- School of Psychology, Lives Lived Well Research Group, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre for Drug Use, Addictive and Anti-Social Behaviour Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Janni Leung
- School of Psychology, Lives Lived Well Research Group, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Psychology, National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vivian Chiu
- School of Psychology, National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leanne Hides
- School of Psychology, Lives Lived Well Research Group, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Psychology, National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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20
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Icick R, Karsinti E, Brousse G, Chrétienneau C, Trabut JB, Belforte B, Coeuru P, Moisan D, Deschenau A, Cottencin O, Gay A, Lack P, Pelissier-Alicot AL, Dupuy G, Fortias M, Etain B, Lépine JP, Laplanche JL, Bellivier F, Vorspan F, Bloch V. Childhood trauma and the severity of past suicide attempts in outpatients with cocaine use disorders. Subst Abus 2021; 43:623-632. [PMID: 34597243 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2021.1975875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suicide attempts have been associated with both cocaine use disorder (CocUD) and childhood trauma. We investigated how childhood trauma is an independent risk factor for serious and recurrent suicide attempts in CocUD. Method: 298 outpatients (23% women) with CocUD underwent standardized assessments of substance dependence (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-mental disorders, fourth edition, text revised), impulsiveness, resilience, and childhood trauma, using validated tools. Suicide attempts history was categorized as single vs. recurrent or non-serious vs. serious depending on the lifetime number of suicide attempts and the potential or actual lethality of the worst attempt reported, respectively. Bivariate and multinomial regression analyses were used to characterize which childhood trauma patterns were associated with the suicide attempts groups. Results: 58% of CocUD patients reported childhood trauma. Recurrent and serious suicide attempts clustered together and were thus combined into "severe SA." Severe suicide attempt risk increased proportionally to the number of childhood traumas (test for trend, p = 9 × 10-7). Non-severe suicide attempt risk increased with impulsiveness and decreased with resilience. In multinomial regression models, a higher number of traumas and emotional abuse were independently and only associated with severe vs. non-severe suicide attempts (effect size = 0.82, AUC = 0.7). The study was limited by its cross-sectional design. Conclusion: These preferential associations between childhood trauma and severe suicide attempts warrant specific monitoring of suicide attempts risk in CocUD, regardless of the severity of addiction profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Icick
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal, Paris, France.,INSERM U1144, "Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology", Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1144, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Emily Karsinti
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal, Paris, France.,INSERM U1144, "Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology", Paris, France.,ED139, Laboratoire CLIPSYD, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Georges Brousse
- INSERM UMR-1107, Neuro-Dol, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Clara Chrétienneau
- INSERM U1144, "Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology", Paris, France
| | | | - Beatriz Belforte
- APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, CSAPA Monte-Cristo, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Olivier Cottencin
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille - Psychiaty and Addiction Medicine Department, INSERM U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Centre (LiNC), Plasticity & SubjectivitY team, Lille, France
| | - Aurélia Gay
- Service d'Addictologie, CHU St Etienne, Saint Etienne, France
| | | | | | - Gaël Dupuy
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal, Paris, France
| | - Maeva Fortias
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Etain
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal, Paris, France.,INSERM U1144, "Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology", Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1144, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lépine
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal, Paris, France.,INSERM U1144, "Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology", Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1144, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Laplanche
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal, Paris, France.,INSERM U1144, "Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology", Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1144, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal, Paris, France.,INSERM U1144, "Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology", Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1144, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Florence Vorspan
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal, Paris, France.,INSERM U1144, "Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology", Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1144, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Bloch
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal, Paris, France.,INSERM U1144, "Therapeutic Optimization in Neuropsychopharmacology", Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1144, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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21
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Aharonovich E, Scodes J, Wall MM, Hasin DS. The relationship of frequency of cocaine use to substance and psychiatric disorders in the U.S. general population. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 227:108933. [PMID: 34358768 PMCID: PMC8464522 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In clinical trials of pharmacotherapy for substance use, abstinence is the primary endpoint accepted by regulatory agencies. However, this endpoint could be overly restrictive, impeding efforts to identify effective medications for cocaine use disorder. To examine non-abstinent gradations in cocaine use as potential indicators of improvement, we investigated the relationship of frequency of cocaine use to clinical correlates in national survey data. METHODS Lifetime cocaine users (n = 2501) were interviewed in the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) in 2001-2002 and re-interviewed in 2004-2005. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) indicated associations between heaviest frequency of cocaine use and use of other substances, DSM-IV substance use disorders, psychiatric disorders, and change between 2001-2002 and 2004-2005. The reference category for all aORs was non-users. RESULTS Greater lifetime cocaine use frequency was associated with lifetime cocaine, alcohol, and cannabis dependence (aOR for a linear trend = 2.80, 1.22, 1.22, respectively) and past-year cocaine, alcohol, and cannabis dependence (aOR = 1.78, 1.13, 1.16, respectively). Greater lifetime cocaine use frequency was associated with past-year depressive, panic, and generalized anxiety disorders (aOR = 1.07, 1.09, 1.12, respectively). Among cocaine users in 2001-2002, compared to the reference group using less than monthly, use ≥1x/week and use 1-3 times a month was associated with cocaine use disorder in 2004-2005 (aOR = 2.13 and aOR = 1.67, respectively). CONCLUSION Gradations in risk for dependence on cocaine, other substances and psychiatric disorders by frequency of cocaine use indicates a promising direction for more sensitive outcome measures of treatment effects on cocaine outcomes than binary indicators (e.g., any use vs. none). Study results add to findings suggesting that non-abstinent measures might be useful indicators of treatment efficacy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Aharonovich
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Melanie M Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deborah S Hasin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Daldegan-Bueno D, Maia LO, Glass M, Jutras-Aswad D, Fischer B. Co-exposure of cocaine and cannabinoids and its association with select biological, behavioural and health outcomes: A systematic scoping review of multi-disciplinary studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 51:106-131. [PMID: 34273801 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine use entails severe health- and social-related harms globally. Treatment options for cocaine dependence are highly limited. Benefits of cannabinoids for addiction have been documented, making it opportune to examine existing data on the possible outcomes associated with cannabinoids and cocaine co-use. We conducted a systematic scoping review following the PRISMA guidelines of peer-reviewed, English-language studies published from 2000 to 2021 in four databases (Medline, Web-of-Science, CINAHL Plus, and PsycInfo), assessing the co-exposure of cannabis/cannabinoids with cocaine on behavioural, biological or health outcomes. Both quantitative and qualitative, as well as humans and pre-clinical animals' studies (n=46) were included. Pre-clinical studies (n=19) showed mostly protective effects of cannabidiol (CBD) administration on animal models of addiction (e.g., cocaine-craving, -relapse, and -withdrawal) and cocaine-toxicity. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) had more inconsistent results, with both protective and counter-protective effects. Human studies (n=27) were more heterogeneous and assessed natural ongoing cannabis and cocaine use or dependence. Quantitative-based studies showed mostly enhanced harms in several outcomes (e.g., cocaine use, mental health); two available clinical trials found no effect upon CBD administration on cocaine-related treatment outcomes. Qualitative data-based studies reported cannabis use as a substitute for or to alleviate harms of crack-cocaine use. While pre-clinical studies suggest a potential of cannabinoids, especially CBD, to treat cocaine addiction, the few trials conducted in humans found no benefits. Cannabis co-use by cocaine users commonly presents a risk factor, entailing enhanced harms for users. More rigorous, controlled trials are still necessary to investigate cannabinoids' potential considering pre-clinical findings and reported benefits from specific drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Daldegan-Bueno
- Schools of Population Health and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lucas O Maia
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health & Addiction, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Didier Jutras-Aswad
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Universite de Montreal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Benedikt Fischer
- Schools of Population Health and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health & Addiction, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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23
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Pan WH, Wu KCC, Chen CY, Chu YR, Wu SC, Jou S, Lu TP, Tung YC, Hsu J, Chen WJ. First-time offenders for recreational ketamine use under a new penalty system in Taiwan: incidence, recidivism and mortality in national cohorts from 2009 to 2017. Addiction 2021; 116:1770-1781. [PMID: 33197101 DOI: 10.1111/add.15337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Ketamine has become a new recreational drug of choice among young people in parts of Asia. Using national databases in Taiwan, this study aimed to (1) examine the yearly trend in the ketamine offence rate over time; (2) estimate the 3-year risk of drug-related re-offence and its correlates among the first-time offenders; and (3) estimate the 3-year standardized mortality ratio (SMR) among the first-time offenders. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Retrospective cohort studies of offenders for recreational ketamine use in a penalty system initiated in 2009. Offenders for recreational ketamine use were identified from the Administrative Penalty System for Schedule III/IV Substances database from 2009 to 2017, and the re-offence rate and mortality among first-time offenders were assessed via record-linkage within the database as well as with both the criminal drug offence database and the national mortality database. The cohort from 2009 to 2016 (n = 39 178) was used for the recidivism analysis and the cohort from 2009 to 2013 (n = 25 357) was used for the 3-year SMR analysis. MEASUREMENTS Recidivism was estimated using survival analysis of the event as re-arrest for using ketamine, more serious illicit drugs (Schedules I/II), or any illicit drugs (ketamine or Schedules I/II). SMRs were estimated for overall and cause-specific death within 3 years after the first offence for ketamine use. FINDINGS The age-standardized rates for both prevalent (1.38 per 1000) and first-time offenders (0.65 per 1000) peaked in 2013 and then decreased steadily. The 3-year risk of re-offence was 33.85% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 33.23-34.47%) for ketamine use and 39.52% (95% CI = 39.00-40.04%) for any illicit drug use. These first-time offenders had an SMR of 4.9 (95% CI = 4.3-5.4) for overall mortality, 2.1 (95% CI = 1.6-2.7) for natural deaths and 7.6 (95% CI = 6.7-8.6) for unnatural deaths. CONCLUSIONS Recreational ketamine use in Taiwan appears to lead not only to high risk for drug-related re-offence but also to excess mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsuan Pan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kevin Chien-Chang Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education and Bioethics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ya Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Roo Chu
- Division of Controlled Drugs, Taiwan Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Chi Wu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susyan Jou
- Graduate School of Criminology, National Taipei University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Pin Lu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Tung
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui Hsu
- Division of Controlled Drugs, Taiwan Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei J Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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24
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Murphy L, Lyons S, O'Sullivan M, Lynn E. Risk factors for completed suicide among people who use drugs: A scoping review protocol. HRB Open Res 2021; 3:45. [PMID: 33634238 PMCID: PMC7885289 DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.13098.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Research over the past several decades has shown an increased risk for completed suicide among people who use drugs (PWUD). However, no study to date has attempted to summarise the available literature on the variety of risk factors associated with this increased risk. This paper presents a protocol for a scoping review that aims to systematically map and synthesise the extent and nature of published, unpublished and grey literature related to risk factors for suicide among PWUD. Methods: The following six-stage methodological framework for scoping reviews proposed by Arksey and O’Malley with enhancements by Levac and colleagues will be used: (1) identifying the research question, (2) identifying relevant studies, (3) study selection, (4) charting/mapping the data, (5) collating, summarising and reporting results and (6) expert consultation. The review will be conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Key inclusion and exclusion criteria will be developed to guide literature screening and data charting. Three reviewers will conduct the initial screening of published, unpublished and grey literature. Identified risk factors will be collated, summarised and categorised iteratively by two independent reviewers. Stakeholder consultation will occur with experts from a national steering committee, a national advisory group, a national suicide prevention centre and a European drug monitoring centre. Conclusion: Collating and thematically categorising the various risk factors for suicide among this high-risk group will hold important implications for future research, policy and practice. The research will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed academic journal and a conference presentation, and by sharing the findings with key stakeholders working within research, policy-making and professional practice contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzi Lyons
- Health Research Board, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Ena Lynn
- Health Research Board, Dublin 2, Ireland
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25
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Reddon H, Milloy MJ, Wood E, Nosova E, Kerr T, DeBeck K. High-intensity cannabis use and hospitalization: a prospective cohort study of street-involved youth in Vancouver, Canada. Harm Reduct J 2021; 18:53. [PMID: 34001159 PMCID: PMC8130127 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-021-00501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is concern that cannabis use negatively affects vulnerable groups such as youth; however, the relationship between cannabis use and health care utilization has not been well characterized in this population. We longitudinally evaluated the association between daily cannabis use and hospitalization among a prospective cohort of street-involved youth. METHODS Data were collected from the At-Risk Youth Study (ARYS) in Vancouver, Canada, from September 2005 to May 2015. Participants were interviewed semi-annually and multivariable generalized estimating equation (GEE) logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between daily cannabis use and hospitalization. RESULTS A total of 1216 participants (31.2% female) were included in this analysis, and 373 (30.7%) individuals reported hospitalization at some point during the study period. In a multivariable GEE analysis, daily cannabis use was not significantly associated with hospitalization (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 1.17, 95% Confidence interval [CI] = 0.84, 1.65). We did observe a significant interaction between daily cannabis use and sex (AOR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.34, 0.77), whereby cannabis use was associated with a decreased odds of hospitalization among males (AOR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.47, 0.78), yet was not significantly associated with hospitalization among females (AOR = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.84, 1.67). CONCLUSIONS The finding that daily cannabis use was not associated with hospitalization among street-involved youth is encouraging given the high rates of cannabis use in this population and the expansion of cannabis legalization and regulation. Future studies, however, are warranted to monitor possible changes in the consequences of cannabis use as cannabis legalization and regulation increase internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson Reddon
- BC Centre on Substance Use, University of British Columbia, 400-1045 Howe St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, 588-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6B 3E6, Canada
| | - M-J Milloy
- BC Centre on Substance Use, University of British Columbia, 400-1045 Howe St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, ,Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Evan Wood
- BC Centre on Substance Use, University of British Columbia, 400-1045 Howe St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, ,Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Nosova
- BC Centre on Substance Use, University of British Columbia, 400-1045 Howe St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada
| | - Thomas Kerr
- BC Centre on Substance Use, University of British Columbia, 400-1045 Howe St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, ,Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Kora DeBeck
- BC Centre on Substance Use, University of British Columbia, 400-1045 Howe St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada.
- School of Public Policy, SFU Harbour Centre, Simon Fraser University, 515 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, BC, V6B 5K3, Canada.
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26
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Tondo LP, Viola TW, Fries GR, Kluwe-Schiavon B, Rothmann LM, Cupertino R, Ferreira P, Franco AR, Lane SD, Stertz L, Zhao Z, Hu R, Meyer T, Schmitz JM, Walss-Bass C, Grassi-Oliveira R. White matter deficits in cocaine use disorder: convergent evidence from in vivo diffusion tensor imaging and ex vivo proteomic analysis. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:252. [PMID: 33911068 PMCID: PMC8081729 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter (WM) abnormalities in patients with cocaine use disorder (CUD) have been studied; however, the reported effects on the human brain are heterogenous and most results have been obtained from male participants. In addition, biological data supporting the imaging findings and revealing possible mechanisms underlying the neurotoxic effects of chronic cocaine use (CU) on WM are largely restricted to animal studies. To evaluate the neurotoxic effects of CU in the WM, we performed an in vivo diffusion tensor imaging assessment of male and female cocaine users (n = 75) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 58). Moreover, we performed an ex vivo large-scale proteomic analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in postmortem brains of patients with CUD (n = 8) and HC (n = 12). Compared with the HC, the CUD group showed significant reductions in global fractional anisotropy (FA) (p < 0.001), and an increase in global mean (MD) and radial diffusion (RD) (both p < 0.001). The results revealed that FA, RD, and MD alterations in the CUD group were widespread along the major WM tracts, after analysis using the tract-based special statistics approach. Global FA was negatively associated with years of CU (p = 0.0421) and female sex (p < 0.001), but not with years of alcohol or nicotine use. Concerning the fibers connecting the left to the right prefrontal cortex, Brodmann area 9 (BA9), the CUD group presented lower FA (p = 0.006) and higher RD (p < 0.001) values compared with the HC group. A negative association between the duration of CU in life and FA values in this tract was also observed (p = 0.019). Proteomics analyses in BA9 found 11 proteins differentially expressed between cocaine users and controls. Among these, were proteins related to myelination and neuroinflammation. In summary, we demonstrate convergent evidence from in vivo diffusion tensor imaging and ex vivo proteomics analysis of WM disruption in CUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucca Pizzato Tondo
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thiago Wendt Viola
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriel R Fries
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bruno Kluwe-Schiavon
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Mello Rothmann
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renata Cupertino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Pedro Ferreira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Scott D Lane
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laura Stertz
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ruifeng Hu
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joy M Schmitz
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Consuelo Walss-Bass
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Perrenoud LO, Oikawa KF, Williams AV, Laranjeira R, Fischer B, Strang J, Ribeiro M. Factors associated with crack-cocaine early initiation: a Brazilian multicenter study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:781. [PMID: 33892673 PMCID: PMC8063477 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crack-cocaine dependence is a serious public health issue, related to several psychiatric and psychosocial problems. Crack-cocaine users are usually embedded in a context of great social vulnerability, often associated with violence, poverty, family conflict and easy and early access to alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled a consecutive sample of 577 patients admitted to 20 therapeutic communities located in Southern Brazil, between September 2012 and September 2013. A structured interview assessed life-time exposure to risk and protective factors for drug use, such as parental monitoring in childhood, deviant behaviors and peer pressure. RESULTS Presence of family conflict (p = 0.002), maltreatment (p = 0.016), and deviant behavior prior to age 15 in a bivariate analysis predicted an earlier age of crack-cocaine initiation, whereas adolescents experiencing parental monitoring during adolescence started use later (p < 0.001). In the multivariate model, perceptions related to ease of access of illicit drugs (marijuana: p = 0.028, 95% CI = - 3.81, - 0.22; crack-cocaine: p < 0.001, 95% CI = - 7.40, - 4.90), and deviant behavior (threatening someone with a gun: p = 0.028, 95% CI = - 2.57, - 0.14) remained independent predictors of early age of crack-cocaine initiation. CONCLUSIONS Early onset of crack-cocaine use seems to be associated with exposure to family conflict, easy access to drugs and deviant behavior. Treatment and preventive programs should take these factors into account when designing and implementing community interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Ogata Perrenoud
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil, Rua Major Maragliano, 241, SP 04017030 São Paulo, Brazil
- Reference Center for Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs (CRATOD), São Paulo State Secretary of Health, Rua Prates, 165, 01121000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Koki Fernando Oikawa
- Department of Statistics, Brazil University, São Paulo, Brazil, Rua Ibipetuba, 130, SP 03127-180 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Virginia Williams
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK, 4, Windsor Walk Denmark Hill, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Ronaldo Laranjeira
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil, Rua Major Maragliano, 241, SP 04017030 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benedikt Fischer
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil, Rua Major Maragliano, 241, SP 04017030 São Paulo, Brazil
- Schools of Population Health and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Simon Fraser University (SFU Faculty of Health Sciences, 515 W. Hastings Street, Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3), Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, Toronto, ON. M5T 1R8 Canada
| | - John Strang
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK, 4, Windsor Walk Denmark Hill, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil, Rua Major Maragliano, 241, SP 04017030 São Paulo, Brazil
- Reference Center for Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs (CRATOD), São Paulo State Secretary of Health, Rua Prates, 165, 01121000 São Paulo, Brazil
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Peacock A, Tran LT, Larney S, Stockings E, Santo T, Jones H, Santomauro D, Degenhardt L. All-cause and cause-specific mortality among people with regular or problematic cocaine use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction 2021; 116:725-742. [PMID: 32857457 PMCID: PMC7914269 DOI: 10.1111/add.15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate pooled all-cause and cause-specific mortality risk for people with regular or problematic cocaine use. METHODS Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective or retrospective cohort studies or clinical trials (n ≥30) of people with regular or problematic cocaine use with data on all-cause or cause-specific mortality. Of 2808 papers, 28 were eligible and reported on 21 cohorts, with a total 170 019 individuals. Cohorts identified based on acute care for drug poisoning or other severe health presentation were excluded. Title/abstract screening was conducted by one reviewer; a second reviewer independently checked 10% of excluded studies. Two reviewers conducted full-text screening. Data were extracted by one reviewer and checked by a second. A customized review-specific study reporting quality/risk of bias tool was used. Data on crude mortality rates (CMR) and standardized mortality ratios were extracted for both all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Standardized mortality ratios were imputed where not provided by the author using extracted data and information from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. RESULTS The pooled all-cause crude mortality rate was 1.24 per 100 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.86, 1.78; n = 16 cohorts], but with considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 98.8%). The pooled all-cause standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was 6.13 (95% CI = 4.15, 9.05; n = 16 cohorts). Suicide (SMR = 6.26, 95% CI = 2.84, 13.80), accidental injury (SMR = 6.36, 95% CI = 4.18, 9.68), homicide (SMR = 9.38, 95% CI 3.45-25.48) and AIDS-related mortality (SMR = 23.12, 95% CI = 11.30, 47.31) were all elevated compared with age and sex peers in the general population. CONCLUSIONS There are elevated rates of mortality among people with regular or problematic cocaine use for traumatic deaths and deaths attributable to infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Peacock
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia,School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Lucy Thi Tran
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah Larney
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily Stockings
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas Santo
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hayley Jones
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | - Damian Santomauro
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research and School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,Institute for Health metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Washington, USA
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Bonsaksen T, Skogstad L, Grimholt TK, Heir T, Ekeberg Ø, Lerdal A, Schou-Bredal I. Substance use in the Norwegian general population: prevalence and associations with disease. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2020.1784303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tore Bonsaksen
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, Sandnes, Norway
| | - Laila Skogstad
- Department of Research, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HF, and Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tine K. Grimholt
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Heir
- Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øivind Ekeberg
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anners Lerdal
- Department for Patient Safety and Research, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Schou-Bredal
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department for Cancer, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Sherva R, Zhu C, Wetherill L, Edenberg HJ, Johnson E, Degenhardt L, Agrawal A, Martin NG, Nelson E, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J, Farrer LA. Genome-wide association study of phenotypes measuring progression from first cocaine or opioid use to dependence reveals novel risk genes. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2020.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Substance use disorders (SUD) result in substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Opioids, and to a lesser extent cocaine, contribute to a large percentage of this health burden. Despite their high heritability, few genetic risk loci have been identified for either opioid or cocaine dependence (OD or CD, respectively). A genome-wide association study of OD and CD related phenotypes reflecting the time between first self-reported use of these substances and a first DSM-IV dependence diagnosis was conducted.
Methods: Cox proportional hazards regression in a discovery sample of 6,188 African-Americans (AAs) and 6,835 European-Americans (EAs) participants in a genetic study of multiple substance dependence phenotypes were used to test for association between genetic variants and these outcomes. The top findings were tested for replication in two independent cohorts.
Results: In the discovery sample, three independent regions containing variants associated with time to dependence at P < 5 x 10-8 were identified, one (rs61835088 = 1.03 x 10-8) for cocaine in the combined EA-AA meta-analysis in the gene FAM78B on chromosome 1, and two for opioids in the AA portion of the sample in intergenic regions of chromosomes 4 (rs4860439, P = 1.37 x 10-8) and 9 (rs7032521, P = 3.30 x 10-8). After meta-analysis with data from the replication cohorts, the signal at rs61835088 improved (HR = 0.87, P = 3.71 x 10-9 and an intergenic SNP on chromosome 21 (rs2825295, HR = 1.14, P = 2.57 x 10-8) that missed the significance threshold in the AA discovery sample became genome-wide significant (GWS) for CD.
Conclusions: Although the two GWS variants are not in genes with obvious links to SUD biology and have modest effect sizes, they are statistically robust and show evidence for association in independent samples. These results may point to novel pathways contributing to disease progression and highlight the utility of related phenotypes to better understand the genetics of SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sherva
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Congcong Zhu
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Leah Wetherill
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Howard J. Edenberg
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA 3Department of Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Emma Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Elliot Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and VISN 4 MIRECC, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Departments of Psychiatry, Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA 9Department of Psychiatry, VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA 11Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA 12Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA 13Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Sherva R, Zhu C, Wetherill L, Edenberg HJ, Johnson E, Degenhardt L, Agrawal A, Martin NG, Nelson E, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J, Farrer LA. Genome-wide association study of phenotypes measuring progression from first cocaine or opioid use to dependence reveals novel risk genes. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2021; 2:60-73. [PMID: 34124712 DOI: 10.37349/emed.2021.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Substance use disorders (SUD) result in substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Opioids, and to a lesser extent cocaine, contribute to a large percentage of this health burden. Despite their high heritability, few genetic risk loci have been identified for either opioid or cocaine dependence (OD or CD, respectively). A genome-wide association study of OD and CD related phenotypes reflecting the time between first self-reported use of these substances and a first DSM-IV dependence diagnosis was conducted. Methods Cox proportional hazards regression in a discovery sample of 6,188 African-Americans (AAs) and 6,835 European-Americans (EAs) participants in a genetic study of multiple substance dependence phenotypes were used to test for association between genetic variants and these outcomes. The top findings were tested for replication in two independent cohorts. Results In the discovery sample, three independent regions containing variants associated with time to dependence at P < 5 x 10-8 were identified, one (rs61835088 = 1.03 x 10-8) for cocaine in the combined EA-AA meta-analysis in the gene FAM78B on chromosome 1, and two for opioids in the AA portion of the sample in intergenic regions of chromosomes 4 (rs4860439, P = 1.37 x 10-8) and 9 (rs7032521, P = 3.30 x 10-8). After meta-analysis with data from the replication cohorts, the signal at rs61835088 improved (HR = 0.87, P = 3.71 x 10-9 and an intergenic SNP on chromosome 21 (rs2825295, HR = 1.14, P = 2.57 x 10-8) that missed the significance threshold in the AA discovery sample became genome-wide significant (GWS) for CD. Conclusions Although the two GWS variants are not in genes with obvious links to SUD biology and have modest effect sizes, they are statistically robust and show evidence for association in independent samples. These results may point to novel pathways contributing to disease progression and highlight the utility of related phenotypes to better understand the genetics of SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sherva
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Congcong Zhu
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Leah Wetherill
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Emma Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Elliot Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and VISN 4 MIRECC, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Departments of Psychiatry, Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Sanvisens A, Hernández-Rubio A, Zuluaga P, Fuster D, Papaseit E, Galan S, Farré M, Muga R. Long-Term Outcomes of Patients With Cocaine Use Disorder: A 18-years Addiction Cohort Study. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:625610. [PMID: 33679404 PMCID: PMC7930813 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.625610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD) has been associated with multiple complications and premature death. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the relationship between baseline medical comorbidity and long-term medical outcomes (i.e., hospitalization, death) in a cohort of patients primarily admitted for detoxification. In addition, we aimed to analyze cause-specific mortality. Methods: longitudinal study in CUD patients admitted for detoxification between 2001 and 2018. Substance use characteristics, laboratory parameters and medical comorbidity by VACS Index were assessed at admission. Follow-up and health-related outcomes were ascertained through visits and e-health records. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models were used to analyze survival and predictors of hospitalization and death. Results: 175 patients (77.7% men) were included. Age at admission was 35 years [IQR: 30–41 years], 59.4% of the patients being intranasal users, 33.5% injectors, and 7.1% smokers. Almost 23% of patients had concomitant alcohol use disorder, 39% were cannabis users and 9% opiate users. The median VACS Index score on admission was 10 points [IQR: 0–22]. After 12 years [IQR: 8.6–15 years] of follow-up there were 1,292 (80.7%) ED admissions and 308 (19.3%) hospitalizations. The incidence rate of ED admission and hospitalization was 18.6 × 100 p-y (95% CI: 15.8–21.8 × 100 p-y). Mortality rate was 1.4 × 100 p-y (95% CI: 0.9–2.0 × 100 p-y) and, baseline comorbidity predicted hospitalization and mortality: those with VACS Index >40 were 3.5 times (HR:3.52, 95% CI: 1.19–10.4) more likely to dye with respect to patients with VACS < 20. Conclusion: addiction care warrants optimal stratification of medical comorbidity to improve health outcomes and survival of CUD patients seeking treatment of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantza Sanvisens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol-IGTP, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Badalona, Spain
| | - Anna Hernández-Rubio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol-IGTP, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Badalona, Spain
| | - Paola Zuluaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol-IGTP, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Badalona, Spain
| | - Daniel Fuster
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol-IGTP, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Badalona, Spain
| | - Esther Papaseit
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol-IGTP, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Sara Galan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol-IGTP, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Badalona, Spain
| | - Magí Farré
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol-IGTP, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Robert Muga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol-IGTP, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Department of Medicine, Badalona, Spain
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Iturralde E, Slama N, Kline-Simon AH, Young-Wolff KC, Mordecai D, Sterling SA. Premature mortality associated with severe mental illness or substance use disorder in an integrated health care system. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2021; 68:1-6. [PMID: 33227668 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research has reported shortened lifespans (by 15-30 years) for those with severe mental illness (SMI) or substance use disorder (SUD), particularly among public mental health treatment consumers. We assessed SMI- and SUD-associated mortality in the understudied setting of a large, nonprofit integrated health care system. METHOD This retrospective cohort study examined 2010-2017 health system and death records for 564,592 adult patients. Half had SMI/SUD diagnosis; half were a demographically matched comparison group without SMI, other mental health, or SUD diagnoses. We estimated mortality risks, adjusting for demographic and physical health factors. RESULTS Having SMI or SUD was associated with higher odds of death (adjusted odds ratio = 1.87) and an average 6.3 years of earlier death relative to comparison individuals. Co-occurring SMI and SUD conferred higher mortality risk from major natural and unnatural causes than did SMI with no SUD. CONCLUSIONS Some indicators of premature mortality were lower than those reported for U.S. public mental health consumers, but risk level varied widely by diagnosis. While patients' having insurance and broad access to care may lower risk, access to care may be insufficient to overcome the many patient-, provider-, and system-level factors contributing to poor physical health in SMI and SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esti Iturralde
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, United States of America.
| | - Natalie Slama
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, United States of America
| | - Andrea H Kline-Simon
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, United States of America
| | - Kelly C Young-Wolff
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, United States of America
| | - Don Mordecai
- The Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 1950 Franklin Street, Oakland, CA 94612, United States of America
| | - Stacy A Sterling
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, United States of America
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Tiet QQ, Moos RH. Screen of drug use: Diagnostic accuracy for stimulant use disorder. Addict Behav 2021; 112:106614. [PMID: 32896784 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Stimulant misuse, overdose, and related deaths have increased dramatically. Identifying and referring individuals with stimulant use disorder to treatment may reduce misuse and overdose. This study validated the 2-item Screen of Drug Use (SoDU; Tiet et al., 2015) to screen for stimulant use disorder (and for cocaine and amphetamine use disorders) in a VA primary care setting, and to establish its concurrent diagnostic validity among diverse subgroups of patients, including age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, educational level, and PTSD status. METHODS Archival data from 1283 VA primary care patients recruited in California were examined. This predominantly male sample matched general VA primary care patient population characteristics. A total of 79 individuals (6.2%) met criteria for a stimulant use disorder. The criterion for having a stimulant use disorder was a DSM-IV cocaine use disorder and/or amphetamine use disorder diagnosis based on the Mini International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS For stimulant use disorder, the 2-item SoDU was 93.67% sensitive (95% confidence interval [CI], 85.84%-97.91%), and 89.12% specific (95% CI, 87.22%-90.82%). When tested in diverse subgroups of patients, the sensitivity ranged from 66.67% to 100% and specificity ranged from 76.81% to 94.17%. When a follow-up question was added, the sensitivity was unchanged and the specificity was 99%, with lower false positive rate. CONCLUSIONS The SoDU, especially with a follow-up question, is an appropriate instrument for routine screening of stimulant use disorder in VA primary care settings. It has good concurrent diagnostic validity for diverse groups of patients.
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Murphy L, Lyons S, O'Sullivan M, Lynn E. Risk factors for completed suicide among people who use drugs: A scoping review protocol. HRB Open Res 2020; 3:45. [DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.13098.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Research over the past several decades has shown an increased risk for completed suicide among people who use drugs (PWUD). However, no study to date has attempted to summarise the available literature on the variety of risk factors associated with this increased risk. This paper presents a protocol for a scoping review that aims to systematically map and synthesise the extent and nature of published, unpublished and grey literature related to risk factors for suicide among PWUD. Methods: The following six-stage methodological framework for scoping reviews proposed by Arksey and O’Malley with enhancements by Levac and colleagues will be used: (1) identifying the research question, (2) identifying relevant studies, (3) study selection, (4) charting/mapping the data, (5) collating, summarising and reporting results and (6) expert consultation. The review will be conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Key inclusion and exclusion criteria will be developed to guide literature screening and data charting. Three reviewers will conduct the initial screening of published, unpublished and grey literature. Identified risk factors will be collated, summarised and categorised iteratively by two independent reviewers. Stakeholder consultation will occur with experts from a national steering committee, a national advisory group, a national suicide prevention centre and a European drug monitoring centre. Conclusion: Collating and thematically categorising the various risk factors for suicide among this high-risk group will hold important implications for future research, policy and practice. The research will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed academic journal and a conference presentation, and by sharing the findings with key stakeholders working within research, policy-making and professional practice contexts.
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Arenas DJ, Beltran S, Zhou S, Goldberg LR. Cocaine, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19795. [PMID: 33188223 PMCID: PMC7666138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the cardiotoxic effects of cocaine are universally recognized, the association between cocaine and cardiomyopathy and/or heart failure is poorly understood. To conduct a comprehensive review and meta-analysis on the association between cocaine, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy, we first conducted a broad-term search in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus for human studies containing primary data on the relationship between cocaine and heart failure or cardiomyopathy. We were interested in studies with data beyond acute coronary syndromes. Retrieved studies were grouped into different categories based on possible hypotheses to test by meta-analysis. A second search with specific terms was then conducted. For grouped studies with sufficient clinical and methodological homogeneity, effect sizes were calculated and combined for meta-analysis by the Random Effects model. There is in general a need for more primary data studies that investigate heart failure and/or cardiomyopathy in cocaine users for mechanisms independent of ischemia. There were, however, enough studies to combine by meta-analyses that showed that chronic cocaine use is associated with anatomical and functional changes more consistent with diastolic heart failure instead of the commonly taught dilated cardiomyopathy pathway. In patients without a history of ACS, chronic cocaine use was not associated with significantly reduced EF. The few studies on acute cocaine had conflicting results on whether single-dose intravascular cocaine results in acute heart failure. Studies identified that included beta-blockade therapy in cocaine users with cardiac disease suggest that beta-blockers are not unsafe and that may be effective in the treatment of cocaine-associated heart failure. Chronic cocaine use is associated with anatomical and physiological changes of the heart muscle that are potentially reversible with beta-blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Arenas
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Sourik Beltran
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Sara Zhou
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Lee R Goldberg
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
- Penn Medicine Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Center, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, 11-171 South Tower, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Translational study of the whole transcriptome in rats and genetic polymorphisms in humans identifies LRP1B and VPS13A as key genes involved in tolerance to cocaine-induced motor disturbances. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:381. [PMID: 33159041 PMCID: PMC7648099 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor disturbances strongly increase the burden of cocaine use disorder (CUDs). The objective of our translational study was to identify the genes and biological pathways underlying the tolerance to cocaine-induced motor effects. In a 5-day protocol measuring motor tolerance to cocaine in rats (N = 40), modeling the motor response to cocaine in patients, whole-genome RNA sequencing was conducted on the ventral and dorsal striatum to prioritize a genetic association study in 225 patients with severe CUD who underwent thorough phenotypic (cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion, CIH; and cocaine-induced stereotypies, CIS) and genotypic [571,000 polymorphisms (SNPs)] characterization. We provide a comprehensive description of the rat striatal transcriptomic response to cocaine in our paradigm. Repeated vs. acute cocaine binge administration elicited 27 differentially expressed genes in the ventral striatum and two in the dorsal striatum. One gene, Lrp1b, was differentially expressed in both regions. In patients, LRP1B was significantly associated with both CIS and CIH. CIH was also associated with VPS13A, a gene involved in a severe neurological disorder characterized by hyperkinetic movements. The LRP1B minor allele rs7568970 had a significant protective effect against CIS (558 SNPs, Bonferroni-corrected p = 0.02) that resisted adjustment for confounding factors, including the amount of cocaine use (adjusted beta = -0.965 and -2.35 for heterozygotes and homozygotes, respectively, p < 0.01). Using hypothesis-free prioritization of candidate genes along with thorough methodology in both the preclinical and human analysis pipelines, we provide reliable evidence that LRP1B and VPS13A are involved in the motor tolerance to cocaine in CUD patients, in line with their known pathophysiology.
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Smith P, N'Diaye K, Fortias M, Mallet L, Vorspan F. I can't get it off my mind: Attentional bias in former and current cocaine addiction. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:1218-1225. [PMID: 32842838 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120944161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine addiction is a global health issue with limited therapeutic options and a high relapse rate. Attentional bias towards substance-related cues may be an important factor for relapse. However, it has never been compared in former and current cocaine-dependent patients. METHODS Attentional bias towards cocaine-related words was assessed using an emotional Stroop task in cocaine-dependent patients (N = 40), long-term abstinent former cocaine-dependent patients (N = 24; mean abstinence: 2 years) and control subjects (N = 28). Participants had to name the colour of cocaine-related words, neutral words and colour names. We assessed response times using an automatic voice-onset detection method we developed and we measured attentional bias as the difference in response times between cocaine-related and neutral conditions. RESULTS There was an overall group effect on attentional bias towards cocaine, but no group effect on the colour Stroop effect. Two-by-two comparison showed a difference in attentional bias between cocaine-dependent patients and controls, whereas long-term abstinent former cocaine-dependent patients were not different from either. Although cocaine-dependent patients showed a significant attentional bias, consistent with the literature, neither long-term abstinent former cocaine-dependent patients nor controls showed a significant attentional bias towards cocaine-related words. We found no link between attentional bias size and either addiction severity or craving. CONCLUSIONS Cocaine abstinence was associated with an absence of significant attentional bias towards cocaine-related words, which may be interpreted either as an absence of attentional bias predicting success in maintaining abstinence, or as attentional bias being able to disappear with long-term cocaine abstinence. Further research is needed to distinguish the role of attentional bias in maintaining abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Smith
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Karim N'Diaye
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Maeva Fortias
- Département de psychiatrie et de médecine addictologique, hôpital Fernand Widal, Paris, France
| | - Luc Mallet
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pôle de psychiatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Créteil, France.,Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Global Health Institute, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florence Vorspan
- Département de psychiatrie et de médecine addictologique, hôpital Fernand Widal, Paris, France.,Inserm UMRS-1144, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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Greve D, Funke J, Khairi T, Montagner M, Starck C, Falk V, Sá MPBO, Kurz SD. Cocaine-Related Aortic Dissection: what do we know? Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 35:764-769. [PMID: 33118742 PMCID: PMC7598981 DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2020-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cocaine use is known to be associated with an increased risk for vascular diseases. It is likely to trigger or increase the risk for an aortic dissection. We conducted an analysis of 45 cases of cocaine-related aortic dissection to further characterize the clinical features and outcomes of this patient cohort. Methods Our study cohort of 45 patients consisted of 11 cases from our institutional database and 34 published case reports. Results The observed cases of acute aortic dissection related to cocaine use showed a high proportion of young (41.3±8.67 years) and male (88.9%) patients. Most of the cases (75%) were classified as Stanford type A. Also, in 75% of the cases, cocaine use was prevalent for more than one year. Median time from last cocaine use to onset of symptoms was one hour. In-hospital mortality was 21.4%, while additional 11.9% of the cases died before arriving at the hospital. Conclusion Acute aortic dissection related to cocaine use occurs in predominantly young male patients and has a dismal outcome when compared to all comer series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Greve
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Berlin Germany Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joana Funke
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Berlin Germany Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Heart Center Berlin Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery Berlin Germany Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tiam Khairi
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Berlin Germany Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Heart Center Berlin Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery Berlin Germany Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matteo Montagner
- German Heart Center Berlin Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery Berlin Germany Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Starck
- German Heart Center Berlin Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery Berlin Germany Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volkmar Falk
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Berlin Germany Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Heart Center Berlin Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery Berlin Germany Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Berlin Germany DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany.,Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Department of Health Science and Technology Zurich Switzerland Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michel Pompeu B O Sá
- Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE) Pronto-Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE) Division of Cardiovascular Surgery Recife Brazil Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pronto-Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Stephan D Kurz
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Berlin Germany Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Heart Center Berlin Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery Berlin Germany Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Winhusen T, Theobald J, Kaelber DC, Lewis D. The association between regular cocaine use, with and without tobacco co-use, and adverse cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 214:108136. [PMID: 32623147 PMCID: PMC7423623 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the potential impact of cocaine use on health is increasingly important as cocaine use rises in the U.S. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the associations of regular cocaine use, with and without tobacco co-use, with cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes. METHODS Analysis of a limited dataset obtained through IBM Watson Health Explorys, a platform integrating electronic health record data. Matched controls were defined for: 1) cocaine-using patients (n = 8244; 44 % female); and subgroups of cocaine-using patients: 2) with an encounter diagnosis for tobacco use disorder (TUD; n = 4706); and 3) without a TUD diagnosis (non-TUD; n = 3538). Patients had at least one documented medical evaluation in the MetroHealth System (Cleveland, Ohio). Cocaine-using patients had an encounter diagnosis of cocaine abuse/dependence and/or ≥2 cocaine-positive drug screens. Control patients, with no documented cocaine-use, were matched to the cocaine-using patients on demographics, residential zip code median income, body mass index, and, for the total sample, TUD-status. Outcomes were encounter diagnosis (yes/no) of cerebrovascular accident, heart arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, subarachnoid hemorrhage, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, and all-cause mortality. RESULTS TUD-patients had the greatest prevalence of cardiovascular and respiratory disease, regardless of cocaine-use indication. In the total sample, TUD, and non-TUD subgroups, regular cocaine use was significantly associated with greater risk for cerebrovascular accident, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, asthma, COPD, pneumonia and mortality. CONCLUSIONS Cocaine use is associated with significantly greater risk of adverse cardiovascular and respiratory diagnoses and all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Winhusen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3131 Harvey Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Addiction Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3131 Harvey Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Jeff Theobald
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3131 Harvey Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Addiction Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3131 Harvey Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - David C Kaelber
- Department of Information Services, The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Departments of Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, and Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; The Center for Clinical Informatics Research and Education, The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3131 Harvey Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Addiction Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3131 Harvey Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Forget B, Icick R, Robert J, Correia C, Prevost MS, Gielen M, Corringer PJ, Bellivier F, Vorspan F, Besson M, Maskos U. Alterations in nicotinic receptor alpha5 subunit gene differentially impact early and later stages of cocaine addiction: a translational study in transgenic rats and patients. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 197:101898. [PMID: 32841724 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a chronic and relapsing disorder with an important genetic component. Human candidate gene association studies showed that the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs16969968 in the α5 subunit (α5SNP) of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), previously associated with increased tobacco dependence, was linked to a lower prevalence of cocaine use disorder (CUD). Three additional SNPs in the α5 subunit, previously shown to modify α5 mRNA levels, were also associated with CUD, suggesting an important role of the subunit in this pathology. To investigate the link between this subunit and CUD, we submitted rats knockout for the α5 subunit gene (α5KO), or carrying the α5SNP, to cocaine self-administration (SA) and showed that the acquisition of cocaine-SA was impaired in α5SNP rats while α5KO rats exhibited enhanced cocaine-induced relapse associated with altered neuronal activity in the nucleus accumbens. In addition, we observed in a human cohort of patients with CUD that the α5SNP was associated with a slower transition from first cocaine use to CUD. We also identified a novel SNP in the β4 nAChR subunit, part of the same gene cluster in the human genome and potentially altering CHRNA5 expression, associated with shorter time to relapse to cocaine use in patients. In conclusion, the α5SNP is protective against CUD by influencing early stages of cocaine exposure while CHRNA5 expression levels may represent a biomarker for the risk to relapse to cocaine use. Drugs modulating α5 containing nAChR activity may thus represent a novel therapeutic strategy against CUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Forget
- Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | - Romain Icick
- Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France; Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 75010, Paris, France; INSERM UMR_S1144, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France; Université Sorbonne - Paris - Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Robert
- Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Caroline Correia
- Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Marie S Prevost
- Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Marc Gielen
- Université Sorbonne - Paris - Cité, Paris, France; Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Corringer
- Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 75010, Paris, France; Université Sorbonne - Paris - Cité, Paris, France; Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Florence Vorspan
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 75010, Paris, France; INSERM UMR_S1144, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France; Université Sorbonne - Paris - Cité, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Besson
- Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | - Uwe Maskos
- Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Murphy L, Lyons S, O'Sullivan M, Lynn E. Risk factors for completed suicide among people who use drugs: A scoping review protocol. HRB Open Res 2020; 3:45. [DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.13098.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Research over the past several decades has shown an increased risk for completed suicide among people who use drugs (PWUD). However, no study to date has attempted to summarise the available literature on the variety of risk factors associated with this increased risk. This paper presents a protocol for a scoping review that aims to systematically map and synthesise the extent and nature of published, unpublished and grey literature related to risk factors for suicide PWUD. Methods: The following six-stage methodological framework for scoping reviews proposed by Arksey and O’Malley with enhancements by Levac and colleagues will be used: (1) identifying the research question, (2) identifying relevant studies, (3) study selection, (4) charting/mapping the data, (5) collating, summarising and reporting results and (6) expert consultation. The review will be conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Key inclusion and exclusion criteria will be developed to guide literature screening and data charting. Three reviewers will conduct the initial screening of published, unpublished and grey literature. Identified risk factors will be collated, summarised and categorised iteratively by two independent reviewers. Stakeholder consultation will occur with experts from a national steering committee, a national advisory group, a national suicide prevention centre and a European drug monitoring centre. Conclusion: Collating and thematically categorising the various risk factors for suicide among this high-risk group will hold important implications for future research, policy and practice. The research will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed academic journal and a conference presentation, and by sharing the findings with key stakeholders working within research, policy-making and professional practice contexts.
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Bórquez A, Rich K, Farrell M, Degenhardt L, McKetin R, Tran LT, Cepeda J, Silva‐Santisteban A, Konda K, Cáceres CF, Kelly S, Altice FL, Martin NK. Integrating HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and harm reduction among men who have sex with men and transgender women to address intersecting harms associated with stimulant use: a modelling study. J Int AIDS Soc 2020; 23 Suppl 1:e25495. [PMID: 32562365 PMCID: PMC7305413 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW), stimulant use is high and has been associated with an increased risk of HIV infection, suicide and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. We used epidemic modelling to investigate these intersecting health harms among MSM/TW in Lima, Peru and assess whether they could be mitigated by prioritizing HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and harm reduction interventions among MSM/TW who use stimulants. METHODS We adapted a dynamic model of HIV transmission among MSM/TW in Lima to incorporate stimulant use and increased HIV risk, suicide and CVD mortality. Among 6% to 24% of MSM/TW using stimulants (mostly cocaine), we modelled an increased risk of unprotected anal sex (RR = 1.35 [95%CI: 1.17 to 1.57]) obtained from local data, and increased risk of suicide (SMR = 6.26 [95%CI: 2.84 to 13.80]) and CVD (SMR = 1.83 [95%CI: 0.39 to 8.57]) mortality associated with cocaine use based on a global systematic review. We estimated the proportion of health harms occurring among MSM/TW who use stimulants in the next year (01-2020/01-2021). We also investigated the 10-year impact (01-2020/01-2030) of: (1) PrEP prioritization for stimulant-using MSM/TW compared to random allocation, and (2) integrating PrEP with a theoretical intervention halving stimulant-associated risk. RESULTS MSM/TW in Lima will experience high HIV incidence, suicide mortality and CVD mortality (1.6/100 py, and 0.018/100 py, 0.13/100 py respectively) in 2020. Despite stimulant using MSM/TW comprising an estimated 9.5% (95%CI: 7.8 to 11.5) of all MSM/TW, in the next year, 11% 95%CI (i.e. 2.5% to 97.5% percentile) 10% to 13%) of new HIV infections, 39% (95%CI: 18% to 60%) of suicides and 15% (95%CI: 3% to 44%) of CVD deaths could occur among this group. Scaling up PrEP among all stimulant using MSM/TW could prevent 19% (95%CI: 11% to 31%) more HIV infections over 10 years compared to random allocation. Integrating PrEP and an intervention to halve stimulant-associated risks could reduce new HIV infections by 20% (95%CI: 10% to 37%), suicide deaths by 14% (95%CI: 5% to 27%) and CVD deaths by 3% (95%CI: 0% to 16%) over a decade. CONCLUSIONS MSM/TW who use stimulants experience a disproportionate burden of health harms. Prioritizing PrEP based on stimulant use, in addition to sexual behaviour/gender identity criteria, could increase its impact. Integrated substance use, harm reduction, mental health and HIV care among MSM/TW is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Bórquez
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- National Drug and Alcohol Research CenterUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | | | - Michael Farrell
- National Drug and Alcohol Research CenterUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research CenterUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Rebecca McKetin
- National Drug and Alcohol Research CenterUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Lucy T. Tran
- National Drug and Alcohol Research CenterUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Javier Cepeda
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Alfonso Silva‐Santisteban
- Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinaria en SexualidadSIDA y SociedadUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLimaPeru
| | - Kelika Konda
- Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinaria en SexualidadSIDA y SociedadUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLimaPeru
| | - Carlos F. Cáceres
- Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinaria en SexualidadSIDA y SociedadUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaLimaPeru
| | - Sherrie Kelly
- Modelling and BiostatisticsBurnet InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Frederick L. Altice
- National Drug and Alcohol Research CenterUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
- Yale University Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDSNew HavenCTUSA
- Centre of Excellence in Research on AIDSFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Natasha K. Martin
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Population Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
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Ebenau A, Dijkstra B, ter Huurne C, Hasselaar J, Vissers K, Groot M. Palliative care for patients with substance use disorder and multiple problems: a qualitative study on experiences of healthcare professionals, volunteers and experts-by-experience. BMC Palliat Care 2020; 19:8. [PMID: 31937289 PMCID: PMC6961318 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-019-0502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little information about how healthcare professionals feel about providing palliative care for patients with a substance use disorder (SUD). Therefore, this study aims to explore: 1) the problems and needs experienced by healthcare professionals, volunteers and experts-by-experience (HCP/VE) during their work with patients with SUD in a palliative care trajectory and; 2) to make suggestions for improvements using the quality of care model by Donabedian (Structure, Process, Outcome). METHODS A qualitative study was conducted, consisting of six focus group interviews which consisted of HCP/VE working with patients with SUD in a palliative care phase. At the end of the focus group interviews, participants structured and summarized their experiences within a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) framework. Interview transcripts (other than the SWOT) were analysed by the researchers following procedures from the Grounded Theory Approach ('Grounded Theory Lite'). SWOT-findings were not subjected to in-depth analysis. RESULTS HCP/VE stated that within the Structure of care, care networks are fragmented and HCP/VE often lack knowledge about patients' multiplicity of problems and the time to unravel these. Communication with this patient group appears limited. The actual care-giving Process requires HCP/VE a lot of creativity and time spent seeking for cooperation with other caregivers and appropriate care settings. The latter is often hindered by stigma. Since no formalized knowledge is available, care-delivery is often exclusively experience-based. Pain-medication is often ineffective due to active substance use. Finally, several Outcomes were brought forward: Firstly, a palliative care phase is often identified only at a late stage. Secondly, education and a (mobile) team of expertise are desired. Thirdly, care for the caregivers themselves is often de-prioritized. CONCLUSIONS Better integration and collaboration between the different professionals with extensive experience in addiction, palliative and general curative care is imperative to assure good palliative care for patients with SUD. Currently, the resources for this care appear to be insufficient. Development of an educational program and social mapping may be the first steps in improving palliative care for patients with severe SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ebenau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Care, Radboudumc Expertise centre for Pain and Palliative Medicine, Internal Post 549, Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Salvation Army, Central Netherlands, Zandvoortweg 211, 3741 BE Baarn, The Netherlands
| | - Boukje Dijkstra
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), Postbus 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal ter Huurne
- Tactus Addiction Care, Lokatie Ripperdastraat, Ripperdastraat 8, 7511 JR Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hasselaar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Care, Radboudumc Expertise centre for Pain and Palliative Medicine, Internal Post 549, Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kris Vissers
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Care, Radboudumc Expertise centre for Pain and Palliative Medicine, Internal Post 549, Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Groot
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Care, Radboudumc Expertise centre for Pain and Palliative Medicine, Internal Post 549, Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Levine D, Horesh D. Suicidality in Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:535368. [PMID: 33173505 PMCID: PMC7538832 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.535368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM), a poorly understood rheumatic condition, is characterized by chronic pain and psychiatric comorbidities, most notably depression and anxiety. Additional symptoms include sleep difficulties, fatigue, and various cognitive impairments. Furthermore, FM is surrounded by social stigma, due to the unclear nature and etiology of this condition. While there is widespread evidence for the emotional and psychological suffering of those with FM, the scope of suicidality, as well as the underlying factors that are associated with suicidal ideation and behavior among this population, are not well understood. The present review, which is the first of its kind, aims to summarize existing data on the prevalence of suicide-related outcomes among FM patients, highlight factors associated with suicidal ideation and behavior in FM, and identify gaps in the literature to better inform research and clinical care. Studies were extracted from the literature that measured suicidal ideation, attempted suicide, and/or completed suicide among FM patients. Results indicated that both suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior were prevalent among individuals suffering from FM. Psychiatric comorbidity, sleep difficulties, and inpatient hospitalization were associated with both suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior. Functional impairment was associated with suicidal ideation in FM. Factors associated with higher levels of suicidal behavior in FM included female gender, unemployment and lower income, medical comorbidity, and drug dependence. While an understanding of currently recognized risk factors is important for improving FM research and clinical care, some clear methodological and conceptual limitations of the reviewed studies were identified. Future work should focus on longitudinal studies, as well as on gaining a better biological and psychological understanding of the underpinnings of FM and suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Levine
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Danny Horesh
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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Farrell M, Martin NK, Stockings E, Bórquez A, Cepeda JA, Degenhardt L, Ali R, Tran LT, Rehm J, Torrens M, Shoptaw S, McKetin R. Responding to global stimulant use: challenges and opportunities. Lancet 2019; 394:1652-1667. [PMID: 31668409 PMCID: PMC6924572 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We did a global review to synthesise data on the prevalence, harms, and interventions for stimulant use, focusing specifically on the use of cocaine and amphetamines. Modelling estimated the effect of cocaine and amphetamine use on mortality, suicidality, and blood borne virus incidence. The estimated global prevalence of cocaine use was 0·4% and amphetamine use was 0·7%, with dependence affecting 16% of people who used cocaine and 11% of those who used amphetamine. Stimulant use was associated with elevated mortality, increased incidence of HIV and hepatitis C infection, poor mental health (suicidality, psychosis, depression, and violence), and increased risk of cardiovascular events. No effective pharmacotherapies are available that reduce stimulant use, and the available psychosocial interventions (except for contingency management) had a weak overall effect. Generic approaches can address mental health and blood borne virus infection risk if better tailored to mitigate the harms associated with stimulant use. Substantial and sustained investment is needed to develop more effective interventions to reduce stimulant use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Farrell
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Natasha K Martin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emily Stockings
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Annick Bórquez
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Javier A Cepeda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Ali
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lucy Thi Tran
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute Mental Health Policy Research & Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Epidemiological Research Unit, Technische Universität Dresden, Klinische Psychologie & Psychotherapie, Dresden, Germany; Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marta Torrens
- Addiction Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steve Shoptaw
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca McKetin
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Fleshner MJ, Kennedy AJ, Veldkamp PJ, Childers JW. Would You Be Surprised If This Patient Died This Year? Advance Care Planning in Substance Use Disorders. J Gen Intern Med 2019; 34:2630-2633. [PMID: 31385207 PMCID: PMC6848370 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-019-05223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary care physicians are increasingly incorporating screening tools for substance use disorders (SUDs) and referral to treatment into their practice. Despite efforts to provide access to treatment, patients with SUDs remain at an increased risk of mortality, both from overdose and from general medical conditions. Advance care planning (ACP) is recommended for patients with chronic, progressive medical conditions such as malignancies or heart failure. Though SUDs are widely acknowledged to be chronic diseases associated with an increased risk of mortality, there has been little discussion on ACP in this population. ACP is a discussion regarding future care, often including selection of a surrogate decision-maker and completion of an advanced directive. ACP has been associated with better quality of end-of-life and care more consistent with patient preferences. Studies in other vulnerable populations have shown that marginalized and high-risk individuals may be less likely to receive ACP. Similarly, patients with SUDs may employ different decision-makers than that defined by law (i.e., friend vs. family member), increasing the importance of discussing patient values and social structure. Physicians should routinely conduct ACP conversations with patients with SUDs, especially those with chronic, progressive medical conditions and/or severe, uncontrolled substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Fleshner
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Amy J Kennedy
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Peter J Veldkamp
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Julie W Childers
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA.,Section of Palliative Care and Medical Ethics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA
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Winhusen T, Theobald J, Kaelber DC, Lewis D. Medical complications associated with substance use disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension: electronic health record findings. Addiction 2019; 114:1462-1470. [PMID: 30851217 PMCID: PMC6626564 DOI: 10.1111/add.14607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Screening for substance use disorder (SUD) in general medical settings may be particularly important in patients with comorbid health conditions exacerbated by SUD. This study evaluated whether SUD is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) complications in patients with co-occurring T2DM and hypertension. DESIGN Analysis of a limited data set obtained through IBM Watson Health Explorys, a platform integrating data from electronic health records. Matched controls were defined for each of five SUDs: tobacco use disorder (TUD), opioid use disorder (OUD), cocaine use disorder, cannabis use disorder (CUD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) using Mahalanobis distance within propensity score calipers. SETTING All patients were seen in the MetroHealth System (Cleveland, OH, USA) and had diagnosis codes for T2DM and hypertension. PARTICIPANTS SUD group participants had a diagnosis of abuse/dependence for the substance of interest. Controls for each SUD group had no diagnosis code related to the SUD of interest and were selected to match the SUD patients on demographics, residential zip code median income and body mass index. Total sample sizes for each SUD-control comparison ranged from 1160 for CUD to 22 128 for TUD. MEASUREMENTS Outcome was diagnosis (yes/no) of four T2DM complications (cerebrovascular accident, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic renal disease, myocardial infarction) and all-cause mortality. FINDINGS Logistic regressions revealed that SUD was significantly associated with greater risk of cerebrovascular accident [TUD odds ratio (OR) = 1.79, OUD-OR = 1.94, cocaine use disorder OR = 2.67], diabetic neuropathy [TUD-adjusted OR (aOR) = 1.47, cocaine use disorder-aOR = 1.35, AUD-aOR = 1.27], diabetic renal disease (TUD-aOR = 1.25, OUD-OR = 1.34), myocardial infarction (TUD-OR = 1.96, OUD-OR = 2.01, cocaine use disorder-OR = 2.68, CUD-OR = 2.48, AUD-OR = 1.42) and mortality (TUD-OR = 1.15, cocaine use disorder-OR = 1.61, CUD-OR = 1.49, AUD-OR = 1.35). CONCLUSIONS Among patients in Ohio USA with both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension, those with substance use disorders appear to have greater risk for T2DM complications and all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Winhusen
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3131 Harvey Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jeff Theobald
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3131 Harvey Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - David C. Kaelber
- Department of Information Services, The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio, USA,Departments of Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, and Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;,The Center for Clinical Informatics Research and Education, The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel Lewis
- Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3131 Harvey Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Ebenau A, Dijkstra B, Ter Huurne C, Hasselaar J, Vissers K, Groot M. Palliative care for people with substance use disorder and multiple problems: a qualitative study on experiences of patients and proxies. BMC Palliat Care 2019; 18:56. [PMID: 31299956 PMCID: PMC6626397 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-019-0443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Systematic research into palliative care (PC) for people with substance use disorder (SUD) and multiple problems is scarce. The existing literature shows problems in the organizational structure of this care, e.g., lack of clear care pathways. Furthermore, negative attitudes of healthcare professionals (HCPs) and stigmatization surrounding SUD, and patients’ care-avoidance and non-disclosure of substance use are hindering factors in providing timely and person-centered PC. Furthermore, the experiences and needs of patients and proxies themselves are unknown. Therefore, this study aims to explore which problems and needs patients with SUD and multiple problems, and their proxies, experience in a PC phase. Methods Data-collection of this qualitative study consisted of semi-structured interviews with patients with SUD and multiple problems in a PC phase, and their proxies, about their experiences in PC and their well-being. Interviews were inductively analyzed. Results Nine patients and three proxies were included. Six patients suffered from COPD, one patient from cirrhosis of the liver and two patients from both. Seven patients stayed in a nursing home and two had a room in either a social care service (hostel) or an assisted living home where medical care was provided. Five themes were identified: 1) healthcare delivery (including HCPs behaviour and values); 2) end-of-life (EOL) preferences (mostly concerning only the individual patient and the ‘here-and-the-now’); 3) multidimensional problems; 4) coping (active and passive) and; 5) closed communication. Proxies’ experiences with healthcare differed. Emotionally, they were all burdened by their histories with the patients. Conclusions This study shows that talking about and anticipating on PC with this patient-group appears hard due to patients’ closed and avoiding communication. Furthermore, some of patients’ EOL-preferences and needs, and coping-strategies, seem to differ from the more generally-accepted ideas and practices. Therefore, educating HCPs in communicating with this patient-group, is needed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12904-019-0443-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ebenau
- Department of Anaesthesiology Pain and Palliative Care Expertise Centre for Palliative Care, Internal Post 549, Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Salvation Army, Central Netherlands, Zandvoortweg 211, 3741 BE, Baarn, The Netherlands.
| | - Boukje Dijkstra
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), Radboud Universiteit, Postbus 9104, 6500 HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Ter Huurne
- Tactus Addiction Care, Location Ripperdastraat, Ripperdastraat 8, 7511 JR, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hasselaar
- Department of Anaesthesiology Pain and Palliative Care Expertise Centre for Palliative Care, Internal Post 549, Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kris Vissers
- Department of Anaesthesiology Pain and Palliative Care Expertise Centre for Palliative Care, Internal Post 549, Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Groot
- Department of Anaesthesiology Pain and Palliative Care Expertise Centre for Palliative Care, Internal Post 549, Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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50
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Barocas JA, Wang J, Marshall BD, LaRochelle MR, Bettano A, Bernson D, Beckwith CG, Linas BP, Walley AY. Sociodemographic factors and social determinants associated with toxicology confirmed polysubstance opioid-related deaths. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 200:59-63. [PMID: 31100636 PMCID: PMC6588486 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS While prescribed and illicit opioid use are primary drivers of the national surges in overdose deaths, opioid overdose deaths in which stimulants are also present are increasing in the U.S. We determined the social determinants and sociodemographic factors associated with opioid-only versus polysubstance opioid overdose deaths in Massachusetts. Particular attention was focused on the role of stimulants in opioid overdose deaths. METHODS We analyzed all opioid-related overdose deaths from 2014 to 2015 in an individually-linked population database in Massachusetts. We used linked postmortem toxicology data to identify drugs present at the time of death. We constructed a multinomial logistic regression model to identify factors associated with three mutually exclusive overdose death groups based on toxicological results: opioid-related deaths with (1) opioids only present, (2) opioids and other substances not including stimulants, and (3) opioids and stimulants with or without other substances. RESULTS Between 2014 and 2015, there were 2,244 opioid-related overdose deaths in Massachusetts that had accompanying toxicology results. Toxicology reports indicated that 17% had opioids only, 36% had opioids plus stimulants, and 46% had opioids plus another non-stimulant substance. Persons older than 24 years, non-rural residents, those with comorbid mental illness, non-Hispanic black residents, and persons with recent homelessness were more likely than their counterparts to die with opioids and stimulants than opioids alone. CONCLUSIONS Polysubstance opioid overdose is increasingly common in the US. Addressing modifiable social determinants of health, including barriers to mental health services and homelessness, is important to reduce polysubstance use and overdose deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Barocas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center (BMC), 801 Massachusetts Ave, 2 Floor, Boston, MA, USA, 02118;,Boston University School of Medicine, 801 Massachusetts Ave, 2 Floor, Boston, MA, USA, 02118
| | - Jianing Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center (BMC), 801 Massachusetts Ave, 2 Floor, Boston, MA, USA, 02118;,Boston University School of Medicine, 801 Massachusetts Ave, 2 Floor, Boston, MA, USA, 02118
| | - Brandon D.L. Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Room 208, Box G-S121-2, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Marc R. LaRochelle
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, 801 Massachusetts Ave, 2 Floor, Boston, MA, USA, 02118
| | - Amy Bettano
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 250 Washington Street, 6th Floor, Boston, MA, 02108
| | - Dana Bernson
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 250 Washington Street, 6th Floor, Boston, MA, 02108
| | - Curt G. Beckwith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and the Miriam Hospital, 1125 N Main St, Providence, RI 02906
| | - Benjamin P. Linas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center (BMC), 801 Massachusetts Ave, 2 Floor, Boston, MA, USA, 02118;,Boston University School of Medicine, 801 Massachusetts Ave, 2 Floor, Boston, MA, USA, 02118
| | - Alexander Y. Walley
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, 801 Massachusetts Ave, 2 Floor, Boston, MA, USA, 02118
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