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Godavarthi SK, Li HQ, Pratelli M, Spitzer NC. Embryonic exposure to environmental factors drives transmitter switching in the neonatal mouse cortex causing autistic-like adult behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2406928121. [PMID: 39178233 PMCID: PMC11363343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2406928121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) can be caused by environmental factors. These factors act early in the development of the nervous system and induce stereotyped repetitive behaviors and diminished social interactions, among other outcomes. Little is known about how these behaviors are produced. In pregnant women, delivery of valproic acid (VPA) (to control seizure activity or stabilize mood) or immune activation by a virus increases the incidence of ASD in offspring. We found that either VPA or Poly Inosine:Cytosine (which mimics a viral infection), administered at mouse embryonic day 12.5, induced a neurotransmitter switch from GABA to glutamate in PV- and CCK-expressing interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex by postnatal day 10. The switch was present for only a brief period during early postnatal development, observed in male and female mice at postnatal day 21 and reversed in both males and females by postnatal day 30. At postnatal day 90, male mice exhibited stereotyped repetitive behaviors and diminished social interaction while female mice exhibited only stereotyped repetitive behavior. Transfecting GAD1 in PV- and CCK-expressing interneurons at postnatal day 10, to reintroduce GABA expression, overrode the switch and prevented expression of autistic-like behavior. These findings point to an important role of neurotransmitter switching in mediating the environmental causes of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha K. Godavarthi
- Neurobiology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
- Kavli Institute for Brain & Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Hui-quan Li
- Neurobiology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
- Kavli Institute for Brain & Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Marta Pratelli
- Neurobiology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
- Kavli Institute for Brain & Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Nicholas C. Spitzer
- Neurobiology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
- Kavli Institute for Brain & Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
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2
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Abedini SS, Akhavantabasi S, Liang Y, Heng JIT, Alizadehsani R, Dehzangi I, Bauer DC, Alinejad-Rokny H. A critical review of the impact of candidate copy number variants on autism spectrum disorder. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2024; 794:108509. [PMID: 38977176 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2024.108509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Recent advancements in genomic analysis have shed light on numerous genes associated with ASD, highlighting the significant role of both common and rare genetic mutations, as well as copy number variations (CNVs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and unique de novo variants. These genetic variations disrupt neurodevelopmental pathways, contributing to the disorder's complexity. Notably, CNVs are present in 10 %-20 % of individuals with autism, with 3 %-7 % detectable through cytogenetic methods. While the role of submicroscopic CNVs in ASD has been recently studied, their association with genomic loci and genes has not been thoroughly explored. In this review, we focus on 47 CNV regions linked to ASD, encompassing 1632 genes, including protein-coding genes and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), of which 659 show significant brain expression. Using a list of ASD-associated genes from SFARI, we detect 17 regions harboring at least one known ASD-related protein-coding gene. Of the remaining 30 regions, we identify 24 regions containing at least one protein-coding gene with brain-enriched expression and a nervous system phenotype in mouse mutants, and one lncRNA with both brain-enriched expression and upregulation in iPSC to neuron differentiation. This review not only expands our understanding of the genetic diversity associated with ASD but also underscores the potential of lncRNAs in contributing to its etiology. Additionally, the discovered CNVs will be a valuable resource for future diagnostic, therapeutic, and research endeavors aimed at prioritizing genetic variations in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Sedigheh Abedini
- UNSW BioMedical Machine Learning Lab (BML), The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shiva Akhavantabasi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey; Ghiaseddin Jamshid Kashani University, Andisheh University Town, Danesh Blvd, 3441356611, Abyek, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Yuheng Liang
- UNSW BioMedical Machine Learning Lab (BML), The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Julian Ik-Tsen Heng
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6845, Australia
| | - Roohallah Alizadehsani
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iman Dehzangi
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102, USA; Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
| | - Denis C Bauer
- Transformational Bioinformatics, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Sydney, Australia; Applied BioSciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Australia
| | - Hamid Alinejad-Rokny
- UNSW BioMedical Machine Learning Lab (BML), The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Tyree Institute of Health Engineering (IHealthE), UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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3
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Shekar A, Mabry SJ, Cheng MH, Aguilar JI, Patel S, Zanella D, Saleeby DP, Zhu Y, Romanazzi T, Ulery-Reynolds P, Bahar I, Carter AM, Matthies HJG, Galli A. Syntaxin 1 Ser 14 phosphorylation is required for nonvesicular dopamine release. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd8417. [PMID: 36630507 PMCID: PMC9833662 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add8417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH) is a psychostimulant that is commonly abused. The stimulant properties of AMPH are associated with its ability to increase dopamine (DA) neurotransmission. This increase is promoted by nonvesicular DA release mediated by reversal of DA transporter (DAT) function. Syntaxin 1 (Stx1) is a SNARE protein that is phosphorylated at Ser14 by casein kinase II. We show that Stx1 phosphorylation is critical for AMPH-induced nonvesicular DA release and, in Drosophila melanogaster, regulates the expression of AMPH-induced preference and sexual motivation. Our molecular dynamics simulations of the DAT/Stx1 complex demonstrate that phosphorylation of these proteins is pivotal for DAT to dwell in a DA releasing state. This state is characterized by the breakdown of two key salt bridges within the DAT intracellular gate, causing the opening and hydration of the DAT intracellular vestibule, allowing DA to bind from the cytosol, a mechanism that we hypothesize underlies nonvesicular DA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Shekar
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Samuel J. Mabry
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mary H. Cheng
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jenny I. Aguilar
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shalin Patel
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Daniele Zanella
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David P. Saleeby
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yanqi Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tiziana Romanazzi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Angela M. Carter
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Aurelio Galli
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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4
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Stewart A, Mayer FP, Gowrishankar R, Davis GL, Areal LB, Gresch PJ, Katamish RM, Peart R, Stilley SE, Spiess K, Rabil MJ, Diljohn FA, Wiggins AE, Vaughan RA, Hahn MK, Blakely RD. Behaviorally penetrant, anomalous dopamine efflux exposes sex and circuit dependent regulation of dopamine transporters. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4869-4880. [PMID: 36117213 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01773-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Virtually all neuropsychiatric disorders display sex differences in prevalence, age of onset, and/or clinical symptomology. Although altered dopamine (DA) signaling is a feature of many of these disorders, sex-dependent mechanisms uniquely responsive to DA that drive sex-dependent behaviors remain unelucidated. Previously, we established that anomalous DA efflux (ADE) is a prominent feature of the DA transporter (DAT) variant Val559, a coding substitution identified in two male-biased disorders: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. In vivo, Val559 ADE induces activation of nigrostriatal D2-type DA autoreceptors (D2ARs) that magnifies inappropriate, nonvesicular DA release by elevating phosphorylation and surface trafficking of ADE-prone DAT proteins. Here we demonstrate that DAT Val559 mice exhibit sex-dependent alterations in psychostimulant responses, social behavior, and cognitive performance. In a search for underlying mechanisms, we discovered that the ability of ADE to elicit D2AR regulation of DAT is both sex and circuit-dependent, with dorsal striatum D2AR/DAT coupling evident only in males, whereas D2AR/DAT coupling in the ventral striatum is exclusive to females. Moreover, systemic administration of the D2R antagonist sulpiride, which precludes ADE-driven DAT trafficking, can normalize DAT Val559 behavioral changes unique to each sex and without effects on the opposite sex or wildtype mice. Our studies support the sex- and circuit dependent capacity of D2ARs to regulate DAT as a critical determinant of the sex-biased effects of perturbed DA signaling in neurobehavioral disorders. Moreover, our work provides a cogent example of how a shared biological insult drives alternative physiological and behavioral trajectories as opposed to resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Stewart
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Felix P Mayer
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | - Gwynne L Davis
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Lorena B Areal
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Paul J Gresch
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Rania M Katamish
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Rodeania Peart
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Samantha E Stilley
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Keeley Spiess
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Maximilian J Rabil
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | - Angelica E Wiggins
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Roxanne A Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Maureen K Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Randy D Blakely
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA. .,Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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5
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Biswas D, Kumari N, Lachén-Montes M, Dutta S, Agrawal I, Samanta D, Shenoy SV, Halder A, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Padhye AR, Santamaría E, Srivastava S. Deep Phosphoproteome Landscape of Interhemispheric Functionality of Neuroanatomical Regions of the Human Brain. J Proteome Res 2022; 22:1043-1055. [PMID: 36317652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are one of the compulsive and predominant biological processes that regulate the diverse molecular mechanism, modulate the onset of disease, and are the reason behind the functional diversity of proteins. Despite the widespread research findings in neuroproteomics, one of the key drawbacks has been the lack of proteome-level knowledge of hemispheric lateralization. We have investigated the proteome level expression in different neuroanatomical regions under the Human Brain Proteome Project (HBPP) and developed the global interhemispheric brain proteome map (Brainprot) earlier. Furthermore, this study has extended to decipher the phosphoproteome map of human brain interhemispheric regions through high-resolution mass spectrometry. The phosphoproteomics examination of 12 unique interhemispheric neurological brain regions using Orbitrap fusion liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry provided comprehensive coverage of 996 phosphoproteins, 2010 phosphopeptides, and 3567 phosphosites. Moreover, interhemispheric phosphoproteome profiling has been categorized according to synaptic ontologies and interhemispheric expression to understand the functionality. Finally, we have integrated the phosphosites data under the PhosphoMap section in the Inter-Hemispheric Brain Proteome Map Portal (https://www.brainprot.org/) for the advancement and support of the ongoing neuroproteomics research worldwide. Data is available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD031188.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeptarup Biswas
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai400076, India
| | - Neha Kumari
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai400076, India
| | - Mercedes Lachén-Montes
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sampurna Dutta
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata700032, India
| | - Ishita Agrawal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi221005, India
| | - Debabrata Samanta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal721302, India
| | - Sanjyot Vinayak Shenoy
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai400076, India
| | - Ankit Halder
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai400076, India
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008Pamplona, Spain
| | - Advait Rahul Padhye
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai400076, India
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai400076, India
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6
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Ballardin D, Cruz-Gamero JM, Bienvenu T, Rebholz H. Comparing Two Neurodevelopmental Disorders Linked to CK2: Okur-Chung Neurodevelopmental Syndrome and Poirier-Bienvenu Neurodevelopmental Syndrome—Two Sides of the Same Coin? Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:850559. [PMID: 35693553 PMCID: PMC9182197 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.850559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, variants in the catalytic and regulatory subunits of the kinase CK2 have been found to underlie two different, yet symptomatically overlapping neurodevelopmental disorders, termed Okur-Chung neurodevelopmental syndrome (OCNDS) and Poirier-Bienvenu neurodevelopmental syndrome (POBINDS). Both conditions are predominantly caused by de novo missense or nonsense mono-allelic variants. They are characterized by a generalized developmental delay, intellectual disability, behavioral problems (hyperactivity, repetitive movements and social interaction deficits), hypotonia, motricity and verbalization deficits. One of the main features of POBINDS is epilepsies, which are present with much lower prevalence in patients with OCNDS. While a role for CK2 in brain functioning and development is well acknowledged, these findings for the first time clearly link CK2 to defined brain disorders. Our review will bring together patient data for both syndromes, aiming to link symptoms with genotypes, and to rationalize the symptoms through known cellular functions of CK2 that have been identified in preclinical and biochemical contexts. We will also compare the symptomatology and elaborate the specificities that distinguish the two syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetra Ballardin
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Paris, France
| | - Jose M. Cruz-Gamero
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Bienvenu
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies de Système et d’organe, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Centre Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Heike Rebholz
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Paris, France
- Center of Neurodegeneration, Faculty of Medicine, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
- *Correspondence: Heike Rebholz,
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7
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Davis KW, Bilancia CG, Martin M, Vanzo R, Rimmasch M, Hom Y, Uddin M, Serrano MA. NeuroSCORE is a genome-wide omics-based model that identifies candidate disease genes of the central nervous system. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5427. [PMID: 35361823 PMCID: PMC8971396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08938-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify candidate disease genes of central nervous system (CNS) phenotypes, we created the Neurogenetic Systematic Correlation of Omics-Related Evidence (NeuroSCORE). We identified five genome-wide metrics highly associated with CNS phenotypes to score 19,601 protein-coding genes. Genes scored one point per metric (range: 0-5), identifying 8298 scored genes (scores ≥ 1) and 1601 "high scoring" genes (scores ≥ 3). Using logistic regression, we determined the odds ratio that genes with a NeuroSCORE from 1 to 5 would be associated with known CNS-related phenotypes compared to genes that scored zero. We tested NeuroSCORE using microarray copy number variants (CNVs) in case-control cohorts and aggregate mouse model data. High scoring genes are associated with CNS phenotypes (OR = 5.5, p < 2E-16), enriched in case CNVs, and mouse ortholog genes that cause behavioral and nervous system abnormalities. We identified 1058 high scoring genes with no disease association in OMIM. Transforming the logistic regression results indicates high scoring genes have an 84-92% chance of being associated with a CNS phenotype. Top scoring genes include GRIA1, MAP4K4, SF1, TNPO2, and ZSWIM8. Finally, we interrogated CNVs in the Clinical Genome Resource, finding the majority of clinically significant CNVs contain high scoring genes. These findings can direct future research and improve molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Davis
- Bionano Genomics, Lineagen Division, Inc., 9540 Towne Center, Dr. #100, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Colleen G Bilancia
- Bionano Genomics, Lineagen Division, Inc., 9540 Towne Center, Dr. #100, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Megan Martin
- Bionano Genomics, Lineagen Division, Inc., 9540 Towne Center, Dr. #100, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Rena Vanzo
- Bionano Genomics, Lineagen Division, Inc., 9540 Towne Center, Dr. #100, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Megan Rimmasch
- Bionano Genomics, Lineagen Division, Inc., 9540 Towne Center, Dr. #100, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Yolanda Hom
- Bionano Genomics, Lineagen Division, Inc., 9540 Towne Center, Dr. #100, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Mohammed Uddin
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
- Cellular Intelligence (Ci) Lab, GenomeArc Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Moises A Serrano
- Bionano Genomics, Lineagen Division, Inc., 9540 Towne Center, Dr. #100, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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8
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Philyaw TJ, Rothenfluh A, Titos I. The Use of Drosophila to Understand Psychostimulant Responses. Biomedicines 2022; 10:119. [PMID: 35052798 PMCID: PMC8773124 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The addictive properties of psychostimulants such as cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and methylphenidate are based on their ability to increase dopaminergic neurotransmission in the reward system. While cocaine and methamphetamine are predominately used recreationally, amphetamine and methylphenidate also work as effective therapeutics to treat symptoms of disorders including attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although both the addictive properties of psychostimulant drugs and their therapeutic efficacy are influenced by genetic variation, very few genes that regulate these processes in humans have been identified. This is largely due to population heterogeneity which entails a requirement for large samples. Drosophila melanogaster exhibits similar psychostimulant responses to humans, a high degree of gene conservation, and allow performance of behavioral assays in a large population. Additionally, amphetamine and methylphenidate reduce impairments in fly models of ADHD-like behavior. Therefore, Drosophila represents an ideal translational model organism to tackle the genetic components underlying the effects of psychostimulants. Here, we break down the many assays that reliably quantify the effects of cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and methylphenidate in Drosophila. We also discuss how Drosophila is an efficient and cost-effective model organism for identifying novel candidate genes and molecular mechanisms involved in the behavioral responses to psychostimulant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis James Philyaw
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Iris Titos
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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9
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The dopamine transporter gene SLC6A3: multidisease risks. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1031-1046. [PMID: 34650206 PMCID: PMC9008071 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The human dopamine transporter gene SLC6A3 has been consistently implicated in several neuropsychiatric diseases but the disease mechanism remains elusive. In this risk synthesis, we have concluded that SLC6A3 represents an increasingly recognized risk with a growing number of familial mutants associated with neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. At least five loci were related to common and severe diseases including alcohol use disorder (high activity variant), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (low activity variant), autism (familial proteins with mutated networking) and movement disorders (both regulatory variants and familial mutations). Association signals depended on genetic markers used as well as ethnicity examined. Strong haplotype selection and gene-wide epistases support multimarker assessment of functional variations and phenotype associations. Inclusion of its promoter region's functional markers such as DNPi (rs67175440) and 5'VNTR (rs70957367) may help delineate condensate-based risk action, testing a locus-pathway-phenotype hypothesis for one gene-multidisease etiology.
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10
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Fagan RR, Kearney PJ, Luethi D, Bolden NC, Sitte HH, Emery P, Melikian HE. Dopaminergic Ric GTPase activity impacts amphetamine sensitivity and sleep quality in a dopamine transporter-dependent manner in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7793-7802. [PMID: 34471250 PMCID: PMC8881384 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is required for movement, sleep, and reward, and DA signaling is tightly controlled by the presynaptic DA transporter (DAT). Therapeutic and addictive psychostimulants, including methylphenidate (Ritalin; MPH), cocaine, and amphetamine (AMPH), markedly elevate extracellular DA via their actions as competitive DAT inhibitors (MPH, cocaine) and substrates (AMPH). DAT silencing in mice and invertebrates results in hyperactivity, reduced sleep, and blunted psychostimulant responses, highlighting DAT's essential role in DA-dependent behaviors. DAT surface expression is not static; rather it is dynamically regulated by endocytic trafficking. PKC-stimulated DAT endocytosis requires the neuronal GTPase, Rit2, and Rit2 silencing in mouse DA neurons impacts psychostimulant sensitivity. However, it is unknown whether or not Rit2-mediated changes in psychostimulant sensitivity are DAT-dependent. Here, we leveraged Drosophila melanogaster to test whether the Drosophila Rit2 ortholog, Ric, impacts dDAT function, trafficking, and DA-dependent behaviors. Orthologous to hDAT and Rit2, dDAT and Ric directly interact, and the constitutively active Ric mutant Q117L increased dDAT surface levels and function in cell lines and ex vivo Drosophila brains. Moreover, DAergic RicQ117L expression caused sleep fragmentation in a DAT-dependent manner but had no effect on total sleep and daily locomotor activity. Importantly, we found that Rit2 is required for AMPH-stimulated DAT internalization in mouse striatum, and that DAergic RicQ117L expression significantly increased Drosophila AMPH sensitivity in a DAT-dependent manner, suggesting a conserved impact of Ric-dependent DAT trafficking on AMPH sensitivity. These studies support that the DAT/Rit2 interaction impacts both baseline behaviors and AMPH sensitivity, potentially by regulating DAT trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita R. Fagan
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Patrick J. Kearney
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Dino Luethi
- Medical University Vienna, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Vienna, Austria, A-1090
| | - Nicholas C. Bolden
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Harald H. Sitte
- Medical University Vienna, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Vienna, Austria, A-1090
| | - Patrick Emery
- Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Haley E. Melikian
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Medical School, Worcester, MA,Address correspondence to: Haley Melikian, Ph.D., Department of Neurobiology, UMASS Medical School, LRB 726, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01605, 774-455-4308 (phone), 508-856-6266 (fax),
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11
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Nadeem MS, Hosawi S, Alshehri S, Ghoneim MM, Imam SS, Murtaza BN, Kazmi I. Symptomatic, Genetic, and Mechanistic Overlaps between Autism and Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1635. [PMID: 34827633 PMCID: PMC8615882 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders affecting two opposite ends of life span, i.e., childhood and old age. Both disorders pose a cumulative threat to human health, with the rate of incidences increasing considerably worldwide. In the context of recent developments, we aimed to review correlated symptoms and genetics, and overlapping aspects in the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of ASD and AD. Dementia, insomnia, and weak neuromuscular interaction, as well as communicative and cognitive impairments, are shared symptoms. A number of genes and proteins linked with both disorders have been tabulated, including MECP2, ADNP, SCN2A, NLGN, SHANK, PTEN, RELN, and FMR1. Theories about the role of neuron development, processing, connectivity, and levels of neurotransmitters in both disorders have been discussed. Based on the recent literature, the roles of FMRP (Fragile X mental retardation protein), hnRNPC (heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein-C), IRP (Iron regulatory proteins), miRNAs (MicroRNAs), and α-, β0, and γ-secretases in the posttranscriptional regulation of cellular synthesis and processing of APP (amyloid-β precursor protein) have been elaborated to describe the parallel and overlapping routes and mechanisms of ASD and AD pathogenesis. However, the interactive role of genetic and environmental factors, oxidative and metal ion stress, mutations in the associated genes, and alterations in the related cellular pathways in the development of ASD and AD needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid Nadeem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.N.); (S.H.)
| | - Salman Hosawi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.N.); (S.H.)
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (S.S.I.)
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (S.S.I.)
| | - Bibi Nazia Murtaza
- Department of Zoology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology (AUST), Abbottabad 22310, Pakistan;
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.N.); (S.H.)
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12
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Islam KUS, Meli N, Blaess S. The Development of the Mesoprefrontal Dopaminergic System in Health and Disease. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:746582. [PMID: 34712123 PMCID: PMC8546303 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.746582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic neurons located in the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area are the main source of dopamine in the brain. They send out projections to a variety of forebrain structures, including dorsal striatum, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex (PFC), establishing the nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, and mesoprefrontal pathways, respectively. The dopaminergic input to the PFC is essential for the performance of higher cognitive functions such as working memory, attention, planning, and decision making. The gradual maturation of these cognitive skills during postnatal development correlates with the maturation of PFC local circuits, which undergo a lengthy functional remodeling process during the neonatal and adolescence stage. During this period, the mesoprefrontal dopaminergic innervation also matures: the fibers are rather sparse at prenatal stages and slowly increase in density during postnatal development to finally reach a stable pattern in early adulthood. Despite the prominent role of dopamine in the regulation of PFC function, relatively little is known about how the dopaminergic innervation is established in the PFC, whether and how it influences the maturation of local circuits and how exactly it facilitates cognitive functions in the PFC. In this review, we provide an overview of the development of the mesoprefrontal dopaminergic system in rodents and primates and discuss the role of altered dopaminergic signaling in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ushna S Islam
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Norisa Meli
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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13
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Herborg F, Jensen KL, Tolstoy S, Arends NV, Posselt LP, Shekar A, Aguilar JI, Lund VK, Erreger K, Rickhag M, Lycas MD, Lonsdale MN, Rahbek-Clemmensen T, Sørensen AT, Newman AH, Løkkegaard A, Kjaerulff O, Werge T, Møller LB, Matthies HJ, Galli A, Hjermind LE, Gether U. Dominant-negative actions of a dopamine transporter variant identified in patients with parkinsonism and neuropsychiatric disease. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e151496. [PMID: 34375312 PMCID: PMC8492322 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional dopaminergic neurotransmission is central to movement disorders and mental diseases. The dopamine transporter (DAT) regulates extracellular dopamine levels, but the genetic and mechanistic link between DAT function and dopamine-related pathologies is not clear. Particularly, the pathophysiological significance of monoallelic missense mutations in DAT is unknown. Here, we use clinical information, neuroimaging, and large-scale exome-sequencing data to uncover the occurrence and phenotypic spectrum of a DAT coding variant, DAT-K619N, which localizes to the critical C-terminal PSD-95/Discs-large/ZO-1 homology–binding motif of human DAT (hDAT). We identified the rare but recurrent hDAT-K619N variant in exome-sequenced samples of patients with neuropsychiatric diseases and a patient with early-onset neurodegenerative parkinsonism and comorbid neuropsychiatric disease. In cell cultures, hDAT-K619N displayed reduced uptake capacity, decreased surface expression, and accelerated turnover. Unilateral expression in mouse nigrostriatal neurons revealed differential effects of hDAT-K619N and hDAT-WT on dopamine-directed behaviors, and hDAT-K619N expression in Drosophila led to impairments in dopamine transmission with accompanying hyperlocomotion and age-dependent disturbances of the negative geotactic response. Moreover, cellular studies and viral expression of hDAT-K619N in mice demonstrated a dominant-negative effect of the hDAT-K619N mutant. Summarized, our results suggest that hDAT-K619N can effectuate dopamine dysfunction of pathological relevance in a dominant-negative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freja Herborg
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrine L Jensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sasha Tolstoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natascha V Arends
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leonie P Posselt
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aparna Shekar
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Jenny I Aguilar
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Viktor K Lund
- Departmetn of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kevin Erreger
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States of America
| | - Mattias Rickhag
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew D Lycas
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus N Lonsdale
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Troels Rahbek-Clemmensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas T Sørensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amy H Newman
- National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, United States of America
| | | | - Ole Kjaerulff
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth B Møller
- Center for Applied Human Genetics, Kennedy Center, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Heinrich Jg Matthies
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America
| | - Aurelio Galli
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America
| | - Lena E Hjermind
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Gether
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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A network of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP 2) binding sites on the dopamine transporter regulates amphetamine behavior in Drosophila Melanogaster. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4417-4430. [PMID: 31796894 PMCID: PMC7266731 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0620-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reward modulates the saliency of a specific drug exposure and is essential for the transition to addiction. Numerous human PET-fMRI studies establish a link between midbrain dopamine (DA) release, DA transporter (DAT) availability, and reward responses. However, how and whether DAT function and regulation directly participate in reward processes remains elusive. Here, we developed a novel experimental paradigm in Drosophila melanogaster to study the mechanisms underlying the psychomotor and rewarding properties of amphetamine (AMPH). AMPH principally mediates its pharmacological and behavioral effects by increasing DA availability through the reversal of DAT function (DA efflux). We have previously shown that the phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol (4, 5)-bisphosphate (PIP2), directly interacts with the DAT N-terminus to support DA efflux in response to AMPH. In this study, we demonstrate that the interaction of PIP2 with the DAT N-terminus is critical for AMPH-induced DAT phosphorylation, a process required for DA efflux. We showed that PIP2 also interacts with intracellular loop 4 at R443. Further, we identified that R443 electrostatically regulates DA efflux as part of a coordinated interaction with the phosphorylated N-terminus. In Drosophila, we determined that a neutralizing substitution at R443 inhibited the psychomotor actions of AMPH. We associated this inhibition with a decrease in AMPH-induced DA efflux in isolated fly brains. Notably, we showed that the electrostatic interactions of R443 specifically regulate the rewarding properties of AMPH without affecting AMPH aversion. We present the first evidence linking PIP2, DAT, DA efflux, and phosphorylation processes with AMPH reward.
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15
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Aguilar JI, Cheng MH, Font J, Schwartz AC, Ledwitch K, Duran A, Mabry SJ, Belovich AN, Zhu Y, Carter AM, Shi L, Kurian MA, Fenollar-Ferrer C, Meiler J, Ryan RM, Mchaourab HS, Bahar I, Matthies HJ, Galli A. Psychomotor impairments and therapeutic implications revealed by a mutation associated with infantile Parkinsonism-Dystonia. eLife 2021; 10:68039. [PMID: 34002696 PMCID: PMC8131106 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder affecting over 6.1 million people worldwide. Although the cause of PD remains unclear, studies of highly penetrant mutations identified in early-onset familial parkinsonism have contributed to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease pathology. Dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) deficiency syndrome (DTDS) is a distinct type of infantile parkinsonism-dystonia that shares key clinical features with PD, including motor deficits (progressive bradykinesia, tremor, hypomimia) and altered DA neurotransmission. Here, we define structural, functional, and behavioral consequences of a Cys substitution at R445 in human DAT (hDAT R445C), identified in a patient with DTDS. We found that this R445 substitution disrupts a phylogenetically conserved intracellular (IC) network of interactions that compromise the hDAT IC gate. This is demonstrated by both Rosetta molecular modeling and fine-grained simulations using hDAT R445C, as well as EPR analysis and X-ray crystallography of the bacterial homolog leucine transporter. Notably, the disruption of this IC network of interactions supported a channel-like intermediate of hDAT and compromised hDAT function. We demonstrate that Drosophila melanogaster expressing hDAT R445C show impaired hDAT activity, which is associated with DA dysfunction in isolated brains and with abnormal behaviors monitored at high-speed time resolution. We show that hDAT R445C Drosophila exhibit motor deficits, lack of motor coordination (i.e. flight coordination) and phenotypic heterogeneity in these behaviors that is typically associated with DTDS and PD. These behaviors are linked with altered dopaminergic signaling stemming from loss of DA neurons and decreased DA availability. We rescued flight coordination with chloroquine, a lysosomal inhibitor that enhanced DAT expression in a heterologous expression system. Together, these studies shed some light on how a DTDS-linked DAT mutation underlies DA dysfunction and, possibly, clinical phenotypes shared by DTDS and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny I Aguilar
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Mary Hongying Cheng
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Josep Font
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexandra C Schwartz
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Ledwitch
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Amanda Duran
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Samuel J Mabry
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Andrea N Belovich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Idaho College of Osteopathic Medicine, Meridian, United States
| | - Yanqi Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Angela M Carter
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Lei Shi
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Section, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, United States
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jens Meiler
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Renae Monique Ryan
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hassane S Mchaourab
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Heinrich Jg Matthies
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Aurelio Galli
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States.,Center for Inter-systemic Networks and Enteric Medical Advances, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
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16
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Janner DE, Gomes NS, Poetini MR, Poleto KH, Musachio EAS, de Almeida FP, de Matos Amador EC, Reginaldo JC, Ramborger BP, Roehrs R, Prigol M, Guerra GP. Oxidative stress and decreased dopamine levels induced by imidacloprid exposure cause behavioral changes in a neurodevelopmental disorder model in Drosophila melanogaster. Neurotoxicology 2021; 85:79-89. [PMID: 34000340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are responsible for behavioral deficits in children. Imidacloprid is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, capable of causing behavioral changes in Drosophila melanogaster, similar to the ADHD-like phenotypes. We assess whether behavioral damage induced by imidacloprid exposure in Drosophila melanogaster is associated with neurochemical changes and whether these changes are similar to those observed in neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD and ADHD. The fruit flies were divided into four groups, exposed to either a standard diet (control) or a diet containing imidacloprid (200, 400 or 600 ρM) and allowed to mate for 7 days. After hatching, the progeny was subjected to in vivo and ex vivo tests. The ones exposed to imidacloprid showed an increase in hyperactivity, aggressiveness, anxiety and repetitive movements, as well as, a decrease in social interaction. Furthermore, exposure to imidacloprid decreased dopamine levels, cell viability and increased oxidative stress in the flies' progeny. These results demonstrated that the behavioral damage induced by imidacloprid exposure involves a reduction in dopamine levels and oxidative stress and that these neurochemical changes are in line with the events that occur in ASD and ADHD-like phenotypes in other models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieniffer Espinosa Janner
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Savedra Gomes
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia Rósula Poetini
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Kétnne Hanna Poleto
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Elize Aparecida Santos Musachio
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Francielli Polet de Almeida
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Elen Caroline de Matos Amador
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Jocemara Corrêa Reginaldo
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Piaia Ramborger
- Grupo Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Prática de Ensino (GIPPE), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Roehrs
- Grupo Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Prática de Ensino (GIPPE), Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Prigol
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Petri Guerra
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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17
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John A, Ng-Cordell E, Hanna N, Brkic D, Baker K. The neurodevelopmental spectrum of synaptic vesicle cycling disorders. J Neurochem 2021; 157:208-228. [PMID: 32738165 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe and discuss neurodevelopmental phenotypes arising from rare, high penetrance genomic variants which directly influence synaptic vesicle cycling (SVC disorders). Pathogenic variants in each SVC disorder gene lead to disturbance of at least one SVC subprocess, namely vesicle trafficking (e.g. KIF1A and GDI1), clustering (e.g. TRIO, NRXN1 and SYN1), docking and priming (e.g. STXBP1), fusion (e.g. SYT1 and PRRT2) or re-uptake (e.g. DNM1, AP1S2 and TBC1D24). We observe that SVC disorders share a common set of neurological symptoms (movement disorders, epilepsies), cognitive impairments (developmental delay, intellectual disabilities, cerebral visual impairment) and mental health difficulties (autism, ADHD, psychiatric symptoms). On the other hand, there is notable phenotypic variation between and within disorders, which may reflect selective disruption to SVC subprocesses, spatiotemporal and cell-specific gene expression profiles, mutation-specific effects, or modifying factors. Understanding the common cellular and systems mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental phenotypes in SVC disorders, and the factors responsible for variation in clinical presentations and outcomes, may translate to personalized clinical management and improved quality of life for patients and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinayah John
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elise Ng-Cordell
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nancy Hanna
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Diandra Brkic
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kate Baker
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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18
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Fairweather SJ, Shah N, Brӧer S. Heteromeric Solute Carriers: Function, Structure, Pathology and Pharmacology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 21:13-127. [PMID: 33052588 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Solute carriers form one of three major superfamilies of membrane transporters in humans, and include uniporters, exchangers and symporters. Following several decades of molecular characterisation, multiple solute carriers that form obligatory heteromers with unrelated subunits are emerging as a distinctive principle of membrane transporter assembly. Here we comprehensively review experimentally established heteromeric solute carriers: SLC3-SLC7 amino acid exchangers, SLC16 monocarboxylate/H+ symporters and basigin/embigin, SLC4A1 (AE1) and glycophorin A exchanger, SLC51 heteromer Ost α-Ost β uniporter, and SLC6 heteromeric symporters. The review covers the history of the heteromer discovery, transporter physiology, structure, disease associations and pharmacology - all with a focus on the heteromeric assembly. The cellular locations, requirements for complex formation, and the functional role of dimerization are extensively detailed, including analysis of the first complete heteromer structures, the SLC7-SLC3 family transporters LAT1-4F2hc, b0,+AT-rBAT and the SLC6 family heteromer B0AT1-ACE2. We present a systematic analysis of the structural and functional aspects of heteromeric solute carriers and conclude with common principles of their functional roles and structural architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Fairweather
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. .,Resarch School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Nishank Shah
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stefan Brӧer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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19
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Hayashi H, Horinokita I, Yamada Y, Hamada K, Takagi N, Nomizu M. Effects of laminin-111 peptide coatings on rat neural stem/progenitor cell culture. Exp Cell Res 2020; 400:112440. [PMID: 33359470 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurons require adhesive scaffolds for their growth and differentiation. Laminins are a major cell adhesive component of basement membranes and have various biological activities in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Here, we evaluated the biological activities of 5 peptides derived from laminin-111 as a scaffold for mouse neuroblastoma Neuro2a cells and rat neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs). The 5 peptides showed Neuro2a cell attachment activity similar to that of poly-d-lysine. However, when NPCs were cultured on the peptides, 2 syndecan-binding peptides, AG73 (RKRLQVQLSIRT, mouse laminin α1 chain 2719-2730) and C16 (KAFDITYVRLKF, laminin γ1 chain 139-150), demonstrated significantly higher cell attachment and neurite extension activities than other peptides including integrin-binding ones. Long-term cell culture experiments showed that both AG73 and C16 supported the growth of neurons and astrocytes that had differentiated from NPCs. Furthermore, C16 markedly promoted the expression of neuronal markers such as synaptosomal-associated protein-25 and syntaxin 1A. These results indicate that AG73 and C16 are useful for NPC cultures and that C16 can be applied to specialized research on synapses in differentiated neurons. These peptides have the potential for use as valuable biomaterials for NPC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hayashi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Hachioji, 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Horinokita
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Hachioji, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamada
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Hachioji, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hamada
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Hachioji, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Norio Takagi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Hachioji, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Motoyoshi Nomizu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Hachioji, 192-0392, Japan
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20
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Liu Q, Gao T, Liu W, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Li W, Ding K, Ma F, Li C. Functions of dopamine in plants: a review. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1827782. [PMID: 33040671 PMCID: PMC7671028 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1827782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine or 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) has many functions in animals, but also shows several other functions in plants. Since the discovery of dopamine in plants in 1968, many studies have provided insight into physiological and biochemical functions, and stress responses of this molecule. In this review, we describe the biosynthesis of dopamine, as well as its role in plant growth and development. In addition, endogenous or exogenously applied dopamine improved the tolerance against several abiotic stresses, such as drought, salt, and nutrient stress. There are also several studies that dopamine contributes to the plant immune response against plant disease. Dopamine affects the expression of many abiotic stresses related genes, which highlights its role as a multi-regulatory molecule and can coordinate many aspects of plant development. Our review emphasized the effects of dopamine against environmental stresses along with future research directions, which will help improve the yield of eco-friendly crops and ensure food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Tengteng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Wenxuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Yusong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Yongjuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Yuerong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Wenjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Ke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
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21
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Ashitha SNM, Ramachandra NB. Integrated Functional Analysis Implicates Syndromic and Rare Copy Number Variation Genes as Prominent Molecular Players in Pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neuroscience 2020; 438:25-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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22
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Kwiatkowski MA, Cope ZA, Lavadia ML, van de Cappelle CJA, Dulcis D, Young JW. Short-active photoperiod gestation induces psychiatry-relevant behavior in healthy mice but a resiliency to such effects are seen in mice with reduced dopamine transporter expression. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10217. [PMID: 32576854 PMCID: PMC7311429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A higher incidence of multiple psychiatric disorders occurs in people born in late winter/early spring. Reduced light exposure/activity level impacts adult rodent behavior and neural mechanisms, yet few studies have investigated such light exposure on gestating fetuses. A dysfunctional dopamine system is implicated in most psychiatric disorders, and genetic polymorphisms reducing expression of the dopamine transporter (DAT) are associated with some conditions. Furthermore, adult mice with reduced DAT expression (DAT-HT) were hypersensitive to short active (SA; 19:5 L:D) photoperiod exposure versus their wildtype (WT) littermates. Effects of SA photoperiod exposure during gestation in these mice have not been examined. We confirmed adult females exhibit a heightened corticosterone response when in SA photoperiod. We then tested DAT-HT mice and WT littermates in psychiatry-relevant behavioral tests after SA or normal active (NA; 12:12 L:D) photoperiod exposure during gestation and early life. SA-born WT mice exhibited sensorimotor gating deficits (males), increased reward preference, less immobility, open arm avoidance (females), less motivation to obtain a reward, and reversal learning deficits, vs. NA-born WT mice. DAT-HT mice were largely resilient to these effects, however. Future studies will determine the mechanism(s) by which SA photoperiod exposure influences brain development to predispose toward emergence of psychiatry-relevant behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Kwiatkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Zackary A Cope
- Department of Medicine, Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Maria L Lavadia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Chuck J A van de Cappelle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Dulcis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA. .,Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, USA.
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23
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Nolan SO, Zachry JE, Johnson AR, Brady LJ, Siciliano CA, Calipari ES. Direct dopamine terminal regulation by local striatal microcircuitry. J Neurochem 2020; 155:475-493. [PMID: 32356315 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of axonal dopamine release by local microcircuitry is at the hub of several biological processes that govern the timing and magnitude of signaling events in reward-related brain regions. An important characteristic of dopamine release from axon terminals in the striatum is that it is rapidly modulated by local regulatory mechanisms. These processes can occur via homosynaptic mechanisms-such as presynaptic dopamine autoreceptors and dopamine transporters - as well heterosynaptic mechanisms such as retrograde signaling from postsynaptic cholinergic and dynorphin systems, among others. Additionally, modulation of dopamine release via diffusible messengers, such as nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide, allows for various metabolic factors to quickly and efficiently regulate dopamine release and subsequent signaling. Here we review how these mechanisms work in concert to influence the timing and magnitude of striatal dopamine signaling, independent of action potential activity at the level of dopaminergic cell bodies in the midbrain, thereby providing a parallel pathway by which dopamine can be modulated. Understanding the complexities of local regulation of dopamine signaling is required for building comprehensive frameworks of how activity throughout the dopamine system is integrated to drive signaling and control behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne O Nolan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer E Zachry
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Amy R Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lillian J Brady
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cody A Siciliano
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN TN, USA
| | - Erin S Calipari
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN TN, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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24
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Bellosta P, Soldano A. Dissecting the Genetics of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Drosophila Perspective. Front Physiol 2019; 10:987. [PMID: 31481894 PMCID: PMC6709880 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex group of multi-factorial developmental disorders that leads to communication and behavioral defects. Genetic alterations have been identified in around 20% of ASD patients and the use of genetic models, such as Drosophila melanogaster, has been of paramount importance in deciphering the significance of these alterations. In fact, many of the ASD associated genes, such as FMR1, Neurexin, Neuroligins and SHANK encode for proteins that have conserved functions in neurons and during synapse development, both in humans and in the fruit fly. Drosophila is a prominent model in neuroscience due to the conserved genetic networks that control neurodevelopmental processes and to the ease of manipulating its genetics. In the present review we will describe recent advances in the field of ASD with a particular focus on the characterization of genes where the use of Drosophila has been fundamental to better understand their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bellosta
- Laboratory of Metabolism of Cell Growth and Neuronal Survival, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBio), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.,Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alessia Soldano
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBio), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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25
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Monoamine transporters: structure, intrinsic dynamics and allosteric regulation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:545-556. [PMID: 31270469 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine transporters (MATs) regulate neurotransmission via the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine from extra-neuronal regions and thus maintain neurotransmitter homeostasis. As targets of a wide range of compounds, including antidepressants, substances of abuse and drugs for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, their mechanism of action and their modulation by small molecules have long been of broad interest. Recent advances in the structural characterization of dopamine and serotonin transporters have opened the way for structure-based modeling and simulations, which, together with experimental data, now provide mechanistic understanding of their transport function and interactions. Here we review recent progress in the elucidation of the structural dynamics of MATs and their conformational landscape and transitions, as well as allosteric regulation mechanisms.
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26
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No effect of sex on ethanol intake and preference after dopamine transporter (DAT) knockdown in adult mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1349-1365. [PMID: 30539268 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopamine levels are controlled in part by transport across the cell membrane by the dopamine transporter (DAT), and recent evidence showed that a polymorphism in the gene encoding DAT is associated with alcoholism. However, research in animal models using DAT knockout mice has yielded conflicting results. OBJECTIVES The present study was planned to evaluate the effects of DAT knockdown in the nucleus accumbens (Nacc) on voluntary ethanol consumption and preference in male and female C57BL/6J mice. METHODS For this purpose, animals were stereotaxically injected with DAT siRNA-expressing lentiviral vectors in the Nacc, and using a voluntary, continuous access two-bottle choice model of alcohol, we investigated the importance of accumbal DAT expression in voluntary alcohol intake and preference. We also investigated the effects of DAT knockdown on saccharin and quinine consumption and ethanol metabolism. RESULTS We show that females consumed more alcohol than males. Interestingly, DAT knockdown in the Nacc significantly decreased alcohol intake and preference in both groups, but no significant sex by group interaction was observed. Also, DAT knockdown did not alter total fluid consumption, saccharin or quinine consumption, or blood ethanol concentrations. Using Pearson correlation, results indicated a strong positive relationship between DAT mRNA expression and ethanol consumption and preference. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data provide further evidence that DAT plays an important role in controlling ethanol intake and that accumbal DAT contributes in the modulation of the reinforcing effects of ethanol. Overall, the results suggest that DAT inhibitors may be valuable in the pharmacotherapy of alcoholism.
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27
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Structural, functional, and behavioral insights of dopamine dysfunction revealed by a deletion in SLC6A3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3853-3862. [PMID: 30755521 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816247116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human dopamine (DA) transporter (hDAT) mediates clearance of DA. Genetic variants in hDAT have been associated with DA dysfunction, a complication associated with several brain disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we investigated the structural and behavioral bases of an ASD-associated in-frame deletion in hDAT at N336 (∆N336). We uncovered that the deletion promoted a previously unobserved conformation of the intracellular gate of the transporter, likely representing the rate-limiting step of the transport process. It is defined by a "half-open and inward-facing" state (HOIF) of the intracellular gate that is stabilized by a network of interactions conserved phylogenetically, as we demonstrated in hDAT by Rosetta molecular modeling and fine-grained simulations, as well as in its bacterial homolog leucine transporter by electron paramagnetic resonance analysis and X-ray crystallography. The stabilization of the HOIF state is associated both with DA dysfunctions demonstrated in isolated brains of Drosophila melanogaster expressing hDAT ∆N336 and with abnormal behaviors observed at high-time resolution. These flies display increased fear, impaired social interactions, and locomotion traits we associate with DA dysfunction and the HOIF state. Together, our results describe how a genetic variation causes DA dysfunction and abnormal behaviors by stabilizing a HOIF state of the transporter.
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28
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Cartier E, Garcia-Olivares J, Janezic E, Viana J, Moore M, Lin ML, Caplan JL, Torres G, Kim YH. The SUMO-Conjugase Ubc9 Prevents the Degradation of the Dopamine Transporter, Enhancing Its Cell Surface Level and Dopamine Uptake. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:35. [PMID: 30828290 PMCID: PMC6386010 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a plasma membrane protein responsible for the uptake of released dopamine back to the presynaptic terminal and ending dopamine neurotransmission. The DAT is the molecular target for cocaine and amphetamine as well as a number of pathological conditions including autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome (DTDS), and Parkinson’s disease. The DAT uptake capacity is dependent on its level in the plasma membrane. In vitro studies show that DAT functional expression is regulated by a balance of endocytosis, recycling, and lysosomal degradation. However, recent reports suggest that DAT regulation by endocytosis in neurons is less significant than previously reported. Therefore, additional mechanisms appear to determine DAT steady-state level and functional expression in the neuronal plasma membrane. Here, we hypothesize that the ubiquitin-like protein small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 (SUMO1) increases the DAT steady-state level in the plasma membrane. In confocal microscopy, fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET), and Western blot analyses, we demonstrate that DAT is associated with SUMO1 in the rat dopaminergic N27 and DAT overexpressing Human Embryonic Kidney cells (HEK)-293 cells. The overexpression of SUMO1 and the Ubc9 SUMO-conjugase induces DAT SUMOylation, reduces DAT ubiquitination and degradation, enhancing DAT steady-state level. In addition, the Ubc9 knock-down by interference RNA (RNAi) increases DAT degradation and reduces DAT steady-state level. Remarkably, the Ubc9-mediated SUMOylation increases the expression of DAT in the plasma membrane and dopamine uptake capacity. Our results strongly suggest that SUMOylation is a novel mechanism that plays a central role in regulating DAT proteostasis, dopamine uptake, and dopamine signaling in neurons. For that reason, the SUMO pathway including SUMO1, SUMO2, Ubc9, and DAT SUMOylation, can be critical therapeutic targets in regulating DAT stability and dopamine clearance in health and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Cartier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | | | - Eric Janezic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | - Juan Viana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | - Michael Moore
- Imaging Core, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | - Min Landon Lin
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Caplan
- BioImaging Center, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Gonzalo Torres
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
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29
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Blakely RD, El Mestikawy S, Robinson MB. The brain in flux: Genetic, physiologic, and therapeutic perspectives on transporters in the CNS. Neurochem Int 2018; 123:1-6. [PMID: 30571999 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The brain has specific properties that make it uniquely dependent upon transporters. This is the 3rd edition of a biennial special issue that originates from a scientific meeting devoted to studies of transporters and their relationship to brain function and to neurodevelopmental, neurologic, and psychiatric disorders. The field continues to rapidly evolve with advances in studies of structure that inform mechanism, with genetic analyses in humans revealing surprising aspects of biology, and with integrated cellular to whole animal analyses of the role of transporters in their control of physiology and pathophysiology. This special issue includes a sampling of review articles that address timely questions of the field followed by several primary research articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy D Blakely
- Florida Atlantic University Brain Institute, Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, United States
| | - Salah El Mestikawy
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UM 119 - CNRS UMR 8246 - INSERM U1130, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Michael B Robinson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
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30
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Karmakar S, Sharma LG, Roy A, Patel A, Pandey LM. Neuronal SNARE complex: A protein folding system with intricate protein-protein interactions, and its common neuropathological hallmark, SNAP25. Neurochem Int 2018; 122:196-207. [PMID: 30517887 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SNARE (Soluble NSF(N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) Attachment Receptor) complex is a trimeric supramolecular organization of SNAP25, syntaxin, and VAMP which mediates fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane. The functioning of this entire protein assembly is dependent on its tetrahelical coiled coil structure alongside its interaction with a large spectrum of regulatory proteins like synaptotagmin, complexin, intersectin, etc. Defects arising in SNARE complex assembly due to mutations or faulty post-translational modifications are associated to severe synaptopathies like Schizophrenia and also proteopathies like Alzheimer's disease. The review primarily focuses on SNAP25, which is the prime contributor in the complex assembly. It is conceptualized that the network of protein interactions of this helical protein assists as a chaperoning system for attaining functional structure. Additionally, the innate disordered nature of SNAP25 and its amyloidogenic propensities have been highlighted employing computational methods. The intrinsic nature of SNAP25 is anticipated to form higher-order aggregates due to its cysteine rich domain, which is also a target for several post-translational modifications. Furthermore, the aberrations in the structure and expression profile of the protein display common patterns in the pathogenesis of a diverse synaptopathies and proteopathies. This work of SNARE literature aims to provide a new comprehensive outlook and research directions towards SNARE complex and presents SNAP25 as a common neuropathological hallmark which can be a diagnostic or therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijeeb Karmakar
- Bio-Interface & Environmental Engineering Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
| | - Laipubam Gayatri Sharma
- Bio-Interface & Environmental Engineering Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
| | - Abhishek Roy
- Bio-Interface & Environmental Engineering Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
| | - Anjali Patel
- Bio-Interface & Environmental Engineering Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
| | - Lalit Mohan Pandey
- Bio-Interface & Environmental Engineering Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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31
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Paula-Pérez I. Convergencias y divergencias genéticas, neurobiológicas y ambientales entre el autismo y el espectro de la esquizofrenia. ANUARIO DE PSICOLOGÍA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpsic.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Hovde MJ, Larson GH, Vaughan RA, Foster JD. Model systems for analysis of dopamine transporter function and regulation. Neurochem Int 2018; 123:13-21. [PMID: 30179648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) plays a critical role in dopamine (DA) homeostasis by clearing transmitter from the extraneuronal space after vesicular release. DAT serves as a site of action for a variety of addictive and therapeutic reuptake inhibitors, and transport dysfunction is associated with transmitter imbalances in disorders such as schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, bipolar disorder, and Parkinson disease. In this review, we describe some of the model systems that have been used for in vitro analyses of DAT structure, function and regulation, and discuss a potential relationship between transporter kinetic values and membrane cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah J Hovde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Garret H Larson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Roxanne A Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - James D Foster
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.
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33
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Lanzo A, Safratowich BD, Kudumala SR, Gallotta I, Zampi G, Di Schiavi E, Carvelli L. Silencing of Syntaxin 1A in the Dopaminergic Neurons Decreases the Activity of the Dopamine Transporter and Prevents Amphetamine-Induced Behaviors in C. elegans. Front Physiol 2018; 9:576. [PMID: 29872404 PMCID: PMC5972276 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a cell membrane protein whose main function is to reuptake the dopamine (DA) released in the synaptic cleft back into the dopaminergic neurons. Previous studies suggested that the activity of DAT is regulated by allosteric proteins such as Syntaxin-1A and is altered by drugs of abuse such as amphetamine (Amph). Because Caenorhabditis elegans expresses both DAT (DAT-1) and Syntaxin-1A (UNC-64), we used this model system to investigate the functional and behavioral effects caused by lack of expression of unc-64 in cultured dopaminergic neurons and in living animals. Using an inheritable RNA silencing technique, we were able to knockdown unc-64 specifically in the dopaminergic neurons. This cell-specific knockdown approach avoids the pleiotropic phenotypes caused by knockout mutations of unc-64 and ensures the transmission of dopaminergic specific unc-64 silencing to the progeny. We found that, similarly to dat-1 knockouts and dat-1 silenced lines, animals with reduced unc-64 expression in the dopaminergic neurons did not respond to Amph treatment when tested for locomotor behaviors. Our in vitro data demonstrated that in neuronal cultures derived from animals silenced for unc-64, the DA uptake was reduced by 30% when compared to controls, and this reduction was similar to that measured in neurons isolated from animals silenced for dat-1 (40%). Moreover, reduced expression of unc-64 in the dopaminergic neurons significantly reduced the DA release elicited by Amph. Because in C. elegans DAT-1 is the only protein capable to reuptake DA, these data show that reduced expression of unc-64 in the dopaminergic neurons decreases the capability of DAT in re-accumulating synaptic DA. Moreover, these results demonstrate that decreased expression of unc-64 in the dopaminergic neurons abrogates the locomotor behavior induced by Amph. Taken together these data suggest that Syntaxin-1A plays an important role in both functional and behavioral effects caused by Amph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Lanzo
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Bryan D Safratowich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Sirisha R Kudumala
- Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Ivan Gallotta
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Zampi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Elia Di Schiavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.,Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Carvelli
- Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States.,Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States
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Herborg F, Andreassen TF, Berlin F, Loland CJ, Gether U. Neuropsychiatric disease-associated genetic variants of the dopamine transporter display heterogeneous molecular phenotypes. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7250-7262. [PMID: 29559554 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors are known to significantly contribute to the etiology of psychiatric diseases such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum and bipolar disorders, but the underlying molecular processes remain largely elusive. The dopamine transporter (DAT) has received continuous attention as a potential risk factor for psychiatric disease, as it is critical for dopamine homeostasis and serves as principal target for ADHD medications. Constrain metrics for the DAT-encoding gene, solute carrier family 6 member 3 (SLC6A3), indicate that missense mutations are under strong negative selection, pointing to pathophysiological outcomes when DAT function is compromised. Here, we systematically characterized six rare genetic variants of DAT (I312F, T356M, D421N, A559V, E602G, and R615C) identified in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. We evaluated dopamine uptake and ligand interactions, along with ion coordination and electrophysiological properties, to elucidate functional phenotypes, and applied Zn2+ exposure and a substituted cysteine-accessibility approach to identify shared structural changes. Three variants (I312F, T356M, and D421N) exhibited impaired dopamine uptake associated with changes in ligand binding, ion coordination, and distinct conformational disturbances. Remarkably, we found that all three variants displayed gain-of-function electrophysiological phenotypes. I312F mediated an increased uncoupled anion conductance previously suggested to modulate neuronal excitability. T356M and D421N both mediated a cocaine-sensitive leakage of cations, which for T356M was potentiated by Zn2+, concurrent with partial functional rescue. Collectively, our findings support that gain of disruptive functions due to missense mutations in SLC6A3 may be key to understanding how dopaminergic dyshomeostasis arises in heterozygous carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freja Herborg
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Panum Institute-Maersk Tower 07.05, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thorvald F Andreassen
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Panum Institute-Maersk Tower 07.05, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frida Berlin
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Panum Institute-Maersk Tower 07.05, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus J Loland
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Panum Institute-Maersk Tower 07.05, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Gether
- Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Panum Institute-Maersk Tower 07.05, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Background Much of the structure-based mechanistic understandings of the function of SLC6A neurotransmitter transporters emerged from the study of their bacterial LeuT-fold homologs. It has become evident, however, that structural differences such as the long N- and C-termini of the eukaryotic neurotransmitter transporters are involved in an expanded set of functional properties to the eukaryotic transporters. These functional properties are not shared by the bacterial homologs, which lack the structural elements that appeared later in evolution. However, mechanistic insights into some of the measured functional properties of the eukaryotic transporters that have been suggested to involve these structural elements are sparse or merely descriptive. Results To learn how the structural elements added in evolution enable mechanisms of the eukaryotic transporters in ways not shared with their bacterial LeuT-like homologs, we focused on the human dopamine transporter (hDAT) as a prototype. We present the results of a study employing large-scale molecular dynamics simulations and comparative Markov state model analysis of experimentally determined properties of the wild-type and mutant hDAT constructs. These offer a quantitative outline of mechanisms in which a rich spectrum of interactions of the hDAT N-terminus and C-terminus contribute to the regulation of transporter function (e.g., by phosphorylation) and/or to entirely new phenotypes (e.g., reverse uptake (efflux)) that were added in evolution. Conclusions The findings are consistent with the proposal that the size of eukaryotic neurotransmitter transporter termini increased during evolution to enable more functions (e.g., efflux) not shared with the bacterial homologs. The mechanistic explanations for the experimental findings about the modulation of function in DAT, the serotonin transporter, and other eukaryotic transporters reveal separate roles for the distal and proximal segments of the much larger N-terminus in eukaryotic transporters compared to the bacterial ones. The involvement of the proximal and distal segments — such as the role of the proximal segment in sustaining transport in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-depleted membranes and of the distal segment in modulating efflux — may represent an evolutionary adaptation required for the function of eukaryotic transporters expressed in various cell types of the same organism that differ in the lipid composition and protein complement of their membrane environment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12915-018-0495-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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36
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Salatino-Oliveira A, Rohde LA, Hutz MH. The dopamine transporter role in psychiatric phenotypes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:211-231. [PMID: 28766921 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) is one of the most relevant and investigated neurotransmitter transporters. DAT is a plasma membrane protein which plays a homeostatic role, controlling both extracellular and intracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA). Since unbalanced DA levels are known to be involved in numerous mental disorders, a wealth of investigations has provided valuable insights concerning DAT role into normal brain functioning and pathological processes. Briefly, this extensive but non-systematic review discusses what is recently known about the role of SLC6A3 gene which encodes the dopamine transporter in psychiatric phenotypes. DAT protein, SLC6A3 gene, animal models, neuropsychology, and neuroimaging investigations are also concisely discussed. To conclude, current challenges are reviewed in order to provide perspectives for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis A Rohde
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Institute for Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara H Hutz
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Hamada N, Iwamoto I, Tabata H, Nagata KI. MUNC18-1 gene abnormalities are involved in neurodevelopmental disorders through defective cortical architecture during brain development. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:92. [PMID: 29191246 PMCID: PMC5709915 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
While Munc18–1 interacts with Syntaxin1 and controls the formation of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE) complex to regulate presynaptic vesicle fusion in developed neurons, this molecule is likely to be involved in brain development since its gene abnormalities cause early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with suppression-burst (Ohtahara syndrome), neonatal epileptic encephalopathy and other neurodevelopmental disorders. We thus analyzed physiological significance of Munc18–1 during cortical development. Munc18–1-knockdown impaired cortical neuron positioning during mouse corticogenesis. Time-lapse imaging revealed that the mispositioning was attributable to defects in radial migration in the intermediate zone and cortical plate. Notably, Syntaxin1A was critical for radial migration downstream of Munc18–1. As for the underlying mechanism, Munc18–1-knockdown in cortical neurons hampered post-Golgi vesicle trafficking and subsequent vesicle fusion at the plasma membrane in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Notably, Syntaxin1A-silencing did not affect the post-Golgi vesicle trafficking. Taken together, Munc18–1 was suggested to regulate radial migration by modulating not only vesicle fusion at the plasma membrane to distribute various proteins on the cell surface for interaction with radial fibers, but also preceding vesicle transport from Golgi to the plasma membrane. Although knockdown experiments suggested that Syntaxin1A does not participate in the vesicle trafficking, it was supposed to regulate subsequent vesicle fusion under the control of Munc18–1. These observations may shed light on the mechanism governing radial migration of cortical neurons. Disruption of Munc18–1 function may result in the abnormal corticogenesis, leading to neurodevelopmental disorders with MUNC18–1 gene abnormalities.
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38
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Karam CS, Javitch JA. Phosphorylation of the Amino Terminus of the Dopamine Transporter: Regulatory Mechanisms and Implications for Amphetamine Action. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 82:205-234. [PMID: 29413521 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamines (AMPHs) are potent psychostimulants that are widely used and abused, with profound medical and societal impact. Their actions at dopaminergic neurons are thought to mediate their therapeutic efficacy as well as their liability for abuse and dependence. AMPHs target the dopamine transporter (DAT), the plasmalemmal membrane protein that mediates the inactivation of released dopamine (DA) through its reuptake. AMPHs act as substrates for DAT and are known to cause mobilization of dopamine (DA) to the cell exterior via DAT-mediated reverse transport (efflux). It has become increasingly evident that the mechanisms that regulate AMPH-induced DA efflux are distinct from those that regulate DA uptake. Central to these mechanisms is the phosphorylation of the DAT amino (N)-terminus, which has been repeatedly demonstrated to facilitate DAT-mediated DA efflux, without impacting other aspects of DAT physiology. This review aims to summarize the current status of knowledge regarding DAT N-terminal phosphorylation and its regulation by protein modulators and the membrane microenvironment. A better understanding of these mechanisms may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic approaches that interfere selectively with the pharmacological effects of AMPHs without altering the physiological function of DAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caline S Karam
- College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States.
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Gaskill PJ, Miller DR, Gamble-George J, Yano H, Khoshbouei H. HIV, Tat and dopamine transmission. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 105:51-73. [PMID: 28457951 PMCID: PMC5541386 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a progressive infection that targets the immune system, affecting more than 37 million people around the world. While combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) has lowered mortality rates and improved quality of life in infected individuals, the prevalence of HIV associated neurocognitive disorders is increasing and HIV associated cognitive decline remains prevalent. Recent research has suggested that HIV accessory proteins may be involved in this decline, and several studies have indicated that the HIV protein transactivator of transcription (Tat) can disrupt normal neuronal and glial function. Specifically, data indicate that Tat may directly impact dopaminergic neurotransmission, by modulating the function of the dopamine transporter and specifically damaging dopamine-rich regions of the CNS. HIV infection of the CNS has long been associated with dopaminergic dysfunction, but the mechanisms remain undefined. The specific effect(s) of Tat on dopaminergic neurotransmission may be, at least partially, a mechanism by which HIV infection directly or indirectly induces dopaminergic dysfunction. Therefore, precisely defining the specific effects of Tat on the dopaminergic system will help to elucidate the mechanisms by which HIV infection of the CNS induces neuropsychiatric, neurocognitive and neurological disorders that involve dopaminergic neurotransmission. Further, this will provide a discussion of the experiments needed to further these investigations, and may help to identify or develop new therapeutic approaches for the prevention or treatment of these disorders in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States.
| | - Douglas R Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Joyonna Gamble-George
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Hideaki Yano
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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40
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The Dopamine Transporter Recycles via a Retromer-Dependent Postendocytic Mechanism: Tracking Studies Using a Novel Fluorophore-Coupling Approach. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9438-9452. [PMID: 28847807 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3885-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Presynaptic reuptake, mediated by the dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT), terminates DAergic neurotransmission and constrains extracellular DA levels. Addictive and therapeutic psychostimulants inhibit DA reuptake and multiple DAT coding variants have been reported in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. These findings underscore that DAT is critical for DA neurotransmission and homeostasis. DAT surface availability is regulated acutely by endocytic trafficking, and considerable effort has been directed toward understanding mechanisms that govern DAT's plasma membrane expression and postendocytic fate. Multiple studies have demonstrated DAT endocytic recycling and enhanced surface delivery in response to various stimuli. Paradoxically, imaging studies have not detected DAT targeting to classic recycling endosomes, suggesting that internalized DAT targets to either degradation or an undefined recycling compartment. Here, we leveraged PRIME (PRobe Incorporation Mediated by Enzyme) labeling to couple surface DAT directly to fluorophore, and tracked DAT's postendocytic itinerary in immortalized mesencephalic cells. Following internalization, DAT robustly targeted to retromer-positive endosomes, and DAT/retromer colocalization was observed in male mouse dopaminergic somatodendritic and terminal regions. Short hairpin RNA-mediated Vps35 knockdown revealed that DAT endocytic recycling requires intact retromer. DAT also targeted rab7-positive endosomes with slow, linear kinetics that were unaffected by either accelerating DAT internalization or binding a high-affinity cocaine analog. However, cocaine increased DAT exit from retromer-positive endosomes significantly. Finally, we found that the DAT carboxy-terminal PDZ-binding motif was required for DAT recycling and exit from retromer. These results define the DAT recycling mechanism and provide a unifying explanation for previous, seemingly disparate, DAT endocytic trafficking findings.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The neuronal dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) recaptures released DA and modulates DAergic neurotransmission, and a number of DAT coding variants have been reported in several DA-related disorders, including infantile parkinsonism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. DAT is also competitively inhibited by psychostimulants with high abuse potential. Therefore, mechanisms that acutely affect DAT availability will likely exert significant impact on both normal and pathological DAergic homeostasis. Here, we explore the cellular mechanisms that acutely control DAT surface expression. Our results reveal the intracellular mechanisms that mediate DAT endocytic recycling following constitutive and regulated internalization. In addition to shedding light on this critical process, these findings resolve conflict among multiple, seemingly disparate, previous reports on DAT's postendocytic fate.
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41
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Tian Y, Zhang ZC, Han J. Drosophila Studies on Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:737-746. [PMID: 28795356 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, numerous genes associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have been identified. These genes encode key regulators of synaptogenesis, synaptic function, and synaptic plasticity. Drosophila is a prominent model system for ASD studies to define novel genes linked to ASDs and decipher their molecular roles in synaptogenesis, synaptic function, synaptic plasticity, and neural circuit assembly and consolidation. Here, we review Drosophila studies on ASD genes that regulate synaptogenesis, synaptic function, and synaptic plasticity through modulating chromatin remodeling, transcription, protein synthesis and degradation, cytoskeleton dynamics, and synaptic scaffolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tian
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zi Chao Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Junhai Han
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
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42
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Fernández M, Mollinedo-Gajate I, Peñagarikano O. Neural Circuits for Social Cognition: Implications for Autism. Neuroscience 2017; 370:148-162. [PMID: 28729065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Social neuroscience, the study of the neurobiological basis of social behavior, has become a major area of current research in behavioral neuroscience and psychiatry, since many psychiatric disorders are characterized by social deficits. Social behavior refers to the behavioral response with regard to socially relevant information, and requires the perception and integration of social cues through a complex cognition process (i.e. social cognition) that involves attention, memory, motivation and emotion. Neurobiological and molecular mechanisms underlying social behavior are highly conserved across species, and inter- and intra-specific variability observed in social behavior can be explained to large extent by differential activity of this conserved neural network. Human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have greatly informed about the brain structures and their connectivity networks that are important for social cognition. Animal research has been crucial for identifying specific circuits and molecular mechanisms that modulate this structural network. From a molecular neurobiology perspective, activity in these brain structures is coordinated by neuronal circuits modulated by several neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Thus, quantitative variation in the levels, release and/or receptor density of these molecules could affect the observed behavioral response. The present review presents an overall framework of the components of the social brain circuitry and its modulation. By integrating multiple research approaches, from human fMRI studies to animal models we can start shedding light into how dysfunction in these circuits could lead to disorders of social-functioning such as Autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fernández
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Irene Mollinedo-Gajate
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Olga Peñagarikano
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain.
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43
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Poirier K, Hubert L, Viot G, Rio M, Billuart P, Besmond C, Bienvenu T. CSNK2B splice site mutations in patients cause intellectual disability with or without myoclonic epilepsy. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:932-941. [PMID: 28585349 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
De novo mutations are a frequent cause of disorders related to brain development. We report the results from the screening of two patients diagnosed with intellectual disability (ID) using exome sequencing to identify new causative de novo mutations. Exome sequencing was conducted in two patient-parent trios to identify de novo variants. In silico and expression studies were also performed to evaluate the functional consequences of these variants. The two patients presented developmental delay with minor facial dysmorphy. One of them presented pharmacoresistant myoclonic epilepsy. We identified two de novo splice variants (c.175+2T>G; c.367+2T>C) in the CSNK2B gene encoding the β subunit of the Caseine kinase 2 (CK2). CK2 is a ubiquitously expressed kinase that is present in high levels in brain and it appears to be constitutively active. The mRNA transcripts were abnormal and significantly reduced in affected fibroblasts and most likely produced truncated proteins. Taking into account that mutations in CSNK2A1, encoding the α subunit of CK2, were previously identified in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders and dysmorphic features, our study confirmed that the protein kinase CK2 plays a major role in brain, and showed that CSNK2, encoding the β subunit, is a novel ID gene. This study adds knowledge to the increasingly growing list of causative and candidate genes in ID and epilepsy, and highlights CSNK2B as a new gene for neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Poirier
- Inserm, Paris, France.,Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Hubert
- Laboratoire de Génétique Translationnelle, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Viot
- Gynécologie Obstétrique, HUPC, Hôpital Cochin, HUPC, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marlène Rio
- Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Billuart
- Inserm, Paris, France.,Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Claude Besmond
- Laboratoire de Génétique Translationnelle, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Bienvenu
- Inserm, Paris, France.,Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaires, Hôpital Cochin, HUPC, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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44
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Meyza KZ, Blanchard DC. The BTBR mouse model of idiopathic autism - Current view on mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:99-110. [PMID: 28167097 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the most commonly diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder, with current estimates of more than 1% of affected children across nations. The patients form a highly heterogeneous group with only the behavioral phenotype in common. The genetic heterogeneity is reflected in a plethora of animal models representing multiple mutations found in families of affected children. Despite many years of scientific effort, for the majority of cases the genetic cause remains elusive. It is therefore crucial to include well-validated models of idiopathic autism in studies searching for potential therapeutic agents. One of these models is the BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J mouse. The current review summarizes data gathered in recent research on potential molecular mechanisms responsible for the autism-like behavioral phenotype of this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Z Meyza
- Laboratory of Emotions' Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland.
| | - D C Blanchard
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa,1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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45
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Shekar A, Aguilar JI, Galli G, Cozzi NV, Brandt SD, Ruoho AE, Baumann MH, Matthies HJG, Galli A. Atypical dopamine efflux caused by 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) via the human dopamine transporter. J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 83-84:69-74. [PMID: 28163218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones are similar in chemical structure to amphetamines, and their behavioral effects are associated with enhanced dopaminergic signaling. The past ten years of research on the common constituent of bath salts, MDPV (the synthetic cathinone 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone), has aided the understanding of how synthetic cathinones act at the dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT). Several groups have described the ability of MDPV to block the DAT with high-affinity. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time a new mode of action of MDPV, namely its ability to promote DAT-mediated DA efflux. Using single cell amperometric assays, we determined that low concentrations of MDPV (1nM) can cause reverse transport of DA via DAT. Notably, administration of MDPV leads to hyperlocomotion in Drosophila melanogaster. These data describe further how MDPV acts at the DAT, possibly paving the way for novel treatment strategies for individuals who abuse bath salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Shekar
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8548, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8548, United States; Neuroscience Program in Substance Abuse (N-PISA), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8548, United States
| | - Jenny I Aguilar
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8548, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8548, United States; Neuroscience Program in Substance Abuse (N-PISA), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8548, United States
| | - Greta Galli
- University School of Nashville, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
| | - Nicholas V Cozzi
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Simon D Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Arnold E Ruoho
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Michael H Baumann
- Designer Drug Research Unit (DDRU), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Heinrich J G Matthies
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8548, United States; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8548, United States
| | - Aurelio Galli
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8548, United States; Neuroscience Program in Substance Abuse (N-PISA), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8548, United States; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8548, United States.
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46
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Bandyopadhyay M, Arbet S, Bishop CP, Bidwai AP. Drosophila Protein Kinase CK2: Genetics, Regulatory Complexity and Emerging Roles during Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 10:E4. [PMID: 28036067 PMCID: PMC5374408 DOI: 10.3390/ph10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CK2 is a Ser/Thr protein kinase that is highly conserved amongst all eukaryotes. It is a well-known oncogenic kinase that regulates vital cell autonomous functions and animal development. Genetic studies in the fruit fly Drosophila are providing unique insights into the roles of CK2 in cell signaling, embryogenesis, organogenesis, neurogenesis, and the circadian clock, and are revealing hitherto unknown complexities in CK2 functions and regulation. Here, we review Drosophila CK2 with respect to its structure, subunit diversity, potential mechanisms of regulation, developmental abnormalities linked to mutations in the gene encoding CK2 subunits, and emerging roles in multiple aspects of eye development. We examine the Drosophila CK2 "interaction map" and the eye-specific "transcriptome" databases, which raise the prospect that this protein kinase has many additional targets in the developing eye. We discuss the possibility that CK2 functions during early retinal neurogenesis in Drosophila and mammals bear greater similarity than has been recognized, and that this conservation may extend to other developmental programs. Together, these studies underscore the immense power of the Drosophila model organism to provide new insights and avenues to further investigate developmentally relevant targets of this protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott Arbet
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Clifton P Bishop
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Ashok P Bidwai
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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47
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Sweeney CG, Tremblay BP, Stockner T, Sitte HH, Melikian HE. Dopamine Transporter Amino and Carboxyl Termini Synergistically Contribute to Substrate and Inhibitor Affinities. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1302-1309. [PMID: 27986813 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.762872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular dopamine and serotonin concentrations are determined by the presynaptic dopamine (DAT) and serotonin (SERT) transporters, respectively. Numerous studies have investigated the DAT and SERT structural elements contributing to inhibitor and substrate binding. To date, crystallographic studies have focused on conserved transmembrane domains, where multiple substrate binding and translocation features are conserved. However, it is unknown what, if any, role the highly divergent intracellular N and C termini contribute to these processes. Here, we used chimeric proteins to test whether DAT and SERT N and C termini contribute to transporter substrate and inhibitor affinities. Replacing the DAT N terminus with that of SERT had no effect on DA transport Vmax but significantly decreased DAT substrate affinities for DA and amphetamine. Similar losses in uptake inhibition were observed for small DAT inhibitors, whereas substituting the DAT C terminus with that of SERT affected neither substrate nor inhibitor affinities. In contrast, the N-terminal substitution was completely tolerated by the larger DAT inhibitors, which exhibited no loss in apparent affinity. Remarkably, all affinity losses were rescued in DAT chimeras encoding both SERT N and C termini. The sensitivity to amino-terminal substitution was specific for DAT, because replacing the SERT N and/or C termini affected neither substrate nor inhibitor affinities. Taken together, these findings provide compelling experimental evidence that DAT N and C termini synergistically contribute to substrate and inhibitor affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn G Sweeney
- From the Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604 and
| | - Bradford P Tremblay
- From the Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604 and
| | - Thomas Stockner
- the Institute for Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald H Sitte
- the Institute for Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Haley E Melikian
- From the Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604 and
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48
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Bermingham DP, Blakely RD. Kinase-dependent Regulation of Monoamine Neurotransmitter Transporters. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:888-953. [PMID: 27591044 PMCID: PMC5050440 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.012260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of neurotransmission by the monoamines dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT) is critical for normal nervous system function. Precise temporal and spatial control of this signaling in mediated in large part by the actions of monoamine transporters (DAT, NET, and SERT, respectively). These transporters act to recapture their respective neurotransmitters after release, and disruption of clearance and reuptake has significant effects on physiology and behavior and has been linked to a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. To ensure adequate and dynamic control of these transporters, multiple modes of control have evolved to regulate their activity and trafficking. Central to many of these modes of control are the actions of protein kinases, whose actions can be direct or indirectly mediated by kinase-modulated protein interactions. Here, we summarize the current state of our understanding of how protein kinases regulate monoamine transporters through changes in activity, trafficking, phosphorylation state, and interacting partners. We highlight genetic, biochemical, and pharmacological evidence for kinase-linked control of DAT, NET, and SERT and, where applicable, provide evidence for endogenous activators of these pathways. We hope our discussion can lead to a more nuanced and integrated understanding of how neurotransmitter transporters are controlled and may contribute to disorders that feature perturbed monoamine signaling, with an ultimate goal of developing better therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Bermingham
- Department of Pharmacology (D.P.B., R.D.B.) and Psychiatry (R.D.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida (R.D.B.)
| | - Randy D Blakely
- Department of Pharmacology (D.P.B., R.D.B.) and Psychiatry (R.D.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida (R.D.B.)
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49
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Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review. Nutrients 2016; 8:236. [PMID: 27110819 PMCID: PMC4848704 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low vitamin D status in early development has been hypothesised as an environmental risk factor for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), given the concurrent increase in the prevalence of these two conditions, and the association of vitamin D with many ASD-associated medical conditions. Identification of vitamin D-ASD factors may provide indications for primary and secondary prevention interventions. We systematically reviewed the literature for studies on vitamin D-ASD relationship, including potential mechanistic pathways. We identified seven specific areas, including: latitude, season of conception/birth, maternal migration/ethnicity, vitamin D status of mothers and ASD patients, and vitamin D intervention to prevent and treat ASD. Due to differences in the methodological procedures and inconsistent results, drawing conclusions from the first three areas is difficult. Using a more direct measure of vitamin D status—that is, serum 25(OH)D level during pregnancy or childhood—we found growing evidence for a relationship between vitamin D and ASD. These findings are supported by convincing evidence from experimental studies investigating the mechanistic pathways. However, with few primary and secondary prevention intervention trials, this relationship cannot be determined, unless randomised placebo-controlled trials of vitamin D as a preventive or disease-modifying measure in ASD patients are available.
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50
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LeVine MV, Cuendet MA, Khelashvili G, Weinstein H. Allosteric Mechanisms of Molecular Machines at the Membrane: Transport by Sodium-Coupled Symporters. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6552-87. [PMID: 26892914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Solute transport across cell membranes is ubiquitous in biology as an essential physiological process. Secondary active transporters couple the unfavorable process of solute transport against its concentration gradient to the energetically favorable transport of one or several ions. The study of such transporters over several decades indicates that their function involves complex allosteric mechanisms that are progressively being revealed in atomistic detail. We focus on two well-characterized sodium-coupled symporters: the bacterial amino acid transporter LeuT, which is the prototype for the "gated pore" mechanism in the mammalian synaptic monoamine transporters, and the archaeal GltPh, which is the prototype for the "elevator" mechanism in the mammalian excitatory amino acid transporters. We present the evidence for the role of allostery in the context of a quantitative formalism that can reconcile biochemical and biophysical data and thereby connects directly to recent insights into the molecular structure and dynamics of these proteins. We demonstrate that, while the structures and mechanisms of these transporters are very different, the available data suggest a common role of specific models of allostery in their functions. We argue that such allosteric mechanisms appear essential not only for sodium-coupled symport in general but also for the function of other types of molecular machines in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V LeVine
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, ‡HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Michel A Cuendet
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, ‡HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - George Khelashvili
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, ‡HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Harel Weinstein
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, ‡HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University , New York, New York 10065, United States
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