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Huang S, He H, Tom RZ, Glasl S, Anzenhofer P, Stiel AC, Hofmann SM, Ntziachristos V. Non-invasive optoacoustic imaging of dermal microcirculatory revascularization in diet-induced obese mice undergoing exercise intervention. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 38:100628. [PMID: 39055739 PMCID: PMC11269314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Microcirculatory dysfunction has been observed in the dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) of obese humans and has been proposed as an early prediction marker for cardio-metabolic disease progression. In-vivo visualization and longitudinal monitoring of microvascular remodeling in these tissues remains challenging. We compare the performance of two optoacoustic imaging methods, i.e. multi-spectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) and raster-scanning optoacoustic mesoscopy (RSOM) in visualizing lipid and hemoglobin contrast in scWAT and dWAT in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) undergoing voluntary wheel running intervention for 32 weeks. MSOT visualized lipid and hemoglobin contrast in murine fat depots in a quantitative manner even at early stages of DIO. We show for the first time to our knowledge that RSOM allows precise visualization of the dWAT microvasculature and provides quantitative readouts of skin layer thickness and vascular density in dWAT and dermis. Combination of MSOT and RSOM resolved exercise-induced morphological changes in microvasculature density, tissue oxygen saturation, lipid and blood volume content in dWAT and scWAT. The combination of MSOT and RSOM may allow precise monitoring of microcirculatory dysfunction and intervention response in dWAT and scWAT in a mouse model for DIO. Our findings have laid out the foundation for future clinical studies using optoacoustic-derived vascular readouts from adipose tissues as a biomarker for monitoring microcirculatory function in metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hailong He
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robby Zachariah Tom
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Glasl
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Pia Anzenhofer
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andre C. Stiel
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- University of Regensburg, Faculty for Biology, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Susanna M. Hofmann
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Cheng C, Wu B, Zhang L, Wan Q, Peng H, Liu X, Zheng H, Zhang H, Zou C. Automatic segmentation of the interscapular brown adipose tissue in rats based on deep learning using the dynamic magnetic resonance fat fraction images. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 37:215-226. [PMID: 38019377 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-023-01133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aims to propose an accurate labelling method of interscapular BAT (iBAT) in rats using dynamic MR fat fraction (FF) images with noradrenaline (NE) stimulation and then develop an automatic iBAT segmentation method using a U-Net model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-four rats fed different diets or housed at different temperatures underwent successive MR scans before and after NE injection. The iBAT were labelled automatically by identifying the regions with obvious FF change in response to the NE stimulation. Further, these FF images along with the recognized iBAT mask images were used to develop a deep learning network to accomplish the robust segmentation of iBAT in various rat models, even without NE stimulation. The trained model was then validated in rats fed with high-fat diet (HFD) in comparison with normal diet (ND). RESULT A total of 6510 FF images were collected using a clinical 3.0 T MR scanner. The dice similarity coefficient (DSC) between the automatic and manual labelled results was 0.895 ± 0.022. For the network training, the DSC, precision rate, and recall rate were found to be 0.897 ± 0.061, 0.901 ± 0.068 and 0.899 ± 0.086, respectively. The volumes and FF values of iBAT in HFD rats were higher than ND rats, while the FF decrease was larger in ND rats after NE injection. CONCLUSION An automatic iBAT segmentation method for rats was successfully developed using the dynamic labelled FF images of activated BAT and deep learning network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanli Cheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Imaging Research Institute of Innovative Medical Equipment, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bingxia Wu
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Radiology Department, Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qian Wan
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huimao Zhang
- Radiology Department, Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Zou
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Imaging Research Institute of Innovative Medical Equipment, Shenzhen, China.
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Iida T, Ueda Y, Tsukada H, Fukumoto D, Hamaoka T. Brown adipose tissue evaluation using water and triglyceride as indices by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300183. [PMID: 37885352 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is related to lipid and glucose metabolism, and BAT evaluation is expected to contribute to disease prevention and treatment. We aimed to establish a BAT evaluation method using simple and non-invasive diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). We acquired diffuse reflectance spectra of BAT using DRS from rats with cold stimulation and analyzed the second-derivative spectra. To predict the amount of triglyceride in BAT from the second-derivative spectra, partial least-squares regression analysis was performed, and we examined whether BAT weight can be predicted from the amount of triglyceride by single regression analysis. By focusing on changes in the amount of triglyceride in BAT with cold stimulation, it was suggested that this amount could be predicted spectroscopically, and the predicted amount of triglyceride could be used to estimate the BAT weight with cold stimulation. If these results can be translated into humans, they may contribute to preventing metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Iida
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yukio Ueda
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hideo Tsukada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Dai Fukumoto
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Holmes LR, Garside JC, Frank J, Livingston E, Snyder J, Abu Khalaf N, Yuan H, Branca RT. In-vivo detection of white adipose tissue browning: a multimodality imaging approach. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15485. [PMID: 37726379 PMCID: PMC10509182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection and differentiation of brown fat in humans poses several challenges, as this tissue is sparse and often mixed with white adipose tissue. Non-invasive detection of beige fat represents an even greater challenge as this tissue is structurally and functionally more like white fat than brown fat. Here we used positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, computed tomography, xenon-enhanced computed tomography, and dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound, to non-invasively detect functional and structural changes associated with the browning process of inguinal white fat, induced in mice by chronic stimulation with the β3-adrenergic receptor agonist CL-316243. These studies reveal a very heterogeneous increase in baseline tissue radiodensity and xenon-enhanced radiodensity, indicative of both an increase in adipocytes water and protein content as well as tissue perfusion, mostly in regions that showed enhanced norepinephrine-stimulated perfusion before CL-316243 treatment. No statistically significant increase in 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake or norepinephrine-stimulated tissue perfusion were observed in the mice after the CL-316243 treatment. The increase in tissue-water content and perfusion, along with the negligible increase in the tissue glucose uptake and norepinephrine-stimulated perfusion deserve more attention, especially considering the potential metabolic role that this tissue may play in whole body metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah R Holmes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - John C Garside
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan Frank
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Eric Livingston
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jonas Snyder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Nada Abu Khalaf
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Hong Yuan
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Rosa T Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Protein-caloric restriction induced HPA axis activation and altered the milk composition imprint metabolism of weaned rat offspring. Nutrition 2023; 108:111945. [PMID: 36696704 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Maternal protein-caloric restriction during lactation can malprogram offspring into having a lean phenotype associated with metabolic dysfunction in early life and adulthood. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between nutritional stress, maternal behavior and metabolism, milk composition, and offspring parameters. Additionally, we focused on the role of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivation during lactation. METHODS Dams were fed a low-protein diet (4% protein) during the first 2 wk of lactation or a normal-protein diet (20% protein) during all lactation. Analyses of dams, milk, and offspring were conducted on postnatal days (PD) 7, 14, and 21. RESULTS Body weight and food intake decreased in dams, which was associated with reduced fat pad stores and increased corticosterone levels at PD 14. The stressed low-protein diet dams demonstrated alterations in behavior and offspring care. Despite nutritional deprivation, dams adapted their metabolism to provide adequate energy supply through milk; however, we demonstrated elevated corticosterone and total fat levels in milk at PD 14. Male offspring also showed increased corticosterone at PD 7, associated with a lean phenotype and alterations in white and brown adipose tissue morphology at PD 21. CONCLUSION Exposure to protein-caloric restriction diet of dams during lactation increased the glucocorticoid levels in dams, milk, and offspring, which is associated with alterations in maternal behavior and milk composition. Thus, glucocorticoids and milk composition may play an important role in metabolic programming induced by maternal undernutrition.
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Paul A, Chanclón B, Brännmark C, Wittung-Stafshede P, Olofsson CS, Asterholm IW, Parekh SH. Comparing lipid remodeling of brown adipose tissue, white adipose tissue, and liver after one-week high fat diet intervention with quantitative Raman microscopy. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:382-395. [PMID: 36715685 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) consists of highly metabolically active adipocytes that catabolize nutrients to produce heat. Playing an active role in triacylglycerol (TAG) clearance, research has shown that dietary fatty acids can modulate the TAG chemistry deposition in BAT after weeks-long dietary intervention, similar to what has been shown in white adipose tissue (WAT). Our objective was to compare the influence of sustained, nonchronic dietary intervention (a 1-week interval) on WAT and interscapular BAT lipid metabolism and deposition in situ. We use quantitative, label-free chemical microscopy to show that 1 week of high fat diet (HFD) intervention results in dramatically larger lipid droplet (LD) growth in BAT (and liver) compared to LD growth in inguinal WAT (IWAT). Moreover, BAT showed lipid remodeling as increased unsaturated TAGs in LDs, resembling the dietary lipid composition, while WAT (and liver) did not show lipid remodeling on this time scale. Concurrently, expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, particularly desaturases, was reduced in BAT and liver from HFD-fed mice after 1 week. Our data show that BAT lipid chemistry remodels exceptionally fast to dietary lipid intervention compared WAT, which further points towards a role in TAG clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Paul
- Division of Chemical Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Belén Chanclón
- Department of Physiology (Metabolic Physiology), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Brännmark
- Department of Physiology (Metabolic Physiology), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Wittung-Stafshede
- Division of Chemical Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Charlotta S Olofsson
- Department of Physiology (Metabolic Physiology), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Wernstedt Asterholm
- Department of Physiology (Metabolic Physiology), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sapun H Parekh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
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Yang J, Zhang H, Parhat K, Xu H, Li M, Wang X, Ran C. Molecular Imaging of Brown Adipose Tissue Mass. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179436. [PMID: 34502347 PMCID: PMC8431742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a uniquely thermogenic tissue that plays an important role in metabolism and energy expenditure, has recently become a revived target in the fight against metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Different from white adipose tissue (WAT), the brown adipocytes have distinctive features including multilocular lipid droplets, a large number of mitochondria, and a high expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1), as well as abundant capillarity. These histologic characteristics provide an opportunity to differentiate BAT from WAT using imaging modalities, such as PET/CT, SPECT/CT, MRI, NIRF and Ultrasound. However, most of the reported imaging methods were BAT activation dependent, and the imaging signals could be affected by many factors, including environmental temperatures and the states of the sympathetic nervous system. Accurate BAT mass detection methods that are independent of temperature and hormone levels have the capacity to track the development and changes of BAT throughout the lifetime of mammals, and such methods could be very useful for the investigation of potential BAT-related therapies. In this review, we focus on molecular imaging modalities that can detect and quantify BAT mass. In addition, their detection mechanism and limitations will be discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (K.P.); (H.X.); (M.L.); (X.W.)
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (C.R.)
| | - Haili Zhang
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (K.P.); (H.X.); (M.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Kadirya Parhat
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (K.P.); (H.X.); (M.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (K.P.); (H.X.); (M.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Mingshuang Li
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (K.P.); (H.X.); (M.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (K.P.); (H.X.); (M.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (C.R.)
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Moon J, Kim D, Kim EK, Lee SY, Na HS, Kim GN, Lee A, Jung K, Choi JW, Park SH, Roh S, Cho ML. Brown adipose tissue ameliorates autoimmune arthritis via inhibition of Th17 cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12374. [PMID: 32704024 PMCID: PMC7378076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of adipose tissue are associated with autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Some studies have shown that the three compositions of adipose tissue (white, brown, and beige) have different functions. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is known to secrete several factors that differ from those in white adipose tissue. This suggests that BAT might have potential positive advantages in the physiology of autoimmune diseases. We compared the functions of collagen-induced arthritis mice-derived BAT (CIA BAT) with normal mice-derived BAT. DBA/1J mice (6-7 weeks of age) were immunized by intradermal injection at the base of the tail with 100 μg of bovine type II collagen (CII) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Immunized mice then received booster immunizations by intraperitoneal injection with 100 μg of CII in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. We transplanted CIA BAT and normal BAT into CIA recipient mice. After transplantation, we measured the functions of CIA BAT and normal BAT in mice. Normal BAT-transplanted mice showed significantly lower scores of bone damage, inflammation, and cartilage damage. The proinflammatory cytokines in normal BAT-transplanted mice, such as IL-12, IL-17, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), tended to decrease. Microarray analysis showed that the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway and IL-17 levels of CIA BAT tissues were significantly higher than those of normal BAT tissues. These results suggest that the transplantation of normal brown fat may have a therapeutic effect in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghyeon Moon
- Laboratory of Immune Network, Conversant Research Consortium in Immunologic Disease, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.,Cellular Reprogramming and Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Dental Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Dental Life Science, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasom Kim
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Kim
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Yeong Lee
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Na
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoung Nyun Kim
- College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Lee
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - KyungAh Jung
- Impact Biotech, Korea 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-ku, Seoul, 137-040, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Won Choi
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Roh
- Cellular Reprogramming and Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Dental Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Dental Life Science, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi-La Cho
- Laboratory of Immune Network, Conversant Research Consortium in Immunologic Disease, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea. .,Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-Daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Ron A, Deán-Ben XL, Reber J, Ntziachristos V, Razansky D. Characterization of Brown Adipose Tissue in a Diabetic Mouse Model with Spiral Volumetric Optoacoustic Tomography. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 21:620-625. [PMID: 30387020 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1291-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetes is associated with a deterioration of the microvasculature in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and with a decrease in its metabolic activity. Multispectral optoacoustic tomography has been recently proposed as a new tool capable of differentiating healthy and diabetic BAT by observing hemoglobin gradients and microvasculature density in cross-sectional (2D) views. We report on the use of spiral volumetric optoacoustic tomography (SVOT) for an improved characterization of BAT. PROCEDURES A streptozotocin-induced diabetes model and control mice were scanned with SVOT. Volumetric oxygen saturation (sO2) as well as total blood volume (TBV) in the subcutaneous interscapular BAT (iBAT) was quantified. Segmentation further enabled separating feeding and draining vessels from the BAT anatomical structure. RESULTS Scanning revealed a 46 % decrease in TBV and a 25 % decrease in sO2 in the diabetic iBAT with respect to the healthy control. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that SVOT may serve as an effective tool for studying the effects of diabetes on BAT. The volumetric optoacoustic imaging probe used for the SVOT scans can be operated in a handheld mode, thus potentially providing a clinical translation route for BAT-related studies with this imaging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avihai Ron
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Xosé Luís Deán-Ben
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Josephine Reber
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Gu J, Wang X, Yang H, Li H, Wang J. Preclinical in vivo imaging for brown adipose tissue. Life Sci 2020; 249:117500. [PMID: 32147430 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has multiple functions in the human body, including the production of heat and increasing energy consumption. However, BAT is also related to many kinds of diseases, such as obesity and metabolic disorders. The progression of such diseases occurs at the cellular level, and thus, imaging techniques could prove greatly beneficial for determining optimal therapeutic regimens. Currently, positron-emission tomography (PET) is considered to be the gold standard for assessing the function of activated BAT. However, PET also has inherent disadvantages, and, thus, recent efforts have been focused on exploring, and potentially developing, new imaging techniques to better observe BAT and evaluate its metabolic function. Researchers have already achieved promising success with computed tomography, magnetic resonance approaches, ultrasound, new tracers for use in PET, and other imaging techniques through in vivo and in vitro animal experiments. Since, these studies have shown that BAT may serve as an effective therapeutic target for treatment of metabolic dysfunction diseases, the development of an efficient in vivo BAT imaging technique that is applicable to humans will prove to be of great clinical value. In this review, classical PET imaging technique is highlighted as well as the current status of preclinical imaging methods developed for BAT examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Gu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengjing Hospital, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinlu Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengjing Hospital, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengjing Hospital, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengjing Hospital, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengjing Hospital, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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11
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Tay SH, Goh HJ, Govindharajulu P, Cheng J, Camps SG, Haldar S, Velan SS, Sun L, Li Y, Henry CJ, Leow MKS. Brown fat activity determined by infrared thermography and thermogenesis measurement using whole body calorimetry (BRIGHT Study). Physiol Res 2020; 69:85-97. [PMID: 31852199 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess BAT activity in humans at a population level, infrared thermography (IRT) represents a safe, readily repeatable and affordable alternative to 18F-FDG-PET. Building upon a previously proposed method by our laboratory, we further refined the image computational algorithm to quantify BAT activation in the cervical-supraclavicular (C-SCV) region of healthy young men under thermo-neutral and cold exposure conditions. Additionally, we validated the whole-body calorimeter (WBC) in reliably measuring cold-induced thermogenesis. The temperature gradient between C-SCV-deltoid regions, and the corresponding difference in heat power output, increased upon cold air exposure relative to thermo-neutral conditions (by 74.88 %, p<0.0001; and by 71.34 %, p<0.0001 respectively). Resting and cumulative energy expenditure (EE) rose significantly (by 13.14 % and 9.12 % respectively, p=0.0001) while positive correlations between IRT measures and EE were found with cold air exposure (percentage change in heat power gradient between ROI and deltoid, cold air: r(2)=0.29, p=0.026, Pearson's correlation). IRT and WBC can be used to study BAT activation. The refined algorithm allows for more automation and objectivity in IRT data analysis, especially under cold air exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Tay
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
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12
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Wu M, Junker D, Branca RT, Karampinos DC. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques for Brown Adipose Tissue Detection. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:421. [PMID: 32849257 PMCID: PMC7426399 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) methods can non-invasively assess brown adipose tissue (BAT) structure and function. Recently, MRI and MRS have been proposed as a means to differentiate BAT from white adipose tissue (WAT) and to extract morphological and functional information on BAT inaccessible by other means. Specifically, proton MR (1H) techniques, such as proton density fat fraction mapping, diffusion imaging, and intermolecular multiple quantum coherence imaging, have been employed to access BAT microstructure; MR thermometry, relaxometry, and MRI and MRS with 31P, 2H, 13C, and 129Xe have shown to provide complementary information on BAT function. The purpose of the present review is to provide a comprehensive overview of MR imaging and spectroscopy techniques used to detect BAT in rodents and in humans. The present work discusses common challenges of current methods and provides an outlook on possible future directions of using MRI and MRS in BAT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mingming Wu
| | - Daniela Junker
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rosa Tamara Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Dimitrios C. Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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13
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Yaligar J, Verma SK, Gopalan V, Anantharaj R, Thu Le GT, Kaur K, Mallilankaraman K, Leow MKS, Velan SS. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of brown and beige adipose tissues. Magn Reson Med 2019; 84:384-395. [PMID: 31799761 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The vascular blood flow in brown adipose tissue (BAT) is important for handling triglyceride clearance, increased blood flow and oxygenation. We used dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI and fat fraction (FF) imaging for investigating vascular perfusion kinetics in brown and beige adipose tissues with cold exposure or treatment with β3-adrenergic agonist. METHODS FF imaging and DCE-MRI using gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid were performed in interscapular BAT (iBAT) and beige tissues using male Wister rats (n = 38). Imaging was performed at thermoneutral condition and with either cold exposure, treatment with pharmacological agent CL-316,243, or saline. DCE-MRI and FF data were co-registered to enhance the understanding of metabolic activity. RESULTS Uptake of contrast agent in activated iBAT and beige tissues were significantly (P < .05) higher than nonactivated iBAT. The Ktrans and kep increased significantly in iBAT and beige tissues after treatment with either cold exposure or β3-adrenergic agonist. The FF decreased in activated iBAT and beige tissues. The Ktrans and FF from iBAT and beige tissues were inversely correlated (r = 0.97; r = 0.94). Significant increase in vascular endothelial growth factor expression and Ktrans in activated iBAT and beige tissues were in agreement with the increased vasculature and vascular perfusion kinetics. The iBAT and beige tissues were validated by measuring molecular markers. CONCLUSION Increased Ktrans and decreased FF in iBAT and beige tissues were in agreement with the vascular perfusion kinetics facilitating the clearance of free fatty acids. The methodology can be extended for the screening of browning agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadegoud Yaligar
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Sanjay Kumar Verma
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Venkatesh Gopalan
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Rengaraj Anantharaj
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Giang Thi Thu Le
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Kavita Kaur
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | | | - Melvin Khee-Shing Leow
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorder Program, Duke-NUS.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore
| | - S Sendhil Velan
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Oka M, Kobayashi N, Matsumura K, Nishio M, Saeki K. Exogenous Cytokine-Free Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Classical Brown Adipocytes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040373. [PMID: 31022954 PMCID: PMC6523334 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously established a method for a directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into classical brown adipocytes (BA) by forming aggregates via massive floating culture in the presence of a specific cytokine cocktail. However, use of recombinant cytokines requires significant cost. Moreover, an enforced differentiation by exogenously added cytokines may amend skewed differentiation propensity of patient’s pluripotent stem cells, providing unsatisfactory disease models. Therefore, an exogenous cytokine-free method, where cytokines required for differentiation are provided in an auto/paracrine manner mimicking natural developmental process, is beneficial. Here we show that, if human pluripotent stem cells are cultured as size-controlled spheroids (100–120 µm radius, 2000–2500 cells/spheroid) in a mutually segregated manner with half-change of the medium every other day, they differentiate into classical BA via an authentic MYF5-positive myoblast route in the absence of exogenous cytokines. Differentiated BA exerted thermogenic activity in transplanted mice in response to beta-adrenergic receptor agonist stimuli. The cytokine-free differentiation method has further advantages in exploring BATokines, BA-derived physiologically active substances. Indeed, we have found that BA produces an unknown small (<1000 Da), highly hydrophilic molecule that augments insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Our upgraded technique will contribute to an advancement of stem cell study for diverse purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Oka
- Department of Disease Control, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
| | - Norihiko Kobayashi
- Department of Disease Control, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Matsumura
- Department of Disease Control, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
| | - Miwako Nishio
- Department of Disease Control, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
| | - Kumiko Saeki
- Department of Disease Control, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
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15
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Recent advances in the detection of brown adipose tissue in adult humans: a review. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1039-1054. [PMID: 29802209 DOI: 10.1042/cs20170276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is associated with reductions in circulating lipids and glucose in rodents and contributes to energy expenditure in humans indicating the potential therapeutic importance of targetting this tissue for the treatment of a variety of metabolic disorders. In order to evaluate the therapeutic potential of human BAT, a variety of methodologies for assessing the volume and metabolic activity of BAT are utilized. Cold exposure is often utilized to increase BAT activity but inconsistencies in the characteristics of the exposure protocols make it challenging to compare findings. The metabolic activity of BAT in response to cold exposure has most commonly been measured by static positron emission tomography of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in combination with computed tomography (18F-FDG PET-CT) imaging, but recent studies suggest that under some conditions this may not always reflect BAT thermogenic activity. Therefore, recent studies have used alternative positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET-CT) imaging strategies and radiotracers that may offer important insights. In addition to PET-CT, there are numerous emerging techniques that may have utility for assessing BAT metabolic activity including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), skin temperature measurements, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and contrast ultrasound (CU). In this review, we discuss and critically evaluate the various methodologies used to measure BAT metabolic activity in humans and provide a contemporary assessment of protocols which may be useful in interpreting research findings and guiding the development of future studies.
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16
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Yang J, Yang J, Ran C. Spectral Unmixing Imaging for Differentiating Brown Adipose Tissue Mass and Its Activation. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:6134186. [PMID: 29531505 PMCID: PMC5817366 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6134186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent large-scale clinical analysis indicates that brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass levels inversely correlate with body-mass index (BMI), suggesting that BAT is associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. PET imaging with 18F-FDG is the most commonly used method for visualizing BAT. However, this method is not able to differentiate between BAT mass and BAT activation. This task, in fact, presents a tremendous challenge with no currently existing methods to separate BAT mass and BAT activation. Our previous results indicated that BAT could be successfully imaged in mice with near infrared fluorescent (NIRF) curcumin analogues. However, the results from conventional NIRF imaging could not reflect what portion of the NIRF signal from BAT activation contributed to the signal observed. To solve this problem, we used spectral unmixing to separate/unmix NIRF signal from oil droplets in BAT, which represents its mass and NIRF signal from blood, which represents BAT activation. In this report, results from our proof-of-concept investigation demonstrated that spectral unmixing could be used to separate NIRF signal from BAT mass and BAT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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17
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Sampath SC, Sampath SC, Bredella MA, Cypess AM, Torriani M. Imaging of Brown Adipose Tissue: State of the Art. Radiology 2017; 280:4-19. [PMID: 27322970 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2016150390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The rates of diabetes, obesity, and metabolic disease have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. In recent years there has been renewed interest in combating these diseases not only by modifying energy intake and lifestyle factors, but also by inducing endogenous energy expenditure. This approach has largely been stimulated by the recent recognition that brown adipose tissue (BAT)-long known to promote heat production and energy expenditure in infants and hibernating mammals-also exists in adult humans. This landmark finding relied on the use of clinical fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, and imaging techniques continue to play a crucial and increasingly central role in understanding BAT physiology and function. Herein, the authors review the origins of BAT imaging, discuss current preclinical and clinical strategies for imaging BAT, and discuss imaging methods that will provide crucial insight into metabolic disease and how it may be treated by modulating BAT activity. (©) RSNA, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srihari C Sampath
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
| | - Srinath C Sampath
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
| | - Miriam A Bredella
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
| | - Martin Torriani
- From Musculoskeletal Biology and Bioimaging, Department of Pharmacology, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif (Srihari Sampath, Srinath Sampath); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Yawkey 6E, Boston, MA 02114 (M.B., M.T.); and Translational Physiology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.M.C.)
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18
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Domingue SR, Bartels RA, Chicco AJ, Wilson JW. Transient absorption imaging of hemes with 2-color, independently tunable visible-wavelength ultrafast source. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:2807-2821. [PMID: 28663908 PMCID: PMC5480431 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.002807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pump probe microscopy is a time-resolved multiphoton imaging technique capable of generating contrast between non-fluorescent pigments based on differences in excited-state lifetimes. Here we describe a fiber-based ultrafast system designed for imaging heme proteins with an independently-tunable pulse pair in the visible-wavelength regime. Starting with a 1060 nm fiber amplifier (1.3 W at 63 MHz, 140 fs pulses), visible pulses were produced in the vicinity of 488 nm and 532 nm by doubling the output of a short photonic crystal fiber with a pair of periodically-poled lithium niobate crystals, providing 5-20 mW power in each beam. This was sufficient for acquiring transient absorption images from unstained cryosectioned tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R. Domingue
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, USA
- Current affiliation: KMLabs, Boulder, CO,
USA
| | - Randy A. Bartels
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, USA
| | - Adam J. Chicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, USA
| | - Jesse W. Wilson
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, USA
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19
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Panagia M, Chen YCI, Chen HH, Ernande L, Chen C, Chao W, Kwong K, Scherrer-Crosbie M, Sosnovik DE. Functional and anatomical characterization of brown adipose tissue in heart failure with blood oxygen level dependent magnetic resonance. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:978-984. [PMID: 27226402 PMCID: PMC4912044 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in obesity, insulin resistance and heart failure. The characterization of BAT in vivo, however, has been challenging. No technique to comprehensively image BAT anatomy and function has been described. Moreover, the impact on BAT of the neuroendocrine activation seen in heart failure has only recently begun to be evaluated in vivo. The aim of this study was to use MRI to characterize the impact of heart failure on the morphology and function of BAT. Mice subjected to permanent ligation of the left coronary artery were imaged with MRI 6 weeks later. T2 weighted MRI of BAT volume and blood oxygen level dependent MRI of BAT function were performed. T2 * maps of BAT were obtained at multiple time points before and after administration of the β3 adrenergic agonist CL 316 243 (CL). Blood flow to BAT was studied after CL injection using the flow alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) approach. Excised BAT tissue was analyzed for lipid droplet content and for uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) mRNA expression. BAT volume was significantly lower in heart failure (51 ± 1 mm(3) versus 65 ± 3 mm(3) ; p < 0.05), and characterized by a reduction in lipid globules and a fourfold increase in UCP1 mRNA (p < 0.05). CL injection increased BAT T2 * in healthy animals but not in mice with heart failure (24 ± 4% versus 6 ± 2%; p < 0.01), consistent with an increase in flow in control BAT. This was confirmed by a significant difference in the FAIR response in BAT in control and heart failure mice. Heart failure results in the chronic activation of BAT, decreased BAT lipid stores and decreased BAT volume, and it is associated with a marked decrease in ability to respond to acute physiological stimuli. This may have important implications for substrate utilization and overall metabolic homeostasis in heart failure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Panagia
- Cardiology Section, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
| | - Yin-Ching Iris Chen
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
| | - Howard H Chen
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
| | - Laura Ernande
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- DHU Ageing-Thorax-Vessel-Blood, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - Chan Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Wei Chao
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Kenneth Kwong
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
| | | | - David E. Sosnovik
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
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20
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Thoonen R, Hindle AG, Scherrer-Crosbie M. Brown adipose tissue: The heat is on the heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1592-605. [PMID: 27084389 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00698.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The study of brown adipose tissue (BAT) has gained significant scientific interest since the discovery of functional BAT in adult humans. The thermogenic properties of BAT are well recognized; however, data generated in the last decade in both rodents and humans reveal therapeutic potential for BAT against metabolic disorders and obesity. Here we review the current literature in light of a potential role for BAT in beneficially mediating cardiovascular health. We focus mainly on BAT's actions in obesity, vascular tone, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, we discuss the recently discovered endocrine factors that have a potential beneficial role in cardiovascular health. These BAT-secreted factors may have a favorable effect against cardiovascular risk either through their metabolic role or by directly affecting the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robrecht Thoonen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allyson G Hindle
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Marielle Scherrer-Crosbie
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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21
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Ernande L, Stanford KI, Thoonen R, Zhang H, Clerte M, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ, Bloch KD, Buys ES, Scherrer-Crosbie M. Relationship of brown adipose tissue perfusion and function: a study through β2-adrenoreceptor stimulation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:825-32. [PMID: 26823340 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00634.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation increases glucose and lipid consumption; as such, it is been considered as a potential therapy to decrease obesity. BAT is highly vascularized and its activation is associated with a necessary increase in blood flow. However, whether increasing BAT blood flow per se increases BAT activity is unknown. To examine this hypothesis, we investigated whether an isolated increase in BAT blood flow obtained by β2-adrenoreceptor (β2-AR) stimulation with salbutamol increased BAT activity. BAT blood flow was estimated in vivo in mice using contrast-enhanced ultrasound. The absence of direct effect of salbutamol on the function of isolated brown adipocytes was assessed by measuring oxygen consumption. The effect of salbutamol on BAT activity was investigated by measuring BAT glucose uptake in vivo. BAT blood flow increased by 2.3 ± 0.6-fold during β2-AR stimulation using salbutamol infusion in mice (P= 0.003). β2-AR gene expression was detectable in BAT but was extremely low in isolated brown adipocytes. Oxygen consumption of isolated brown adipocytes did not change with salbutamol exposure, confirming the absence of a direct effect of β2-AR agonist on brown adipocytes. Finally, β2-AR stimulation by salbutamol increased BAT glucose uptake in vivo (991 ± 358 vs. 135 ± 49 ng glucose/mg tissue/45 min in salbutamol vs. saline injected mice, respectively,P= 0.046). In conclusion, an increase in BAT blood flow without direct stimulation of the brown adipocytes is associated with increased BAT metabolic activity. Increasing BAT blood flow might represent a new therapeutic target in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ernande
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory and Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; DHU Ageing-Thorax-Vessel-Blood, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robrecht Thoonen
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory and Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Haihua Zhang
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory and Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maëva Clerte
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory and Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Kenneth D Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emmanuel S Buys
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marielle Scherrer-Crosbie
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory and Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
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22
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Bhanu Prakash KN, Verma SK, Yaligar J, Goggi J, Gopalan V, Lee SS, Tian X, Sugii S, Leow MKS, Bhakoo K, Velan SS. Segmentation and characterization of interscapular brown adipose tissue in rats by multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 29:277-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-015-0514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Flynn A, Li Q, Panagia M, Abdelbaky A, MacNabb M, Samir A, Cypess AM, Weyman AE, Tawakol A, Scherrer-Crosbie M. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound: A Novel Noninvasive, Nonionizing Method for the Detection of Brown Adipose Tissue in Humans. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2015; 28:1247-54. [PMID: 26255029 PMCID: PMC4593741 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) consumes glucose when it is activated by cold exposure, allowing its detection in humans by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) with computed tomography (CT). The investigators recently described a novel noninvasive and nonionizing imaging method to assess BAT in mice using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Here, they report the application of this method in healthy humans. METHODS Thirteen healthy volunteers were recruited. CEUS was performed before and after cold exposure in all subjects using a continuous intravenous infusion of perflutren gas-filled lipid microbubbles and triggered imaging of the supraclavicular space. The first five subjects received microbubbles at a lower infusion rate than the subsequent eight subjects and were analyzed as a separate group. Blood flow was estimated as the product of the plateau (A) and the slope (β) of microbubble replenishment curves. All underwent (18)F-FDG PET/CT after cold exposure. RESULTS An increase in the acoustic signal was noted in the supraclavicular adipose tissue area with increasing triggering intervals in all subjects, demonstrating the presence of blood flow. The area imaged by CEUS colocalized with BAT, as detected by ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT. In a cohort of eight subjects with an optimized CEUS protocol, CEUS-derived BAT blood flow increased with cold exposure compared with basal BAT blood flow in warm conditions (median Aβ = 3.3 AU/s [interquartile range, 0.5-5.7 AU/s] vs 1.25 AU/s [interquartile range, 0.5-2.6 AU/s]; P = .02). Of these eight subjects, five had greater than twofold increases in blood flow after cold exposure; these responders had higher BAT activity measured by (18)F-FDG PET/CT (median maximal standardized uptake value, 2.25 [interquartile range, 1.53-4.57] vs 0.51 [interquartile range, 0.47-0.73]; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates the feasibility of using CEUS as a noninvasive, nonionizing imaging modality in estimating BAT blood flow in young, healthy humans. CEUS may be a useful and scalable tool in the assessment of BAT and BAT-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Flynn
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marcello Panagia
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amr Abdelbaky
- Department of Nuclear Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Megan MacNabb
- Department of Nuclear Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anthony Samir
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Arthur E Weyman
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ahmed Tawakol
- Department of Nuclear Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marielle Scherrer-Crosbie
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Belcik JT, Davidson BP, Foster T, Qi Y, Zhao Y, Peters D, Lindner JR. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound assessment of impaired adipose tissue and muscle perfusion in insulin-resistant mice. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 8:CIRCIMAGING.114.002684. [PMID: 25855669 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.114.002684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In diabetes mellitus, reduced perfusion and capillary surface area in skeletal muscle, which is a major glucose storage site, contribute to abnormal glucose homeostasis. Using contrast-enhanced ultrasound, we investigated whether abdominal adipose tissue perfusion is abnormal in insulin resistance and correlates with glycemic control. METHODS AND RESULTS Contrast-enhanced ultrasound perfusion imaging of abdominal adipose tissue and skeletal muscle was performed in obese insulin resistance (db/db) mice at 11 to 12 or 14 to 16 weeks of age and in control lean mice. Time-intensity data were analyzed to quantify microvascular blood flow (MBF) and capillary blood volume (CBV). Blood glucose response for 1 hour was measured after insulin challenge (1 U/kg, IP). Compared with control mice, db/db mice at 11 to 12 and 14 to 16 weeks had a higher glucose concentration area under the curve after insulin (11.8±2.8, 20.6±4.3, and 28.4±5.9 mg·min/dL [×1000], respectively; P=0.0002) and also had lower adipose MBF (0.094±0.038, 0.035±0.010, and 0.023±0.01 mL/min per gram; P=0.0002) and CBV (1.6±0.6, 1.0±0.3, and 0.5±0.1 mL/100 g; P=0.0017). The glucose area under the curve correlated in a nonlinear fashion with both adipose and skeletal muscle MBF and CBV. There were significant linear correlations between adipose and muscle MBF (r=0.81) and CBV (r=0.66). Adipocyte cell volume on histology was 25-fold higher in 14- to 16-week db/db versus control mice. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal adipose MBF and CBV in insulin resistance can be detected by contrast-enhanced ultrasound and correlates with the degree of impairment in glucose storage. Abnormalities in adipose tissue and muscle seem to be coupled. Impaired adipose tissue perfusion is in part explained by an increase in adipocyte size without proportional vascular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Todd Belcik
- From the Knight Cardiovascular Institute (J.T.B., B.P.D., T.F., Y.Q., Y.Z., J.R.L.) and Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine (D.P.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Brian P Davidson
- From the Knight Cardiovascular Institute (J.T.B., B.P.D., T.F., Y.Q., Y.Z., J.R.L.) and Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine (D.P.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Ted Foster
- From the Knight Cardiovascular Institute (J.T.B., B.P.D., T.F., Y.Q., Y.Z., J.R.L.) and Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine (D.P.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Yue Qi
- From the Knight Cardiovascular Institute (J.T.B., B.P.D., T.F., Y.Q., Y.Z., J.R.L.) and Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine (D.P.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Yan Zhao
- From the Knight Cardiovascular Institute (J.T.B., B.P.D., T.F., Y.Q., Y.Z., J.R.L.) and Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine (D.P.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Dawn Peters
- From the Knight Cardiovascular Institute (J.T.B., B.P.D., T.F., Y.Q., Y.Z., J.R.L.) and Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine (D.P.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Jonathan R Lindner
- From the Knight Cardiovascular Institute (J.T.B., B.P.D., T.F., Y.Q., Y.Z., J.R.L.) and Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine (D.P.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.
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Abreu-Vieira G, Hagberg CE, Spalding KL, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Adrenergically stimulated blood flow in brown adipose tissue is not dependent on thermogenesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E822-9. [PMID: 25738783 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00494.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis relies on blood flow to be supplied with nutrients and oxygen and for the distribution of the generated heat to the rest of the body. Therefore, it is fundamental to understand the mechanisms by which blood flow is regulated and its relation to thermogenesis. Here, we present high-resolution laser-Doppler imaging (HR-LDR) as a novel method for noninvasive in vivo measurement of BAT blood flow in mice. Using HR-LDR, we found that norepinephrine stimulation increases BAT blood flow in a dose-dependent manner and that this response is profoundly modulated by environmental temperature acclimation. Surprisingly, we found that mice lacking uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) have fully preserved BAT blood flow response to norepinephrine despite failing to perform thermogenesis. BAT blood flow was not directly correlated to systemic glycemia, but glucose injections could transiently increase tissue perfusion. Inguinal white adipose tissue, also known as a brite/beige adipose tissue, was also sensitive to cold acclimation and similarly increased blood flow in response to norepinephrine. In conclusion, using a novel noninvasive method to detect BAT perfusion, we demonstrate that adrenergically stimulated BAT blood flow is qualitatively and quantitatively fully independent of thermogenesis, and therefore, it is not a reliable parameter for the estimation of BAT activation and heat generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Abreu-Vieira
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Carolina E Hagberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kirsty L Spalding
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; and
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Izzi-Engbeaya C, Salem V, Atkar RS, Dhillo WS. Insights into Brown Adipose Tissue Physiology as Revealed by Imaging Studies. Adipocyte 2015; 4:1-12. [PMID: 26167397 DOI: 10.4161/21623945.2014.965609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been resurgence in interest in brown adipose tissue (BAT) following radiological and histological identification of metabolically active BAT in adult humans. Imaging enables BAT to be studied non-invasively and therefore imaging studies have contributed a significant amount to what is known about BAT function in humans. In this review the current knowledge (derived from imaging studies) about the prevalence, function, activity and regulation of BAT in humans (as well as relevant rodent studies), will be summarized.
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Key Words
- 11C-MHED, [11C]-meta-hydroxyephedrine
- 18F-FDG, [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose
- 99mTc-sestamibi, technetium-99m sestamibi
- 99mTc-tetrofosmin, technetium-99m tetrofosmin
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- BMI, body mass index
- BOLD, blood oxygen level dependent
- CIT, cold-induced thermogenesis
- IQR, interquartile range
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- NST, non-shivering thermogenesis
- PET-CT, positron emission tomography-computed tomography
- SPECT, single photon emission CT
- UCP-1, uncoupling protein 1
- WAT, white adipose tissue
- brown adipose tissue
- energy expenditure
- imaging
- metabolism
- thermogenesis
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Detection of brown adipose tissue and thermogenic activity in mice by hyperpolarized xenon MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:18001-6. [PMID: 25453088 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403697111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in human weight regulation has been constrained by the lack of a noninvasive tool for measuring this tissue and its function in vivo. Existing imaging modalities are nonspecific and intrinsically insensitive to the less active, lipid-rich BAT of obese subjects, the target population for BAT studies. We demonstrate noninvasive imaging of BAT in mice by hyperpolarized xenon gas MRI. We detect a greater than 15-fold increase in xenon uptake by BAT during stimulation of BAT thermogenesis, which enables us to acquire background-free maps of the tissue in both lean and obese mouse phenotypes. We also demonstrate in vivo MR thermometry of BAT by hyperpolarized xenon gas. Finally, we use the linear temperature dependence of the chemical shift of xenon dissolved in adipose tissue to directly measure BAT temperature and to track thermogenic activity in vivo.
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28
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Abstract
As part of a current worldwide effort to understand the physiology of human BAT (hBAT) and whether its thermogenic activity can be manipulated to treat obesity, the workshop "Exploring the Roles of Brown Fat in Humans" was convened at the National Institutes of Health on February 25-26, 2014. Presentations and discussion indicated that hBAT and its physiological roles are highly complex, and research is needed to understand the health impact of hBAT beyond thermogenesis and body weight regulation, and to define its interactions with core physiological processes like glucose homeostasis, cachexia, physical activity, bone structure, sleep, and circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Cypess
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Carol R Haft
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Maren R Laughlin
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Houchun H Hu
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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