1
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Burdina EV, Gruntenko NE. Physiological Aspects of Wolbachia pipientis–Drosophila melanogaster Relationship. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Ma G, Tian Z, Wang B. The contribution of intestinal Streptococcus to the pathogenesis of diabetic foot ulcers: An analysis based on 16S rRNA sequencing. Int Wound J 2022; 19:1658-1668. [PMID: 35112796 PMCID: PMC9615275 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we intend to determine the microbial communities that are differentially expressed in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) from the view of species abundance difference and compositions. The EMBL‐EBI database and QIIME2 platform were used to obtain and process 16S rRNA sequencing data of normal healthy and DFU samples. The LEfSe software was utilised to retrieve key intestinal bacteria differentially expressed in DFUs. Additionally, PICRUSt2, FAPROTAX and BugBase functional analyses were performed to analyse the potential microbial functions and related metabolic pathways. The correlations between intestinal microbiota and clinical indexes were evaluated using the Spearman correlation analysis. Significant differences existed in intestinal microbiota between DFU and normal healthy samples regarding species abundance difference and compositions at Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species levels. Seven microbiota were demonstrated differentially expressed in DFUs that contained Bacteroidaceae, Prevotellaceae, Streptococcaceae, Lactobacillales, Bacilli, Veillonellaceae and Selenomonadales. Insulin signalling pathway may be the key pathway related to the functional significance of Streptococcus and Bacillus in the DFUs. The intestinal microbiota in DFUs exhibited susceptibility to sulphur cycling while displaying pathogenic potential. Last but not least, a close relationship between Streptococcus and the occurrence of DFUs was revealed. Taken together, this study mainly demonstrated the high abundance of Streptococcus in DFUs and its correlation with the disease occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Guixin Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zibin Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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3
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Therapeutic IGF-I receptor inhibition alters fibrocyte immune phenotype in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2114244118. [PMID: 34949642 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114244118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) represents a disfiguring and potentially blinding autoimmune component of Graves' disease. It appears to be driven, at least in part, by autoantibodies targeting the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR)/insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) complex. Actions mediated through either TSHR or IGF-IR are dependent on IGF-IR activity. CD34+ fibrocytes, monocyte lineage cells, reside uniquely in the TAO orbit, where they masquerade as CD34+ orbital fibroblasts. Fibrocytes present antigens to T cells through their display of the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) while providing costimulation through B7 proteins (CD80, CD86, and programmed death-ligand 1 [PD-L1]). Here, we demonstrate that teprotumumab, an anti-IGF-IR inhibitor, attenuates constitutive expression and induction by the thyroid-stimulating hormone of MHC II and these B7 members in CD34+ fibrocytes. These actions are mediated through reduction of respective gene transcriptional activity. Other IGF-IR inhibitors (1H7 and linsitinib) and knocking down IGF-IR gene expression had similar effects. Interrogation of circulating fibrocytes collected from patients with TAO, prior to and following teprotumumab treatment in vivo during a phase 2 clinical trial, demonstrated reductions in cell-surface MHC II and B7 proteins similar to those found following IGF-IR inhibitor treatment in vitro. Teprotumumab therapy reduces levels of interferon-γ and IL-17A expression in circulating CD4+ T cells, effects that may be indirect and mediated through actions of the drug on fibrocytes. Teprotumumab was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for TAO. Our current findings identify potential mechanisms through which teprotumumab might be eliciting its clinical response systemically in patients with TAO, potentially by restoring immune tolerance.
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4
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Rubinstein MM, Brown KA, Iyengar NM. Targeting obesity-related dysfunction in hormonally driven cancers. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:495-509. [PMID: 33911195 PMCID: PMC8368182 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for at least 13 different types of cancer, many of which are hormonally driven, and is associated with increased cancer incidence and morbidity. Adult obesity rates are steadily increasing and a subsequent increase in cancer burden is anticipated. Obesity-related dysfunction can contribute to cancer pathogenesis and treatment resistance through various mechanisms, including those mediated by insulin, leptin, adipokine, and aromatase signalling pathways, particularly in women. Furthermore, adiposity-related changes can influence tumour vascularity and inflammation in the tumour microenvironment, which can support tumour development and growth. Trials investigating non-pharmacological approaches to target the mechanisms driving obesity-mediated cancer pathogenesis are emerging and are necessary to better appreciate the interplay between malignancy, adiposity, diet and exercise. Diet, exercise and bariatric surgery are potential strategies to reverse the cancer-promoting effects of obesity; trials of these interventions should be conducted in a scientifically rigorous manner with dose escalation and appropriate selection of tumour phenotypes and have cancer-related clinical and mechanistic endpoints. We are only beginning to understand the mechanisms by which obesity effects cell signalling and systemic factors that contribute to oncogenesis. As the rates of obesity and cancer increase, we must promote the development of non-pharmacological lifestyle trials for the treatment and prevention of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Rubinstein
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Kristy A. Brown
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Biochemistry in Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY USA
| | - Neil M. Iyengar
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
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5
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White MF, Kahn CR. Insulin action at a molecular level - 100 years of progress. Mol Metab 2021; 52:101304. [PMID: 34274528 PMCID: PMC8551477 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of insulin 100 years ago and its application to the treatment of human disease in the years since have marked a major turning point in the history of medicine. The availability of purified insulin allowed for the establishment of its physiological role in the regulation of blood glucose and ketones, the determination of its amino acid sequence, and the solving of its structure. Over the last 50 years, the function of insulin has been applied into the discovery of the insulin receptor and its signaling cascade to reveal the role of impaired insulin signaling-or resistance-in the progression of type 2 diabetes. It has also become clear that insulin signaling can impact not only classical insulin-sensitive tissues, but all tissues of the body, and that in many of these tissues the insulin signaling cascade regulates unexpected physiological functions. Despite these remarkable advances, much remains to be learned about both insulin signaling and how to use this molecular knowledge to advance the treatment of type 2 diabetes and other insulin-resistant states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris F White
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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6
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Luckhart S, Riehle MA. Midgut Mitochondrial Function as a Gatekeeper for Malaria Parasite Infection and Development in the Mosquito Host. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:593159. [PMID: 33363053 PMCID: PMC7759495 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.593159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Across diverse organisms, various physiologies are profoundly regulated by mitochondrial function, which is defined by mitochondrial fusion, biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and mitophagy. Based on our data and significant published studies from Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and mammals, we propose that midgut mitochondria control midgut health and the health of other tissues in vector mosquitoes. Specifically, we argue that trade-offs among resistance to infection, metabolism, lifespan, and reproduction in vector mosquitoes are fundamentally controlled both locally and systemically by midgut mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Michael A Riehle
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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7
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Maniyadath B, Sandra US, Kolthur-Seetharam U. Metabolic choreography of gene expression: nutrient transactions with the epigenome. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-019-9987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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8
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Smith TJ. Teprotumumab as a Novel Therapy for Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:610337. [PMID: 33391187 PMCID: PMC7774640 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.610337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) has remained a vexing and poorly managed autoimmune component of Graves' disease where the tissues surrounding the eye and in the upper face become inflamed and undergo remodeling. This leads to substantial facial disfigurement while in its most severe forms, TAO can threaten eye sight. In this brief paper, I review some of the background investigation that has led to development of teprotumumab as the first and only US FDA approved medical therapy for TAO. This novel treatment was predicated on recognition that the insulin-like growth factor I receptor plays an important role in the pathogenesis of TAO. It is possible that a similar involvement of that receptor in other autoimmune disease may lead to additional indications for this and alternative insulin-like growth factor I receptor-inhibiting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Terry J. Smith,
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9
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Maniyadath B, Sandra US, Kolthur-Seetharam U. Metabolic choreography of gene expression: nutrient transactions with the epigenome. J Biosci 2020; 45:7. [PMID: 31965985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic complexity and thus their ability to respond to diverse cues are largely driven by varying expression of gene products, qualitatively and quantitatively. Protein adducts in the form of post-translational modifications, most of which are derived from metabolic intermediates, allow fine tuning of gene expression at multiple levels. With the advent of high-throughput and high-resolution mapping technologies there has been an explosion in terms of the kind of modifications on chromatin and other factors that govern gene expression. Moreover, even the classical notion of acetylation and methylation dependent regulation of transcription is now known to be intrinsically coupled to biochemical pathways, which were otherwise regarded as 'mundane'. Here we have not only reviewed some of the recent literature but also have highlighted the dependence of gene regulatory mechanisms on metabolic inputs, both direct and indirect. We have also tried to bring forth some of the open questions, and how our understanding of gene expression has changed dramatically over the last few years, which has largely become metabolism centric. Finally, metabolic regulation of epigenome and gene expression has gained much traction due to the increased incidence of lifestyle and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babukrishna Maniyadath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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10
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Huang X, Su C, Chen S, Teng J, Zhao L, Chen S. Effect of klotho as an ageing suppressor on insulin signalling cascade in brain of d-galactose mice by Yisui moxibustion. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1665476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinge Huang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, PR China
| | - Chuanli Su
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, PR China
| | - Shuyan Chen
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Affiliated Orthopedics Surgery, Jianxiang Hospital, Foshan, PR China
| | - Jinlong Teng
- Acupuncture and Massage College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, PR China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, PR China
| | - Shangjie Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Bao’an Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, PR China
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11
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Zhou L, Wang L, Zhang J, Li J, Bai S, Ma J, Fu X. Didymin improves UV irradiation resistance in C. elegans. PeerJ 2019; 6:e6218. [PMID: 30643686 PMCID: PMC6330030 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Didymin, a type of flavono-o-glycoside compound naturally present in citrus fruits, has been reported to be an effective anticancer agent. However, its effects on stress resistance are unclear. In this study, we treated Caenorhabditis elegans with didymin at several concentrations. We found that didymin reduced the effects of UV stressor on nematodes by decreasing reactive oxygen species levels and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Furthermore, we found that specific didymin-treated mutant nematodes daf-16(mu86) & daf-2(e1370), daf-16(mu86), akt-1(ok525), akt-2(ok393), and age-1(hx546) were susceptible to UV irradiation, whereas daf-2(e1371) was resistant to UV irradiation. In addition, we found that didymin not only promoted DAF-16 to transfer from cytoplasm to nucleus, but also increased both protein and mRNA expression levels of SOD-3 and HSP-16.2 after UV irradiation. Our results show that didymin affects UV irradiation resistance and it may act on daf-2 to regulate downstream genes through the insulin/IGF-1-like signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jialing Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiahe Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuju Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Junfeng Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xueqi Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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12
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Abstract
All people want to age "successfully," maintaining functional capacity and quality of life as they reach advanced age. Achieving this goal depends on preserving optimal cognitive and brain functioning. Yet, significant individual differences exist in this regard. Some older adults continue to retain most cognitive abilities throughout their lifetime. Others experience declines in cognitive and functional capacity that range from mild decrements in certain cognitive functions over time to severe dementia among those with neurodegenerative diseases. Even among relatively healthy "successful agers," certain cognitive functions are reduced from earlier levels. This is particularly true for cognitive functions that are dependent on cognitive processing speed and efficiency. Working memory and executive and attentional functions tend to be most vulnerable. Learning and memory functions are also usually reduced, although in the absence of neurodegenerative disease learning and retrieval efficiency rather than memory storage are affected. Other functions, such as visual perception, language, semantics, and knowledge, are often well preserved. Structural, functional, and physiologic/metabolic brain changes correspond with age-associated cognitive decline. Physiologic and metabolic mechanisms, such as oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, may contribute to these changes, along with the contribution of comorbidities that secondarily affect the brain of older adults. Cognitive frailty often corresponds with physical frailty, both affected by multiple exogenous and endogenous factors. Neuropsychologic assessment provides a way of measuring the cognitive and functional status of older adults, which is useful for monitoring changes that may be occurring. Neuroimaging is also useful for characterizing age-associated structural, functional, physiologic, and metabolic brain changes, including alterations in cerebral blood flow and metabolite concentrations. Some interventions that may enhance cognitive function, such as cognitive training, neuromodulation, and pharmacologic approaches, exist or are being developed. Yet, preventing, slowing, and reversing the adverse effects of cognitive aging remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Cohen
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Michael M Marsiske
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Glenn E Smith
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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13
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Xi G, Shen X, Wai C, White MF, Clemmons DR. Hyperglycemia induces vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation by suppressing insulin receptor substrate-1-mediated p53/KLF4 complex stabilization. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2407-2421. [PMID: 30578299 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance accelerate atherosclerosis by an unclear mechanism. The two factors down-regulate insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), an intermediary of the insulin/IGF-I signaling system. We previously reported that IRS-1 down-regulation leads to vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dedifferentiation and that IRS-1 deletion from VSMCs in normoglycemic mice replicates this response. However, we did not determine IRS-1's role in mediating differentiation. Here, we sought to define the mechanism by which IRS-1 maintains VSMC differentiation. High glucose or IRS-1 knockdown decreased p53 levels by enhancing MDM2 proto-oncogene (MDM2)-mediated ubiquitination, resulting in decreased binding of p53 to Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4). Exposure to nutlin-3, which dissociates MDM2/p53, decreased p53 ubiquitination and enhanced the p53/KLF4 association and differentiation marker protein expression. IRS-1 overexpression in high glucose inhibited the MDM2/p53 association, leading to increased p53 and p53/KLF4 levels, thereby increasing differentiation. Nutlin-3 treatment of diabetic or Irs1 -/- mice enhanced p53/KLF4 and the expression of p21, smooth muscle protein 22 (SM22), and myocardin and inhibited aortic VSMC proliferation. Injecting normoglycemic mice with a peptide disrupting the IRS-1/p53 association reduced p53, p53/KLF4, and differentiation. Analyzing atherosclerotic lesions in hypercholesterolemic, diabetic pigs, we found that p53, IRS-1, SM22, myocardin, and KLF4/p53 levels are significantly decreased compared with their expression in nondiabetic pigs. We conclude that IRS-1 is critical for maintaining VSMC differentiation. Hyperglycemia- or insulin resistance-induced IRS-1 down-regulation decreases the p53/KLF4 association and enhances dedifferentiation and proliferation. Our results suggest that enhancing IRS-1-dependent p53 stabilization could attenuate the progression of atherosclerotic lesions in hyperglycemia and insulin-resistance states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xi
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Xinchun Shen
- the College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China, and
| | - Christine Wai
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Morris F White
- the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - David R Clemmons
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599,
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14
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Li Q, Li Y, Liang L, Li J, Luo D, Liu Q, Cai S, Li X. Klotho negatively regulated aerobic glycolysis in colorectal cancer via ERK/HIF1α axis. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:26. [PMID: 29884183 PMCID: PMC5994118 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Klotho (KL) was originally characterized as an aging suppressor gene, and has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene in a variety of cancers, including colorectal cancer. Recent years have witnessed the importance of metabolism transformation in cancer cell malignancies maintenance. Aberrant cancer cell metabolism is considered to be the hallmark of cancer. Our previous studies demonstrated that KL played negative roles in colon cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. However, its role in the cancer cell reprogramming has seldom been reported. The aim of this study was to examine the role of KL in aerobic glycolysis in colorectal cancer. Methods Combining maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), which was obtained preoperatively via a PET/CT scan, with immunohistochemistry staining, we analyzed the correlation between SUVmax and KL expression in colorectal cancer tissues. The impact of KL on glucose metabolism and its mechanisms were further validated in vitro and in vivo. Results Patients with lower KL expression exhibited higher 18F-FDG uptake (P < 0.05), indicating that KL might participate in aerobic glycolysis regulation. In vitro assay by using colon cancer cell lines further supported this observation. By overexpressing KL in HTC116 and SW480 cells, we observed that the glycolysis was inhibited and the mitochondrial respiration increased, indicating that KL was a negative regulator of aerobic glycolysis. To seek for the underlying mechanisms, we tried to dig out the relation between KL and HIF1α signaling pathway, and found that KL negatively regulated HIF1α protein level and transcriptional activity. Western blot analysis showed that KL overexpression negatively regulated ERK pathway, and KL regulated aerobic glycolysis in part through its regulation of ERK/ HIF1α axis. Conclusions Taken together, KL is a negative regulator of aerobic glycolysis and KL inhibited glucose metabolism transformation via the ERK/ HIF1α axis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-018-0241-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yaqi Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Li
- Departments of CyberKnife, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dakui Luo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Sanjun Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xinxiang Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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15
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de Weerd L, Hermann PM, Wildering WC. Linking the 'why' and 'how' of ageing: evidence for somatotropic control of long-term memory function in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:4088-4094. [PMID: 28954817 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.167395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organisms live on a budget; hence, they cannot maximize all their activities at the same time. Instead, they must prioritize how they spend limiting resources on the many processes they rely on in their lives. Among others, they are thought to economize on the maintenance and repair processes required for survival in favour of maximizing reproduction, with ageing as a consequence. We investigate the biological mechanisms of neuronal ageing. Using Lymnaea stagnalis, we have previously described various aspects of age-associated neuronal decline and appetitive long-term memory failure. In view of postulated trade-offs between somatic maintenance and reproduction, we tested for interactions between resource allocation mechanisms and brain function. We show that removal of the lateral lobes, which are key regulators of energy balance in L. stagnalis, increases body mass and enhances appetitive learning, raising the possibility that the lateral lobes are one of the sites where the 'why' and 'how' of (neuronal) ageing meet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lis de Weerd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada
| | - Petra M Hermann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Willem C Wildering
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada
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16
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DNA methylation and histone deacetylation regulating insulin sensitivity due to chronic cold exposure. Cryobiology 2017; 74:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Wrigley S, Arafa D, Tropea D. Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1: At the Crossroads of Brain Development and Aging. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:14. [PMID: 28203146 PMCID: PMC5285390 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a polypeptide hormone structurally similar to insulin. It is central to the somatotropic axis, acting downstream of growth hormone (GH). It activates both the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and PI3K signaling pathways, acting in almost every tissue in the body to promote tissue growth and maturation through upregulation of anabolic processes. Overall GH and IGF1 signaling falls with age, suggesting that it is this reduced IGF1 activity that leads to age-related changes in organisms. However, mutations that reduce IGF1-signaling activity can dramatically extend the lifespan of organisms. Therefore, the role of IGF1 in the overall aging process is unclear. This review article will focus on the role of IGF1 in brain development and aging. The evidence points towards a role for IGF1 in neurodevelopment both prenatally and in the early post-natal period, and in plasticity and remodeling throughout life. This review article will then discuss the hallmarks of aging and cognitive decline associated with falls in IGF1 levels towards the end of life. Finally, the role of IGF1 will be discussed within the context of both neuropsychiatric disorders caused by impaired development of the nervous system, and neurodegenerative disorders associated with aging. IGF1 and its derivatives are shown to improve the symptoms of certain neuropsychiatric disorders caused by deranged neurodevelopment and these effects have been correlated with changes in the underlying biology in both in vitro and in vivo studies. On the other hand, studies looking at IGF1 in neurodegenerative diseases have been conflicting, supporting both a role for increased and decreased IGF1 signaling in the underlying pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wrigley
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donia Arafa
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniela Tropea
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute St. James HospitalDublin, Ireland; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland
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18
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Argente-Arizón P, Guerra-Cantera S, Garcia-Segura LM, Argente J, Chowen JA. Glial cells and energy balance. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:R59-R71. [PMID: 27864453 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The search for new strategies and drugs to abate the current obesity epidemic has led to the intensification of research aimed at understanding the neuroendocrine control of appetite and energy expenditure. This intensified investigation of metabolic control has also included the study of how glial cells participate in this process. Glia, the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system, perform a wide spectrum of functions and are vital for the correct functioning of neurons and neuronal circuits. Current evidence indicates that hypothalamic glia, in particular astrocytes, tanycytes and microglia, are involved in both physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of appetite and metabolic control, at least in part by regulating the signals reaching metabolic neuronal circuits. Glia transport nutrients, hormones and neurotransmitters; they secrete growth factors, hormones, cytokines and gliotransmitters and are a source of neuroprogenitor cells. These functions are regulated, as glia also respond to numerous hormones and nutrients, with the lack of specific hormonal signaling in hypothalamic astrocytes disrupting metabolic homeostasis. Here, we review some of the more recent advances in the role of glial cells in metabolic control, with a special emphasis on the differences between glial cell responses in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Argente-Arizón
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric EndocrinologyHospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Guerra-Cantera
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric EndocrinologyHospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Argente
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric EndocrinologyHospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric EndocrinologyHospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Maida A, Zota A, Sjøberg KA, Schumacher J, Sijmonsma TP, Pfenninger A, Christensen MM, Gantert T, Fuhrmeister J, Rothermel U, Schmoll D, Heikenwälder M, Iovanna JL, Stemmer K, Kiens B, Herzig S, Rose AJ. A liver stress-endocrine nexus promotes metabolic integrity during dietary protein dilution. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3263-78. [PMID: 27548521 PMCID: PMC5004939 DOI: 10.1172/jci85946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein intake is linked to an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although dietary protein dilution (DPD) can slow the progression of some aging-related disorders, whether this strategy affects the development and risk for obesity-associated metabolic disease such as T2D is unclear. Here, we determined that DPD in mice and humans increases serum markers of metabolic health. In lean mice, DPD promoted metabolic inefficiency by increasing carbohydrate and fat oxidation. In nutritional and polygenic murine models of obesity, DPD prevented and curtailed the development of impaired glucose homeostasis independently of obesity and food intake. DPD-mediated metabolic inefficiency and improvement of glucose homeostasis were independent of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), but required expression of liver-derived fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in both lean and obese mice. FGF21 expression and secretion as well as the associated metabolic remodeling induced by DPD also required induction of liver-integrated stress response-driven nuclear protein 1 (NUPR1). Insufficiency of select nonessential amino acids (NEAAs) was necessary and adequate for NUPR1 and subsequent FGF21 induction and secretion in hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these data indicate that DPD promotes improved glucose homeostasis through an NEAA insufficiency-induced liver NUPR1/FGF21 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Maida
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, and Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Munich, Germany
| | - Annika Zota
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, and Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Munich, Germany
| | - Kim A. Sjøberg
- Section of Molecular Physiology, August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Schumacher
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tjeerd P. Sijmonsma
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Pfenninger
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marie M. Christensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Gantert
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Fuhrmeister
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Rothermel
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Schmoll
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juan L. Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Kerstin Stemmer
- Division of Metabolism and Cancer, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, and Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Munich, Germany
| | - Adam J. Rose
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Richmond CA, Shah MS, Carlone DL, Breault DT. An enduring role for quiescent stem cells. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:718-26. [PMID: 27153394 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine's ability to recover from catastrophic injury requires quiescent intestinal stem cells (q-ISCs). While rapidly cycling (Lgr5+) crypt base columnar (CBC) ISCs normally maintain the intestine, they are highly sensitive to pathological injuries (irradiation, inflammation) and must be restored by q-ISCs to sustain intestinal homeostasis. Despite clear relevance to human health, virtually nothing is known regarding the factors that regulate q-ISCs. A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms would likely lead to targeted new therapies with profound therapeutic implications for patients with gastrointestinal conditions. We briefly review the current state of the literature, highlighting homeostatic mechanisms important for q-ISC regulation, listing key questions in the field, and offer strategies to address them. Developmental Dynamics 245:718-726, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla A Richmond
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Manasvi S Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Diana L Carlone
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David T Breault
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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21
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Longevity-modulating effects of symbiosis: insights from Drosophila–Wolbachia interaction. Biogerontology 2016; 17:785-803. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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22
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Ren J, Anversa P. The insulin-like growth factor I system: physiological and pathophysiological implication in cardiovascular diseases associated with metabolic syndrome. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 93:409-17. [PMID: 25541285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors including obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance. A number of theories have been speculated for the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome including impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, interrupted neurohormonal regulation and compromised intracellular Ca(2+) handling. Recent evidence has revealed that adults with severe growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) deficiency such as Laron syndrome display increased risk of stroke and cardiovascular diseases. IGF-1 signaling may regulate contractility, metabolism, hypertrophy, apoptosis, autophagy, stem cell regeneration and senescence in the heart to maintain cardiac homeostasis. An inverse relationship between plasma IGF-1 levels and prevalence of metabolic syndrome as well as associated cardiovascular complications has been identified, suggesting the clinical promises of IGF-1 analogues or IGF-1 receptor activation in the management of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms between IGF-1 and metabolic syndrome are still poorly understood. This mini-review will discuss the role of IGF-1 signaling cascade in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in particular the susceptibility to overnutrition and sedentary life style-induced obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and other features of metabolic syndrome. Special attention will be dedicated in IGF-1-associated changes in cardiac responses in various metabolic syndrome components such as insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia. The potential risk of IGF-1 and IGF-1R stimulation such as tumorigenesis is discussed. Therapeutic promises of IGF-1 and IGF-1 analogues including mecasermin, mecasermin rinfabate and PEGylated IGF-1 will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| | - Piero Anversa
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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23
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Hermann PM, Watson SN, Wildering WC. Phospholipase A2 - nexus of aging, oxidative stress, neuronal excitability, and functional decline of the aging nervous system? Insights from a snail model system of neuronal aging and age-associated memory impairment. Front Genet 2014; 5:419. [PMID: 25538730 PMCID: PMC4255604 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging brain undergoes a range of changes varying from subtle structural and physiological changes causing only minor functional decline under healthy normal aging conditions, to severe cognitive or neurological impairment associated with extensive loss of neurons and circuits due to age-associated neurodegenerative disease conditions. Understanding how biological aging processes affect the brain and how they contribute to the onset and progress of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases is a core research goal in contemporary neuroscience. This review focuses on the idea that changes in intrinsic neuronal electrical excitability associated with (per)oxidation of membrane lipids and activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes are an important mechanism of learning and memory failure under normal aging conditions. Specifically, in the context of this special issue on the biology of cognitive aging we portray the opportunities offered by the identifiable neurons and behaviorally characterized neural circuits of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis in neuronal aging research and recapitulate recent insights indicating a key role of lipid peroxidation-induced PLA2 as instruments of aging, oxidative stress and inflammation in age-associated neuronal and memory impairment in this model system. The findings are discussed in view of accumulating evidence suggesting involvement of analogous mechanisms in the etiology of age-associated dysfunction and disease of the human and mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra M Hermann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shawn N Watson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Willem C Wildering
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
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24
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Corella D, Ordovás JM. Aging and cardiovascular diseases: the role of gene-diet interactions. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 18:53-73. [PMID: 25159268 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the study of longevity, increasing importance is being placed on the concept of healthy aging rather than considering the total number of years lived. Although the concept of healthy lifespan needs to be defined better, we know that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main age-related diseases. Thus, controlling risk factors will contribute to reducing their incidence, leading to healthy lifespan. CVDs are complex diseases influenced by numerous genetic and environmental factors. Numerous gene variants that are associated with a greater or lesser risk of the different types of CVD and of intermediate phenotypes (i.e., hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes) have been successfully identified. However, despite the close link between aging and CVD, studies analyzing the genes related to human longevity have not obtained consistent results and there has been little coincidence in the genes identified in both fields. The APOE gene stands out as an exception, given that it has been identified as being relevant in CVD and longevity. This review analyzes the genomic and epigenomic factors that may contribute to this, ranging from identifying longevity genes in model organisms to the importance of gene-diet interactions (outstanding among which is the case of the TCF7L2 gene).
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25
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White MF. IRS2 integrates insulin/IGF1 signalling with metabolism, neurodegeneration and longevity. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16 Suppl 1:4-15. [PMID: 25200290 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how metabolism and nutrient homeostasis integrates with life span and neurodegeneration is a complicated undertaking. Important inconsistencies have emerged recently regarding the role of insulin-like signalling and the progression of neurodegenerative disease. Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are associated with clinical Alzheimer's disease, whereas study in lower organisms shows that reduced insulin-like signalling slows the progressive neurodegeneration and increases life span. From a clinical perspective, compensatory hyperinsulinaemia to overcome systemic insulin resistance is thought to be a healthy goal, because it circumvents immediate catastrophic consequences of hyperglycaemia; however, study in flies, nematodes and mice indicate that excess insulin signalling can damage cellular function and accelerate ageing. Maintenance of the central nervous system (CNS) has particular importance for life span and metabolism. A conflict arises because reduced insulin/IGF1 signalling in the CNS is associated with longevity, but can dysregulate glucose and energy homeostasis, and promote overweight. Here, we explore how the genetic manipulation of insulin/IGF1 signalling system can influence systemic metabolism, life span and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F White
- Division of Endocrinology and the Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Liu C, Luan J, Bai Y, Li Y, Lu L, Liu Y, Hakuno F, Takahashi SI, Duan C, Zhou J. Aspp2 negatively regulates body growth but not developmental timing by modulating IRS signaling in zebrafish embryos. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 197:82-91. [PMID: 24362258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The growth and developmental rate of developing embryos and fetus are tightly controlled and coordinated to maintain proper body shape and size. The insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins, key intracellular transducers of insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling, play essential roles in the regulation of growth and development. A short isoform of apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53 2 (ASPP2) was recently identified as a binding partner of IRS-1 and IRS-2 in mammalian cells in vitro. However, it is unclear whether ASPP2 plays any role in vertebrate embryonic growth and development. Here, we show that zebrafish Aspp2a and Aspp2b negatively regulate embryonic growth without affecting developmental rate. Human ASPP2 had similar effects on body growth in zebrafish embryos. Aspp2a and 2b inhibit Akt signaling. This inhibition was reversed by coinjection of myr-Akt1, a constitutively active form of Akt1. Zebrafish Aspp2a and Aspp2b physically bound with Irs-1, and the growth inhibitory effects of ASPP2/Aspp2 depend on the presence of their ankyrin repeats and SH3 domains. These findings uncover a novel role of Aspp2 in regulating vertebrate embryonic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China), Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jing Luan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China), Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China), Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China), Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China), Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yunzhang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China), Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Fumihiko Hakuno
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Cunming Duan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (C.D.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ocean University of China), Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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27
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Irs2 and Irs4 synergize in non-LepRb neurons to control energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Mol Metab 2013; 3:55-63. [PMID: 24567904 PMCID: PMC3929908 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrates (Irs1, 2, 3 and Irs4) mediate the actions of insulin/IGF1 signaling. They have similar structure, but distinctly regulate development, growth, and metabolic homeostasis. Irs2 contributes to central metabolic sensing, partially by acting in leptin receptor (LepRb)-expressing neurons. Although Irs4 is largely restricted to the hypothalamus, its contribution to metabolic regulation is unclear because Irs4-null mice barely distinguishable from controls. We postulated that Irs2 and Irs4 synergize and complement each other in the brain. To examine this possibility, we investigated the metabolism of whole body Irs4−/y mice that lacked Irs2 in the CNS (bIrs2−/−·Irs4−/y) or only in LepRb-neurons (Lepr∆Irs2·Irs4−/y). bIrs2−/−·Irs4−/y mice developed severe obesity and decreased energy expenditure, along with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Unexpectedly, the body weight and fed blood glucose levels of Lepr∆Irs2·Irs4−/y mice were not different from Lepr∆Irs2 mice, suggesting that the functions of Irs2 and Irs4 converge upon neurons that are distinct from those expressing LepRb.
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Key Words
- ARC, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
- CNS, central nervous system
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- Energy balance
- Insulin receptor substrate 2
- Insulin receptor substrate 4
- Irs2, insulin receptor substrate 2
- Irs4, insulin receptor substrate 4
- LepRb, leptin receptor
- Leptin
- Nutrient homeostasis
- Obesity
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- POMC, proopiomelanocortin
- Socs3, suppressor of cytokine signaling-3
- Stat3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
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