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Dai X, Chu X, Qi G, Yuan P, Zhou Y, Xiang H, Shi X. Worldwide Perinatal Intimate Partner Violence Prevalence and Risk Factors for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:2363-2376. [PMID: 38001566 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231211950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women who have experienced perinatal intimate partner violence (P-IPV) has gradually attracted the attention of psychologists, mental health, and health care professionals. However, a comprehensive understanding of its prevalence and associated risk factors is still lacking. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the prevalence and explore influencing factors for PTSD in women who have suffered P-IPV. Our study inclusion criteria were: women who experienced IPV in the year before conception, throughout pregnancy, during delivery, and up to 1 year after giving birth for which a quantitative assessment of PTSD was done using validated diagnostic or screening tools. This study searched nine English databases and four Chinese databases. The final analysis included 16 studies, involving 9,098 female subjects. Meta-analysis was performed on the extracted data using the Stata 16.0 software (Stata Corp. LP, College Station, TX, USA).Fixed or random effect models were selected to pool odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of PTSD after heterogeneity test. Meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of PTSD in women who suffered P-IPV was 30.0% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = [22.0%, 37.0%]). Only nine studies described influencing factors for PTSD based on multivariate logistic regression analysis. The five identified influencing factors were: non-immigrants (OR = 2.56; 95% CI [1.29, 5.08]), non-cohabitation (OR = 2.45; [1.35, 4.42]), trauma history (OR = 1.80; [1.18, 2.76]), education below senior high school (OR = 1.32; [0.64, 2.75]), and age 18 to 29 years (OR = 1.06; [0.94, 1.19]). These findings provided a reference value of PTSD prevalence, risk factors, and potential association with P-IPV among women worldwide. However, the geographical coverage of the reviewed studies is limited and epidemiological investigations from more diverse areas are required in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Dai
- Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | | | - Guojia Qi
- Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Yanna Zhou
- Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Henry Xiang
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, USA
| | - Xiuquan Shi
- Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, USA
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Falb KL, Blackwell A, Hategekimana JDD, Sifat M, Roth D, O'Connor M. Co-Occurring Intimate Partner Violence and Child Abuse in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: The Influence of Early Life Experiences of Abuse. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:873-889. [PMID: 36579814 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221145302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about co-occurring intimate partner violence (IPV) against women and child abuse within families in humanitarian settings. Baseline data from 203 couples in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo were analyzed to assess associations between childhood experiences of abuse with present co-occurring violence. Over half of women (56.1%) and men (50.5%) reported co-occurring violence. Adjusted models demonstrate experiencing physical abuse as a child was associated with greatest odds of recent co-occurring violence while witnessing parental IPV had mixed influence. Programmatic approaches focused on reducing early childhood violence may be promising to prevent both IPV and child abuse.
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Fogarty A, Brown S, McMahon G, FitzPatrick KM, Gartland D, Seymour M, Giallo R. Pre-pandemic adversity and maternal mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: the mediating role of pandemic stress and family relationships. J Affect Disord 2024; 346:102-109. [PMID: 37931755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic was a time of increased stress for families. Parents with a history of adversity may have been at higher risk of experiencing mental health problems during this time. The current study aims to investigate the relationship between pre-pandemic adversity pandemic related stressors and maternal mental health outcomes during the pandemic. METHODS Data was drawn from the Mothers' and Young People's Study (MYPS), a longitudinal of first time mothers and their children. Participants were 418 mothers who completed the MYPS COVID-19 sub-study. Data was collected during pregnancy, at 1, 4, 10 years postpartum, and during the COVID-19 pandemic (approximately 14 years postpartum). Path-analysis was used to test the relationship indirect relationship between pre-pandemic adversity and maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms, via family functioning and pandemic related stress. RESULTS The hypothesised model was a good fit to the data accounting for 34 % and 33 % of the variance in maternal depressive and anxiety scores, respectively. A significant indirect effect was found between pre-pandemic adversity and both maternal anxiety and depressive systems via family relationships during the pandemic and pandemic related stress. LIMITATIONS MYPS participants who took part in the COVID-19 sub-study were more likely to be older, have a higher level of education, and speak English as a first language, compared to the total MYPS sample. CONCLUSIONS Family inclusive service responses which aim to strengthen family relationships may be particularly important for families where there is a history of adversity to support parental mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Fogarty
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Australia; School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong 3125, Australia.
| | - Stephanie Brown
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Australia; Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, 780 Elizabeth St, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Grace McMahon
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Australia; Mental Health, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemingston Road, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Kelly M FitzPatrick
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Deirdre Gartland
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Monique Seymour
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Australia; School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong 3125, Australia
| | - Rebecca Giallo
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Australia; School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong 3125, Australia
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4
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Tsheole P, Makhado L, Maphula A. Childhood Trauma and Exposure to Violence Interventions: The Need for Effective and Feasible Evidence-Based Interventions. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1760. [PMID: 38002851 PMCID: PMC10670457 DOI: 10.3390/children10111760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Several crimes in South Africa cause physical, economic, and mental problems. Xenophobic attacks, mob justice, and other violent conduct directly traumatise children. Service delivery riots and physical and sexual abuse are examples. This evaluation evaluates childhood trauma and exposure to violence interventions. The review describes the therapeutic methods for traumatised children exposed to violence, the healthcare professionals administering them, and the strategies used to tailor the interventions. The researcher systematically searched PsycINFO, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and EBSCOhost. Literature from 2011 to 31 July 2023 was searched, and 19 papers were chosen for further review after the systematic search. The authors conducted an eligibility evaluation according to PRISMA guidelines. A thorough review of article texts identified 19 papers that met eligibility standards. Only nineteen studies have validated trauma and violence therapies for children. An effective multi-phased intervention that is feasible and adaptable to varied socioeconomic backgrounds is needed. Further studies on the mental health benefits of brief trauma intervention treatment are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petunia Tsheole
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
| | - Lufuno Makhado
- Public Health, Faculty of Health Care Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Angelina Maphula
- Public Health, Faculty of Health Care Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (L.M.); (A.M.)
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Fomenko E, Keygnaert I, Van Poel E, Collins C, Gómez Bravo R, Korhonen P, Laine MK, Murauskiene L, Tatsioni A, Willems S. Screening for and Disclosure of Domestic Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of the PRICOV-19 Cross-Sectional Study in 33 Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3519. [PMID: 36834213 PMCID: PMC9964689 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic left no one untouched, and reports of domestic violence (DV) increased during the crisis. DV victims rarely seek professional help, yet when they do so, they often disclose it to their general practitioner (GP), with whom they have a trusting relationship. GPs rarely screen and hence rarely take the initiative to discuss DV with patients, although victims indicate that offering this opportunity would facilitate their disclosure. This paper aims to describe the frequency of screening for DV by GPs and disclosure of DV by patients to the GP during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to identify key elements that could potentially explain differences in screening for and disclosure of DV. The PRICOV-19 data of 4295 GP practices from 33 countries were included in the analyses, with practices nested in countries. Two stepwise forward clustered ordinal logistic regressions were performed. Only 11% of the GPs reported (much) more disclosure of DV by patients during COVID-19, and 12% reported having screened for DV (much). Most significant associations with screening for and disclosure of DV concerned general (pro)active communication. However, (pro)active communication was performed less frequently for DV than for health conditions, which might indicate that GPs are insufficiently aware of the general magnitude of DV and its impact on patients and society, and its approach/management. Thus, professional education and training for GPs about DV seems highly and urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Fomenko
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Esther Van Poel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claire Collins
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Research Centre, Irish College of General Practitioners, D02 XR68 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Raquel Gómez Bravo
- Centre Hospitalier Neuropsychiatrique, Rehaklinik, L-9002 Ettelbruck, Luxembourg
- Research Group Self-Regulation and Health, Institute for Health and Behaviour, Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, L-4366 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Päivi Korhonen
- Department of General Practice, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Merja K. Laine
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, 00280 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liubove Murauskiene
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Athina Tatsioni
- Research Unit for General Medicine and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Sara Willems
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Mensah F, Brown S. The impact of sexual violence in gendered adolescent mental health pathways. Lancet Psychiatry 2022; 9:847-848. [PMID: 36206777 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(22)00311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Mensah
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Stephanie Brown
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Wang X, Yin G, Guo F, Hu H, Jiang Z, Li S, Shao Z, Wan Y. Associations of Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences with Behavioral Problems in Preschool Children. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP20311-NP20330. [PMID: 34652992 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211050093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Investigations have found maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) cause an intergenerational danger to their children's health. However, no study has investigated the effects of maternal ACEs on behavioral problems of preschool children in China and gender differences on these effects. This paper aims to investigate the role of maternal ACEs on behavioral problems of preschool children in China and explore gender differences as related to these behavioral problems. Stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 7318 preschool children from 12 districts in Hefei city, China. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect information on maternal exposure to ACEs and Conners' Parent Rating Scales. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between maternal ACEs and children's behavioral problems. The prevalence of behavioral problems in preschool children was 16.0%, while it was higher among girls (18.4%) than boys (13.92%) (χ2 = 27.979, p < 0.001). The rate of behavioral problems in children in the group of mothers with ACEs was higher than those without ACEs (all p < 0.05). Maternal ACEs were associated with increased risk of the behavior problems in preschool children (adjusted OR 2.91, 95% CI 2.45-3.45), and no gender difference (in girls 3.01, 2.38-3.81, in boys 2.79, 2.17-3.58, respectively) was found. Maternal ACEs were associated with increased risk of each type of the behavioral problems of preschool children, except that maternal emotional neglect was not associated with psycho-physical problems, impulse-activities, and anxiety. The only gender differences found were higher conduct problems related to maternal emotional abuse and ACEs and higher anxiety related to maternal physical abuse and community violence in girls compared with boys. Mothers exposured to ACEs are more likely to have children with behavioral health problems in preschool period. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms by which maternal ACEs influence children's behavioral problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Hefei City Maternal and Child Health & Family Planning Service Center, Hefei, China
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - Gangzhu Yin
- Hefei City Maternal and Child Health & Family Planning Service Center, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Guo
- Hefei City Maternal and Child Health & Family Planning Service Center, Hefei, China
| | - Haili Hu
- Hefei City Maternal and Child Health & Family Planning Service Center, Hefei, China
| | - Zhicheng Jiang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - Shuqin Li
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - Ziyu Shao
- Hefei City Maternal and Child Health & Family Planning Service Center, Hefei, China
| | - Yuhui Wan
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, China
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Carman MJ, Kay-Lambkin F. Long-Term Recovery from Intimate Partner Violence: Recovery and Hope. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13825. [PMID: 36360705 PMCID: PMC9654800 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recovery is a preferred outcome for assessing intervention effectiveness in the context of intimate partner violence (IPV), but measurement tools are in nascent form. It is therefore unclear what the recovery potential of survivors may be. A national online survey explored the self-rated recovery progress of Australian women (n = 1116), using visual analog scales (VAS) for recovery, hope, and other demographic variables. Findings show that many women rated themselves as completely recovered (14% of the eligible sample and 22% of the women who had left their partner > 10 years previously). However, most women experienced recovery as an ongoing process of healing (81%) and some women made little recovery progress (5%). Nevertheless, 77% of women who had separated >10 years ago rated their recovery as significant (scores of >70/100). Surprisingly, hope and recovery scores were only moderately correlated. This requires further investigation to determine what impacts on hope in long-term recovery, and how subjective and objective measures of hope and recovery vary in the context of IPV. The VAS was an efficient unidimensional measure for an online survey and is proposed for use in clinical and service contexts requiring subjective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jean Carman
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine, Health and Well-Being, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Frances Kay-Lambkin
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine, Health and Well-Being, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
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9
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Fomenko E, De Schrijver L, Vandeviver C, Keygnaert I. Locked up at home: a cross-sectional study into the effects of COVID-19 lockdowns on domestic violence in households with children in Belgium. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1719. [PMID: 36088357 PMCID: PMC9463669 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Policymakers worldwide took measures to limit the spread of the COVID-19-virus. While these sanitary measures were necessary to fight the spread of the virus, several experts warned for a significant impact on mental health and a potential increase in domestic violence. To study the impact of the COVID-19 measures in Belgium, and the factors influencing the occurrence of domestic violence, we set up the study on relationships, stress, and aggression. In this study, we evaluate the prevalence of domestic violence victimization during the COVID-19 lockdown in Belgian children aged zero to seventeen years and the associations of the parents’ financial status, relationships, mental health, and previous victimization to the child’s victimization. Methods A stepwise forward binary logistic regression was used to analyse the association between multiple risk factors of domestic violence and victimization of the respondent’s child. The respondent being an assailant, the respondent’s age, and the age of the children in the household were added as moderators. Results In this model an association with domestic child abuse was found for the age of the respondent, the household’s size, the presence of children between zero and five years in the household, the perceived stress level of the respondent, and victimization of the respondent during the first wave of the sanitary measures, as well as victimization before the COVID-19 pandemic. None of the interacting effects were found to be significant. Conclusion It is advisable to make extra efforts to improve well-being when maintaining sanitary measures by providing appropriate assistance and helping households struggling with increased or acute stress to install positive coping strategies - especially in larger households with children between six and 17 years. Besides, our findings draw attention to the clustering of risk of child and adult violence exposure in lockdown situations as well as to the potential cumulative impact of exposure to violence across the lifespan and across generations. It is key to invest in training healthcare workers and staff at schools to screen for and assess risks of domestic violence development and ongoing or past occurrence in order to detect, refer and follow-up on families at risk.
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Smith BJ, Smith ADAC, Dunn EC. Statistical Modeling of Sensitive Period Effects Using the Structured Life Course Modeling Approach (SLCMA). Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 53:215-234. [PMID: 35460052 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive periods are times during development when life experiences can have a greater impact on outcomes than at other periods during the life course. However, a dearth of sophisticated methods for studying time-dependent exposure-outcome relationships means that sensitive periods are often overlooked in research studies in favor of more simplistic and easier-to-use hypotheses such as ever being exposed, or the effect of an exposure accumulated over time. The structured life course modeling approach (SLCMA; pronounced "slick-mah") allows researchers to model complex life course hypotheses, such as sensitive periods, to determine which hypothesis best explains the amount of variation between a repeated exposure and an outcome. The SLCMA makes use of the least angle regression (LARS) variable selection technique, a type of least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) estimation procedure, to yield a parsimonious model for the exposure-outcome relationship of interest. The results of the LARS procedure are complemented with a post-selection inference method, called selective inference, which provides unbiased effect estimates, confidence intervals, and p-values for the final explanatory model. In this chapter, we provide a brief overview of the genesis of this sensitive period modeling approach and provide a didactic step-by-step user's guide to implement the SLCMA in sensitive- period research. R code to complete the SLCMA is available on our GitHub page at: https://github.com/thedunnlab/SLCMA-pipeline .
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke J Smith
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew D A C Smith
- Mathematics and Statistics Research Group, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Erin C Dunn
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Harvard Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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11
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Gartland D, Hegarty K, Papadopoullos S, Brown S. Patterns of health service utilisation of mothers experiencing mental health problems and intimate partner violence: Ten-year follow-up of an Australian prospective mother and child cohort. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269626. [PMID: 35704627 PMCID: PMC9200341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Few studies have investigated health service use of mothers experiencing mental health problems or intimate partner violence (IPV). The aim of this study was to investigate health service utilisation of mothers experiencing mental health problems and intimate partner violence ten years after having a first baby. Methods Prospective cohort of 1507 first-time mothers recruited in Melbourne, Australia. Follow-up at ten years incorporated: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, Composite Abuse Scale. Results At ten years postpartum, one in four mothers (26.1%) reported depressive, anxiety or posttraumatic stress symptoms, and almost one in five (19.4%) reported recent IPV. Two-fifths of mothers reporting clinically significant mental health symptoms had experienced recent IPV (Odds Ratio = 5.6, 95% CI 3.9–8.1). Less than half of mothers experiencing mental health problems at ten-year follow-up had discussed their mental health with a general practitioner and around one in three had talked to a mental health professional. Two-thirds of mothers experiencing recent IPV had not disclosed this to a general practitioner or mental health professional. Conclusions The findings highlight the extent to which many women deal with IPV and mental health problems without the support that primary health care and mental health care could provide and point to the need for more concerted efforts to strengthen health system responses to these frequently related issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Gartland
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kelsey Hegarty
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sandra Papadopoullos
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephanie Brown
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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12
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Meyer S, Stambe RM. Mothering in the Context of Violence: Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Mothers' Experiences in Regional Settings in Australia. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP7958-NP7983. [PMID: 33231119 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520975818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Domestic and family violence (DFV) disproportionately affects women and children in Australia and globally. On average, one in three women experiences DFV during adulthood and the majority of these women identify as mothers. The prevalence of DFV is higher for Indigenous women and their experiences disproportionately range at the more severe end of physical abuse. For women affected by DFV, mothering during and post this type of victimization is complicated by strategic entrapment, undermining of the mother-child relationship, and threats of harm directed at children and mothers. While a substantial body of literature has examined the experiences of mothers affected by DFV more broadly, research on the experiences of Indigenous mothers affected by DFV remains scarce. Research evidence is further limited when trying to understand the specific constraints experienced by mothers affected by DFV in regional settings. This article examines the experiences of Indigenous and non-Indigenous mothers affected by DFV in regional Queensland, Australia. Data derived from 17 qualitative face-to-face interviews are used to explore the lived experiences of these mothers. Findings identify the immediate and long-term effects of DFV on mothers and children, including similarities and differences in women's experiences of mothering in the context of DFV, experiences of entrapment in an abusive relationship, experiences of post-separation abuse, strategies used to mitigate its impact on children, and surviving as a female-headed single-parent household in regional settings. While mothers in this study shared a number of similar experiences, regionality, the risk of cultural disconnectedness, and socio-structural marginalization disproportionately affected Indigenous mothers in this study. Findings raise key implications for supporting mothers and children's safety and recovery, access to safe and sustainable housing in regional towns, and the empowerment of Indigenous women to overcome the lasting effects of colonization and disproportionate experiences of disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Meyer
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Wadji DL, Ketcha Wanda GJM, Wicky C, Morina N, Martin-Soelch C. From the Mother to the Child: The Intergenerational Transmission of Experiences of Violence in Mother-Child Dyads Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence in Cameroon. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP3346-NP3376. [PMID: 32783520 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520948148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a widespread social problem with serious consequences for the health of both women and their children. However, little is known about the combined effect of maternal childhood abuse and current exposure to IPV with respect to the psychopathological symptoms of the mother-child dyad. In a Cameroonian cultural setting, where IPV affects more than half of women, we aimed to better understand how mother's childhood abuse and current IPV co-occur to lead to psychopathological symptoms in the mother-child dyad. With the help of a non-governmental organization in Cameroon, we recruited 49 mother-child dyads exposed to IPV, along with 25 mother-child dyads who had not been exposed, and who functioned as a control group. All mothers completed a set of questionnaires, including the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale to assess IPV; the Child Trauma Questionnaire to examine their childhood trauma; the Child Behavior Checklist to assess their children's psychopathological traits; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; and the Symptom Checklist. We found that physical abuse experienced by mothers during childhood was associated with IPV in adulthood, and specifically sexual abuse, p = .001. In addition, we found that the accumulation of maternal childhood abuse and current IPV was related to anxiety and depression symptoms in mothers, all R2 ≥ .18, all ps ≤ .015, as well as to externalized symptoms in children, all R2 ≥ .27, all ps ≤ .017. Our results suggest the intergenerational transmission of experiences of childhood abuse and current IPV, which calls for the development of interventions and care strategies for the mother-child dyad.
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Maternal mental health in the first year postpartum in a large Irish population cohort: the MAMMI study. Arch Womens Ment Health 2022; 25:641-653. [PMID: 35488067 PMCID: PMC9072451 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-022-01231-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The international perinatal literature focuses on depression in the postpartum period. Prevalence and pathways of depression, anxiety and stress from pregnancy through the first postpartum year are seldom investigated. METHODS MAMMI is a prospective cohort study of 3009 first-time mothers recruited in pregnancy. Depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms measured using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS 21) in pregnancy and at 3-, 6-, 9- and/or 12-months postpartum. RESULTS Prevalence of depressive and stress symptoms was lowest in pregnancy, increasing to 12-months postpartum. Anxiety symptoms remained relatively stable over time. In the first year after having their first baby, one in ten women reported moderate/severe anxiety symptoms (9.5%), 14.2% reported depression symptoms, and one in five stress symptoms (19.2%). Sociodemographic factors associated with increased odds of postpartum depression, anxiety and stress symptoms were younger age and being born in a non-EU country; socioeconomic factors were not living with a partner, not having postgraduate education and being unemployed during pregnancy. Retrospective reporting of poor mental health in the year prior to pregnancy and symptoms during pregnancy were strongly associated with poor postpartum mental health. CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that the current model of 6-week postpartum care in Ireland is insufficient to detect and provide adequate support for women's mental health needs, with long-term implications for women and children.
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Brown SJ, Gartland D, Woolhouse H, Giallo R, McDonald E, Seymour M, Conway L, FitzPatrick KM, Cook F, Papadopoullos S, MacArthur C, Hegarty K, Herrman H, Nicholson JM, Hiscock H, Mensah F. The maternal health study: Study design update for a prospective cohort of first-time mothers and their firstborn children from birth to age ten. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2021; 35:612-625. [PMID: 33956353 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal health is critical to the health and well-being of children and families, but is rarely the primary focus of pregnancy and birth cohort studies. Globally, poor maternal health and the exposure of women and children to family violence contribute to the perpetuation and persistence of intergenerational health inequalities. OBJECTIVES The Maternal Health Study was designed to investigate the contribution of social and obstetric risk factors to common maternal physical and psychological morbidities. Over time, our focus has expanded to include mother-child pairs and investigation of intergenerational trauma and family violence. POPULATION A total of 1507 first-time mothers were recruited in early pregnancy from six public hospitals in Melbourne, Australia, in 2003-2005. METHODS Women completed questionnaires or telephone interviews in early pregnancy (≤24 weeks); at 32 weeks' gestation; at three, six, nine, 12 and 18 months postpartum; and at four and ten years. At ten years, women and children were invited to participate in face-to-face interviews, which included direct assessment of children's cognitive and language development. A wide range of obstetric, social and contextual factors have been measured, including exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) (1-year, 4-year and 10-year follow-up). RESULTS 1507 eligible women were recruited at a mean gestation of 15 weeks. At one year, four years and ten years postpartum, 90.0%, 73.1% and 63.2% of the original cohort took part in follow-up. One in three women in the study (34.5%) reported exposure to IPV in the first ten years of motherhood: 19% in the first 12 months postpartum, 20% in the year prior to four-year follow-up and 18.3% in the year prior to ten-year follow-up. CONCLUSION The study affords a unique opportunity to examine patterns of maternal and child health and health service use associated with exposure to IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Brown
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Deirdre Gartland
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Hannah Woolhouse
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Rebecca Giallo
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Ellie McDonald
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Monique Seymour
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Laura Conway
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Kelly M FitzPatrick
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Fallon Cook
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Sandra Papadopoullos
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Christine MacArthur
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kelsey Hegarty
- Department of General Practice, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Helen Herrman
- Orygen and Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Jan M Nicholson
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Harriet Hiscock
- Health Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Centre for Community Child Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Fiona Mensah
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Goldstein BL, Briggs-Gowan M, Grasso DJ. The effects of Intimate Partner Violence and a history of Childhood Abuse on Mental Health and Stress during Pregnancy. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2021; 36:337-346. [PMID: 34113060 PMCID: PMC8186840 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-020-00149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and intimate partner violence (IPV) are temporally distinct risk factors that negatively impact mothers and their offspring. Risk associated with ACEs and IPV begin during pregnancy, a period of increased physical and psychological demands. The current study examined a person-centered method to empirically identify profiles of pregnant women based on type and severity of ACEs and past-year IPV. Profiles were then differentiated on psychosocial functioning indicators. METHODS A primarily Latinx, low socioeconomic sample of women (n = 225) completed measures assessing ACEs and past-year IPV, perceived and experienced stress, emotion regulation, and trauma-related symptoms during their third trimester. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify unique profiles of women based on seven dimensional indicators reflecting threat- and deprivation-based ACEs and IPV. RESULTS A 4-class solution best fit the data: (1) low probability of ACEs or IPV (64.9%), (2) childhood neglect-only (20.4%), (3) childhood abuse/neglect (10.2%), and (4) polytrauma characterized by a combination of childhood abuse, neglect, and IPV (4.4%). Women with the "childhood abuse/neglect" or "polytrauma" profiles reported more stress and symptoms than women with the "low exposure" profile. Women in the "childhood neglect-only" profile were generally similar to women in the "low exposure" profile, but did report greater difficulties in emotion regulation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that childhood abuse and IPV, exposure types involving threat, are potent correlates of stress, emotion regulation, and mental health difficulties during pregnancy. However, exposure characterized by deprivation alone generally did not increase difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Damion J Grasso
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine
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Hashemi L, Fanslow J, Gulliver P, McIntosh T. Intergenerational Impact of Violence Exposure: Emotional-Behavioural and School Difficulties in Children Aged 5-17. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:771834. [PMID: 35058819 PMCID: PMC8764379 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.771834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The intergenerational impacts of parental exposure to violence during childhood and adulthood have largely been investigated separately. This limits our understanding of how cumulative violence exposure over a lifespan elevates the risk of subsequent generation's maladjustment. To address this, we examined if parental exposure to violence during childhood and during adulthood was associated with increased emotional-behavioural and school difficulties among the children of these parents. Further, we examined if parental exposure to cumulative violence increased the odds of their children experiencing difficulties. Participants and Setting: 705 participants (354 mothers and 351 fathers) from the 2019 New Zealand Family Violence Survey, a population-based study conducted in New Zealand between March 2017 and March 2019. Methods: Multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to ascertain the impact of parental exposure to violence on children's outcomes after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics. The impact of parental cumulative violence exposure on children's outcomes was also explored. Results: Findings indicated that children of parents who had histories of exposure to violence during childhood were at increased risk for experiencing emotional-behavioural or school difficulties. However, where parents reported a history of childhood abuse but not adult experience of violence, their children had similar odds of experiencing difficulties as the children of parents who had not been exposed to any violence in their lifetime. Children of parents who had been exposed to violence only during adulthood were at higher risk of experiencing emotional-behavioural difficulties compared with children of parents with no violence exposure. Children of parents with histories of exposure to violence during both childhood and adulthood had the highest prevalence of experiencing emotional/behavioural and school difficulties. Conclusion: These findings highlight the intergenerational impacts of violence exposure and the complex intersections between parents' and children's life experiences. Our findings suggest the need for violence prevention initiatives to foster the development of safe, stable and nurturing relationships and to expand services for parents already exposed to violence to build resilience and to break the inter-generational cycle of disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Hashemi
- Department of Social and Community Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Janet Fanslow
- Department of Social and Community Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pauline Gulliver
- Department of Social and Community Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tracey McIntosh
- Māori Studies and Pacific Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Taillieu TL, Brownridge DA, Brownell M. Screening for intimate partner violence in the early postpartum period: Maternal and child health and social outcomes from birth to 5-years post-delivery. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 111:104865. [PMID: 33338981 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy is a substantial public health concern, yet little is known about the developmental trajectory of these women and their children after birth. OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine maternal and child health as well as social outcomes from birth to 5-years post-delivery associated with a positive (vs. negative) maternal IPV screen around the time of delivery. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Manitoban women giving birth to a live singleton infant from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2006 were followed from birth to 5-years post-delivery (analytic sample: N = 40,051). METHODS Administrative databases from the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy provided data for the study. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to examine relationships between IPV screen response around the time of birth (i.e., current, or history of, violence between parenting partners) with maternal and child health as well as social outcomes. RESULTS Women screening positive for IPV had increased odds of diagnosed mood/anxiety disorders, personality disorders, substance use disorders, diabetes, respiratory morbidity, and intentional/non-intentional injury hospitalizations (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] range 1.81-5.59, p < .01). Children of women screening positive for IPV had increased odds of diagnosed attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, lower respiratory infections, and injury hospitalizations (AOR range 1.53-2.00, p < .01), child welfare organization contact (AOR = 8.84, p < .01), and of being more developmentally vulnerable at kindergarten across domains of functioning (AOR range 1.69-1.93, p < .01) than children of mothers screening negative for IPV. CONCLUSION A positive IPV screen was associated with poorer maternal and child health, increased child and family services contact, and children being more developmentally vulnerable in the 5-years after delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Taillieu
- Department of Community Health Sciences, 306 Human Ecology, 35 Chancellor's Circle, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Douglas A Brownridge
- Department of Community Health Sciences. 313D Human Ecology, 35 Chancellor's Circle, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Marni Brownell
- Research and Senior Research Scientist, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Room 408, 727 McDermot Avenue, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3P5, Canada.
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Brown SJ, Conway LJ, FitzPatrick KM, Hegarty K, Mensah FK, Papadopoullos S, Woolhouse H, Giallo R, Gartland D. Physical and mental health of women exposed to intimate partner violence in the 10 years after having their first child: an Australian prospective cohort study of first-time mothers. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e040891. [PMID: 33371030 PMCID: PMC7754634 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate mental and physical health of mothers exposed to recent and early postpartum intimate partner violence (IPV) in the 10 years after having their first child. DESIGN Prospective pregnancy cohort study. SETTING Women were recruited at six metropolitan public maternity hospitals in Melbourne, Australia and followed up at 1, 4 and 10 years post partum. STUDY MEASURES Exposure to physical and/or emotional IPV was measured using the Composite Abuse Scale at 1, 4 and 10 years. At 10-year follow-up, mothers reported on physical and mental health, and functional health status. PARTICIPANTS 1507 first-time mothers enrolled at mean of 15 weeks' gestation. RESULTS One in three women experienced IPV during the 10 years after having their first child. Women experiencing recent IPV (19.1%) reported worse physical and mental health than women not reporting IPV. Compared with women not reporting IPV, women experiencing recent IPV had higher odds of poor functional health status (Adj OR=4.5, 95% CI 3.2 to 6.3), back pain (Adj OR=2.0, 95% CI 1.4 to 2.9), incontinence (Adj OR=1.8, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.6), depressive symptoms (Adj OR=4.9, 95% CI 3.2 to 7.5), anxiety (Adj OR=5.1, 95% CI 3.0 to 8.6) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (Adj OR=7.2, 95% CI 4.6 to 11.1) at 10 years. Women with past IPV at 1 and/or 4 years (15.7% of the cohort) also had higher odds of physical and mental health problems. There was evidence of a gradient in health outcomes by recency of exposure to IPV. CONCLUSIONS Both recent and past exposure to IPV are associated with poor maternal physical and mental health 10 years after a first birth. Health services and advocacy organisations providing support to women need to be aware of the consistent relationship between IPV and a range of physical and mental health conditions, which may persist even after IPV appears to have ceased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Brown
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura J Conway
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly M FitzPatrick
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelsey Hegarty
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona K Mensah
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandra Papadopoullos
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hannah Woolhouse
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Giallo
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deirdre Gartland
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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