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Ivantsova E, Henry EE, Konig I, English CD, Souders CL, Point AD, Simmons DBD, Martyniuk CJ. Waterborne exposure to the antineoplastic 5-fluorouracil alters lipid composition in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172377. [PMID: 38604366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Antineoplastic medications are present in aquatic environments and are measured at relatively high concentrations in hospital sewage effluent. Thus, it is important to characterize risk associated with waterborne exposures to anticancer drugs. The drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is used to treat several types of cancers, acting to inhibit cell division and cellular metabolism. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of 5-FU on developmental endpoints and lipid composition in zebrafish. 5-FU did not negatively affect development nor survival in developing zebrafish at concentrations up to 1000 μg/L. However, 5-FU increased neutral lipid content in zebrafish larvae, indicating potential for lipid dysregulation. To further discern effects on lipids, lipidomics was conducted and a total of 164 lipids belonging to 14 lipid classes were identified. Significant changes (false discovery rate < 0.05) in abundance were detected for 19 lipids including some ceramides, ether-linked phosphatidylethanolamines, and sphingomyelins among others. We also measured the expression levels of 14 lipid-related enzymes and transporters (e.g., acox3, dgat1, fads2, fasn, elovl2) using real-time PCR; however, mRNA abundance levels were not affected, suggesting transcriptional changes may not be a primary mechanism underlying lipid dysregulation. Locomotor activity was measured in zebrafish as lipids are needed for swimming activity in larvae. Exposure to 5-FU did not affect locomotor activity up to 1000 μg/L. We conclude that lipids accumulate in larval zebrafish with exposure to 5-FU, which can subsequently affect lipid composition. These data reveal potential lipid signatures of 5-FU exposure and contribute to risk assessments for antineoplastic exposure in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ivantsova
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Evelyn E Henry
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Isaac Konig
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cole D English
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher L Souders
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Adam D Point
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St. North, Oshawa, Ontario L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Denina B D Simmons
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St. North, Oshawa, Ontario L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, USA.
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2
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Lini RS, Scanferla DTP, de Oliveira NG, Aguera RG, Santos TDS, Teixeira JJV, Kaneshima AMDS, Mossini SAG. Fungicides as a risk factor for the development of neurological diseases and disorders in humans: a systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:35-54. [PMID: 38288970 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2303481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Although studies show that pesticides, especially insecticides, may be toxic to humans, publications on the neurological effects of fungicides are scarce. As fungicides are used widely in Brazil, it is necessary to gather evidence to support actions aimed at safely using of these chemicals. We investigated through a systematic review of publications on the use of fungicides and consequences of exposure related to nervous system diseases or neurological disorders in humans. The protocol review was registered on PROSPERO and followed the guidelines of the PRISMA-Statement. As far as it is known, there is no apparent systematic review in the literature on this topic. The search was comprised of the following databases: PubMed; Web of Science; Scopus and EMBASE, using groups of Mesh terms and strategies specific to each database. Thirteen articles were selected for this review. Regarding the substances analyzed in the studies, some reported the use of fungicides in general, without separating them by type, while others summarized the categories of all pesticides by their function (insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, etc.) or chemical class (dithiocarbamate, dicarboximide, inorganic, etc.). However, most of the articles referred to fungicides that contain the metal manganese (Mn) in their composition. As for neurological disorders, articles addressed Parkinson's disease (PD), neurodevelopmental outcomes, extrapyramidal syndrome resembling PD, cognitive disorders, depression, neural tube defects, motor neurone disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Most investigations pointed to exposure to fungicides, mainly maneb and mancozeb, leading to the development of at least one neurological disease, which suggests the need for further multicentric clinical trials and prospective studies for greater clarity of the research problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sano Lini
- Department of Health Basic Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Deborah Thais Palma Scanferla
- Department of Health Basic Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Nadya Garcia de Oliveira
- Department of Health Basic Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Raul Gomes Aguera
- Department of Health Basic Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Thais da Silva Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Jorge Juarez Vieira Teixeira
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Aparecida Galerani Mossini
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
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Chahardehi AM, Hosseini Y, Mahdavi SM, Naseh I. The Zebrafish Model as a New Discovery Path for Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:306-314. [PMID: 36999188 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230330111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most frequent degenerative central nervous system disorders affecting older adults. Dopaminergic neuron failure in the substantia nigra is a pathological sign connected with the motor shortfall of PD. Due to their low teratogenic and adverse effect potential, medicinal herbs have emerged as a promising therapy option for preventing and curing PD and other neurodegenerative disorders. However, the mechanism through which natural compounds provide neuroprotection against PD remains unknown. While testing compounds in vertebrates such as mice is prohibitively expensive and time-consuming, zebrafish (Danio rerio) may offer an appealing alternative because they are vertebrates and share many of the same characteristics as humans. Zebrafish are commonly used as animal models for studying many human diseases, and their molecular history and bioimaging properties are appropriate for the study of PD. However, a literature review indicated that only six plants, including Alpinia oxyhylla, Bacopa monnieri, Canavalia gladiate, Centella asiatica, Paeonia suffruticosa, and Stachytarpheta indica had been investigated as potential PD treatments using the zebrafish model. Only C. asiatica and B. monnieri were found to have potential anti-PD activity. In addition to reviewing the current state of research in this field, these plants' putative mechanisms of action against PD are explored, and accessible assays for investigation are made.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasaman Hosseini
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mahdavi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology (MUT), Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Naseh
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chai Y, Sheng D, Ji X, Meng Y, Shen F, He R, Ma R, Wang Y. Developmental and neurobehavioral toxicity of 2,2'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) (antioxidant AO2246) during the early life stage of zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:166306. [PMID: 37586501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2,2'-Methylenebis (4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (AO2246) is a synthetic phenolic antioxidant extensively used in food packaging bags and cosmetics. Recently, AO2246 was detected with unexpectedly high concentrations in plasma and breast milk samples from pregnant and lactating women. Hence, it is essential to conduct a thorough investigation to evaluate the detrimental effects of AO2246 on biota. OBJECTIVE To investigate the developmental and behavioral toxicity of AO2246 in zebrafish, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. METHODS Zebrafish embryos were exposed to AO2246 at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 10 μM for up to 6 days postfertilization (dpf). Hatching rate, survival rate, heart rate, and body length were measured. Locomotor behavioral and electrophysiologal analyses were performed. Two fluorescence-labeled transgenic zebrafish lines (endothelium-Tg and macrophage/microglia-Tg) were employed. RNA sequencing was carried out. RESULTS AO2246 has a 96-hour LC50 value of 3 μM. The exposure of AO2246 resulted in a significant reduction in both hatching rate and heart rate. Analysis of locomotor behavior demonstrated that larvae exposed to AO2246 doses exceeding 2 μM exhibited a significant decrease in both total distance and mean velocity. Electrophysiological recordings demonstrated a noteworthy reduction in spike activity at a concentration of 3 μM, relative to control conditions. The administration of AO2246 at 3 μM elicited morphological reactivity and immune alteration of the midbrain microglia in the macrophage/microglia-transgenic zebrafish line, indicating a potential contribution of neurological disorders to behavioral defects. RNA sequencing analysis revealed altered gene expression profiles at high AO2246 concentrations, particularly the dysregulation of pathways associated with neuronal function. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that AO2246 exposure elicits developmental and neurobehavioral toxicity in zebrafish larvae. Specifically, exposure to AO2246 was found to cause disturbances in neuronal electrophysiological activity and neurological disorders, which ultimately led to the impairment of locomotor behavior in zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Chai
- Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; College of stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Donglai Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiaowei Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Yanlong Meng
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Feihao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; College of stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Rui He
- College of stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Runjia Ma
- College of Nursing and Rehabilitation, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; College of stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
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5
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Reis CG, Bastos LM, Chitolina R, Gallas-Lopes M, Zanona QK, Becker SZ, Herrmann AP, Piato A. Neurobehavioral effects of fungicides in zebrafish: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18142. [PMID: 37875532 PMCID: PMC10598008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in global agriculture to achieve high productivity levels. Among them, fungicides are specifically designed to inhibit fungal growth in crops and seeds. However, their application often results in environmental contamination, as these chemicals can persistently be detected in surface waters. This poses a potential threat to non-target organisms, including humans, that inhabit the affected ecosystems. In toxicologic research, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is the most commonly used fish species to assess the potential effects of fungicide exposure, and numerous and sometimes conflicting findings have been reported. To address this, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on the neurobehavioral effects of fungicides in zebrafish. Our search encompassed three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science), and the screening process followed predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. We extracted qualitative and quantitative data, as well as assessed reporting quality, from 60 included studies. Meta-analyses were performed for the outcomes of distance traveled in larvae and adults and spontaneous movements in embryos. The results revealed a significant overall effect of fungicide exposure on distance, with a lower distance traveled in the exposed versus control group. No significant effect was observed for spontaneous movements. The overall heterogeneity was high for distance and moderate for spontaneous movements. The poor reporting practices in the field hindered a critical evaluation of the studies. Nevertheless, a sensitivity analysis did not identify any studies skewing the meta-analyses. This review underscores the necessity for better-designed and reported experiments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Comportamento (LAPCOM), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M Bastos
- Laboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Comportamento (LAPCOM), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Chitolina
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Comportamento (LAPCOM), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus Gallas-Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Psicofarmacologia Experimental (PsychoLab), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Brazilian Reproducibility Initiative in Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (BRISA) Collaboration, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Querusche K Zanona
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia e Neuroquímica da Excitabilidade Neuronal e Plasticidade Sináptica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sofia Z Becker
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Psicofarmacologia Experimental (PsychoLab), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana P Herrmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Psicofarmacologia Experimental (PsychoLab), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Brazilian Reproducibility Initiative in Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (BRISA) Collaboration, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angelo Piato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Comportamento (LAPCOM), Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Toni M, Arena C, Cioni C, Tedeschi G. Temperature- and chemical-induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1276941. [PMID: 37854466 PMCID: PMC10579595 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1276941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout their lives, humans encounter a plethora of substances capable of inducing neurotoxic effects, including drugs, heavy metals and pesticides. Neurotoxicity manifests when exposure to these chemicals disrupts the normal functioning of the nervous system, and some neurotoxic agents have been linked to neurodegenerative pathologies such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. The growing concern surrounding the neurotoxic impacts of both naturally occurring and man-made toxic substances necessitates the identification of animal models for rapid testing across a wide spectrum of substances and concentrations, and the utilization of tools capable of detecting nervous system alterations spanning from the molecular level up to the behavioural one. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is gaining prominence in the field of neuroscience due to its versatility. The possibility of analysing all developmental stages (embryo, larva and adult), applying the most common "omics" approaches (transcriptomics, proteomics, lipidomics, etc.) and conducting a wide range of behavioural tests makes zebrafish an excellent model for neurotoxicity studies. This review delves into the main experimental approaches adopted and the main markers analysed in neurotoxicity studies in zebrafish, showing that neurotoxic phenomena can be triggered not only by exposure to chemical substances but also by fluctuations in temperature. The findings presented here serve as a valuable resource for the study of neurotoxicity in zebrafish and define new scenarios in ecotoxicology suggesting that alterations in temperature can synergistically compound the neurotoxic effects of chemical substances, intensifying their detrimental impact on fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Toni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Arena
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Cioni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tedeschi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- CRC “Innovation for Well-Being and Environment” (I-WE), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Omar NA, Kumar J, Teoh SL. Parkinson's disease model in zebrafish using intraperitoneal MPTP injection. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1236049. [PMID: 37694115 PMCID: PMC10485380 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1236049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease that severely affects the quality of life of patients and their family members. Exposure to 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has been shown to reflect behavioral, molecular, and proteomic features of PD. This study aimed to assess the protocol for inducing PD following MPTP injection in adult zebrafish. Methods Fish were injected with 100 μg/g of MPTP intraperitoneally once or twice and then assessed on days 1 to 30 post-injection. Results Between one-time and two-time injections, there was no significant difference in most locomotor parameters, expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase-2 (th2) and dopamine transporter (dat) genes, and dopaminergic neurons (tyrosine hydroxylase positive, TH+ cells) counts. However, caspase-3 levels significantly differed between one- and two-time injections on the day 1 assessment. Discussion Over a 30-day period, the parameters showed significant differences in swimming speed, total distance traveled, tyrosine hydroxylase-1 (th1) and dat gene expressions, caspase-3 and glutathione protein levels, and TH+ cell counts. Days 3 and 5 showed the most changes compared to the control. In conclusion, a one-time injection of MPTP with delayed assessment on days 3 to 5 is a good PD model for animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Azzizah Omar
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Hedge JM, Hunter DL, Sanders E, Jarema KA, Olin JK, Britton KN, Lowery M, Knapp BR, Padilla S, Hill BN. Influence of Methylene Blue or Dimethyl Sulfoxide on Larval Zebrafish Development and Behavior. Zebrafish 2023; 20:132-145. [PMID: 37406269 PMCID: PMC10627343 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2023.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of larval zebrafish developmental testing and assessment, specifically larval zebrafish locomotor activity, has been recognized as a higher throughput testing strategy to identify developmentally toxic and neurotoxic chemicals. There are, however, no standardized protocols for this type of assay, which could result in confounding variables being overlooked. Two chemicals commonly employed during early-life stage zebrafish assays, methylene blue (antifungal agent) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, a commonly used vehicle) have been reported to affect the morphology and behavior of freshwater fish. In this study, we conducted developmental toxicity (morphology) and neurotoxicity (behavior) assessments of commonly employed concentrations for both chemicals (0.6-10.0 μM methylene blue; 0.3%-1.0% v/v DMSO). A light-dark transition behavioral testing paradigm was applied to morphologically normal, 6 days postfertilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae kept at 26°C. Additionally, an acute DMSO challenge was administered based on early-life stage zebrafish assays typically used in this research area. Results from developmental toxicity screens were similar between both chemicals with no morphological abnormalities detected at any of the concentrations tested. However, neurodevelopmental results were mixed between the two chemicals of interest. Methylene blue resulted in no behavioral changes up to the highest concentration tested, 10.0 μM. By contrast, DMSO altered larval behavior following developmental exposure at concentrations as low as 0.5% (v/v) and exhibited differential concentration-response patterns in the light and dark photoperiods. These results indicate that developmental DMSO exposure can affect larval zebrafish locomotor activity at routinely used concentrations in developmental neurotoxicity assessments, whereas methylene blue does not appear to be developmentally or neurodevelopmentally toxic to larval zebrafish at routinely used concentrations. These results also highlight the importance of understanding the influence of experimental conditions on larval zebrafish locomotor activity that may ultimately confound the interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M. Hedge
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Advanced Experimental Toxicology Models Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Deborah L. Hunter
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Erik Sanders
- Aquatics Lab Services LLC 1112 Nashville Street St. Peters, MO 63376, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Jarema
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Immediate Office, Program Operations Staff, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Jeanene K. Olin
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Katy N. Britton
- ORAU Research Participation Program hosted by EPA, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Morgan Lowery
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Bridget R. Knapp
- ORISE Research Participation Program hosted by EPA, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Stephanie Padilla
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Bridgett N. Hill
- ORISE Research Participation Program hosted by EPA, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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9
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Briñez-Gallego P, da Costa Silva DG, Cordeiro MF, Horn AP, Hort MA. Experimental models of chemically induced Parkinson's disease in zebrafish at the embryonic larval stage: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:201-237. [PMID: 36859813 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2182390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra that results in a decrease in dopamine levels, resulting in motor-type disturbances. Different vertebrate models, such as rodents and fish, have been used to study PD. In recent decades, Danio rerio (zebrafish) has emerged as a potential model for the investigation of neurodegenerative diseases due to its homology to the nervous system of humans. In this context, this systematic review aimed to identify publications that reported the utilization of neurotoxins as an experimental model of parkinsonism in zebrafish embryos and larvae. Ultimately, 56 articles were identified by searching three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar). Seventeen studies using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 4 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), 24 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 6 paraquat/diquat, 2 rotenone, and 6 articles using other types of unusual neurotoxins to induce PD were selected. Neurobehavioral function, such as motor activity, dopaminergic neuron markers, oxidative stress biomarkers, and other relevant parameters in the zebrafish embryo-larval model were examined. In summary, this review provides information to help researchers determine which chemical model is suitable to study experimental parkinsonism, according to the effects induced by neurotoxins in zebrafish embryos and larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Briñez-Gallego
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
| | - Dennis Guilherme da Costa Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
| | - Marcos Freitas Cordeiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Saúde, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina - UNOESC, Joaçaba, SC, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Horn
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
| | - Mariana Appel Hort
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
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Transcriptome Analysis of Thiram-Treated Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Embryos Reveals Disruption of Reproduction Signaling Pathways. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020156. [PMID: 36829436 PMCID: PMC9953208 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Thiram, a dithiocarbamate fungicide, is used for the treatment of various fungal infections affecting crops and ornamentals. However, thiram-associated toxicity has been reported in animals, including fish, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Herein, we employed zebrafish (ZF) to gain further insights into thiram toxicity-associated molecular mechanisms. We studied developmental abnormalities and performed whole-transcriptome analysis of ZF embryos exposed to thiram for 96 h. Embryos exposed to 4.0 μg/L thiram exhibited several phenotypic abnormalities, including bradycardia, spinal curvature, hatching arrest, and growth retardation. Whole-transcriptome analysis revealed 1754 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 512 upregulated and 1242 downregulated DEGs. The majority of biological processes affected by thiram were metabolic. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis yielded terms related to reproduction, such as steroid biosynthesis and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction validation results were in line with sequencing data for ten DEGs. The study results improve our current understanding of the effects of thiram exposure in ZF.
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Liu C, Liu Z, Fang Y, Liao Z, Zhang Z, Yuan X, Yu T, Yang Y, Xiong M, Zhang X, Zhang G, Meng L, Zhang Z. Exposure to dithiocarbamate fungicide maneb in vitro and in vivo: Neuronal apoptosis and underlying mechanisms. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107696. [PMID: 36563597 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Maneb, a widely-used dithiocarbamate fungicide, remains in the environment and exerts adverse health effects. Epidemiological evidence shows that maneb exposure is associated with a higher risk of Parkinson's disease (PD), one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying maneb-induced neurotoxicity remain unclear. Here we investigated the toxic effects and the underlying mechanisms of maneb on the degeneration of dopaminergic cells and α-synuclein in A53T transgenic mice. In SH-SY5Y cells, exposure to maneb reduces cell viability, triggers neuronal apoptosis, induces mitochondrial dysfunction, and generates reactive oxidative species (ROS) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, Western blot analysis found that the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway (Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c, activated caspase-3) and the PKA/CREB signaling pathway (PKA, PDE10A, CREB, p-CREB) were changed by maneb both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway induced by maneb was attenuated by activating PKA. Therefore, these results suggest that the PKA/CREB signaling pathway is involved in maneb-induced apoptosis. This study provides novel insights into maneb-induced neurotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms, which may serve as a guide for further toxicological assessment and standard application of maneb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Zehua Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Yanyan Fang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Zizhuo Liao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yunying Yang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Min Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China.
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12
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Liu C, Liu Z, Fang Y, Du Z, Yan Z, Yuan X, Dai L, Yu T, Xiong M, Tian Y, Li H, Li F, Zhang J, Meng L, Wang Z, Jiang H, Zhang Z. Exposure to the environmentally toxic pesticide maneb induces Parkinson's disease-like neurotoxicity in mice: A combined proteomic and metabolomic analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136344. [PMID: 36087732 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Maneb is a typical dithiocarbamate fungicide that has been extensively used worldwide. Epidemiological evidence shows that exposure to maneb is an environmental risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanisms underlying maneb-induced neurotoxicity have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we exposed SH-SY5Y cells to maneb at environmentally relevant concentrations (0, 0.1, 5, 10 mg/L) and found that maneb dose-dependently decreased the cell viability. Furthermore, maneb (60 mg/kg) induced PD-like motor impairment in α-synuclein A53T transgenic mice. The results of tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomics and metabolomics studies of mouse brain and serum revealed significant changes in proteins and metabolites in the pathways involved in the neurotransmitter system. The omics results were verified by targeted metabolomics and Western blot analysis, which demonstrated that maneb induced disturbance of the PD-related pathways, including the phenylalanine and tryptophan metabolism pathways, dopaminergic synapse, synaptic vesicle cycle, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. In addition, the PD-like phenotype induced by maneb was attenuated by the asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) inhibitor compound #11 (CP11) (10 mg/kg), indicating that AEP may play a role in maneb-induced neurotoxicity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying maneb-induced PD-like phenotypes using multiomics analysis, which identified novel therapeutic targets for PD associated with pesticides and other environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, 430073, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, 430073, China; Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zehua Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, 430073, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Yanyan Fang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, 430073, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Zhen Du
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Zhi Yan
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lijun Dai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Min Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Honghu Li
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, 430073, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Fei Li
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, 430073, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, 430073, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhihao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Haiqiang Jiang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Sefi M, Chaâbane M, Bejaoui S, Elwej A, Marrekchi R, Jamoussi K, Gouiaa N, Sellami TB, El Cafsi M, Zeghal N. Antioxidant role of selenium against maneb-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:54827-54841. [PMID: 35312919 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The current study was conducted to assess the beneficial effect of selenium (Se) on maneb-induced cardiotoxicity and fatty acid alterations in adult mice. Swiss albino male mice were assigned into four experimental groups. The first group consisted of negative controls. The second group represented the positive controls where mice received daily, via the diet, sodium selenite at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg. For the third group, mice were subjected to intraperitoneal injections of maneb (30 mg/kg BW). The fourth group (MB+Se) received daily the same dose of maneb as group 3 along with sodium selenite at the same dose as group 2. Mice exposure to maneb caused cardiotoxicity as indicated by an increase in malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and protein carbonyl levels, and an alteration of the antioxidant defense system (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and vitamin C). Plasma lactate dehydrogenase activity and total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level decreased. Results showed also a decrease in the amount of n-3 PUFA, docosahexaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and eicosapentaenoic acids. However, an increase in the levels of MUFA, cis-vaccenic, and palmitoleic acids was observed. Co-administration of Se restored the parameters indicated above to near control values. The histopathological findings confirmed the biochemical results. Selenium could be a useful and efficient agent against maneb-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mediha Sefi
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
- Ecology, Biology and Physiology Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biological Sciences, Sciences Faculty of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Mariem Chaâbane
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Safa Bejaoui
- Ecology, Biology and Physiology Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biological Sciences, Sciences Faculty of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Awatef Elwej
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rim Marrekchi
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, CHU Hedi Chaker, University of Sfax, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Jamoussi
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, CHU Hedi Chaker, University of Sfax, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Naourez Gouiaa
- Histopathology Laboratory, Department of Anatomo-pathology, CHU Habib Bourguiba, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Tahia Boudawara Sellami
- Histopathology Laboratory, Department of Anatomo-pathology, CHU Habib Bourguiba, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - M'hamed El Cafsi
- Ecology, Biology and Physiology Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biological Sciences, Sciences Faculty of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Najiba Zeghal
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Sciences Faculty of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Vasamsetti BMK, Chon K, Kim J, Oh JA, Yoon CY, Park HH. Developmental Toxic Effects of Thiram on Developing Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070369. [PMID: 35878274 PMCID: PMC9317679 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thiram, an oxidized dimer of dithiocarbamate, has fungicidal and ectoparasiticidal roles. This study aimed to determine the effects of thiram on the development of zebrafish (ZF) embryos. The developmental toxicity test was performed in accordance with the OECD 236 test guidelines, and ZF embryos were subjected to several thiram concentrations and a DMSO (0.01%) control. Subsequently, embryo mortalities and developmental anomalies were evaluated at different hours post fertilization (hpf). Thiram was highly toxic to ZF, with calculated median lethal concentrations (LC50) of thiram at 48 and 96 h as 13.10 ± 2.17 and 8.87 ± 2.09 μg/L, respectively. Thiram-treated embryos/larvae exhibited a variety of deformities, such as abnormal somites, reduced eye pigment, abnormal tail shape, yolk sac edema, hatching defects, and curved spines, with a median effective concentration (EC50) of 3.88 ± 1.23, 5.04 ± 1.82, 6.23 ± 0.92, 5.24 ± 2.22, 1.39 ± 0.25, and 2.60 ± 0.82 μg/L, respectively. Teratogenic index (TI) values ranged from 1.42 to 6.66 for the scored deformities. At 48 hpf, the average heartbeat of the control group was 177.20 ± 5.63 per minute, while the highest thiram-treated group (40 μg/L) was 99.50 ± 18.12 per minute. In addition, cardiac-related issues, such as pericardial edema and abnormal blood flow, were observed in thiram-treated ZF embryos. Overall, these findings suggest that thiram is teratogenic to ZF.
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Jarema KA, Hunter DL, Hill BN, Olin JK, Britton KN, Waalkes MR, Padilla S. Developmental Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Screening in Larval Zebrafish with a Comparison to Other Published Results. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10050256. [PMID: 35622669 PMCID: PMC9145655 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
With the abundance of chemicals in the environment that could potentially cause neurodevelopmental deficits, there is a need for rapid testing and chemical screening assays. This study evaluated the developmental toxicity and behavioral effects of 61 chemicals in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae using a behavioral Light/Dark assay. Larvae (n = 16–24 per concentration) were exposed to each chemical (0.0001–120 μM) during development and locomotor activity was assessed. Approximately half of the chemicals (n = 30) did not show any gross developmental toxicity (i.e., mortality, dysmorphology or non-hatching) at the highest concentration tested. Twelve of the 31 chemicals that did elicit developmental toxicity were toxic at the highest concentration only, and thirteen chemicals were developmentally toxic at concentrations of 10 µM or lower. Eleven chemicals caused behavioral effects; four chemicals (6-aminonicotinamide, cyclophosphamide, paraquat, phenobarbital) altered behavior in the absence of developmental toxicity. In addition to screening a library of chemicals for developmental neurotoxicity, we also compared our findings with previously published results for those chemicals. Our comparison revealed a general lack of standardized reporting of experimental details, and it also helped identify some chemicals that appear to be consistent positives and negatives across multiple laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Jarema
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Immediate Office, Program Operations Staff, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
- Correspondence: (K.A.J.); (S.P.); Tel.: +1-919-541-2299 (K.A.J.); +1-919-541-3956 (S.P.)
| | - Deborah L. Hunter
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; (D.L.H.); (J.K.O.)
| | - Bridgett N. Hill
- ORISE Research Participation Program Hosted by EPA, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA;
| | - Jeanene K. Olin
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; (D.L.H.); (J.K.O.)
| | - Katy N. Britton
- ORAU Research Participation Program Hosted by EPA, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA;
| | - Matthew R. Waalkes
- ORISE Research Participation Program Hosted by EPA, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, Genetic and Cellular Toxicology Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA;
| | - Stephanie Padilla
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; (D.L.H.); (J.K.O.)
- Correspondence: (K.A.J.); (S.P.); Tel.: +1-919-541-2299 (K.A.J.); +1-919-541-3956 (S.P.)
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Souza SSD, Castro JDS, Campos DF, Pereira RS, Bataglion GA, Silva GSD, Almeida-Val VMFD. Temporal exposure to malathion: Biochemical changes in the Amazonian fish tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 241:105997. [PMID: 34688140 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The main toxicity mechanism of organophosphate insecticides such as malathion is the acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition. However, fish responses to organophosphates may vary depending on the activation of different defense mechanisms as well as the length of exposure. As such, the evaluation of acetylcholinesterase activity, in combination with the evaluation of biotransformation and antioxidants enzymes levels, is useful for indicating damage in fish exposed to this insecticide. Moreover, evaluating mitochondrial activity might evidence how the hierarchic responses occur in relation to the length of time that the fish is exposed. Therefore, the aim of our study is to evaluate whether the length of exposure to malathion differentially affects the biochemical responses of tambaqui. Our hypothesis is that the physiological alterations due to exposure are time dependent. Fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of the insecticide during 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. Contrary to expectations, there was no acetylcholinesterase activity inhibition during the experiment, which indicates an absence of neurotoxicity. Phase II biotransformation mechanism was activated early, especially in the liver. Oxidative damage was evident in the first hours of exposure and was concurrent with the activation of antioxidant enzymes. Mitochondrial bioenergetics were differentially affected by the length of exposure. The data suggest that the tambaqui regulates mitochondrial respiration differently over time, seeking to maintain homeostasis and ATP demand, and ensures the activation of response mechanisms, thus minimizing oxidative damage and avoiding the neurotoxicity of malathion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Silva de Souza
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, National Institute for Research in the Amazon (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | - Jonatas da Silva Castro
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, National Institute for Research in the Amazon (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Derek Felipe Campos
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, National Institute for Research in the Amazon (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Rogério Santos Pereira
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, National Institute for Research in the Amazon (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Giovana Anceski Bataglion
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, National Institute for Research in the Amazon (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Grazyelle Sebrenski da Silva
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, National Institute for Research in the Amazon (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil; Institute of Biological Science (ICB), Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Li M, Xu G, Guo N, Zheng N, Dong W, Li X, Yu Y. Influences and mechanisms of nanoparticles on pentachloronitrobenzene accumulation by earthworms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:51471-51479. [PMID: 33983610 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides and nanoparticles may coexist in soil; however, influences of nanoparticles on accumulation of pesticides in terrestrial organisms are still unclear. This study aims to investigate the influences and mechanisms of metal oxide nanoparticles (nano ZnO and nano CuO) on accumulation of pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) in earthworms and their combined toxicity. The earthworms were cultivated in the soil spiked with nanoparticles (10, 50, 250 mg/kg) and PCNB (100 μg/kg) for 21 days. The concentrations of PCNB in earthworms in binary exposure treatments (PCNB + ZnO and PCNB + CuO) reached 2.47 and 3.13 times of that in individual PCNB exposure treatment, indicating that nanoparticles facilitated the accumulation of PCNB in earthworms. The contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in earthworms in treatments PCNB + ZnO 250 and PCNB + CuO 250 reached 379 and 316 fluorescence intensity/mg Protein, respectively, which were significantly higher than that in control group (183 fluorescence intensity/mg protein), indicating that nanoparticles would cause oxidative stress to earthworms. Earthworm coelomocytes were extracted from healthy earthworms and cultivated in culture media in cytotoxicity tests. Changes of intracellular ROS contents and cell viability suggested that PCNB and nanoparticles caused serious oxidative damage to earthworm coelomocytes, thus leading to the damage of cell membrane and cell death. In in vivo tests, changes of biomarkers (ROS and malondialdehyde) demonstrated that these pollutants injured the earthworms. Increased accumulation of PCNB in binary exposure treatments was due to the damage of body cavity caused by nanoparticles. This study provides a novel hypothesis for nanoparticles facilitating organic pollutants entering terrestrial organisms and determines whether nanoparticles would bring about greater environmental risks of other pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Guanghui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Na Guo
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Na Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Weihua Dong
- College of Geographical Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Liaoning Renqia Daofeng Testing Technology Co Ltd, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China.
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18
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Park H, Lee JY, Lim W, Song G. Assessment of the in vivo genotoxicity of pendimethalin via mitochondrial bioenergetics and transcriptional profiles during embryogenesis in zebrafish: Implication of electron transport chain activity and developmental defects. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:125153. [PMID: 33485224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pendimethalin, an herbicide used to control weeds, acts by inhibiting plant cell division and mitosis. Several studies have reported the detrimental effects of pendimethalin on non-target organisms. It has been found to be especially toxic to aquatic life. Additionally, there is some evidence that pendimethalin induces mitochondrial stress. However, none of the studies have provided information about the functional defects in mitochondria and toxicity during embryogenesis. In this study, we evaluated the impact of pendimethalin on the electron transport chain (ETC) activity and mitochondrial complexes via in vivo screening of oxidative phosphorylation and transcriptional profiles in zebrafish embryos. The results showed that pendimethalin interferes with mitochondrial complexes I and V, which inhibit embryo energy metabolism, thereby leading to developmental defects. Transgenic zebrafish, fli1:eGFP and olig2:dsRed, were used to confirm pendimethalin-induced functional depletion in neurogenesis and vasculogenesis during embryo development. This study provides new insights into the methodology of environmental assessment of biohazard chemicals that target ETC activity in mitochondria. Additionally, the results suggest that real-time respiratory and metabolic monitoring in zebrafish will be useful for the genotoxicity assessment of environmentally hazardous substances and may be used as an alternative model for the control of aquatic environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hahyun Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Niu X, Xu S, Yang Q, Xu X, Zheng M, Li X, Guan W. Toxic effects of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi on zebrafish (Danio rerio) larval behavior. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:101996. [PMID: 33980436 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Karenia mikimotoi is a toxic dinoflagellate that forms harmful blooms in coastal waters, threatening aquaculture worldwide. However, we do not know whether K. mikimotoi has a neurotoxic effect on aquatic animal behavior. Thus, this study investigated potential K. mikimotoi neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae. Cells of K. mikimotoi were collected at the mid-exponential phase from a batch culture to prepare ruptured cell solutions (RCS). At 6 h post-fertilization (hpf), zebrafish embryos were exposed to different RCS concentrations (0, 102, 103, 104, and 2.5 × 104 cells mL-1). After 120 hpf, treated larvae were collected to analyze locomotor behavior; activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT); and expression of genes related to neurodevelopment. We found that RCS did not affect survival rate, but significantly decreased larval locomotion, as well as their AChE, SOD, and CAT activity. Additionally, the examination of the day-night behavioral experiment revealed RCS decreased locomotion only at night. Zebrafish larvae were also significantly hypoactive in response to light and sound stimulations. Of the neurodevelopment genes, three (th, neurog1, and neurod1) were downregulated, while two (bdnf and manf) were upregulated. Our study suggests that K. mikimotoi neurotoxicity occurs through causing oxidative damage, as well as disorders in the cholinergic system and nervous system development. The results provide new insight that K. mikimotoi in low abundance did not cause significant lethal effect but still exhibited significant neurotoxicity on aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Niu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Shengnan Xu
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiongying Yang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Xuelian Xu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Miaomiao Zheng
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Li
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wanchun Guan
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035.
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20
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Qian L, Qi S, Wang Z, Magnuson JT, Volz DC, Schlenk D, Jiang J, Wang C. Environmentally relevant concentrations of boscalid exposure affects the neurobehavioral response of zebrafish by disrupting visual and nervous systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124083. [PMID: 33011634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Boscalid is a persistent fungicide that is frequently detected in surface waters and may be neurotoxic to aquatic organisms. Herein, we evaluated the effects of environmentally relevant boscalid concentrations to zebrafish to explore its potentially neurotoxic mechanisms of effect. Behavioral responses (swimming, phototaxis, and predation), histopathology, transcriptomics, biochemical parameter analysis and gene expression of larval and adult zebrafish following boscalid treatment were assessed. We found that boscalid significantly inhibited the locomotor ability and phototactic response of larvae after an 8-d exposure, and altered the locomotor activity, predation trajectories and ability in adults after a 21-d exposure. It was noted that predation rates of zebrafish were significantly decreased by 30% and 100% after exposure to 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L boscalid, respectively. Adverse alterations in the cell differentiation of eyes and brain injury were also observed in both larvae and adults following boscalid exposure. The expression of genes related to neurodevelopment, neurotransmission, eye development, and visual function, in conjunction with RNA-Seq results, indicated that boscalid may impair visual phototransduction and nervous system processes in larval zebrafish. Conclusively, boscalid exposure may affect the neurobehavioral response of zebrafish by impairing proper visual and nervous system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Qian
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Suzhen Qi
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Bee Products Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Jason T Magnuson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - David C Volz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jiazhen Jiang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Chengju Wang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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21
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Yang L, Huang T, Li R, Souders CL, Rheingold S, Tischuk C, Li N, Zhou B, Martyniuk CJ. Evaluation and comparison of the mitochondrial and developmental toxicity of three strobilurins in zebrafish embryo/larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116277. [PMID: 33360065 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Strobilurin fungicides have been frequently detected in aquatic environments and can induce mitochondrial toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms. However, the derived toxicity and subsequent mechanisms related to their adverse effects are not fully elucidated. In the present study, we compared the mitochondrial and developmental toxicity of azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, and trifloxystrobin using zebrafish embryo/larvae. The results showed that all three strobilurins inhibited mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial respiration (the potency is pyraclostrobin ≈ trifloxystrobin > azoxystrobin). Behavioral changes indicated that sublethal doses of pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin caused hyperactivity of zebrafish larvae in dark cycles, whereas trifloxystrobin resulted in hypoactivity of zebrafish larvae. In addition, pyraclostrobin exposure impaired the inflation of swim bladder, and caused down-regulation of annexin A5 (anxa5) mRNA levels, and up-regulated transcript levels of pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox 1a (pbx1a); conversely, azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin did not cause detectable effects with swim bladder inflation. Molecular docking results indicated that azoxystrobin had higher interacting potency with iodotyrosine deiodinase (IYD), prolactin receptor (PRLR), antagonistic conformation of thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) compared to pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin; pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin were more likely to interact with the antagonistic conformation of TRβ and GR, respectively. These results may partially explain the different effects observed in behavior and swim bladder inflation, and also point to potential endocrine disruption induced by these strobilurins. Taken together, our study revealed that all three strobilurins alter mitochondrial bioenergetics and cause developmental toxicity. However, the toxic phenotypes and underlying mechanisms of each chemical may differ, and this requires further investigation. Pyraclostrobin showed higher mitochondrial toxicity at lethal doses and higher developmental toxicity at sublethal doses compared to the two other strobilurins tested. These results provide novel information for toxicological study as well as risk assessment of strobilurin fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, PR China
| | - Ruiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; Ecological Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Changjiang River Basin Ecological Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan, 430014, PR China
| | - Christopher L Souders
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Spencer Rheingold
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Claire Tischuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10085, PR China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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22
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Qian L, Qi S, Zhang J, Duan M, Schlenk D, Jiang J, Wang C. Exposure to Boscalid Induces Reproductive Toxicity of Zebrafish by Gender-Specific Alterations in Steroidogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14275-14287. [PMID: 33138376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Boscalid is a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide and is frequently detected in surface water. Due to the frequent detection of boscalid, we evaluated its impact on the reproduction of adult zebrafish following a 21 d exposure to 0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/L. Following exposure to boscalid, the fertility of female zebrafish and fertilization rate of spawning eggs were reduced in a concentration-dependent manner up to a respective 87% and 20% in the highest concentration. A significant 16% reduction in the percentage of late vitellogenic oocytes was noted in ovaries, and a significant 74% reduction in the percentage of spermatids in testis was also observed after treatment with 1.0 mg/L. 17β-Estradiol (E2) concentrations decreased significantly in females (34% decrease) but significantly increased in males (15% increase) following 1.0 mg/L boscalid treatment. The expression of genes (such as era, er2b, cyp19a, and cyp19b) related to the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad-liver (HPGL) axis was significantly altered and positively correlated with E2 concentrations in female and male zebrafish (p < 0.05). Molecular docking results revealed that the binding modes between boscalid and target proteins (ER and CYP19) of zebrafish were similar to that of the reference compounds and the target proteins. The binding energies indicate that boscalid may have a weak estrogen-like binding effect or CYP19 inhibition, potentially altering the HPGL axis, thereby reducing E2 concentrations and fecundity in females. In contrast, boscalid caused significant induction of E2 steroidogenesis and subsequent feminization of gonads in males, indicating gender-specific adverse outcome pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Qian
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Suzhen Qi
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Bee Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Manman Duan
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jiazhen Jiang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengju Wang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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23
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Eadie A, Vasquez IC, Liang X, Wang X, Souders CL, El Chehouri J, Hoskote R, Feswick A, Cowie AM, Loughery JR, Martyniuk CJ. Residual molecular and behavioral effects of the phenylpyrazole pesticide fipronil in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) following a pulse embryonic exposure. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 36:100743. [PMID: 32977147 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are typically applied to crops as acute applications, and residual effects of such intermittent exposures are not often characterized in developing fish. Fipronil is an agricultural pesticide that inhibits γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) gated chloride channels. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed for 48 h (starting at ~3 h post fertilization, hpf) to various concentrations of fipronil (0.02 μg/L up to 4000 μg/L). Following this acute exposure, a subset of fish was transferred to clean water for a 7-day depuration phase. We hypothesized that a pulse exposure to fipronil during critical periods of central nervous system development would adversely affect fish later in life. After a 48 hour pulse exposure, survival was reduced in embryos exposed to 2 μg fipronil/L or greater. However, there was no further mortality during the depuration phase, nor were there changes in body length nor notochord length in larvae 9 dpf (days post-fertilization) compared to controls. Additional experiments were carried out at higher concentrations over 96 h (up to 4 dpf) to also elucidate developmental effects and teratogenicity of fipronil (43.7 μg/L up to 4370 μg/L). Fipronil at these higher concentrations significantly impacted the development of zebrafish, and the following morphometric and teratogenic effects were observed in 4 dpf fish; reduced body length, yolk sac and pericardial edema, reduced midbrain length, reduced optic and otic diameter, and truncation of the lower jaw. In depurated fish, we hypothesized that there would exist residual effects of exposure at the molecular level. Transcriptome profiling was therefore conducted on 9 dpf depurated larvae exposed initially for 48 h to one dose of either 0.2 μg/L, 200 μg/L or 2000 μg/L fipronil. The expression of gene networks associated with glycogen and omega-3-fatty acid metabolism were decreased in larvae exposed to each of the three concentrations of fipronil, suggesting metabolic disruption. Moreover, transcriptomics revealed that fipronil suppressed gene networks related to light-dark adaptation, photoperiod sensing, and circadian rhythm. Based on these data, we tested fish for altered behavioral responses in a Light-Dark preference test. Larvae exposed to >200 μg fipronil/L as embryos showed fewer number of visits (20-30% less) to the dark zone compared to controls. Larvae also spent a lower amount of time in the dark zone compared to controls, suggesting that fipronil strengthened dark avoidance behavior which is indicative of anxiety. This study demonstrates that a short pulse exposure to fipronil can affect transcriptome networks for metabolism, circadian rhythm, and response to light in fish after depuration, and these molecular responses are hypothesized to be related to aberrant behavioral effects observed in the light-dark preference test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Eadie
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Isabel Cristina Vasquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Xuefang Liang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher L Souders
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jana El Chehouri
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Rohit Hoskote
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - April Feswick
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Andrew M Cowie
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Jennifer R Loughery
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada; Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Canadian Rivers Institute, Canada; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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24
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Liu X, Zhang R, Jin Y. Differential responses of larval zebrafish to the fungicide propamocarb: Endpoints at development, locomotor behavior and oxidative stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139136. [PMID: 32438087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fungicide propamocarb (PM) is widely used to protect cucumbers, tomatoes and other plants from pathogens. According to previous studies, PM could be detected in the aquatic system in some area. However, the toxic effects of PM on zebrafish received very limited attention. In this study, we examined the toxic effects of various concentration of PM on the endpoints of development, locomotor behavior and oxidative stress in larval zebrafish. It was observed that PM exposure delayed embryonic development, inhibited hatchability at 60 and 72 h postfertilization and increased heart rate. After PM exposure, the larval zebrafish showed abnormal free swimming behavior and the swimming behavior in response to light-dark transition, indicating that PM had the potential to induce neurotoxicity. Moreover, PM exposure also affected the enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase and dopamine and the transcriptional level of genes related to neurotoxicity. In addition, PM exposure not only affects catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity but also affects the transcription level of various genes. We believed that PM induced oxidative stress was also a possible reason to cause neurotoxicity in larval zebrafish. In summary, our results suggested that PM could disturb the endpoints at development, locomotor behavior and oxidative stress in larval zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Institute of standardization, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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25
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Vieira R, Venâncio CAS, Félix LM. Toxic effects of a mancozeb-containing commercial formulation at environmental relevant concentrations on zebrafish embryonic development. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:21174-21187. [PMID: 32270457 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The toxicological knowledge of mancozeb (MZ)-containing commercial formulations on non-target species is scarce and limited. Therefore, the objective of this work was to represent a realistic application scenario by evaluating the toxicity of environmental relevant and higher concentrations of a commercial formulation of MZ using zebrafish embryos. Following determination of the 96-h LC50 value, the embryos at the blastula stage (~ 2 h post-fertilisation, hpf) were exposed to 0.5, 5, and 50 μg L-1 of the active ingredient (~ 40× lower than the 96-h LC50). During the exposure period (96 h), lethal, sublethal, and teratogenic parameters, as well as behaviour analysis, at 120 hpf, were assayed. Biochemical parameters such as oxidative stress-linked enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR)), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and glutathione levels (GSH and GSSG), as well as the activity of degradation (glutathione S-transferase (GST) and carboxylesterase (CarE)), neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase (AChE)), and anaerobic respiration (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH))-related enzymes, were analysed at the end of the exposure period. Exposed embryos showed a marked decrease in the hatching rate and many malformations (cardiac and yolk sac oedema and spinal torsions), with a higher prevalence at the highest concentration. A dose-dependent decreased locomotor activity and a response to an aversive stimulus, as well as a light-dark transition decline, were observed at environmental relevant concentrations. Furthermore, the activities of SOD and GR increased while the activity of GST, AChE, and MDA contents decreased. Taken together, the involvement of mancozeb metabolites and the generation of ROS are suggested as responsible for the developmental phenotypes. While further studies are needed to fully support the hypothesis presented, the potential cumulative effects of mancozeb-containing formulations and its metabolites could represent an environmental risk which should not be disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Vieira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos A S Venâncio
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís M Félix
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
- Laboratory Animal Science (LAS), i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal.
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26
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Li P, Li ZH. Environmental co-exposure to TBT and Cd caused neurotoxicity and thyroid endocrine disruption in zebrafish, a three-generation study in a simulated environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113868. [PMID: 31887590 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the coexistence of heavy metals and environmental hormones always occur in aquatic environment, the information of the combined impacts remains unclear. To explore the multi-generational toxicity of cadmium (Cd) and tributyltin (TBT), adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) (F0) were exposed to different treated groups (100 ng/l Cd, 100 ng/l TBT and their mixture) for 90 d, with their offspring (F1 and F2) subsequently reared in the same exposure solutions corresponding to their parents. Both developmental neurotoxicity and thyroid disturbances were examined in the three (F0, F1, and F2) generations. Our results showed that co-exposure to Cd and TBT induced the developmental neurotoxicity in F1 and F2 generations, reflected by the significant lower levels of neurotransmitters (dopamine and serotonin) and the inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. And the thyroid endocrine disruption were observed in the two-generations larval offspring by parental exposure to Cd and/or TBT, including the significantly decreasing levels of thyroid hormones and the down-regulated the expression of genes involved in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, compared to the control. Additional, the embryonic toxicity and growth inhibition were also determined in the fish larvae. Overall, this study examined the impacts of parental co-exposure to Cd and TBT, with regard to developmental inhibition, nervous system damage and endocrine disruption, which highlighted that co-exposure influences are complicated and need to be considered for accurate environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China; Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China.
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27
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Arantes MR, Peijnenburg A, Hendriksen PJM, Stoopen G, Almeida TS, Souza TM, Farias DF, Carvalho AFU, Rocha TM, Leal LKAM, Vasconcelos IM, Oliveira JTA. In vitro toxicological characterisation of the antifungal compound soybean toxin (SBTX). Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104824. [PMID: 32165152 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Soybean toxin (SBTX) is a protein isolated from soybean seeds and composed of two polypeptide subunits (17 and 27 kDa). SBTX has in vitro activity against phytopathogenic fungi such as Cercospora sojina, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium herguei, and yeasts like Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, Kluyveromyces marxiannus, and Pichia membranifaciens. The present study aimed to analyze in vitro whether SBTX causes any side effects on non-target bacterial and mammalian cells that could impede its potential use as a novel antifungal agent. SBTX at 100 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL did not hinder the growth of the bacteria Salmonella enterica (subspecies enterica serovar choleraesuis), Bacillus subtilis (subspecies spizizenii) and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, SBTX at concentrations up to 500 μg/mL did not significantly affect the viability of erythrocytes, neutrophils, and human intestinal Caco-2 cells. To study whether SBTX could induce relevant alterations in gene expression, in vitro DNA microarray experiments were conducted in which differentiated Caco-2 cells were exposed for 24 h to 100 μg/mL or 200 μg/mL SBTX. SBTX up-regulated genes involved in cell cycle and immune response pathways, but down-regulated genes that play a role in cholesterol biosynthesis and platelet degranulation pathways. Thus, although SBTX did not affect bacteria, nor induced cytotoxity in mammalian cells, it affected some biological pathways in the human Caco-2 cell line that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Reis Arantes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- WFSR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter J M Hendriksen
- WFSR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Geert Stoopen
- WFSR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Thiago Silva Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Maria Souza
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229, ER, the Netherlands.
| | - Davi Felipe Farias
- Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Ilka Maria Vasconcelos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Jose Tadeu Abreu Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Souders CL, Perez-Rodriguez V, El Ahmadie N, Zhang X, Tischuk C, Martyniuk CJ. Investigation into the sub-lethal effects of the triazole fungicide triticonazole in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos/larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:254-267. [PMID: 31670470 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Global use of azole fungicides is expected to increase over the next several years. Triticonazole is a triazole fungicide that is used for turf protection, residential, and other commercial applications. As such, it can enter local rural and urban water systems via run-off and rain events. Early life stages of aquatic organisms can be susceptible to pesticides that enter the water, but in the case of triticonazole, data on the potential for subacute toxicity are lacking. Here, we determined the effects of triticonazole on development, oxygen consumption rates, and locomotor activity in zebrafish to address this knowledge gap. Wild-type zebrafish (ABTu strain) embryos and larvae were exposed to triticonazole (1-100 μM) in early development for different lengths of time depending on the assay conducted. Triticonazole did not affect survival nor induce significant deformity (pericardial edema, skeletal defects) in zebrafish at doses up to 100 μM. Oxygen consumption rate was measured in embryos after 24 and 48 hour exposure to triticonazole beginning at ∼6 hpf using the XFe flux analyzer. Triticonazole did not affect basal respiration, oligomycin-induced ATP linked respiration, FCCP-induced maximum respiration, proton leak, spare capacity, nor non-mitochondrial respiration at doses up to 100 μM for 24 hours, even for exposure up to 250 μM for 48 hours. To determine whether the fungicide affected larval swimming activity, the visual motor response test was conducted following triticonazole exposure for 6 days. Larval zebrafish exposed to triticonazole showed hypoactivity in the dark following a 100 μM treatment, suggesting that the fungicide can affect the locomotor activity of zebrafish, albeit at relatively high levels. Given the fact that sublethal biological responses were absent at lower environmentally relevant concentrations, we conclude that triticonazole, relative to other triazole fungicides and types of pesticides, exhibits a relatively low risk of toxicity to the early life stages of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Souders
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Veronica Perez-Rodriguez
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Nader El Ahmadie
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Xujia Zhang
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Claire Tischuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Kumar N, Willis A, Satbhai K, Ramalingam L, Schmitt C, Moustaid-Moussa N, Crago J. Developmental toxicity in embryo-larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to strobilurin fungicides (azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:124980. [PMID: 31600620 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin are broad spectrum strobilurin fungicides that have been measured in the aquatic environment. Strobilurins inhibit mitochondrial respiration by binding to the mitochondrial respiratory complex III. The goal of this study was to investigate mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the developing zebrafish from exposure to azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin. Exposure studies were performed where zebrafish embryos were exposed to azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin at 0.1, 10, 100 μg/L from 4 hpf to 48 hpf to measure mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress mRNA transcripts, and 5 dpf to measure movement, growth, oxygen consumption, enzymatic activities, and mRNA transcripts. Results from this study indicated that there was a significant reduction in both basal and maximal respiration at 48 hpf in zebrafish exposed to 100 μg/L of pyraclostrobin. There was no difference in oxidative stress or apoptotic mRNA transcripts at 48 hpf, indicating that the two strobilurins were acting first on mitochondrial function and not directly through oxidative stress. At 5 dpf, standard body length was significantly reduced with exposure to pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin exposure as compared to the control. These reductions in apical endpoints corresponded with increases in oxidative stress and apoptotic mRNA transcripts in treatment groups at 5 dpf indicating that strobilurins' exposure followed the adverse outcome pathway for mito-toxicants. Our results indicate that strobilurins can decrease mitochondrial function, which in turn lead to diminished growth and movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kumar
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - A Willis
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - K Satbhai
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - L Ramalingam
- Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - C Schmitt
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - J Crago
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Escobar-Huerfano F, Gómez-Oliván LM, Luja-Mondragón M, SanJuan-Reyes N, Islas-Flores H, Hernández-Navarro MD. Embryotoxic and teratogenic profile of tretracycline at environmentally relevant concentrations on Cyprinus carpio. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124969. [PMID: 31726589 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate whether tetracycline (TC) in environmentally relevant concentrations was able to induce alterations to embryonic development and teratogenic effects in oocytes and embryos of Cyprinus carpio. For this purpose, an embryolethality study was conducted and the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) and effective concentration 50 of malformations (EC50) were calculated, and with these data the teratogenic index (TI) was determined. The main alterations to embryonic development and the teratogenic effects produced by TC on embryos of C. carpio were determined using the Kimmel and Hersem scale adapted for Cyprinus carpio. LC50 and EC50 were respectively 500.08 and 145.3 μg L-1.TC was shown to be teratogenic with teratogenic index of 3.44, and the main malformations identified in concentrations of 90-900 μg L-1 were malformation in tail, modified chorda structure, pericardical edema, scoliosis and malformations of the heart. A significant decrease in concentration-dependent in Kimmel and Hersem score was observed. The results allow us to conclude that TC at environmentally relevant concentrations is capable of inducing embryotoxic and teratogenic effects, generating risk in the integrity of the common carp C. Carpio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Escobar-Huerfano
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Marlenee Luja-Mondragón
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Nely SanJuan-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - María Dolores Hernández-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
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31
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Perez-Rodriguez V, Wu N, de la Cova A, Schmidt J, Denslow ND, Martyniuk CJ. The organochlorine pesticide toxaphene reduces non-mitochondrial respiration and induces heat shock protein 70 expression in early-staged zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 228:108669. [PMID: 31712185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxaphene is a restricted-use pesticide produced by reacting chlorine gas with camphene. It was heavily used as a pesticide for agricultural purposes in the 1960-1970s, but despite being banned >30 years ago, it can remain elevated in the soil due to its resistance to metabolic degradation; this has led to longstanding concerns about elevated levels of toxaphene and other organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the environment. The objective of this study were to determine the effects of waterborne exposure to toxaphene on early life stages of zebrafish. Based on the LC50, zebrafish embryos were exposed to control (embryo rearing media or DMSO) or to one dose of toxaphene ranging between 0.011 and 111.1 μg/mL from 6 h post fertilization (hpf) up to 120 hpf. Significant mortality and hatch time delays were observed in embryos exposed to toxaphene (at or above 0.11 and 1.11 μg/mL, depending on the assay). Higher prevalence of deformities was noted at higher doses (≥0.011 μg/mL), and these included pericardial edema and skeletal deformities. As energy production is important for normal development, mitochondrial bioenergetics were assessed in embryos following toxaphene exposure. Embryos exposed to 11.1 or 111 μg/mL toxaphene for 24 h showed lower non-mitochondrial respiration (~30%) compared to both solvent and no treatment controls. Expression of transcripts related to oxidative damage responses and apoptosis were measured and heat shock protein 70 was significantly increased with 111 μg/mL toxaphene (14.5 fold), while the expression levels of caspase 3, caspase 9, and superoxide dismutase 1 were not changed. These data demonstrate that developmental deformities induced by toxaphene include pericardial edema and skeletal deformity, and that toxaphene can affect oxidative phosphorylation in early staged zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Perez-Rodriguez
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, UF Genetics Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, UF Genetics Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Jiangsu Engeering Laboratory for Breeding Aquatic Organisms, School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'An City, 223300, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Alejandro de la Cova
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, UF Genetics Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jordan Schmidt
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, UF Genetics Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, UF Genetics Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, UF Genetics Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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32
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Liang X, Zhao Y, Liu W, Li Z, Souders CL, Martyniuk CJ. Butylated hydroxytoluene induces hyperactivity and alters dopamine-related gene expression in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113624. [PMID: 31780362 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is one of the most frequently used synthetic phenolic antioxidants added to food and consumer products such as plastics as a preservative. Due to its high production volume, BHT has been detected in aquatic environments, raising concerns about sub-lethal toxicity. However, there are limited toxicological data for BHT, especially in fish. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to BHT at concentrations ranging 0.01-100 μM for up to 6 days post fertilization (dpf). Acute toxicity was assessed, and experiments revealed that BHT had a 96 h LC50 value of 57.61 μM. At sub-lethal doses (0.1-60 μM), BHT markedly decreased heart rates of zebrafish embryos at 48 h and 72 h by ∼25-30%. Basal and maximal respiration of zebrafish embryos at 24 hpf were decreased by 59.3% and 41.4% respectively following exposure to 100 μM BHT. Behavior in zebrafish was measured at 6 dpf following exposures to 0.01-10 μM BHT. Locomotor behaviors (e.g. total distance moved and velocity) were significantly increased in larvae at doses higher than 0.1 μM BHT. In addition, dark-avoidance behavior was decreased following exposure to 0.01 μM BHT, while conversely, it was increased in zebrafish exposed to 0.1 μM BHT. To investigate potential underlying mechanisms that could explain behavioral changes, transcripts involved in dopamine signaling were measured. Relative expression of dat mRNA was increased in larval fish from the 0.01 μM BHT treatment, while there were no effects on dat mRNA levels at higher concentrations. The mRNA levels of drd3 were decreased in zebrafish from the 1 μM BHT treatment. Taken together, BHT can affect the expression of the dopamine system, which is hypothesized to be related to the abnormal anxiety-associated behavior of larval zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Liang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Yaqian Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Wang Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Zhitong Li
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Christopher L Souders
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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33
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Dreier DA, Mello D, Meyer J, Martyniuk CJ. Linking Mitochondrial Dysfunction to Organismal and Population Health in the Context of Environmental Pollutants: Progress and Considerations for Mitochondrial Adverse Outcome Pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:1625-1634. [PMID: 31034624 PMCID: PMC6961808 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are key targets of many environmental contaminants, because specific chemicals can interact directly with mitochondrial proteins, lipids, and ribonucleic acids. These direct interactions serve as molecular initiating events that impede adenosine triphosphate production and other critical functions that mitochondria serve within the cell (e.g., calcium and metal homeostasis, apoptosis, immune signaling, redox balance). A limited but growing number of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) have been proposed to associate mitochondrial dysfunction with effects at organismal and population levels. These pathways involve key events such as altered membrane potential, mitochondrial fission/fusion, and mitochondrial DNA damage, among others. The present critical review and analysis reveals current progress on AOPs involving mitochondrial dysfunction, and, using a network-based computational approach, identifies the localization of mitochondrial molecular initiating events and key events within multiple existing AOPs. We also present 2 case studies, the first examining the interaction between mitochondria and immunotoxicity, and the second examining the role of early mitochondrial dysfunction in the context of behavior (i.e., locomotor activity). We discuss limitations in our current understanding of mitochondrial AOPs and highlight opportunities for clarifying their details. Advancing our knowledge of key event relationships within the AOP framework will require high-throughput datasets that permit the development and testing of chemical-agnostic AOPs, as well as high-resolution research that will enhance the mechanistic testing and validation of these key event relationships. Given the wide range of chemicals that affect mitochondria, and the centrality of energy production and signaling to ecologically important outcomes such as pathogen defense, homeostasis, growth, and reproduction, a better understanding of mitochondrial AOPs is expected to play a significant, if not central, role in environmental toxicology. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1625-1634. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Dreier
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
| | - Danielle Mello
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0328 USA
| | - Joel Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0328 USA
| | - Christopher J. Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
- Address correspondence to
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34
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Li M, Xu G, Yu R, Wang Y, Yu Y. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of pentachloronitrobenzene to earthworm (Eisenia fetida). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:429-434. [PMID: 30852307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) has been widely utilized as a fungicide to control diseases. However, toxic effect data of PCNB on terrestrial invertebrate are not available till now. Herein, the earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were exposed to soil containing different levels of PCNB. Mortality, weight, accumulation, and physiological indexes of earthworms were determined on certain days. PCNB inhibited the growth of earthworms and induced a significant increase in the activity of antioxidative enzymes. ROS, SOD, and MDA of earthworms in the highest treatment group were 6.8, 4.4, and 3.8 times higher than those in the control group, respectively. In addition, earthworm coelomocytes were successfully extracted, cultured, and innovatively employed in in-vitro toxicity test to evaluate the toxic effect of PCNB. The biomarkers utilized in in-vitro toxicity test, including cell viability, intracellular ROS and extracellular LDH showed significant correlations with the PCNB in the culture media, indicating that the in-vitro toxicity test may serve as a useful tool for toxic assessment of pollutants to earthworms and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guanghui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
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Souders CL, Xavier P, Perez-Rodriguez V, Ector N, Zhang JL, Martyniuk CJ. Sub-lethal effects of the triazole fungicide propiconazole on zebrafish (Danio rerio) development, oxidative respiration, and larval locomotor activity. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2019; 74:106809. [PMID: 31129159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2019.106809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Propiconazole is a triazole fungicide used in agriculture. Via run-off, it can enter the aquatic environment, and can adversely affect organisms. However, data are scarce on how propiconazole may affect early developmental life stages of fish. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential sub-lethal effects of propiconazole during zebrafish development. Wildtype zebrafish (ABTu strain) embryos and larvae were exposed to propiconazole (0.1-100 μM) for up to 150 hours post fertilization (hpf) depending upon the endpoint measured. Propiconazole decreased survival and induced hypopigmentation in fish at 100 μM compared to the water and solvent controls. Pericardial edema was also noted in embryos and larvae (beginning at 2-3 dpf) exposed to 100 μM propiconazole. To visualize the effects of propiconazole on the circulatory system in more detail, we exposed transgenic zebrafish (globin-LCR:eGFP) to the fungicide. Hematopoietic changes were observed within 48 h of exposure to 100 μM, and localization of blood cells in the cardic region became diffuse, indicating pooling of blood in the pericardial region. We measured oxidative respiration in embryos as sufficient ATP is needed for development. Exposure to 100 μM propiconazole (~6-30 hpf) reduced basal respiration (~50%), oligomycin-induced ATP linked respiration (~70%), proton leak (~30%), and non-mitochondrial respiration (~50%), indicating compromised mitochondrial bioenergetics. A Visual Motor Response (VMR) test was used to measure dark photokinesis behavior in larval fish exposed to propiconazole for a 6-day period. Larval fish exposed to the highest concentration in the assay (10 μM) showed evidence of hypoactivity. This study demonstrates that propiconazole can induce hypopigmentation in zebrafish, disrupt mitochondrial bioenergetics, and can alter locomotor activity. However, these sub-lethal responses were observed at concentrations above what is typically detected in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Souders
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Priscilla Xavier
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Veronica Perez-Rodriguez
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Naomi Ector
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ji-Liang Zhang
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Henan Open Laboratory of Key Subjects of Environmental and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan, China
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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