1
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Qi S, Guo L, Liang J, Wang K, Liao Q, He S, Lyu W, Cheng Z, Wang J, Luo X, Yan X, Lu Z, Wang X, Wang Z, Chen X, Li Q. A new strategy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Discovery and bio-evaluation of the first central-targeting tyrosinase inhibitor. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107612. [PMID: 38986418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The high level of tyrosinase leads to the generation of neuromelanin, further causing the abnormality of redox-related protein level and mediating the occurrence and development of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the existing tyrosinase inhibitors are mostly natural product extracts or polyphenolic derivatives, which hindered them from penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Herein, we obtained a novel tyrosinase inhibitor, 2-06 (tyrosinase: monophenolase IC50 = 70.44 ± 22.69 μM, diphenolase IC50 = 1.89 ± 0.64 μM), through the structure-based screening method. The compound 2-06 presented good in vitro and in vivo safety, and can inhibit the tyrosinase and melanogenesis in B16F10. Moreover, this compound showed neuroprotective effects and Parkinsonism behavior improving function. 2-06 was proved to penetrate the BBB and enter the central nervous system (CNS). The exploration of the binding mode between 2-06 and tyrosinase provided the foundation for the subsequent structural optimization. This is the first research to develop a central-targeting tyrosinase inhibitor, which is crucial for in-depth study on the new strategy for utilizing tyrosinase inhibitors to treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Qi
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Guo
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxin Liang
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghong Liao
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Shandong Kangqiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Qingdao 266033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu He
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Weiping Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zimeng Cheng
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojia Luo
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyao Lu
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziming Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 256699, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehong Chen
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Afzal M, Mehmood R, Mughal EU, Naeem N, Ashraf Z, Nazir Y, Shalaby FM, El-Sayed Abd El Hady A, Sadiq A. Elucidating bis-pyrimidines as new and efficient mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors: synthesis, SAR, kinetics and computational studies. RSC Adv 2024; 14:22769-22780. [PMID: 39035128 PMCID: PMC11258615 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04652h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of novel bis-pyrimidine derivatives (1P-8P) were designed, synthesized, characterized, and investigated for their in vitro inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase, an enzyme critical in melanin biosynthesis and implicated in various hyperpigmentation disorders. To the best of our knowledge, the bispyrimidine scaffold has been evaluated for the first time for its tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Their inhibitory activities were assessed, revealing inhibition with IC50 values in the micromolar range. Additionally, this series of compounds were found to inhibit tyrosinase activity in a mixed-type manner, with IC50 values ranging from 12.36 ± 1.24 to 86.67 ± 3.08 μM. To further elucidate the binding interactions, molecular docking simulations were performed, identifying key residues in the active site responsible for binding affinity. Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to assess the dynamic behavior, stability, and binding affinity of the most potent inhibitor, compound 6P. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models were developed to correlate the structural features of the bis-pyrimidines with their inhibitory activity, providing insights into the structure-activity relationships (SAR) that govern their potency. The experimental and theoretical findings demonstrated excellent agreement. These findings pave the way for the development of novel bis-pyrimidine-based therapeutic agents for treating hyperpigmentation and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manazza Afzal
- Department of Chemistry, Govt College Women University Sialkot-51300 Pakistan
| | - Rabia Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, Govt College Women University Sialkot-51300 Pakistan
| | | | - Nafeesa Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat Gujrat-50700 Pakistan
| | - Zaman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Rawalpindi Women University Rawalpindi-46300 Pakistan
| | - Yasir Nazir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sialkot Sialkot-51300 Pakistan
| | - Fatma Mohsen Shalaby
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department Abha Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal El-Sayed Abd El Hady
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Majmaah University Al Majma'ah 15341 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amina Sadiq
- Department of Chemistry, Govt College Women University Sialkot-51300 Pakistan
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3
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Sekino Y, Yamamoto I, Watanabe M, Kuramochi K, Furuyama Y. Cyclo(l-Pro-l-Tyr) Isolated from the Human Skin Commensal Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum Inhibits Tyrosinase. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7365. [PMID: 39000472 PMCID: PMC11242031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanin is produced by melanocytes to protect human skin from harmful ultraviolet radiation. During skin cell renewal, melanin and dead skin cells are disposed of. However, prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays or aging can disturb this cycle, leading to skin hyperpigmentation due to melanin accumulation. Tyrosinase is a crucial enzyme involved in melanin biosynthesis. Although various compounds, including tyrosine inhibitors, that counteract melanin accumulation have been reported, some, such as hydroquinone, are toxic and can cause vitiligo. Meanwhile, the skin is the largest organ and the outermost layer of the immune system, containing a diverse range of bacteria that produce low-toxicity compounds. In the current study, we aim to identify metabolites produced by skin microbiota that inhibit tyrosinase. Specifically, mushroom tyrosinase served as the study model. Following commensal skin bacteria screening, Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum was found to inhibit tyrosinase activity. The active compound was cyclo(l-Pro-l-Tyr); commercially available cyclo(l-Pro-l-Tyr) also exhibited inhibitory activity. Docking simulations suggested that cyclo(l-Pro-l-Tyr) binds to the substrate-binding site of mushroom tyrosinase, obstructing the substrate pocket and preventing its activity. Hence, cyclo(l-Pro-l-Tyr) might have potential applications as a cosmetic agent and food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuuki Furuyama
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8519, Chiba, Japan (K.K.)
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4
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Xu Y, Liang X, Hyun CG. Isolation, Characterization, Genome Annotation, and Evaluation of Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity in Secondary Metabolites of Paenibacillus sp. JNUCC32: A Comprehensive Analysis through Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2213. [PMID: 38396889 PMCID: PMC10889091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A potential strain, Paenibacillus sp. JNUCC32, was isolated and subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Genome functional annotation revealed its active metabolic capabilities. This study aimed to investigate the pivotal secondary metabolites in the biological system. Fermentation and extraction were performed, resulting in the isolation of seven known compounds: tryptophol (1), 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (2), ferulic acid (3), maculosin (4), brevianamide F (5), indole-3-acetic acid (6), and butyric acid (7). Tryptophol exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic properties and demonstrated certain tyrosinase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 999 μM). For further analysis of its inhibition mechanism through molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, tryptophol formed three hydrogen bonds and a pro-Michaelis complex with tyrosinase (binding energy = -5.3 kcal/mol). The MD simulation indicated favorable stability for the tryptophol-mushroom tyrosinase complex, primarily governed by hydrogen bond interactions. The crucial residues VAL-283 and HIS-263 in the docking were also validated. This study suggests tryptophol as a potential candidate for antibrowning agents and dermatological research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chang-Gu Hyun
- Department of Beauty and Cosmetology, Jeju Inside Agency and Cosmetic Science Center, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; (Y.X.); (X.L.)
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5
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Mermer A, Demirci S. Recent advances in triazoles as tyrosinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115655. [PMID: 37482020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The tyrosinase enzyme, which is widely found in microorganisms, animals and plants, has a significant position in melanogenesis, plays an important role in undesirable browning of fruits and vegetables, antibiotic resistance, skin pigment formation, sclerotization of cuticle, neurodegeneration, etc. Therefore, with the wide potential application fields of tyrosinase in food, agriculture, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, which has become the target enzyme for the development of therapeutic agents such as antibrowning, anticancer, antibacterial, skin whitening, insecticides, etc., a large number of synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors have been widely reported in recent years. The triazole ring, which has a broad spectrum of biological action, is of increasing interest in the synthesis of new tyrosinase inhibitors. In this review, tyrosinase inhibition effects, structure-activity relationships, enzyme inhibition kinetics and mechanisms of action of 1,2,3- or 1,2,4-triazole derivatives were investigated. The data gathered is anticipated to supply rational guidance and an influential strategy for the development of novel, potent and safe tyrosinase inhibitors for better practical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Mermer
- Experimental Medicine Application & Research Center, Validebağ Research Park, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkiye; Department of Biotechnology, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkiye.
| | - Serpil Demirci
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational High School of Health Services, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkiye
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6
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Alshaye NA, Mughal EU, Elkaeed EB, Ashraf Z, Kehili S, Nazir Y, Naeem N, Abdul Majeed N, Sadiq A. Synthesis and biological evaluation of substituted aurone derivatives as potential tyrosinase inhibitors: in vitro, kinetic, QSAR, docking and drug-likeness studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:8307-8322. [PMID: 36255179 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2132296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase enzyme plays an essential role in melanin biosynthesis and enzymatic browning of fruits and vegetables. To discover potent tyrosinase inhibitors, the present studies were undertaken. In this context, synthetic aurone derivatives 26-50 were designed, synthesized, and structurally elucidated by various spectroscopic techniques including IR, UV, 1H- & 13C-NMR and mass spectrometry. The target compounds 26-50 were screened for their anti-tyrosinase inhibitory potential, and thus kinetic mechanism was analyzed by Lineweaver-Burk plots. All target compounds exhibited good to excellent IC50 values in the range of 7.12 ± 0.32 μM to 66.82 ± 2.44 μM. These synthesized aurone derivatives were found as potent tyrosinase inhibitors relative to the standard kojic acid (IC50 = 16.69 ± 2.81 μM) and the compound 39 inhibited tyrosinase non-competitively (Ki = 11.8 μM) by forming an enzyme-inhibitor complex. The binding modes of these molecules were ascribed through molecular docking studies against tyrosinase protein (PDB ID: 2Y9X). The quantitative structure-activity relationship studies displayed a good correlation between 26-50 structures and their anti-tyrosinase activity (IC50) with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9926. The computational studies were coherent with experimental results and these ligands exhibited good binding values against tyrosinase and interacted with core residues of target protein. Moreover, the drug-likeness analysis also showed that some compounds have a linear correlation with Lipinski's rule of five, indicating good drug-likeness and bioactivity scores for pharmacological targets.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla A Alshaye
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Eslam B Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sana Kehili
- Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir Nazir
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Nafeesa Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | | | - Amina Sadiq
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
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7
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Al-Rooqi M, Sadiq A, Obaid RJ, Ashraf Z, Nazir Y, Jassas RS, Naeem N, Alsharif MA, Shah SWA, Moussa Z, Mughal EU, Farghaly AR, Ahmed SA. Evaluation of 2,3-Dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepine Derivatives as Potential Tyrosinase Inhibitors: In Vitro and In Silico Studies. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:17195-17208. [PMID: 37214694 PMCID: PMC10193543 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiazepines are pharmacologically active compounds, frequently utilized as a precursor for acquiring versatile molecules with several bioactivities including anti-inflammatory, anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV), analgesic, antitumor, antimicrobial, and antitubercular. In this study, the 2,4-diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepine scaffold was selected for their in vitro, docking, and druglikeness studies to evaluate their inhibitory potential against mushroom tyrosinase. All synthesized analogues, 1-14, exhibited moderate to good IC50 values ranging from 1.21 to 70.65 μM. The synthesized benzothiazepine derivatives were potent tyrosinase inhibitors, which outperformed the reference kojic acid (IC50 = 16.69 μM). The kinetic analysis revealed that compound 2 (2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-(p-tolyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]thiazepine) was a mixed-type tyrosinase inhibitor with a Ki value of 1.01 μM. Molecular modeling studies against tyrosinase protein (PDB ID: 2Y9X) were conducted to recognize the binding modes of these analogues. The utilization of molecular dynamic (MD) simulations enabled the assessment of the protein-ligand complex's dynamic behavior, stability, and binding affinity for the compounds. These simulations ultimately led to the identification of compound 2 as a potential inhibitor of tyrosinase. Additionally, a druglikeness study was conducted, which supported the promising potential of the new analogues as novel antityrosinase agents. The in silico studies were consistent with the in vitro results, showing that these ligands had good binding scores against tyrosinase and interacted with the core residues of the target protein. Gaussian 09 was used for the geometry optimization of all complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munirah
M. Al-Rooqi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amina Sadiq
- Department
of Chemistry, Govt. College Women University, Sialkot 51300, Pakistan
| | - Rami J. Obaid
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaman Ashraf
- Department
of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Nazir
- Department
of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sialkot, Sialkot 51300, Pakistan
| | - Rabab S. Jassas
- Department
of Chemistry, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nafeesa Naeem
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Meshari A. Alsharif
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Wadud Ali Shah
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir 18000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ziad Moussa
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, United
Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Abdel-Rahman Farghaly
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Jazan
University, Jazan 114, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Ahmed
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
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Kim HD, Choi H, Abekura F, Park JY, Yang WS, Yang SH, Kim CH. Naturally-Occurring Tyrosinase Inhibitors Classified by Enzyme Kinetics and Copper Chelation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098226. [PMID: 37175965 PMCID: PMC10178891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are three major assaying methods used to validate in vitro whitening activity from natural products: methods using mushroom tyrosinase, human tyrosinase, and dopachrome tautomerase (or tyrosinase-related protein-2, TRP-2). Whitening agent development consists of two ways, melanin synthesis inhibition in melanocytes and downregulation of melanocyte stimulation. For melanin levels, the melanocyte cell line has been used to examine melanin synthesis with the expression levels of TRP-1 and TRP-2. The proliferation of epidermal surfaced cells and melanocytes is stimulated by cellular signaling receptors, factors, or mediators including endothelin-1, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, nitric oxide, histamine, paired box 3, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, pyrimidine dimer, ceramide, stem cell factors, melanocortin-1 receptor, and cAMP. In addition, the promoter region of melanin synthetic genes including tyrosinase is upregulated by melanocyte-specific transcription factors. Thus, the inhibition of growth and melanin synthesis in gene expression levels represents a whitening research method that serves as an alternative to tyrosinase inhibition. Many researchers have recently presented the bioactivity-guided fractionation, discovery, purification, and identification of whitening agents. Melanogenesis inhibition can be obtained using three different methods: tyrosinase inhibition, copper chelation, and melanin-related protein downregulation. There are currently four different types of inhibitors characterized based on their enzyme inhibition mechanisms: competitive, uncompetitive, competitive/uncompetitive mixed-type, and noncompetitive inhibitors. Reversible inhibitor types act as suicide substrates, where traditional inhibitors are classified as inactivators and reversible inhibitors based on the molecule-recognizing properties of the enzyme. In a minor role, transcription factors can also be downregulated by inhibitors. Currently, the active site copper iron-binding inhibitors such as kojic acid and chalcone exhibit tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Because the tyrosinase catalysis site structure is important for the mechanism determination of tyrosinase inhibitors, understanding the enzyme recognition and inhibitory mechanism of inhibitors is essential for the new development of tyrosinase inhibitors. The present review intends to classify current natural products identified by means of enzyme kinetics and copper chelation to exhibit tyrosinase enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Do Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Choi
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Fukushi Abekura
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Suk Yang
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), POSTECH, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang-si 37676, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Yang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Seoburo 2066, Jangan-Gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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9
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Lu L, Zhang X, Kang Y, Xiong Z, Zhang K, Xu XT, Bai LP, Li HG. Novel coumarin derivatives as potential tyrosinase inhibitors: Synthesis, binding analysis and biological evaluation. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
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10
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Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis of Benzofuran Appended Oxadiazole Molecules as Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Mechanistic Approach through Enzyme Inhibition, Molecular Docking, Chemoinformatics, ADMET and Drug-Likeness Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810979. [PMID: 36142889 PMCID: PMC9500974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Furan-oxadiazole structural hybrids belong to the most promising and biologically active classes of oxygen and nitrogen containing five member heterocycles which have expanded therapeutic scope and potential in the fields of pharmacology, medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutics. A novel series 5a-j of benzofuran-oxadiazole molecules incorporating S-alkylated amide linkage have been synthesized using ultrasonic irradiation and screened for bacterial tyrosinase inhibition activity. Most of the synthesized furan-oxadiazole structural motifs exhibited significant tyrosinase inhibition activity in the micromolar range, with one of the derivatives being more potent than the standard drug ascorbic acid. Among the tested compounds, the scaffold 5a displayed more tyrosinase inhibition efficacy IC50 (11 ± 0.25 μM) than the ascorbic acid IC50 (11.5 ± 0.1 μM). Compounds 5b, 5c and 5d efficiently inhibited bacterial tyrosinase with IC50 values in the range of 12.4 ± 0.0-15.5 ± 0.0 μM. The 2-fluorophenylacetamide containing furan-oxadiazole compound 5a may be considered as a potential lead for tyrosinase inhibition with lesser side effects as a skin whitening and malignant melanoma anticancer agent.
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The Inhibitory Effect of Polyphenon 60 from Green Tea on Melanin and Tyrosinase in Zebrafish and A375 Human Melanoma Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7739023. [PMID: 36091602 PMCID: PMC9463005 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7739023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenon 60 (PP60) from green tea has long been used as an antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antimutagenic. Aim of the Study. To investigate tyrosinase inhibition-related kinetic mechanism and antimelanogenesis potential of PP60. Materials and Methods. The effect of PP60 on melanin and tyrosinase was evaluated in A375 melanoma cells and zebrafish embryos. The melanoma cells were treated with 20, 40, and 60 µg/mL of PP60, and tyrosinase expression was induced by using L-DOPA. The western blot method was used for the evaluation of tyrosinase expression. Cell lysates were prepared from treated and untreated cells for cellular tyrosinase and melanin quantification. Furthermore, zebrafish embryos were treated with 20, 40, and 60 µg/mL of PP60 and reference drug kojic acid for determination of depigmentation and melanin quantification. In vitro assays were also performed to examine the impact of PP60 on mushroom tyrosinase activity. To determine cytotoxicity, MTT was used against melanoma cell line A375. Results. PP60 showed good tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.697 ± 0.021 µg/mL as compared to kojic acid a reference drug with an IC50 value of 2.486 ± 0.085 µg/mL. Kinetic analysis revealed its mixed type of inhibition against mushroom tyrosinase. In addition, western blot analysis showed that at 60 µg/mL dose of PP60 significantly reduced L-DOPA-induced tyrosinase expression in melanoma cells. PP60 significantly inhibits the cellular tyrosinase (p < 0.05) and reduces the melanin (p < 0.05) contents of melanoma cells. Furthermore, PP60 was found to be very potent in significantly reducing the zebrafish embryos' pigmentation (p < 0.05) and melanin (p < 0.05) content at the dose of 60 µg/mL. Conclusions. Our results demonstrate that PP60 has a strong potency to reduce pigmentation. It may be useful for the cosmetic industries to develop skin whitening agents with minimal toxic effects.
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12
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Shehzadi SA, Saeed A, Perveen F, Channar PA, Arshad I, Abbas Q, Kalsoom S, Yousaf S, Simpson J. Identification of two novel thiazolidin-2-imines as tyrosinase inhibitors: synthesis, crystal structure, molecular docking and DFT studies. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10098. [PMID: 36046526 PMCID: PMC9421195 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Various N- and S-containing 5-membered heterocycles such as imidazole-2-thiones, thiazolidinones and thiazolidin-2-imines are among the most eminent biologically active organic heterocycles and are present in many marketed drugs. In view of their synthetic and biological significance, an efficient synthesis of two novel thiazolidine-2-imines (4a-b) utilizing a three-component one-pot approach starting from an aldimine, an alkyne and isothiocyanates has been developed. The reaction proceeded via a 5-exo digonal (5-exo dig) cyclization of a propargyl thiourea, formed in situ in the presence of Zn(II)-catalyst. The structures of the resulting products are elucidated by spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallography. A DFT study explored the structural, thermodynamic and molecular electrostatic potential parameters for the compounds. The newly synthesized compounds (4a & 4b) were evaluated for the inhibition of tyrosinase both in vitro and in silico. The in vitro results revealed that the synthesized thiazolidine-2-imines (4a-b) showed good inhibition activity towards mushroom tyrosinase (IC50 = 1.151 ± 1.25 and 2.079 ± 0.87 μM respectively) in comparison to the kojic acid standard (IC50 = 16.031 ± 1.27 μM) a commonly used anti-pigment agent in plant and animal tissues. The experimental inhibition was further assessed by molecular docking studies between synthesized ligands and the human tyrosinase protein complex to investigate the intermolecular interactions responsible for tyrosinase inhibition activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Aaliya Shehzadi
- Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al-Khail-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (SA-CIRBS), International Islamic University, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fouzia Perveen
- Research Center for Modelling and Simulations (RCMS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Ifzan Arshad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Management and Technology, Sialkot, Pakistan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Saima Kalsoom
- Department of Chemistry, Preston University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sammer Yousaf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, 75270, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jim Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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13
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Taherkhani N, Hekmat A, Piri H, Haghbeen K. Structural and inhibitory effects of fulvic and humic acids against tyrosinase. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14279. [PMID: 35727699 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of tyrosinase activity can control fruit browning and preserve the flavor and nutritional value of food. The impacts of fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) on tyrosinase activity were investigated utilizing circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy, molecular docking (MD), and molecular dynamics simulations. HA and FA demonstrated a mixed type of inhibition with Ki 2.02 and 5.2 μM, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters displayed that the hydrogen bond and hydrophobic force play a major role in the FA-tyrosinase and HA-tyrosinase interaction, respectively. Fluorescence experiments demonstrated changes in tyrosinase tertiary structures. HA could not destroy the tyrosinase secondary structure significantly, however, FA has a significant influence on the tyrosinase secondary structure. The molecular dynamics findings demonstrated the minimal fluctuations and the lowest flexibility in the complex amino acids in the HA-tyrosinase and FA-tyrosinase interaction. Altogether, HA and FA could be utilized in food industries as an accessible natural source for tyrosinase inhibition. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Recently, the investigation of tyrosinase inhibitors from the biosphere for hindrance of undesired browning in the food industry has increased considerably. Mushroom tyrosinase is a suitable model for kinetic research owing to its availability as well as close conformational similarity to tyrosinase in a mammal. Natural sources and their effective compounds could have wonderful potential on tyrosinase activity and structure, thus, in this study, the interactions between tyrosinase and fulvic acid (FA) and Humic acid (HA) were investigated. Previously, it has been shown that HA and FA have antioxidant properties and they can improve the quality of food via retarding lipid oxidation. Altogether, further investigations are warranted to draw firm conclusions, HA and FA could be utilized in food industries not only as antioxidant agents but also as an accessible natural source for tyrosinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Taherkhani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Hekmat
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Piri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Kamahldin Haghbeen
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Department, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Vaezi M. Structure and inhibition mechanism of some synthetic compounds and phenolic derivatives as tyrosinase inhibitors: review and new insight. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-13. [PMID: 35510568 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2069157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Safety concerns are the primary consideration to identify and detection of enzyme inhibitors. In this regard, safe and potent tyrosinase inhibitors play important role in enhancing nutritional quality, health promotion and also prevent further damages. The present review focuses on the recent and efficient tyrosinase inhibitors discovered from both synthetic sources and synthesized phenolic compounds, including flavonoid, carvacrol, thymol, cinnamic acid and resorcinol derivatives. The inhibitory activity of these compounds was analyzed according to chemical structure, IC50, Ki and their binding energy. Further, inhibition mechanism and the biological effects of some these inhibitors with potential application in food, agricultural, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries were briefly discussed. Molecular docking procedure was performed on some derivatives and demonstrated favorable binding affinity with amino acid residues of mushroom tyrosinase (PDB ID: 2Y9X). The information offered showed that the substitution pattern of hydroxyl groups at the phenyl ring is an important factor of tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The results confirmed that understanding structural modification of inhibitors is a key role in finding novel and efficacious tyrosinase inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Vaezi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
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15
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Choi H, Young Ryu I, Choi I, Ullah S, Jin Jung H, Park Y, Hwang Y, Jeong Y, Hong S, Chun P, Young Chung H, Ryong Moon H. Identification of (Z)-2-benzylidene-dihydroimidazothiazolone derivatives as tyrosinase inhibitors: anti-melanogenic effects and in silico studies. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:899-912. [PMID: 35242283 PMCID: PMC8861568 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heejeong Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Il Young Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Inkyu Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Sultan Ullah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hee Jin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Yujin Park
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - YeJi Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Yeongmu Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Sojeong Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, South Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
- Corresponding author at: Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
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16
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Molecular Docking, Synthesis, and Tyrosinase Inhibition Activity of Acetophenone Amide: Potential Inhibitor of Melanogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1040693. [PMID: 35059457 PMCID: PMC8766184 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1040693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase and its related proteins are responsible for pigmentation disorders, and inhibiting tyrosinase is an established strategy to treat hyperpigmentation. The carbonyl scaffolds can be effective inhibitors of tyrosinase activity, and the fact that both benzoic and cinnamic acids are safe natural substances with such a scaffolded structure, it was speculated that hydroxyl-substituted benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives may exhibit potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity. These moieties were incorporated into new chemotypes that displayed in vitro inhibitory effect against mushroom tyrosinase with a view to explore antimelanogenic ingredients. The most active compound, 2-((3-acetylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl(E)-3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate (5c), inhibited mushroom tyrosinase with an IC50 of
, while 2-((3-acetylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate (3c) had an IC50 of
in comparison to the positive control arbutin and kojic acid with a tyrosinase inhibitory activity of IC50 of
and IC50 of
, respectively. Analysis of enzyme kinetics revealed that 5c is a competitive and reversible inhibitor with dissociation constant (Ki) value 0.0072 μM. In silico docking studies with mushroom tyrosinase (PDB ID 2Y9X) predicted possible binding modes in the enzymatic pocket for these compounds. The orthohydroxyl of the cinnamic acid moiety of 5c is predicted to form hydrogen bond with the active site side chain carbonyl of Asn 260 (2.16 Å) closer to the catalytic site Cu ions. The acetyl carbonyl is picking up another hydrogen bond with Asn 81 (1.90 Å). The inhibitor 5c passed the panassay interference (PAINS) alerts. This study presents the potential of hydroxyl-substituted benzoic and cinnamic acids and could be beneficial for various cosmetic formulations.
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17
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Li Q, Mo J, Xiong B, Liao Q, Chen Y, Wang Y, Xing S, He S, Lyu W, Zhang N, Sun H. Discovery of Resorcinol-Based Polycyclic Structures as Tyrosinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:81-96. [PMID: 34882402 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is involved in the synthesis of neuromelanin in the substantia nigra, which is closely correlated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Herein, we identified S05014 (l-Tyr, IC50 = 6.25 ± 1.43 nM; l-Dopa, IC50 = 0.64 ± 0.40 μM) as a highly effective tyrosinase inhibitor. It could inhibit the tyrosinase function from different origins and decrease the expression of tyrosinase. S05014 presented good medication safety and inhibited melanogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, as a resorcinol derivative, S05014 could scavenge the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and significantly reduce the overproduction of LPS-induced reactive oxidative species (ROS), indicating its antioxidative profile. S05014 exhibited an excellent neuroprotective effect against methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) impairment in vitro and could remarkably alleviate movement abnormalities and exploratory activities in vivo. Altogether, S05014 is considered as a promising inhibitor for tyrosinase, melanogenesis, and oxidative stress and has great potential to be utilized in anti-Parkinsonian syndrome. From this point of view, tyrosinase inhibition has been further confirmed to be a novel strategy to improve locomotor capacity and treat Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Mo
- ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baichen Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinghong Liao
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuaishuai Xing
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siyu He
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiping Lyu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Designing novel anticancer sulfonamide based 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives as potential carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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19
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Kurpejović E, Wendisch VF, Sariyar Akbulut B. Tyrosinase-based production of L-DOPA by Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:9103-9111. [PMID: 34762142 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An increase in the number of elderly people suffering from the symptoms of Parkinson's disease is leading to an expansion in the market size of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (L-DOPA), which is the most commonly used drug for the treatment of this disease. Need for better quality products through economically feasible and sustainable processes makes biotechnological approaches attractive. The current study is focused on heterologous expression of Ralstonia solanacearum tyrosinase in Corynebacterium glutamicum cells to produce L-DOPA during growth on glucose or glucose/xylose mixtures. Whole-cells pre-grown on glucose were further exploited for biotransformation of L-tyrosine to L-DOPA. To prevent L-DOPA oxidation, not only the most commonly used agent, ascorbic acid, but also for the first time, thymol was evaluated. The highest L-DOPA titer was 0.26 ± 0.02 g/L at the end of growth on a mixture of 1% xylose and 3% glucose in the presence of 200 μM thymol as the oxidation inhibitor. The ability to co-utilize glucose and xylose to reach this titer could make these cells ideal for L-DOPA production using hydrolyzed lignocellulosic biomass. When the pre-grown cells were further used for biotransformation, the highest L-DOPA yield was 0.61 ± 0.02 g/gDCW with 4 mM ascorbic acid. Since L-tyrosine biotransformation is primarily dependent on tyrosinase activity, yield in this route could be improved by optimizing reaction conditions. As the industrial workhorse for amino acid production, these C. glutamicum cells will clearly benefit from strain development efforts and bioprocess optimization towards sustainable and economically feasible L-DOPA production. KEY POINTS: • Fermentative l-DOPA production was achieved in C. glutamicum. • Tyrosinase produced by C. glutamicum cells successfully transformed l-Tyr. • Thymol proved to be a significant oxidation inhibitor for l-DOPA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldin Kurpejović
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Göztepe Campus, 34722, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Berna Sariyar Akbulut
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Göztepe Campus, 34722, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey.
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20
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Floris B, Galloni P, Conte V, Sabuzi F. Tailored Functionalization of Natural Phenols to Improve Biological Activity. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1325. [PMID: 34572538 PMCID: PMC8467377 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenols are widespread in nature, being the major components of several plants and essential oils. Natural phenols' anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, pharmacological and nutritional properties are, nowadays, well established. Hence, given their peculiar biological role, numerous studies are currently ongoing to overcome their limitations, as well as to enhance their activity. In this review, the functionalization of selected natural phenols is critically examined, mainly highlighting their improved bioactivity after the proper chemical transformations. In particular, functionalization of the most abundant naturally occurring monophenols, diphenols, lipidic phenols, phenolic acids, polyphenols and curcumin derivatives is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Floris
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Pierluca Galloni
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Valeria Conte
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Federica Sabuzi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
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21
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Sahoo CR, Paidesetty SK, Padhy RN. The recent development of thymol derivative as a promising pharmacological scaffold. Drug Dev Res 2021; 82:1079-1095. [PMID: 34164828 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thymol (a phenol ring bearing active phytoconstituent) is a privileged scaffold, which is diversified in natural sources. This scaffold acts as an obligatory template for scheming and arriving at designing some newer drug-molecules with potential biological activities. In the pharmacological perspective, the promising active sites of the scaffold are the positions C-1, C-4, and C-6 of thymol that would be accountable for developing potent drug candidates. This review aims to explore the various synthetic routes and the structural-activity relationship of thymol scaffold with suitable active pharmacophore sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chita Ranjan Sahoo
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Paidesetty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Rabindra Nath Padhy
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
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22
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Canavieira LM, Brasil EM, Silva TDME, Borges RDS, Silva JRA, Lameira J, Bernhardt PV, Williams CM, Alves CN. Experimental and theoretical approaches for the development of 4H-Chromene derivatives as inhibitors of tyrosinase. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2021.1926455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Morais Canavieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Edikarlos Macedo Brasil
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thiago de Melo e Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Rosivaldo dos Santos Borges
- Núcleo de Estudos e Seleção de Moléculas Bioativas, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - José Rogério Araújo Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Paul V. Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Craig M. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cláudio Nahum Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
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23
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Wu Y, Huo D, Chen G, Yan A. SAR and QSAR research on tyrosinase inhibitors using machine learning methods. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 32:85-110. [PMID: 33517778 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2020.1862297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a key rate-limiting enzyme in the process of melanin synthesis, which is closely related to human pigmentation disorders. Tyrosinase inhibitors can down-regulate tyrosinase to effectively reduce melanin synthesis. In this work, we conducted structure-activity relationship (SAR) study on 1097 diverse mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors. We applied five kinds of machine learning methods to develop 15 classification models. Model 5B built by fully connected neural networks and ECFP4 fingerprints achieved the highest prediction accuracy of 91.36% and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.81 on the test set. The applicability domains (AD) of classification models were defined by d S T D - P R O method. Moreover, we clustered the 1097 inhibitors into eight subsets by K-Means to figure out inhibitors' structural features. In addition, 10 quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were constructed by four machine learning methods based on 813 inhibitors. Model 6 J, the best QSAR model, was developed by fully connected neural networks with 50 RDKit descriptors. It resulted in a coefficient of determination (r 2) of 0.770 and a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.482 on the test set. The AD of Model 6 J was visualized by Williams plot. The models built in this study can be obtained from the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - D Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - G Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, China
| | - A Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, P. R. China
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24
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Zielińska-Błajet M, Feder-Kubis J. Monoterpenes and Their Derivatives-Recent Development in Biological and Medical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7078. [PMID: 32992914 PMCID: PMC7582973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoterpenes, comprising hydrocarbons, are the largest class of plant secondary metabolites and are commonly found in essential oils. Monoterpenes and their derivatives are key ingredients in the design and production of new biologically active compounds. This review focuses on selected aliphatic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpenes like geraniol, thymol, myrtenal, pinene, camphor, borneol, and their modified structures. The compounds in question play a pivotal role in biological and medical applications. The review also discusses anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antiviral, anticancer, antituberculosis, and antioxidant biological activities exhibited by monoterpenes and their derivatives. Particular attention is paid to the link between biological activity and the effect of structural modification of monoterpenes and monoterpenoids, as well as the introduction of various functionalized moieties into the molecules in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Zielińska-Błajet
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Feder-Kubis
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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25
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Understanding the enzymatic inhibition of intestinal alkaline phosphatase by aminophenazone-derived aryl thioureas with aided computational molecular dynamics simulations: synthesis, characterization, SAR and kinetic profiling. Mol Divers 2020; 25:1701-1715. [PMID: 32862361 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The work presented in this paper aims toward the synthesis of aryl thiourea derivatives 4a-l of pyrazole based nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug named 4-aminophenazone, as potential inhibitors of intestinal alkaline phosphatase enzyme. The screening of synthesized target compounds 4a-l for unraveling the anti-inflammatory potential against calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase gives rise to lead member 4c possessing IC50 value 0.420 ± 0.012 µM, many folds better than reference standard used (KH2PO4 IC50 = 2.8 ± 0.06 µM and L-phenylalanine IC50 = 100 ± 3.1 µM). SAR for unfolding the active site binding pocket interaction along with the mode of enzyme inhibition based on kinetic studies is carried out which showed non-competitive binding mode. The enzyme inhibition studies were further supplemented by molecular dynamic simulations for predicting the protein behavior against active inhibitors 4c and 4g during docking analysis. The preliminary toxicity of the synthesized compounds was determined by using brine shrimp assay. This work also includes detailed biochemical analysis along with RO5 parameters for all the newly synthesized drug derivatives 4a-l.
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Ashooriha M, Khoshneviszadeh M, Khoshneviszadeh M, Rafiei A, Kardan M, Yazdian-Robati R, Emami S. Kojic acid-natural product conjugates as mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 201:112480. [PMID: 32652434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As part of our effort to develop potential tyrosinase inhibitors, we have conjugated the well-known tyrosinase inhibitor kojic acid (KA) with several phenolic natural products such as umbelliferone, sesamol, thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, isoeugenol, vanillin, isovanillin, and apocynin that some reports have shown their activity on tyrosinase enzyme. The designed compounds were synthesized using click reaction and 1,2,3-triazole formation. All compound showed potent anti-tyrosinase activity significantly higher than KA. The best activities were observed with apocynin and 4-coumarinol analogs (10c and 16c) displaying IC50 values of 0.03 and 0.02 μM, respectively. The potency of 16c was >460-times more than that of KA. Cell-based assays against B16F10 and HFF cells revealed that the representative compounds can efficiently suppress the melanogenesis without significant toxicity on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Ashooriha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsima Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- Department of Immunology and Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mostafa Kardan
- Department of Immunology and Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Rezvan Yazdian-Robati
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saeed Emami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Ali A, Ashraf Z, Rafiq M, Kumar A, Jabeen F, Lee GJ, Nazir F, Ahmed M, Rhee M, Choi EH. Novel Amide Derivatives as Potent Tyrosinase Inhibitors; In-vitro, In-vivo Antimelanogenic Activity and Computational Studies. Med Chem 2019; 15:715-728. [PMID: 30892163 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666190319101329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tyrosinase is involved in the melanin biosynthesis and the abnormal accumulation of melanin pigments leading to hyperpigmentation disorders. Controlling the melanogenesis could be an important strategy for treating abnormal pigmentation. METHODS In the present study, a series of amide derivatives (3a-e and 5a-e) were synthesized aiming to inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin production. All derivatives were screened for tyrosinase inhibition in a cell-free system. The possible interactions of amide derivatives with tyrosinase enzyme and effect of these interactions on tyrosinase structure were checked by molecular docking in silico and by Circular Dichroism (CD) studies, respectively. The most potent amide derivative (5c) based on cell-free experiments, was further tested for cellular ROS inhibition and for tyrosinase activity using mouse skin melanoma (B16F10) cells. RESULTS The tyrosinase inhibitory concentration (IC50) for tested compounds was observed between the range of 68 to 0.0029 µg/ml with a lowest IC50 value of compound 5c which outperforms the reference arbutin and kojic acid. The cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin quantification assay demonstrate that 15µg/ml of 5c attenuates 36% tyrosinase, 24% melanin content of B16F10 cells without significant cell toxicity. Moreover, the zebrafish in vivo assay reveals that 5c effectively reduces melanogenesis without perceptible toxicity. Furthermore, the molecular docking demonstrates that compound 5c interacts with copper ions and multiple amino acids in the active site of tyrosinase with best glide score (-5.387 kcal/mol), essential for mushroom tyrosinase inhibition and the ability to diminish the melanin synthesis in-vitro and in-vivo. CONCLUSION Thus, we propose compound 5c as a potential candidate to control tyrosinase rooted hyperpigmentation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anser Ali
- Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur-10250 (AJK), Pakistan.,Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-gil, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-701, South Korea
| | - Zaman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ajeet Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Farukh Jabeen
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
| | - Goon Joon Lee
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-gil, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-701, South Korea
| | - Fahad Nazir
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur-10250 (AJK), Pakistan
| | - Myungchull Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-gil, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-701, South Korea
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Rafiq M, Nazir Y, Ashraf Z, Rafique H, Afzal S, Mumtaz A, Hassan M, Ali A, Afzal K, Yousuf MR, Saleem M, Kotwica-Mojzych K, Mojzych M. Synthesis, computational studies, tyrosinase inhibitory kinetics and antimelanogenic activity of hydroxy substituted 2-[(4-acetylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1-11. [PMID: 31456445 PMCID: PMC8853709 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1654468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The over expression of melanogenic enzymes like tyrosinase caused many hyperpigmentaion disorders. The present work describes the synthesis of hydroxy substituted 2-[(4-acetylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl derivatives 3a-e and 5a-e as antimelanogenic agents. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of synthesized derivatives 3a-e and 5a-e was determined and it was found that derivative 5c possesses excellent activity with IC50 = 0.0089 µM compared to standard kojic acid (IC50 = 16.69 µM). The presence of hydroxyl groups at the ortho and the para position of cinnamic acid phenyl ring in compound 5c plays a vital role in tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The compound 5d also exhibited good activity (IC50 = 8.26 µM) compared to standard kojic acid. The enzyme inhibitory kinetics results showed that compound 5c is a competitive inhibitor while 5d is a mixed-type inhibitor. The mode of binding for compounds 5c and 5d with tyrosinase enzyme was also assessed and it was found that both derivatives irreversibly bind with target enzyme. The molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies were also performed to find the position of attachment of synthesized compounds at tyrosinase enzyme (PDB ID 2Y9X). The results showed that all of the synthesized compounds bind well with the active binding sites and most potent derivative 5c formed stable complex with target protein. The cytotoxicity results showed that compound 5c is safe at a dose of 12 µg/mL against murine melanoma (B16F10) cells. The same dose of 5c was selected to determine antimelanogenic activity; the results showed that it produced antimelenogenic effects in murine melanoma (B16F10) cells. Based on our investigations, it was proposed that compound 5c may serve as a lead structure to design more potent antimelanogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Physiology & Biochemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Nazir
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zaman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hummera Rafique
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Samina Afzal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakria University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Amara Mumtaz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSAT University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Anser Ali
- Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Pakistan
| | - Khurram Afzal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakria University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan Yousuf
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Bhakkar, Pakistan
| | - Katarzyna Kotwica-Mojzych
- Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Mojzych
- Department of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland
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Zolghadri S, Bahrami A, Hassan Khan MT, Munoz-Munoz J, Garcia-Molina F, Garcia-Canovas F, Saboury AA. A comprehensive review on tyrosinase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:279-309. [PMID: 30734608 PMCID: PMC6327992 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1545767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a multi-copper enzyme which is widely distributed in different organisms and plays an important role in the melanogenesis and enzymatic browning. Therefore, its inhibitors can be attractive in cosmetics and medicinal industries as depigmentation agents and also in food and agriculture industries as antibrowning compounds. For this purpose, many natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic inhibitors have been developed by different screening methods to date. This review has focused on the tyrosinase inhibitors discovered from all sources and biochemically characterised in the last four decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Zolghadri
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Asieh Bahrami
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | | | - J. Munoz-Munoz
- Group of Microbiology, Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - F. Garcia-Molina
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - F. Garcia-Canovas
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Efficient Synthesis of Wedelolactone and Evaluation as Potential Tyrosinase Inhibitor. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224130. [PMID: 31731595 PMCID: PMC6891477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is an enzyme widely distributed in nature, which has multiple functions, especially in the melanin biosynthesis pathway. Despite the few clinically available tyrosinase inhibitors for whitening, a great demand remains for novel compounds with low side effects in terms of potential carcinogenicity and improved clinical efficacy. A natural product, wedelolactone (WEL), with a polyhydroxyl moiety, attracted our attention as a potential tyrosinase inhibitor. Before we studied the biological activity of the natural product, a synthetic methodological research was firstly carried to obtain enough raw material. WEL could be obtained efficiently through palladium-catalyzed boronation/coupling reactions and 2,3-dicyano-5,6-dichlorobenzoquinone (DDQ)-involved oxidative deprotection/annulation reactions. Immediately after, the natural product was proven to be an efficient tyrosinase inhibitor. In conclusion, we developed a mild and efficient approach for the preparation of WEL, and the natural product was disclosed to have anti-tyrosinase activity, which could be widely used in multiple fields.
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The Binding Affinity of Small Molecules with Yam Tyrosinase (Catechol Oxidase): A Biophysical Study. Biochem Res Int 2019; 2019:8284968. [PMID: 31687211 PMCID: PMC6811792 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8284968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Yam tyrosinase has become an economically essential enzyme due to its ease of purification and abundant availability of yam tubers. However, an efficient biochemical and biophysical characterization of yam tyrosinase has not been reported. In the present study, the interaction of yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) tyrosinase was studied with molecules such as crocin (Crocus sativus), hydroquinone, and kojic acid. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fluorescence spectroscopy, and circular dichroism techniques were employed to determine the binding affinities and the changes in secondary and tertiary structures of yam tyrosinase in the presence of four relevant small molecules. Hydroquinone and crocin exhibited very low binding affinities of 0.24 M and 0.0017 M. Due to their apparent weak interactions, competition experiments were used to determine more precisely the binding affinities. Structure-function interrelationships can be correlated in great detail by this study, and the results can be compared with other available tyrosinases.
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Nazir Y, Saeed A, Rafiq M, Afzal S, Ali A, Latif M, Zuegg J, Hussein WM, Fercher C, Barnard RT, Cooper MA, Blaskovich MAT, Ashraf Z, Ziora ZM. Hydroxyl substituted benzoic acid/cinnamic acid derivatives: Tyrosinase inhibitory kinetics, anti-melanogenic activity and molecular docking studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 30:126722. [PMID: 31732410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of tyrosinase is an established strategy for treating hyperpigmentation. Our previous findings demonstrated that cinnamic acid and benzoic acid scaffolds can be effective tyrosinase inhibitors with low toxicity. The hydroxyl substituted benzoic and cinnamic acid moieties of these precursors were incorporated into new chemotypes that displayed in vitro inhibitory effect against mushroom tyrosinase. The most active compound, (2-(3-methoxyphenoxy)-2-oxoethyl (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acrylate) 6c, inhibited tyrosinase with an IC50 of 5.7 µM, while (2-(3-methoxyphenoxy)-2-oxoethyl 2, 4-dihydroxybenzoate) 4d had an IC50 of 23.8 µM. In comparison, the positive control, kojic acid showed tyrosinase inhibition with an IC50 = 16.7 µM. Analysis of enzyme kinetics revealed that 6c and 4d displayed noncompetitive reversible inhibition of the second tyrosinase enzymatic reaction with Ki values of 11 µM and 130 µM respectively. In silico docking studies with mushroom tyrosinase (PDB ID 2Y9X) predicted possible binding modes in the catalytic site for these active compounds. The phenolic para-hydroxy group of the most active compound 6c is predicted to interact with the catalytic site Cu++ ion. The methoxy part of this compound is predicted to form a hydrogen bond with Arg 268. Compound 6c had no observable toxic effects on cell morphology or cell viability at the highest tested concentration of 91.4 µM. When dosed at 91.4 µM onto B16F10 melanoma cells in vitro6c showed anti-melanogenic effects equivalent to kojic acid at 880 µM. 6c displayed no PAINS (pan-assay interference compounds) alerts. Our results show that compound 6c is a more potent tyrosinase inhibitor than kojic acid and is a candidate for further development. Our exposition of the details of the interactions between 6c and the catalytic pocket of tyrosinase provides a basis for rational design of additional potent inhibitors of tyrosinase, built on the cinnamic acid scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Nazir
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences (IMB), The University of Queensland (UQ), St Lucia 4072, Qld, Australia; Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Samina Afzal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakria University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Anser Ali
- Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), 10250 Mirpur, AJK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Latif
- College of Medicine, Centre for Genetics and Inherited Diseases (CGID), Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences (IMB), The University of Queensland (UQ), St Lucia 4072, Qld, Australia
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB) and ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland (UQ), St Lucia 4072, Qld, Australia; Helwan University, Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, EinHelwan, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Christian Fercher
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland (UQ), St Lucia 4072, Qld, Australia
| | - Ross T Barnard
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB) and ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland (UQ), St Lucia 4072, Qld, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences (IMB), The University of Queensland (UQ), St Lucia 4072, Qld, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences (IMB), The University of Queensland (UQ), St Lucia 4072, Qld, Australia
| | - Zaman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Zyta M Ziora
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences (IMB), The University of Queensland (UQ), St Lucia 4072, Qld, Australia.
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Natural and Bioinspired Phenolic Compounds as Tyrosinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Skin Hyperpigmentation: Recent Advances. COSMETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics6040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most common approaches for control of skin pigmentation involves the inhibition of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme which catalyzes the key steps of melanogenesis. This review focuses on the tyrosinase inhibition properties of a series of natural and synthetic, bioinspired phenolic compounds that have appeared in the literature in the last five years. Both mushroom and human tyrosinase inhibitors have been considered. Among the first class, flavonoids, in particular chalcones, occupy a prominent role as natural inhibitors, followed by hydroxystilbenes (mainly resveratrol derivatives). A series of more complex phenolic compounds from a variety of sources, first of all belonging to the Moraceae family, have also been described as potent tyrosinase inhibitors. As to the synthetic compounds, hydroxycinnamic acids and chalcones again appear as the most exploited scaffolds. Several inhibition mechanisms have been reported for the described inhibitors, pointing to copper chelating and/or hydrophobic moieties as key structural requirements to achieve good inhibition properties. Emerging trends in the search for novel skin depigmenting agents, including the development of assays that could distinguish between inhibitors and potentially toxic substrates of the enzyme as well as of formulations aimed at improving the bioavailability and hence the effectiveness of well-known inhibitors, have also been addressed.
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Jyoti, Dheer D, Singh D, Kumar G, Karnatak M, Chandra S, Prakash Verma V, Shankar R. Thymol Chemistry: A Medicinal Toolbox. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573407214666180503120222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Thymol is a natural phenolic monoterpenoid widely used in pharmaceutical and
food preservative applications. Thymol isomeric with carvacrol, extracted primarily from Thymus species
(Trachyspermum ammi) and other plants sources such as Baccharisgrise bachii and Centipeda minima,
has ethnopharmacological characteristics.
<p></p>
Methods: This review was prepared by analyzing articles published on thymol moiety in last decade and
selected from Science Direct, Scopus, Pub Med, Web of Science and SciFinder. The selected articles are
classified and gives brief introduction about thymol and its isolation, illustrates its natural as well as
synthetic sources, and also therapeutic benefits of thymol worldwide
<p></p>
Results: Thymol has been covering different endeavors such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory,
antibacterial, antifungal, antidiarrhoeal, anthelmintic, analgesic, digestive, abortifacient,
antihypertensive, spermicidal, depigmenting, antileishmanial, anticholinesterase, insecticidal and many
others. This phenolic compound is among the essential scaffolds for medicinal chemists to synthesize
more bio-active molecules by further derivatization of the thymol moiety.
<p></p>
Conclusion: Thymol is an interesting scaffold due to its different activities and derivatization of thymol
is proved to enhance its biological activities. However, more robust, randomised, controlled clinical
trials would be desirable with well-characterised thymol preparations to corroborate its beneficial effects
in diseased patients. Moreover, in view of the potential use of thymol and thymol-rich essential oils in
the treatment of human infections, comprehensive studies on chronic and acute toxicity and also teratogenicity
are to be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Divya Dheer
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Davinder Singh
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Gulshan Kumar
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Suresh Chandra
- Genetics Resources & Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-IIIM, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
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Brotzman N, Xu Y, Graybill A, Cocolas A, Ressler A, Seeram NP, Ma H, Henry GE. Synthesis and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of 4-oxobutanoate derivatives of carvacrol and thymol. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 29:56-58. [PMID: 30446314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol (1) and thymol (2) were converted to their alkyl 4-oxobutanoate derivatives (7-20) in three steps, and evaluated for tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The compounds showed structure-dependent activity, with all alkyl 4-oxobutanoates, except 7 and 20, showing better inhibitory activity than the precursor 4-oxobutanoic acids (5 and 6). In general, thymol derivatives exhibited a higher percent inhibitory activity than carvacrol derivatives at 500 μM. Derivatives containing three-carbon and four-carbon alkyl groups gave the strongest activity (carvacrol derivatives 9-12, IC50 = 128.8-244.1 μM; thymol derivatives 16-19, IC50 = 102.3-191.4 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Brotzman
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
| | - Yiming Xu
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Allison Graybill
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
| | - Alexander Cocolas
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
| | - Andrew Ressler
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
| | - Navindra P Seeram
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Hang Ma
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Geneive E Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA.
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Gür ZT, Şenol FS, Shekfeh S, Orhan İE, Banoğlu E, Çalişkan B. Novel Piperazine Amides of Cinnamic Acid Derivatives as Tyrosinase Inhibitors. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666180420105652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background:
A series of novel cinnamic acid piperazine amide derivatives has been
designed and synthesized, and their biological activities were also evaluated as potential tyrosinase
inhibitors.
Methods:
Compounds 9, 11 and 17 showed the most potent biological activity (IC50 = 66.5, 61.1
and 66 µM, respectively). In silico docking simulation was performed to position compound 11 into
the Agaricus bisporus mushroom tyrosinase’s active site to determine the putative binding interactions.
Results and Conclusion:
The results indicated that compound 11 could serve as a promising lead
compound for further development of potent tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Tuğçe Gür
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Sezer Şenol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suhaib Shekfeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İlkay Erdoğan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erden Banoğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu Çalişkan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Pothineni VR, Parekh MB, Babar MM, Ambati A, Maguire P, Inayathullah M, Kim KM, Tayebi L, Potula HHS, Rajadas J. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of cephalosporins for the treatment of Lyme disease. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:2915-2921. [PMID: 30254421 PMCID: PMC6141111 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s164966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Lyme disease accounts for >90% of all vector-borne disease cases in the United States and affect ~300,000 persons annually in North America. Though traditional tetracycline antibiotic therapy is generally prescribed for Lyme disease, still 10%–20% of patients treated with current antibiotic therapy still show lingering symptoms. Methods In order to identify new drugs, we have evaluated four cephalosporins as a therapeutic alternative to commonly used antibiotics for the treatment of Lyme disease by using microdilution techniques like minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). We have determined the MIC and MBC of four drugs for three Borrelia burgdorferi s.s strains namely CA8, JLB31 and NP40. The binding studies were performed using in silico analysis. Results The MIC order of the four drugs tested is cefoxitin (1.25 µM/mL) > cefamandole (2.5 µM/mL), > cefuroxime (5 µM/mL) > cefapirin (10 µM/mL). Among the drugs that are tested in this study using in vivo C3H/HeN mouse model, cefoxitin effectively kills B. burgdorferi. The in silico analysis revealed that all four cephalosporins studied binds effectively to B. burgdorferi proteins, SecA subunit penicillin-binding protein (PBP) and Outer surface protein E (OspE). Conclusion Based on the data obtained, cefoxitin has shown high efficacy killing B. burgdorferi at concentration of 1.25 µM/mL. In addition to it, cefoxitin cleared B. burgdorferi infection in C3H/HeN mice model at 20 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Raveendra Pothineni
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery, Stanford Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA,
| | - Mansi B Parekh
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery, Stanford Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA,
| | - Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery, Stanford Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA,
| | - Aditya Ambati
- Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Peter Maguire
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery, Stanford Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA,
| | - Mohammed Inayathullah
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery, Stanford Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA,
| | - Kwang-Min Kim
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery, Stanford Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA,
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Department of Developmental Sciences, Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hari-Hara Sk Potula
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery, Stanford Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA,
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery, Stanford Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, .,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,
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Synthesis of aryl pyrazole via Suzuki coupling reaction, in vitro mushroom tyrosinase enzyme inhibition assay and in silico comparative molecular docking analysis with Kojic acid. Bioorg Chem 2018; 79:293-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Mulla T, Patil S, Jadhav J. Exploration of surface plasmon resonance for yam tyrosinase characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:399-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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40
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Hwang SH, Wang Z, Suh HW, Lim SS. Antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects of 2-hydroxy-3-methylcyclopent-2-enone isolated from ribose-histidine Maillard reaction products on aldose reductase and tyrosinase. Food Funct 2018. [PMID: 29513344 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01438d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to better understand the functional properties of ribose and 20 amino acid Maillard reaction products (MRPs). The ABTS+ radical scavenging ability of the ribose-20 amino acid MRPs was evaluated. Among the MRPs, ribose-histidine MRPs (RH-MRPs) showed the highest inhibitory activities on the ABTS+ radical scavenging ability, aldose reductase (AR), and tyrosinase compared to other MRPs. Functional compounds with antioxidant and AR inhibitory activities have been recognized as an important strategy in the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications, and the search for tyrosinase inhibitors is important for the treatment of hyperpigmentation, development of skin-whitening agents, and use as preservatives in the food industry. On this basis, we sought to isolate and identify compounds with inhibitory activities against AR and tyrosinase. RH-MRPs were heated at 120 °C for 2 h and fractionated using four solvents: methylene chloride (MC), ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. The highest inhibitions were found in the MC fraction. The two compounds from this fraction were purified by silica gel column and preparative thin layer chromatography, and identified as 2-hydroxy-3-methylcyclopent-2-enone and furan-3-carboxylic acid. AR inhibition, tyrosinase inhibition, and ABTS+ scavenging (IC50) of 2-hydroxy-3-methylcyclopent-2-enone were 4.47, 721.91 and 9.81 μg mL-1, respectively. In this study, inhibitory effects of 2-hydroxy-3-methylcyclopent-2-enone isolated from RH-MRP were demonstrated on AR, tyrosinase, and its antioxidant activity for the first time. RH-MRP and its constituents can be developed as beneficial functional food sources and cosmetic materials and should be investigated further as potential functional food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea. and College of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Hong-Won Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon, 24252 Republic of Korea and Institute of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon, 24252 Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Sung Lim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea. and Institute of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon, 24252 Republic of Korea and Institute of Korean Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon, 24252 Republic of Korea
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Li Q, Yang H, Mo J, Chen Y, Wu Y, Kang C, Sun Y, Sun H. Identification by shape-based virtual screening and evaluation of new tyrosinase inhibitors. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4206. [PMID: 29383286 PMCID: PMC5788061 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting tyrosinase is considered to be an effective way to control the production of melanin. Tyrosinase inhibitor is anticipated to provide new therapy to prevent skin pigmentation, melanoma and neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we report our results in identifying new tyrosinase inhibitors. The shape-based virtual screening was performed to discover new tyrosinase inhibitors. Thirteen potential hits derived from virtual screening were tested by biological determinations. Compound 5186-0429 exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity. It dose-dependently inhibited the activity of tyrosinase, with the IC50 values 6.2 ± 2.0 µM and 10.3 ± 5.4 µM on tyrosine and L-Dopa formation, respectively. The kinetic study of 5186-0429 demonstrated that this compound acted as a competitive inhibitor. We believe the discoveries here could serve as a good starting point for further design of potent tyrosinase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Mo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Nanjing Duoyuan Biochemistry Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Yuan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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42
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Design and synthesis of novel bis-hydroxychalcones with consideration of their biological activities. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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43
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Dong H, Liu J, Liu X, Yu Y, Cao S. Combining molecular docking and QSAR studies for modeling the anti-tyrosinase activity of aromatic heterocycle thiosemicarbazone analogues. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Namasivayam V. Skin whitening agents: medicinal chemistry perspective of tyrosinase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:403-425. [PMID: 28097901 PMCID: PMC6010116 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1256882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanogenesis is a process to synthesize melanin, which is a primary responsible for the pigmentation of human skin, eye and hair. Although numerous enzymatic catalyzed and chemical reactions are involved in melanogenesis process, the enzymes such as tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1) and TRP-2 played a major role in melanin synthesis. Specifically, tyrosinase is a key enzyme, which catalyzes a rate-limiting step of the melanin synthesis, and the downregulation of tyrosinase is the most prominent approach for the development of melanogenesis inhibitors. Therefore, numerous inhibitors that target tyrosinase have been developed in recent years. The review focuses on the recent discovery of tyrosinase inhibitors that are directly involved in the inhibition of tyrosinase catalytic activity and functionality from all sources, including laboratory synthetic methods, natural products, virtual screening and structure-based molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manoj Manickam
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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45
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Larik FA, Saeed A, Channar PA, Muqadar U, Abbas Q, Hassan M, Seo SY, Bolte M. Design, synthesis, kinetic mechanism and molecular docking studies of novel 1-pentanoyl-3-arylthioureas as inhibitors of mushroom tyrosinase and free radical scavengers. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 141:273-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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46
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Isolation and Purification of Condensed Tannin from the Leaves and Branches of Prunus cerasifera and Its Structure and Bioactivities. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 185:464-475. [PMID: 29181763 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prunus cerasifera has a rich resource and a weak utilization rate and its biological functions have been investigated. We found that the contents of total phenol (TP) in leaves and branches of Prunus cerasifera were 117.8 ± 8.8 and 100.04 ± 0.9 mg/g, respectively; the contents of soluble condensed tannin (SCT) were 73.95 ± 0.9 and 78.65 ± 4.1 mg/g, respectively; the structure of SCT containing afzelechin/epiafzelechin, catechin/epicatechin, and atechin/epicatechin as the main units and the SCT from leaves and branches exhibited better anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities. This study could clarify Prunus cerasifera condensed tannin resource availability and lay a theoretical foundation for its development as a natural antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor.
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47
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Saeed A, Mahesar PA, Channar PA, Abbas Q, Larik FA, Hassan M, Raza H, Seo SY. Synthesis, molecular docking studies of coumarinyl-pyrazolinyl substituted thiazoles as non-competitive inhibitors of mushroom tyrosinase. Bioorg Chem 2017; 74:187-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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48
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Abbas Q, Raza H, Hassan M, Phull AR, Kim SJ, Seo SY. Acetazolamide Inhibits the Level of Tyrosinase and Melanin: An Enzyme Kinetic, In Vitro
, In Vivo
, and In Silico
Studies. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [PMID: 28557244 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qamar Abbas
- Department of Biological Sciences; College of Natural Sciences; Kongju National University; 56 Gongjudehak-Ro 56 Gongju Chungnam 32588 Korea
| | - Hussain Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences; College of Natural Sciences; Kongju National University; 56 Gongjudehak-Ro 56 Gongju Chungnam 32588 Korea
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biological Sciences; College of Natural Sciences; Kongju National University; 56 Gongjudehak-Ro 56 Gongju Chungnam 32588 Korea
| | - Abdul Rehman Phull
- Department of Biological Sciences; College of Natural Sciences; Kongju National University; 56 Gongjudehak-Ro 56 Gongju Chungnam 32588 Korea
| | - Song Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences; College of Natural Sciences; Kongju National University; 56 Gongjudehak-Ro 56 Gongju Chungnam 32588 Korea
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences; College of Natural Sciences; Kongju National University; 56 Gongjudehak-Ro 56 Gongju Chungnam 32588 Korea
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49
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Abbas Q, Ashraf Z, Hassan M, Nadeem H, Latif M, Afzal S, Seo SY. Development of highly potent melanogenesis inhibitor by in vitro, in vivo and computational studies. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:2029-2046. [PMID: 28740364 PMCID: PMC5503496 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s137550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present work describes the synthesis of few hydroxylated amide derivatives as melanogenesis inhibitors. In vitro, in vivo and computational studies proved that compound 6d is a highly potent melanogenesis inhibitor compared to standard kojic acid. The title amides 4a–e and 6a–e were synthesized following simple reaction routes with excellent yields. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibited good mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity, but compound 6d showed excellent activity (IC50 0.15 µM) compared to standard kojic acid (IC50 16.69 µM). Lineweaver–Burk plots were used for the determination of kinetic mechanism, and it was found that compounds 4c and 6d showed non-competitive inhibition while 6a and 6b showed mixed-type inhibition. The kinetic mechanism further revealed that compound 6d formed irreversible complex with the target enzyme tyrosinase. The Ki values determined for compounds 4c, 6a, 6b and 6d are 0.188, 0.84, 2.20 and 0.217 µM respectively. Results of human tyrosinase inhibitory activity in A375 human melanoma cells showed that compound 6d exhibited 91.9% inhibi-tory activity at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. In vivo cytotoxicity evaluation of compound 6d in zebrafish embryos showed that it is non-toxic to zebrafish. Melanin depigmentation assay performed in zebrafish indicated that compound 6d possessed greater potential in decreasing melanin contents compared to kojic acid at the same concentration. Computational studies also supported the wet lab findings as compound 6d showed a highest binding affinity with the target protein (PDBID: 2Y9X) with a binding energy value of −7.90 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamic simulation studies also proved that amide 6d formed the most stable complex with tyrosinase. Based upon our in vitro, in vivo and computational studies, we propose that compound 6d is a promising candidate for the development of safe cosmetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qamar Abbas
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Zaman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Humaira Nadeem
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Latif
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Samina Afzal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakria University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea
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50
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Brasil EM, Canavieira LM, Cardoso ÉTC, Silva EO, Lameira J, Nascimento JLM, Eifler-Lima VL, Macchi BM, Sriram D, Bernhardt PV, Silva JRA, Williams CM, Alves CN. Inhibition of tyrosinase by 4H-chromene analogs: Synthesis, kinetic studies, and computational analysis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:804-810. [PMID: 28390091 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase was observed with synthetic dihydropyrano[3,2-b]chromenediones. Among them, DHPC04 displayed the most potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity with a Ki value of 4 μm, comparable to the reference standard inhibitor kojic acid. A kinetic study suggested that these synthetic heterocyclic compounds behave as competitive inhibitors for the L-DOPA binding site of the enzyme. Furthermore, molecular modeling provided important insight into the mechanism of binding interactions with the tyrosinase copper active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edikarlos M Brasil
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luciana M Canavieira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Érica T C Cardoso
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Edilene O Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Medicinal, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - José L M Nascimento
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Medicinal, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Vera L Eifler-Lima
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Barbarella M Macchi
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Medicinal, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Medicinal Chemistry and Antimycobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, India
| | - Paul V Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - José Rogério Araújo Silva
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Craig M Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cláudio N Alves
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Medicinal, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
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