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Li L, Wu X, Gong J, Wang Z, Dai W, Qiu L, Zuo H, Yi M, Yuan H, Hu M, Gao Z, Tian F. Activation of GABA type A receptor is involved in the anti-insomnia effect of Huanglian Wendan Decoction. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1389768. [PMID: 38846089 PMCID: PMC11153716 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1389768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Huanglian Wendan Decoction (HWD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescribed to patients diagnosed with insomnia, which can achieve excellent therapeutic outcomes. As positively modulating the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors (GABAARs) is the most effective strategy to manage insomnia, this study aimed to investigate whether the activation of GABAARs is involved in the anti-insomnia effect of HWD. We assessed the metabolites of HWD using LC/MS and the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database and tested the pharmacological activity in vitro and in vivo using whole-cell patch clamp and insomnia zebrafish model. In HEK293 cells expressing α1β3γ2L GABAARs, HWD effectively increased the GABA-induced currents and could induce GABAAR-mediated currents independent of the application of GABA. In the LC-MS (QToF) assay, 31 metabolites were discovered in negative ion modes and 37 metabolites were found in positive ion modes, but neither three selected active metabolites, Danshensu, Coptisine, or Dihydromyricetin, showed potentiating effects on GABA currents. 62 active metabolites of the seven botanical drugs were collected based on the TCMSP database and 19 of them were selected for patch-clamp verification according to the virtual docking simulations and other parameters. At a concentration of 100 μM, GABA-induced currents were increased by (+)-Cuparene (278.80% ± 19.13%), Ethyl glucoside (225.40% ± 21.77%), and β-Caryophyllene (290.11% ± 17.71%). In addition, (+)-Cuparene, Ethyl glucoside, and β-Caryophyllene could also serve as positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) and shifted the GABA dose-response curve (DRC) leftward significantly. In the PCPA-induced zebrafish model, Ethyl glucoside showed anti-insomnia effects at concentrations of 100 μM. In this research, we demonstrated that the activation of GABAARs was involved in the anti-insomnia effect of HWD, and Ethyl glucoside might be a key metabolite in treating insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, China
| | - Xiaorong Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Zhongshan, China
| | - Jili Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Zhongshan, China
| | - Zhuqiang Wang
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, China
| | - Weibo Dai
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, China
| | - Li Qiu
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Zhongshan, China
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hongyuan Zuo
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Zhongshan, China
| | - Mengqin Yi
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Zhongshan, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Zhongshan, China
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Mei Hu
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Zhongshan, China
| | - Zhaobing Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Zhongshan, China
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Fuyun Tian
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Zhongshan, China
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Stinson RJ, Morice AH, Sadofsky LR. Modulation of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels by plant derived substances used in over-the-counter cough and cold remedies. Respir Res 2023; 24:45. [PMID: 36755306 PMCID: PMC9907891 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) impact all age groups and have a significant economic and social burden on society, worldwide. Most URTIs are mild and self-limiting, but due to the wide range of possible causative agents, including Rhinovirus (hRV), Adenovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Coronavirus and Influenza, there is no single and effective treatment. Over-the-counter (OTC) remedies, including traditional medicines and those containing plant derived substances, help to alleviate symptoms including inflammation, pain, fever and cough. PURPOSE This systematic review focuses on the role of the major plant derived substances in several OTC remedies used to treat cold symptoms, with a particular focus on the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels involved in pain and cough. METHODS Literature searches were done using Pubmed and Web of Science, with no date limitations, using the principles of the PRISMA statement. The search terms used were 'TRP channel AND plant compound', 'cough AND plant compound', 'cough AND TRP channels AND plant compound', 'cough AND P2X3 AND plant compound' and 'P2X3 AND plant compound' where plant compound represents menthol or camphor or eucalyptus or turpentine or thymol. RESULTS The literature reviewed showed that menthol activates TRPM8 and may inhibit respiratory reflexes reducing irritation and cough. Menthol has a bimodal action on TRPA1, but inhibition may have an analgesic effect. Eucalyptus also activates TRPM8 and inhibits TRPA1 whilst down regulating P2X3, aiding in the reduction of cough, pain and airway irritation. Camphor inhibits TRPA1 and the activation of TRPM8 may add to the effects of menthol. Activation of TRPV1 by camphor, may also have an analgesic effect. CONCLUSIONS The literature suggests that these plant derived substances have multifaceted actions and can interact with the TRP 'cough' receptors. The plant derived substances used in cough and cold medicines have the potential to target multiple symptoms experienced during a cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Stinson
- grid.9481.40000 0004 0412 8669Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX UK
| | - Alyn H. Morice
- grid.413631.20000 0000 9468 0801Clinical Sciences Centre, Hull York Medical School, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, Hull, HU16 5JQ UK
| | - Laura R. Sadofsky
- grid.9481.40000 0004 0412 8669Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX UK
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Targeting the transcription factor HES1 by L-menthol restores protein phosphatase 6 in keratinocytes in models of psoriasis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7815. [PMID: 36535970 PMCID: PMC9763329 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35565-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Phosphatase 6 down-regulation in keratinocytes is a pivotal event that amplifies the inflammatory circuits in psoriasis, indicating that restoration of protein phosphatase 6 can be a rational strategy for psoriasis treatment. Through the phenotypic screen, we here identify L-menthol that ameliorates psoriasis-like skin inflammation by increasing protein phosphatase 6 in keratinocytes. Target identification approaches reveal an indispensable role for the transcription factor hairy and enhancer of split 1 in governing the protein phosphatase 6-upregulating function of L-menthol in keratinocytes. The transcription factor hairy and enhancer of split 1 is diminished in the epidermis of psoriasis patients and imiquimod-induced mouse model, while L-menthol upregulates the transcription factor hairy and enhancer of split 1 by preventing its proteasomal degradation. Mechanistically, the transcription factor hairy and enhancer of split 1 transcriptionally activates the expression of immunoglobulin-binding protein 1 which promotes protein phosphatase 6 expression and inhibits its ubiquitination. Collectively, we discover a therapeutic compound, L-menthol, for psoriasis, and uncover the dysfunctional the transcription factor hairy and enhancer of split 1- immunoglobulin-binding protein 1- protein phosphatase 6 axis that contributes to psoriasis pathology by using L-menthol as a probe.
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Li Z, Zhang H, Wang Y, Li Y, Li Q, Zhang L. The distinctive role of menthol in pain and analgesia: Mechanisms, practices, and advances. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1006908. [PMID: 36277488 PMCID: PMC9580369 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1006908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Menthol is an important flavoring additive that triggers a cooling sensation. Under physiological condition, low to moderate concentrations of menthol activate transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8) in the primary nociceptors, such as dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and trigeminal ganglion, generating a cooling sensation, whereas menthol at higher concentration could induce cold allodynia, and cold hyperalgesia mediated by TRPM8 sensitization. In addition, the paradoxical irritating properties of high concentrations of menthol is associated with its activation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 (TRPA1). Under pathological situation, menthol activates TRPM8 to attenuate mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia following nerve injury or chemical stimuli. Recent reports have recapitulated the requirement of central group II/III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) with endogenous κ-opioid signaling pathways for menthol analgesia. Additionally, blockage of sodium channels and calcium influx is a determinant step after menthol exposure, suggesting the possibility of menthol for pain management. In this review, we will also discuss and summarize the advances in menthol-related drugs for pathological pain treatment in clinical trials, especially in neuropathic pain, musculoskeletal pain, cancer pain and postoperative pain, with the aim to find the promising therapeutic candidates for the resolution of pain to better manage patients with pain in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziping Li
- The Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoyue Zhang
- The Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yigang Wang
- The Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yize Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Qing Li,
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Linlin Zhang,
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Molecular biomarkers for oxidative stress and neuronal damage in red-bellied pacu (Piaractus brachypomus). AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Johnson NL, Patten T, Ma M, De Biasi M, Wesson DW. Chemosensory Contributions of E-Cigarette Additives on Nicotine Use. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:893587. [PMID: 35928010 PMCID: PMC9344001 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.893587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While rates of smoking combustible cigarettes in the United States have trended down in recent years, use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has dramatically increased, especially among adolescents. The vast majority of e-cigarette users consume "flavored" products that contain a variety of chemosensory-rich additives, and recent literature suggests that these additives have led to the current "teen vaping epidemic." This review, covering research from both human and rodent models, provides a comprehensive overview of the sensory implications of e-cigarette additives and what is currently known about their impact on nicotine use. In doing so, we specifically address the oronasal sensory contributions of e-cigarette additives. Finally, we summarize the existing gaps in the field and highlight future directions needed to better understand the powerful influence of these additives on nicotine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Smell and Taste, Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Theresa Patten
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Pharmacology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Minghong Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mariella De Biasi
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Pharmacology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel W. Wesson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Smell and Taste, Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Wang G. Ligand-stereoselective allosteric activation of cold-sensing TRPM8 channels by an H-bonded homochiral menthol dimer with head-to-head or head-to-tail. Chirality 2021; 33:783-796. [PMID: 34596287 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Both menthol and its analog WS-12 share the same hydrophobic intra-subunit binding pocket between a voltage-sensor-like domain and a TRP domain in a cold-sensing TRPM8 channel. However, unlike WS-12, menthol upregulates TRPM8 with a low efficacy but a high coefficient of a dose response at membrane hyperpolarization and with ligand stereoselectivity at membrane depolarization. The underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, this in silico research suggested that the ligand-stereoselective sequential cooperativity between two menthol molecules in the WS-12 pocket is required for allosteric activation of TRPM8. Furthermore, two H-bonded homochiral menthol dimers with both head-to-head and head-to-tail can compete for the WS-12 site via non-covalent interactions. Although both dimers can form an H-bonding network with a voltage sensor S4 to disrupt a S3-S4 salt bridge in the voltage-sensor-like domain to release a "parking brake," only one dimer may drive channel opening by pushing a "gas pedal" in the TRP domain away from the S6 gate against S4. In this way, the efficacy is decreased, but the cooperativity is increased for the menthol effect at membrane hyperpolarization. Therefore, this review may extend a new pathway for ligand-stereoselective allosteric regulation of other voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels by menthol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Wang
- Department of Drug Research and Development, Institute of Biophysical Medico-chemistry, Reno, NV, USA
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8
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Nomura K, Yoshizumi S, Ozoe F, Ozoe Y. Molecular cloning and pharmacology of Min-UNC-49B, a GABA receptor from the southern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3763-3776. [PMID: 32954620 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root-knot nematodes are plant-parasitic nematodes that cause immense damage to a broad range of cultivated crops by forming root galls, resulting in yield losses in crops. To facilitate the development of faster-acting selective nematicides, we cloned three cDNAs encoding UNC-49B proteins from the southern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and examined their functional and pharmacological properties by two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology using a Xenopus oocyte expression system. RESULTS The three cloned cDNAs encoded Min-UNC-49B, Min-UNC-49B-L and Min-UNC-49B-XL; the last two proteins have longer N-terminal regions than the first protein. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, these proteins responded to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to activate currents with high-micromolar or low-millimolar half-maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) values, indicating the formation of functional homo-pentameric GABA receptors. Fipronil and picrotoxinin inhibited GABA-induced currents with high-nanomolar and low-micromolar half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) values, respectively, in oocytes expressing Min-UNC-49B. The G2'A and T6'M mutations in the second transmembrane domain of Min-UNC-49B enhanced and reduced the sensitivity of Min-UNC-49B to these two antagonists, respectively. Samaderine B and SF-14 inhibited GABA responses in oocytes expressing Min-UNC-49B with low-micromolar and high-nanomolar IC50 values, respectively. Ivermectin, α-terpineol, thymol and methyl eugenol exerted dual effects on Min-UNC-49B by potentiating currents induced by low concentrations of GABA and inhibiting currents induced by high concentrations of GABA. CONCLUSION We have shown that structurally diverse compounds act at Min-UNC-49B GABA receptors. Our results may serve as a starting point to decipher the molecular function of native GABA receptors of plant-parasitic nematodes, which could aid in the structure-based design of novel nematicides. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Nomura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Satoru Yoshizumi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Fumiyo Ozoe
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Ozoe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
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Yuan X, Zhang D, Mao S, Wang Q. Filling the Gap in Understanding the Mechanism of GABA AR and Propofol Using Computational Approaches. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:1889-1901. [PMID: 33823589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid type-A receptors (GABAARs) play a critical role in neural transmission by mediating the inhibitory neural firing and are the target of many psychiatric drugs. Among them, propofol is one of the most widely used and important general anesthetics in clinics. Recent advances in structural biology revealed the structure of a human GABAAR in both open and closed states. Yet, the detailed mechanism of the receptor and propofol remains to be fully understood. Therefore, in this study, based on the previous successes in structural biology, a variety of computational techniques were applied to fill the gap between previous experimental studies. This study investigated the ion-conducting mechanism of GABAAR, predicted the possible binding mechanism of propofol, and revealed a new motion mechanism of transmembrane domain (TMD) helices. We hope that this study may contribute to future studies on ion-channel receptors, general anesthetics, and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shengjun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiantao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Topical Treatments and Their Molecular/Cellular Mechanisms in Patients with Peripheral Neuropathic Pain-Narrative Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040450. [PMID: 33810493 PMCID: PMC8067282 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain in humans results from an injury or disease of the somatosensory nervous system at the peripheral or central level. Despite the considerable progress in pain management methods made to date, peripheral neuropathic pain significantly impacts patients' quality of life, as pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods often fail or induce side effects. Topical treatments are gaining popularity in the management of peripheral neuropathic pain, due to excellent safety profiles and preferences. Moreover, topical treatments applied locally may target the underlying mechanisms of peripheral sensitization and pain. Recent studies showed that peripheral sensitization results from interactions between neuronal and non-neuronal cells, with numerous signaling molecules and molecular/cellular targets involved. This narrative review discusses the molecular/cellular mechanisms of drugs available in topical formulations utilized in clinical practice and their effectiveness in clinical studies in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain. We searched PubMed for papers published from 1 January 1995 to 30 November 2020. The key search phrases for identifying potentially relevant articles were "topical AND pain", "topical AND neuropathic", "topical AND treatment", "topical AND mechanism", "peripheral neuropathic", and "mechanism". The result of our search was 23 randomized controlled trials (RCT), 9 open-label studies, 16 retrospective studies, 20 case (series) reports, 8 systematic reviews, 66 narrative reviews, and 140 experimental studies. The data from preclinical studies revealed that active compounds of topical treatments exert multiple mechanisms of action, directly or indirectly modulating ion channels, receptors, proteins, and enzymes expressed by neuronal and non-neuronal cells, and thus contributing to antinociception. However, which mechanisms and the extent to which the mechanisms contribute to pain relief observed in humans remain unclear. The evidence from RCTs and reviews supports 5% lidocaine patches, 8% capsaicin patches, and botulinum toxin A injections as effective treatments in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain. In turn, single RCTs support evidence of doxepin, funapide, diclofenac, baclofen, clonidine, loperamide, and cannabidiol in neuropathic pain states. Topical administration of phenytoin, ambroxol, and prazosin is supported by observational clinical studies. For topical amitriptyline, menthol, and gabapentin, evidence comes from case reports and case series. For topical ketamine and baclofen, data supporting their effectiveness are provided by both single RCTs and case series. The discussed data from clinical studies and observations support the usefulness of topical treatments in neuropathic pain management. This review may help clinicians in making decisions regarding whether and which topical treatment may be a beneficial option, particularly in frail patients not tolerating systemic pharmacotherapy.
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Baluška F, Yokawa K. Anaesthetics and plants: from sensory systems to cognition-based adaptive behaviour. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:449-454. [PMID: 33462719 PMCID: PMC7907011 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants are not only sensitive to exogenous anaesthetics, but they also produce multitudes of endogenous substances, especially when stressed, that often have anaesthetic and anelgesic properties when applied to both humans and animals. Moreover, plants rely on neurotransmitters and their receptors for cell-cell communication and integration in a similar fashion to the use of neural systems in animals and humans. Plants also use their plant-specific sensory systems and neurotransmitter-based communication, including long-distance action potentials, to manage stress via cognition-like plant-specific behaviour and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken Yokawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Hokkaido, 090-8597, Japan.
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12
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Pina LTS, Guimarães AG, Santos WBDR, Oliveira MA, Rabelo TK, Serafini MR. Monoterpenes as a perspective for the treatment of seizures: A Systematic Review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:153422. [PMID: 33310306 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy affects more than 65 million people worldwide. Treatment for epileptic seizures is ineffective and has many adverse effects. For this reason, the search for new therapeutic options capable of filling these limitations is necessary. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE In this sense, natural products, such as monoterpenes, have been indicated as a new option to control neurological disorders such as epilepsy. STUDY DESIGN Therefore, the objective of this study was to review the monoterpenes that have anticonvulsive activity in animal models. METHODS The searches were performed in the PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases in September, 2020 and compiled studies using monoterpenes as an alternative to seizure. Two independent reviewers performed the study selection, data extraction and methodological quality assessment using the Syrcle tool. RESULTS 51 articles that described the anticonvulsant activity of 35 monoterpenes were selected with action on the main pharmacological target, including GABAA receptors, glutamate, calcium channels, sodium and potassium. In addition, these compounds are capable of reducing neuronal inflammation and oxidative stress caused by seizure. CONCLUSION These compounds stand out as a promising alternative for acting through different pharmacological mechanisms, which may not only reduce seizure, but also promote neuroprotective effect by reducing toxicity in brain regions. However, further studies are needed to determine the mechanism of action and safety assessment of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lícia T S Pina
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Adriana G Guimarães
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Wagner B da R Santos
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Marlange A Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Thallita K Rabelo
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Mairim R Serafini
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
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Antinociceptive activity of the Psidium brownianum Mart ex DC. leaf essential oil in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:111053. [PMID: 31857126 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain management has several adverse effects and research looking for new and effective pain management drugs posing lower undesirable effects is necessary. Given the above, the pharmacological investigation of medicinal plants significantly contributes to the dissemination of plant-derived therapeutics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of the Psidium brownianum Mart ex DC. leaf essential oil (PBEO) and the participation of the opioid pathway in this effect in mice. Swiss Mus musculus male mice were tested using acute nociception models (acetic acid induced abdominal contortions, formalin, capsaicin and hot plate tests). The possible myorelaxant action of the PBEO was tested using the rotarod test. The essential oil reduced animal nociception in chemical and heat models, with this action being devoid of a myorelaxant effect. Naloxone (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally - i.p.) partially antagonized the PBEO activity, possibly acting via opioid receptors. The results obtained provide evidence that the traditional Psidium brownianum use may be effective for pain treatment.
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14
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Harris AC, Muelken P, Swain Y, Palumbo M, Jain V, Goniewicz ML, Stepanov I, LeSage MG. Non-nicotine constituents in e-cigarette aerosol extract attenuate nicotine's aversive effects in adolescent rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 203:51-60. [PMID: 31404849 PMCID: PMC6941564 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of preclinical methodology for evaluating the abuse liability of electronic cigarettes (ECs) in adolescents is urgently needed to inform FDA regulation of these products. We previously reported reduced aversive effects of EC liquids containing nicotine and a range of non-nicotine constituents (e.g., propylene glycol, minor tobacco alkaloids) compared to nicotine alone in adult rats as measured using intracranial self-stimulation. The goal of this study was to compare the aversive effects of nicotine alone and EC aerosol extracts in adolescent rats as measured using conditioned taste aversion (CTA), which can be conducted during the brief adolescent period. METHODS AND RESULTS In Experiment 1, nicotine alone (1.0 or 1.5 mg/kg, s.c.) produced significant CTA in adolescent rats in a two-bottle procedure, thereby establishing a model to study the effects of EC extracts. At a nicotine dose of 1.0 mg/kg, CTA to Vuse Menthol EC extract, but not Aroma E-Juice EC extract, was attenuated compared to nicotine alone during repeated two-bottle CTA tests (Experiment 2a). At a nicotine dose of 0.5 mg/kg, CTA to Vuse Menthol EC extract did not differ from nicotine alone during the first two-bottle CTA test but extinguished more rapidly across repeated two-bottle tests (Experiment 2b). CONCLUSIONS Non-nicotine constituents in Vuse Menthol EC extracts attenuated CTA in a two-bottle procedure in adolescents. This model may be useful for anticipating the abuse liability of ECs in adolescents and for modeling FDA-mandated changes in product standards for nicotine or other constituents in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Harris
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Peter Muelken
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yayi Swain
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mary Palumbo
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Vipin Jain
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maciej L. Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark G. LeSage
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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15
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Solomon VR, Tallapragada VJ, Chebib M, Johnston G, Hanrahan JR. GABA allosteric modulators: An overview of recent developments in non-benzodiazepine modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 171:434-461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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Fathi Moghadam H, Yar T, Qazzaz MM, Ahmed IA, Winlow W. A Comparative Study of Cell Specific Effects of Systemic and Volatile Anesthetics on Identified Motor Neurons and Interneurons of Lymnaea stagnalis (L.), Both in the Isolated Brain and in Single Cell Culture. Front Physiol 2019; 10:583. [PMID: 31214039 PMCID: PMC6555191 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
1. A comparative descriptive analysis of systemic (sodium pentobarbital, sodium thiopentone, ketamine) and volatile (halothane, isoflurane, enflurane) general anesthetics revealed important differences in the neuronal responses of identified motor neurons and interneurons in the isolated central nervous system (CNS) and cultured identified neurons in single cell culture of Lymnaea stagnalis (L.). 2. At high enough concentrations all anesthetics eventually caused cessation of spontaneous or evoked action potentials, but volatile anesthetics were much faster acting. Halothane at low concentrations caused excitation, thought to be equivalent to the early excitatory phase of anesthesia. Strong synaptic inputs were not always abolished by pentobarbital. 3. There were cell specific concentration-dependent responses to halothane and pentobarbital in terms of membrane potential, action potential characteristics, the after hyperpolarization and patterned activity. Individual neurons generated specific responses to the applied anesthetics. 4. The inhalation anesthetics, enflurane, and isoflurane, showed little concentration dependence of effect, in contrast to results obtained with halothane. Enflurane was faster acting than halothane and isoflurane was particularly different, producing quiescence in all cells types studied at all concentrations studied. 5. Halothane, enflurane, the barbiturate general anesthetics, pentobarbital, and sodium thiopentone and the dissociative anesthetic ketamine, produced two distinctly different effects which could be correlated with cell type and their location in the isolated brain: either a decline in spontaneous and evoked activity prior to quiescence in interneurons or paroxysmal depolarizing shifts (PDS) in motor neurons, again prior to quiescence, which were reversed when the anesthetic was eliminated from the bath. In the strongly electrically coupled motor neurons, VD1 and RPD2, both types of response were observed, depending on the anesthetic used. Thus, with the exception isoflurane, all the motor neurons subjected to the anesthetic agents studied here were capable of generating PDS in situ, but the interneurons did not do so. 6. The effects of halothane on isolated cultured neurons indicates that PDS can be generated by single identified neurons in the absence of synaptic inputs. Further, many instances of PDS in neurons that do not generate it in situ have been found in cultured neurons. The nature of PDS is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Fathi Moghadam
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Talay Yar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munir M. Qazzaz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Health Professions, University of Birzeit, Birzeit, Palestine
| | | | - William Winlow
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NPC Newton, Preston, United Kingdom
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17
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The Natural Product Eugenol Is an Inhibitor of the Ebola Virus In Vitro. Pharm Res 2019; 36:104. [PMID: 31101988 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since the 2014 Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak in West Africa there has been considerable effort towards developing drugs to treat Ebola virus disease and yet to date there is no FDA approved treatment. This is important as at the time of writing this manuscript there is an ongoing outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo which has killed over 1000. METHODS We have evaluated a small number of natural products, some of which had shown antiviral activity against other pathogens. This is exemplified with eugenol, which is found in high concentrations in multiple essential oils, and has shown antiviral activity against feline calicivirus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus, Influenza A virus, Herpes Simplex virus type 1 and 2, and four airborne phages. RESULTS Four compounds possessed EC50 values less than or equal to 11 μM. Of these, eugenol, had an EC50 of 1.3 μM against EBOV and is present in several plants including clove, cinnamon, basil and bay. Eugenol is much smaller and structurally unlike any compound that has been previously identified as an inhibitor of EBOV, therefore it may provide new mechanistic insights. CONCLUSION This compound is readily accessible in bulk quantities, is inexpensive, and has a long history of human consumption, which endorses the idea for further assessment as an antiviral therapeutic. This work also suggests that a more exhaustive assessment of natural product libraries against EBOV and other viruses is warranted to improve our ability to identify compounds that are so distinct from FDA approved drugs.
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18
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Yokawa K, Kagenishi T, Pavlovič A, Gall S, Weiland M, Mancuso S, Baluška F. Anaesthetics stop diverse plant organ movements, affect endocytic vesicle recycling and ROS homeostasis, and block action potentials in Venus flytraps. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:747-756. [PMID: 29236942 PMCID: PMC6215046 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Anaesthesia for medical purposes was introduced in the 19th century. However, the physiological mode of anaesthetic drug actions on the nervous system remains unclear. One of the remaining questions is how these different compounds, with no structural similarities and even chemically inert elements such as the noble gas xenon, act as anaesthetic agents inducing loss of consciousness. The main goal here was to determine if anaesthetics affect the same or similar processes in plants as in animals and humans. Methods A single-lens reflex camera was used to follow organ movements in plants before, during and after recovery from exposure to diverse anaesthetics. Confocal microscopy was used to analyse endocytic vesicle trafficking. Electrical signals were recorded using a surface AgCl electrode. Key Results Mimosa leaves, pea tendrils, Venus flytraps and sundew traps all lost both their autonomous and touch-induced movements after exposure to anaesthetics. In Venus flytrap, this was shown to be due to the loss of action potentials under diethyl ether anaesthesia. The same concentration of diethyl ether immobilized pea tendrils. Anaesthetics also impeded seed germination and chlorophyll accumulation in cress seedlings. Endocytic vesicle recycling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance, as observed in intact Arabidopsis root apex cells, were also affected by all anaesthetics tested. Conclusions Plants are sensitive to several anaesthetics that have no structural similarities. As in animals and humans, anaesthetics used at appropriate concentrations block action potentials and immobilize organs via effects on action potentials, endocytic vesicle recycling and ROS homeostasis. Plants emerge as ideal model objects to study general questions related to anaesthesia, as well as to serve as a suitable test system for human anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yokawa
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - T Kagenishi
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - A Pavlovič
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - S Gall
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Weiland
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Science & LINV, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - S Mancuso
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Science & LINV, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - F Baluška
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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19
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Zhang M, Harrison E, Biswas L, Tran T, Liu X. Menthol facilitates dopamine-releasing effect of nicotine in rat nucleus accumbens. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 175:47-52. [PMID: 30201386 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Menthol is a significant flavoring additive in tobacco products. Accumulating clinical evidence suggests that menthol may promote tobacco smoking and nicotine dependence. Our previous studies demonstrated that menthol enhanced nicotine reinforcement in rats. However, it is unclear whether menthol interacts with nicotine at the neurochemical level. The present study used intracranial microdialysis to examine whether and the ways in which menthol affects nicotine-induced dopamine release in rats in the nucleus accumbens core (NAc), a terminal field of brain reward circuitry. To make comparisons with our previous work that showed an enhancing effect of menthol on nicotine self-administration behavior, male Sprague-Dawley rats were first trained in 20 daily 1-h sessions to press a lever for intravenous nicotine self-administration (15 μg/kg/infusion). Dopamine levels were then measured in the right NAc using intracranial microdialysis coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. Five minutes before microdialysis, the rats received an intraperitoneal injection of menthol (0, 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg), a subcutaneous injection of nicotine (0.2 mg/kg or its vehicle), or both. Menthol alone did not affect dopamine levels in dialysates, whereas nicotine alone elevated dopamine levels. Combined nicotine and menthol administration significantly increased dopamine levels compared with nicotine alone. These data indicate a facilitating effect of menthol on nicotine-induced dopamine release in the NAc. These findings shed light on our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the menthol-induced enhancement of nicotine reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Erin Harrison
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Lisa Biswas
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Thuy Tran
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Xiu Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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20
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Winlow W, Polese G, Moghadam HF, Ahmed IA, Di Cosmo A. Sense and Insensibility - An Appraisal of the Effects of Clinical Anesthetics on Gastropod and Cephalopod Molluscs as a Step to Improved Welfare of Cephalopods. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1147. [PMID: 30197598 PMCID: PMC6117391 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in animal welfare legislation stresses the need to treat cephalopod molluscs, such as Octopus vulgaris, humanely, to have regard for their wellbeing and to reduce their pain and suffering resulting from experimental procedures. Thus, appropriate measures for their sedation and analgesia are being introduced. Clinical anesthetics are renowned for their ability to produce unconsciousness in vertebrate species, but their exact mechanisms of action still elude investigators. In vertebrates it can prove difficult to specify the differences of response of particular neuron types given the multiplicity of neurons in the CNS. However, gastropod molluscs such as Aplysia, Lymnaea, or Helix, with their large uniquely identifiable nerve cells, make studies on the cellular, subcellular, network and behavioral actions of anesthetics much more feasible, particularly as identified cells may also be studied in culture, isolated from the rest of the nervous system. To date, the sorts of study outlined above have never been performed on cephalopods in the same way as on gastropods. However, criteria previously applied to gastropods and vertebrates have proved successful in developing a method for humanely anesthetizing Octopus with clinical doses of isoflurane, i.e., changes in respiratory rate, color pattern and withdrawal responses. However, in the long term, further refinements will be needed, including recordings from the CNS of intact animals in the presence of a variety of different anesthetic agents and their adjuvants. Clues as to their likely responsiveness to other appropriate anesthetic agents and muscle relaxants can be gained from background studies on gastropods such as Lymnaea, given their evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Winlow
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NPC Newton, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Hadi-Fathi Moghadam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Centre, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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21
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Çiçek SS. Structure-Dependent Activity of Natural GABA(A) Receptor Modulators. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071512. [PMID: 29932138 PMCID: PMC6100244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
GABA(A) receptors are ligand-gated ion channels consisting of five subunits from eight subfamilies, each assembled in four hydrophobic transmembrane domains. This pentameric structure not only allows different receptor binding sites, but also various types of ligands, such as orthosteric agonists and antagonists, positive and negative allosteric modulators, as well as second-order modulators and non-competitive channel blockers. A fact, that is also displayed by the variety of chemical structures found for both, synthetic as well as nature-derived GABA(A)-receptor modulators. This review covers the literature for natural GABA(A)-receptor modulators until the end of 2017 and discusses their structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhat Sezai Çiçek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Kiel University, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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22
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Gottlieb M, Long B, Koyfman A. Clinical Mimics: An Emergency Medicine-Focused Review of Streptococcal Pharyngitis Mimics. J Emerg Med 2018. [PMID: 29523424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharyngitis is a common disease in the emergency department (ED). Despite a relatively low incidence of complications, there are many dangerous conditions that can mimic this disease and are essential for the emergency physician to consider. OBJECTIVE This article provides a review of the evaluation and management of group A β-hemolytic Streptococcal (GABHS) pharyngitis, as well as important medical conditions that can mimic this disease. DISCUSSION GABHS pharyngitis often presents with fever, sore throat, tonsillar exudates, and anterior cervical lymphadenopathy. History and physical examination are insufficient for the diagnosis. The Centor criteria or McIsaac score can help risk stratify patients for subsequent testing or treatment. Antibiotics may reduce symptom duration and suppurative complications, but the effect is small. Rheumatic fever is uncommon in developed countries, and shared decision making is recommended if antibiotics are used for this indication. Oral analgesics and topical anesthetics are important for symptom management. Physicians should consider alternate diagnoses that may mimic GABHS pharyngitis, which can include epiglottitis, infectious mononucleosis, Kawasaki disease, acute retroviral syndrome, Lemierre's syndrome, Ludwig's angina, peritonsillar abscess, retropharyngeal abscess, and viral pharyngitis. A focused history and physical examination can help differentiate these conditions. CONCLUSIONS GABHS may present similarly to other benign and potentially deadly diseases. Diagnosis and treatment of pharyngitis should be based on clinical evaluation. Consideration of pharyngitis mimics is important in the evaluation and management of ED patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gottlieb
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brit Long
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Alex Koyfman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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23
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Currin A, Dunstan MS, Johannissen LO, Hollywood KA, Vinaixa M, Jervis AJ, Swainston N, Rattray NJW, Gardiner JM, Kell DB, Takano E, Toogood HS, Scrutton NS. Engineering the "Missing Link" in Biosynthetic (-)-Menthol Production: Bacterial Isopulegone Isomerase. ACS Catal 2018; 8:2012-2020. [PMID: 29750129 PMCID: PMC5937688 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b04115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
realization of a synthetic biology approach to microbial (1R,2S,5R)-(−)-menthol (1) production relies on the identification
of a gene encoding an isopulegone isomerase (IPGI), the only enzyme
in the Mentha piperita biosynthetic
pathway as yet unidentified. We demonstrate that Δ5-3-ketosteroid
isomerase (KSI) from Pseudomonas putida can act as an IPGI, producing (R)-(+)-pulegone
((R)-2) from (+)-cis-isopulegone (3). Using a robotics-driven semirational
design strategy, we identified a key KSI variant encoding four active
site mutations, which confer a 4.3-fold increase in activity over
the wild-type enzyme. This was assisted by the generation of crystal
structures of four KSI variants, combined with molecular modeling
of 3 binding to identify key active site residue targets.
The KSI variant was demonstrated to function efficiently within cascade
biocatalytic reactions with downstream Mentha enzymes pulegone reductase and (−)-menthone:(−)-menthol
reductase to generate 1 from 3. This study
introduces the use of a recombinant IPGI, engineered to function efficiently
within a biosynthetic pathway for the production of 1 in microorganisms.
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Wang S, Zhang D, Hu J, Jia Q, Xu W, Su D, Song H, Xu Z, Cui J, Zhou M, Yang J, Xiao J. A clinical and mechanistic study of topical borneol-induced analgesia. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:802-815. [PMID: 28396565 PMCID: PMC5452010 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201607300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bingpian is a time‐honored herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It is an almost pure chemical with a chemical composition of (+)‐borneol and has been historically used as a topical analgesic for millennia. However, the clinical efficacy of topical borneol lacks stringent evidence‐based clinical studies and verifiable scientific mechanism. We examined the analgesic efficacy of topical borneol in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical study involving 122 patients with postoperative pain. Topical application of borneol led to significantly greater pain relief than placebo did. Using mouse models of pain, we identified the TRPM8 channel as a molecular target of borneol and showed that topical borneol‐induced analgesia was almost exclusively mediated by TRPM8, and involved a downstream glutamatergic mechanism in the spinal cord. Investigation of the actions of topical borneol and menthol revealed mechanistic differences between borneol‐ and menthol‐induced analgesia and indicated that borneol exhibits advantages over menthol as a topical analgesic. Our work demonstrates that borneol, which is currently approved by the US FDA to be used only as a flavoring substance or adjuvant in food, is an effective topical pain reliever in humans and reveals a key part of the molecular mechanism underlying its analgesic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Ion Channel Research and Drug Development Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China .,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinsheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Ion Channel Research and Drug Development Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Jia
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deyuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Ion Channel Research and Drug Development Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hualing Song
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhichun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Ion Channel Research and Drug Development Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jianmin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Ion Channel Research and Drug Development Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Disorders, Cardiac Bioelectricity and Arrhythmia Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Ion Channel Research and Drug Development Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Ion Channel Research and Drug Development Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China .,Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jianru Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Jankowska M, Rogalska J, Wyszkowska J, Stankiewicz M. Molecular Targets for Components of Essential Oils in the Insect Nervous System-A Review. Molecules 2017; 23:E34. [PMID: 29295521 PMCID: PMC5943938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are lipophilic secondary metabolites obtained from plants; terpenoids represent the main components of them. A lot of studies showed neurotoxic actions of EOs. In insects, they cause paralysis followed by death. This feature let us consider components of EOs as potential bioinsecticides. The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the one of the most investigated mechanisms of action in EOs. However, EOs are rather weak inhibitors of AChE. Another proposed mechanism of EO action is a positive allosteric modulation of GABA receptors (GABArs). There are several papers that prove the potentiation of GABA effect on mammalian receptors induced by EOs. In contrast, there is lack of any data concerning the binding of EO components in insects GABArs. In insects, EOs act also via the octopaminergic system. Available data show that EOs can increase the level of both cAMP and calcium in nervous cells. Moreover, some EO components compete with octopamine in binding to its receptor. Electrophysiological experiments performed on Periplaneta americana have shown similarity in the action of EO components and octopamine. This suggests that EOs can modify neuron activity by octopamine receptors. A multitude of potential targets in the insect nervous system makes EO components interesting candidates for bio-insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Jankowska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland; Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Justyna Rogalska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland; Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Joanna Wyszkowska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland; Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Maria Stankiewicz
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland; Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
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Tsuchiya H. Anesthetic Agents of Plant Origin: A Review of Phytochemicals with Anesthetic Activity. Molecules 2017; 22:E1369. [PMID: 28820497 PMCID: PMC6152143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of currently used anesthetic agents are derived from or associated with natural products, especially plants, as evidenced by cocaine that was isolated from coca (Erythroxylum coca, Erythroxylaceae) and became a prototype of modern local anesthetics and by thymol and eugenol contained in thyme (Thymus vulgaris, Lamiaceae) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum, Myrtaceae), respectively, both of which are structurally and mechanistically similar to intravenous phenolic anesthetics. This paper reviews different classes of phytochemicals with the anesthetic activity and their characteristic molecular structures that could be lead compounds for anesthetics and anesthesia-related drugs. Phytochemicals in research papers published between 1996 and 2016 were retrieved from the point of view of well-known modes of anesthetic action, that is, the mechanistic interactions with Na⁺ channels, γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and lipid membranes. The searched phytochemicals include terpenoids, alkaloids and flavonoids because they have been frequently reported to possess local anesthetic, general anesthetic, antinociceptive, analgesic or sedative property. Clinical applicability of phytochemicals to local and general anesthesia is discussed by referring to animal in vivo experiments and human pre-clinical trials. This review will give structural suggestions for novel anesthetic agents of plant origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Tsuchiya
- Department of Dental Basic Education, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu 501-0296, Japan.
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Oz M, El Nebrisi EG, Yang KHS, Howarth FC, Al Kury LT. Cellular and Molecular Targets of Menthol Actions. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:472. [PMID: 28769802 PMCID: PMC5513973 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Menthol belongs to monoterpene class of a structurally diverse group of phytochemicals found in plant-derived essential oils. Menthol is widely used in pharmaceuticals, confectionary, oral hygiene products, pesticides, cosmetics, and as a flavoring agent. In addition, menthol is known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. Recently, there has been renewed awareness in comprehending the biological and pharmacological effects of menthol. TRP channels have been demonstrated to mediate the cooling actions of menthol. There has been new evidence demonstrating that menthol can significantly influence the functional characteristics of a number of different kinds of ligand and voltage-gated ion channels, indicating that at least some of the biological and pharmacological effects of menthol can be mediated by alterations in cellular excitability. In this article, we examine the results of earlier studies on the actions of menthol with voltage and ligand-gated ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Oz
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qatar UniversityDoha, Qatar
| | - Eslam G El Nebrisi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Keun-Hang S Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman UniversityOrange, CA, United States
| | - Frank C Howarth
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lina T Al Kury
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed UniversityAbu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Tsukamoto A, Konishi Y, Kawakami T, Koibuchi C, Sato R, Kanai E, Inomata T. Pharmacological properties of various anesthetic protocols in 10-day-old neonatal rats. Exp Anim 2017; 66:397-404. [PMID: 28674271 PMCID: PMC5682352 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.17-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, the anesthesia in neonates involves high risk. Although hypothermic
anesthesia is recommended in rats up to the age of 7 days, neonatal anesthesia for later
periods has not been standardized. The present study investigated the pharmacological
properties of conventional anesthetic protocols in 10-day-old SD rats. The rats were
anesthetized with four anesthetics: a combination of ketamine and xylazine (K/X); a
combination of medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol (M/M/B); isoflurane; and
sevoflurane. Anesthetic depth was scored by reflex response to noxious stimuli. Induction
and recovery times were recorded. Vital signs and mortality rate were evaluated for safety
assessment. All rats died after administration of K/X at a dose of 60/6 mg/kg, whereas K/X
at 40/4 mg/kg resulted in insufficient anesthetic depth, indicating inappropriate for
neonatal anesthesia. Although M/M/B at the adult rat dose (0.15/2/2.5 mg/kg) did not
provide surgical anesthetic depth, the mouse dose (0.3/4/5 mg/kg) showed sufficient
anesthetic depth with relatively stable vital signs. Isoflurane required a long induction
period, and caused remarkable respiratory depression and hypothermia, resulted in a 25%
mortality rate. In contrast, sevoflurane provided consistent surgical anesthetic depth
with rapid induction. Although respiratory rate decrease was markedly observed, all rats
survived. Among the anesthetic protocols investigated in the present study, sevoflurane
and M/M/B at the mouse dose were recommended for the neonatal anesthesia. Compared with
adult rats, the required dose of both anesthetics in neonates was higher, possibly
associated with their lower anesthetic sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuou-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Yui Konishi
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuou-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Takako Kawakami
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuou-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Chiharu Koibuchi
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuou-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Reiichiro Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine 3, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuou-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Eiichi Kanai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuou-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Tomo Inomata
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuou-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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Curcumol allosterically modulates GABA(A) receptors in a manner distinct from benzodiazepines. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46654. [PMID: 28436443 PMCID: PMC5402396 DOI: 10.1038/srep46654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory A type γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAARs) play a pivotal role in orchestrating various brain functions and represent an important molecular target in neurological and psychiatric diseases, necessitating the need for the discovery and development of novel modulators. Here, we show that a natural compound curcumol, acts as an allosteric enhancer of GABAARs in a manner distinct from benzodiazepines. Curcumol markedly facilitated GABA-activated currents and shifted the GABA concentration-response curve to the left in cultured hippocampal neurons. When co-applied with the classical benzodiazepine diazepam, curcumol further potentiated GABA-induced currents. In contrast, in the presence of a saturating concentration of menthol, a positive modulator for GABAAR, curcumol failed to further enhance GABA-induced currents, suggesting shared mechanisms underlying these two agents on GABAARs. Moreover, the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil did not alter the enhancement of GABA response by curcumol and menthol, but abolished that by DZP. Finally, mutations at the β2 or γ2 subunit predominantly eliminated modulation of recombinant GABAARs by curcumol and menthol, or diazepam, respectively. Curcumol may therefore exert its actions on GABAARs at sites distinct from benzodiazepine sites. These findings shed light on the future development of new therapeutics drugs targeting GABAARs.
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Cunha JAD, Scheeren CÁ, Salbego J, Gressler LT, Madaloz LM, Bandeira-Junior G, Bianchini AE, Pinheiro CG, Bordignon SAL, Heinzmann BM, Baldisserotto B. Essential oils of Cunila galioides and Origanum majorana as anesthetics for Rhamdia quelen: efficacy and effects on ventilation and ionoregulation. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20160076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study evaluated anesthetic efficacy and possible effects of the essential oils (EOs) of Cunila galioides (EOC) and Origanum majorana (EOO) on ventilatory rate (VR) and ionoregulation in Rhamdia quelen. In the anesthesia assessments, 50, 100, 200 and 300 μL L-1 EOC and 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μL L-1 EOO were tested, and time for induction to sedation and anesthesia stages, as well as recovery, were taken. A second trial employed lower concentrations of both EOs, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μL L-1, in order to verify VR and Na+, K+ and Cl- whole body net fluxes. Sedation was achieved with both oils at 100 µL L-1, and anesthesia at ≥ 200 µL L-1. There was no significant difference between control and EO-treated groups regarding VR, but all fish subjected to 100 µL L-1 EOC died within 2 h of exposure. Overall, ionic loss declined in the presence of the EOs. The EOC at 200 - 300 μL L-1 and EOO at 400 - 500 μL L-1 present the potential to promote fast anesthesia in R. quelen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Berta M. Heinzmann
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Baldisserotto
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
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Baluška F, Yokawa K, Mancuso S, Baverstock K. Understanding of anesthesia - Why consciousness is essential for life and not based on genes. Commun Integr Biol 2016; 9:e1238118. [PMID: 28042377 PMCID: PMC5193047 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2016.1238118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Anesthesia and consciousness represent 2 mysteries not only for biology but also for physics and philosophy. Although anesthesia was introduced to medicine more than 160 y ago, our understanding of how it works still remains a mystery. The most prevalent view is that the human brain and its neurons are necessary to impose the effects of anesthetics. However, the fact is that all life can be anesthesized. Numerous theories have been generated trying to explain the major impact of anesthetics on our human-specific consciousness; switching it off so rapidly, but no single theory resolves this enduring mystery. The speed of anesthetic actions precludes any direct involvement of genes. Lipid bilayers, cellular membranes, and critical proteins emerge as the most probable primary targets of anesthetics. Recent findings suggest, rather surprisingly, that physical forces underlie both the anesthetic actions on living organisms as well as on consciousness in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken Yokawa
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Kirschalle, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Science & LINV, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Keith Baverstock
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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32
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Galineau L, Kas A, Worbe Y, Chaigneau M, Herard AS, Guillermier M, Delzescaux T, Féger J, Hantraye P, Tremblay L. Cortical areas involved in behavioral expression of external pallidum dysfunctions: A PET imaging study in non-human primates. Neuroimage 2016; 146:1025-1037. [PMID: 27989846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The external pallidum (GPe) is a component of the indirect pathway centrally placed in the basal ganglia. Studies already demonstrated that the pharmacological disinhibition of the sensorimotor, associative, and limbic GPe produced dyskinesia, hyperactivity, and compulsive behaviors, respectively. The aim of this study was to investigate the cortical regions altered by the disinhibition of each GPe functional territory. Thus, 5 macaques were injected with bicuculline in sensorimotor, associative, and limbic sites of the GPe producing dyskinesia, hyperactivity, and compulsive behaviors, and underwent in vivo positron tomography with 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose to identify cortical dysfunctions related to GPe disinhibition. Blood cortisol levels were also quantified as a biomarker of anxiety for each condition. Our results showed that pallidal bicuculline injections in anesthetized animals reproducibly modified the activity of specific ipsilateral and contralateral cortical areas depending on the pallidal territory targeted. Bicuculline injections in the limbic GPe led to increased ipsilateral activations in limbic cortical regions (anterior insula, amygdala, and hippocampus). Injections in the associative vs. sensorimotor GPe increased the activity in the ipsilateral midcingulate vs. somatosensory and parietal cortices. Moreover, bicuculline injections increased blood cortisol levels only in animals injected in their limbic GPe. These are the first functional results supporting the model of opened cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loops where modifications in a functional pallidal territory can impact cortical activities of the same functional territory but also cortical activities of other functional territories. This highlights the importance of the GPe as a crucial node in the top-down control of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits from the frontal cortex to influence the perception, attention, and emotional processes at downstream (or non-frontal) cortical levels. Finally, we showed the implication of the ventral pallidum with the amygdala and the insular cortex in a circuit related to aversive processing that should be crucial for the production of anxious disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Galineau
- UMR INSERM U930, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Aurélie Kas
- AP-HP, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, UPMC Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7371, INSERM U1146, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Yulia Worbe
- Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, UMPC Paris 06, ICM, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marion Chaigneau
- MIRCEN, CEA UMR 9199, 18 route du Panorama, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Herard
- MIRCEN, CEA UMR 9199, 18 route du Panorama, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Martine Guillermier
- MIRCEN, CEA UMR 9199, 18 route du Panorama, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Thierry Delzescaux
- MIRCEN, CEA UMR 9199, 18 route du Panorama, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jean Féger
- UPMC Université Paris 6, UMR-S975, CRICM-Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Hantraye
- MIRCEN, CEA UMR 9199, 18 route du Panorama, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Léon Tremblay
- CNRS, UMR 5229, Université de Lyon 1, Centre de Neurosciences Cognitives, 67 Boulevard Pinel, Cedex, 69675 Bron, France.
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Machta BB, Gray E, Nouri M, McCarthy NLC, Gray EM, Miller AL, Brooks NJ, Veatch SL. Conditions that Stabilize Membrane Domains Also Antagonize n-Alcohol Anesthesia. Biophys J 2016; 111:537-545. [PMID: 27508437 PMCID: PMC4982967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse molecules induce general anesthesia with potency strongly correlated with both their hydrophobicity and their effects on certain ion channels. We recently observed that several n-alcohol anesthetics inhibit heterogeneity in plasma-membrane-derived vesicles by lowering the critical temperature (Tc) for phase separation. Here, we exploit conditions that stabilize membrane heterogeneity to further test the correlation between the anesthetic potency of n-alcohols and effects on Tc. First, we show that hexadecanol acts oppositely to n-alcohol anesthetics on membrane mixing and antagonizes ethanol-induced anesthesia in a tadpole behavioral assay. Second, we show that two previously described "intoxication reversers" raise Tc and counter ethanol's effects in vesicles, mimicking the findings of previous electrophysiological and behavioral measurements. Third, we find that elevated hydrostatic pressure, long known to reverse anesthesia, also raises Tc in vesicles with a magnitude that counters the effect of butanol at relevant concentrations and pressures. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ΔTc predicts anesthetic potency for n-alcohols better than hydrophobicity in a range of contexts, supporting a mechanistic role for membrane heterogeneity in general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicola L C McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nicholas J Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Zhang LN, Yang C, Ouyang PR, Zhang ZC, Ran MZ, Tong L, Dong HL, Liu Y. Orexin-A facilitates emergence of the rat from isoflurane anesthesia via mediation of the basal forebrain. Neuropeptides 2016; 58:7-14. [PMID: 26919917 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that orexinergic neurons involve in promoting emergence from anesthesia of propofol, an intravenous anesthetics, while whether both of orexin-A and orexin-B have promotive action on emergence via mediation of basal forebrain (BF) in isoflurane anesthesia has not been elucidated. In this study, we observed c-Fos expressions in orexinergic neurons following isoflurane inhalation (for 0, 30, 60, and 120min) and at the time when the righting reflex returned after the cessation of anesthesia. The plasma concentrations of orexin-A and -B in anesthesia-arousal process were measured by radioimmunoassay. Orexin-A and -B (30 or 100pmol) or the orexin receptor-1 and -2 antagonist SB-334867A and TCS-OX2-29 (5 or 20μg) were microinjected into the basal forebrain respectively. The effects of them on the induction (loss of the righting reflex) and the emergence time (return of the righting reflex) under isoflurane anesthesia were observed. The results showed that the numbers of c-Fos-immunoreactive orexinergic neurons in the hypothalamus decreased over time with continued isoflurane inhalation, but restored at emergence. Similar alterations were observed in changes of plasma orexin-A concentrations but not in orexin-B during emergence. Administration of orexins had no effect on the induction time, but orexin-A facilitated the emergence of rats from isoflurane anesthesia while orexin-B didn't. Conversely, microinjection of the orexin receptor-1 antagonist SB-334867A delayed emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. The results indicate that orexin-A plays a promotive role in the emergence of isoflurane anesthesia and this effect is mediated by the basal forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Education Ministry, Xian Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Cen Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Peng-Rong Ouyang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Education Ministry, Xian Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Ming-Zi Ran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Li Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Hai-Long Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Education Ministry, Xian Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China.
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Manayi A, Nabavi SM, Daglia M, Jafari S. Natural terpenoids as a promising source for modulation of GABAergic system and treatment of neurological diseases. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:671-9. [PMID: 27110875 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter reducing neural excitability in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) with three subclasses of receptors. Several conventional drugs and compounds modulate the GABAergic system, demonstrating different pharmacological effects. In this review, interactions of natural terpenoids with the GABAergic system are highlighted with relation to disorders like anxiety, insomnia, convulsion, pain, and cognitive deficits. Terpenoids with various structures affect the function of the GABAergic system via dissimilar mechanisms. Most of the discussed compounds interact with GABA receptors, but especially with the GABAA subtype. This may be due to the fact that researchers tend to assess the interaction of compounds using GABAA receptors. However, bilobalide, a sesquiterpene, showed anticonvulsant properties through the activation of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzyme, which is a key enzyme in biosynthesis of GABA. Therefore, further studies evaluating and comparing terpenoids of different classes and their interaction with the GABA system, along with their pharmacokinetic properties, could be worthwhile in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Manayi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Samineh Jafari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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36
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Chowdhury L, Croft CJ, Goel S, Zaman N, Tai ACS, Walch EM, Smith K, Page A, Shea KM, Hall CD, Jishkariani D, Pillai GG, Hall AC. Differential Potency of 2,6-Dimethylcyclohexanol Isomers for Positive Modulation of GABAA Receptor Currents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:570-9. [PMID: 27029583 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.228890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAA receptors meet all of the pharmacological requirements necessary to be considered important targets for the action of general anesthetic agents in the mammalian brain. In the following patch-clamp study, the relative modulatory effects of 2,6-dimethylcyclohexanol diastereomers were investigated on human GABAA (α1β3γ2s) receptor currents stably expressed in human embryonic kidney cells. Cis,cis-, trans,trans-, and cis,trans-isomers were isolated from commercially available 2,6-dimethylcyclohexanol and were tested for positive modulation of submaximal GABA responses. For example, the addition of 30 μM cis,cis-isomer resulted in an approximately 2- to 3-fold enhancement of the EC20 GABA current. Coapplications of 30 μM 2,6-dimethylcyclohexanol isomers produced a range of positive enhancements of control GABA responses with a rank order for positive modulation: cis,cis > trans,trans ≥ mixture of isomers > > cis,trans-isomer. In molecular modeling studies, the three cyclohexanol isomers bound with the highest binding energies to a pocket within transmembrane helices M1 and M2 of the β3 subunit through hydrogen-bonding interactions with a glutamine at the 224 position and a tyrosine at the 220 position. The energies for binding to and hydrogen-bond lengths within this pocket corresponded with the relative potencies of the agents for positive modulation of GABAA receptor currents (cis,cis > trans,trans > cis,trans-2,6-dimethylcyclohexanol). In conclusion, the stereochemical configuration within the dimethylcyclohexanols is an important molecular feature in conferring positive modulation of GABAA receptor activity and for binding to the receptor, a consideration that needs to be taken into account when designing novel anesthetics with enhanced therapeutic indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luvana Chowdhury
- Neuroscience Program, Departments of Biological Sciences (L.C., C.J.C., S.G., N.Z., A.C.-S.T., E.M.W., A.C.H.) and Chemistry (K.S., A.P., K.M.S.), Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (C.D.H., D.J., G.G.P.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila, Estonia (G.G.P.)
| | - Celine J Croft
- Neuroscience Program, Departments of Biological Sciences (L.C., C.J.C., S.G., N.Z., A.C.-S.T., E.M.W., A.C.H.) and Chemistry (K.S., A.P., K.M.S.), Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (C.D.H., D.J., G.G.P.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila, Estonia (G.G.P.)
| | - Shikha Goel
- Neuroscience Program, Departments of Biological Sciences (L.C., C.J.C., S.G., N.Z., A.C.-S.T., E.M.W., A.C.H.) and Chemistry (K.S., A.P., K.M.S.), Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (C.D.H., D.J., G.G.P.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila, Estonia (G.G.P.)
| | - Naina Zaman
- Neuroscience Program, Departments of Biological Sciences (L.C., C.J.C., S.G., N.Z., A.C.-S.T., E.M.W., A.C.H.) and Chemistry (K.S., A.P., K.M.S.), Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (C.D.H., D.J., G.G.P.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila, Estonia (G.G.P.)
| | - Angela C-S Tai
- Neuroscience Program, Departments of Biological Sciences (L.C., C.J.C., S.G., N.Z., A.C.-S.T., E.M.W., A.C.H.) and Chemistry (K.S., A.P., K.M.S.), Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (C.D.H., D.J., G.G.P.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila, Estonia (G.G.P.)
| | - Erin M Walch
- Neuroscience Program, Departments of Biological Sciences (L.C., C.J.C., S.G., N.Z., A.C.-S.T., E.M.W., A.C.H.) and Chemistry (K.S., A.P., K.M.S.), Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (C.D.H., D.J., G.G.P.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila, Estonia (G.G.P.)
| | - Kelly Smith
- Neuroscience Program, Departments of Biological Sciences (L.C., C.J.C., S.G., N.Z., A.C.-S.T., E.M.W., A.C.H.) and Chemistry (K.S., A.P., K.M.S.), Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (C.D.H., D.J., G.G.P.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila, Estonia (G.G.P.)
| | - Alexandra Page
- Neuroscience Program, Departments of Biological Sciences (L.C., C.J.C., S.G., N.Z., A.C.-S.T., E.M.W., A.C.H.) and Chemistry (K.S., A.P., K.M.S.), Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (C.D.H., D.J., G.G.P.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila, Estonia (G.G.P.)
| | - Kevin M Shea
- Neuroscience Program, Departments of Biological Sciences (L.C., C.J.C., S.G., N.Z., A.C.-S.T., E.M.W., A.C.H.) and Chemistry (K.S., A.P., K.M.S.), Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (C.D.H., D.J., G.G.P.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila, Estonia (G.G.P.)
| | - C Dennis Hall
- Neuroscience Program, Departments of Biological Sciences (L.C., C.J.C., S.G., N.Z., A.C.-S.T., E.M.W., A.C.H.) and Chemistry (K.S., A.P., K.M.S.), Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (C.D.H., D.J., G.G.P.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila, Estonia (G.G.P.)
| | - D Jishkariani
- Neuroscience Program, Departments of Biological Sciences (L.C., C.J.C., S.G., N.Z., A.C.-S.T., E.M.W., A.C.H.) and Chemistry (K.S., A.P., K.M.S.), Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (C.D.H., D.J., G.G.P.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila, Estonia (G.G.P.)
| | - Girinath G Pillai
- Neuroscience Program, Departments of Biological Sciences (L.C., C.J.C., S.G., N.Z., A.C.-S.T., E.M.W., A.C.H.) and Chemistry (K.S., A.P., K.M.S.), Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (C.D.H., D.J., G.G.P.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila, Estonia (G.G.P.)
| | - Adam C Hall
- Neuroscience Program, Departments of Biological Sciences (L.C., C.J.C., S.G., N.Z., A.C.-S.T., E.M.W., A.C.H.) and Chemistry (K.S., A.P., K.M.S.), Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (C.D.H., D.J., G.G.P.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila, Estonia (G.G.P.)
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Effects of monoterpenes on ion channels of excitable cells. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 152:83-97. [PMID: 25956464 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpenes are a structurally diverse group of phytochemicals and a major constituent of plant-derived 'essential oils'. Monoterpenes such as menthol, carvacrol, and eugenol have been utilized for therapeutical purposes and food additives for centuries and have been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and analgesic actions. In recent years there has been increasing interest in understanding the pharmacological actions of these molecules. There is evidence indicating that monoterpenes can modulate the functional properties of several types of voltage and ligand-gated ion channels, suggesting that some of their pharmacological actions may be mediated by modulations of ion channel function. In this report, we review the literature concerning the interaction of monoterpenes with various ion channels.
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Lau BK, Karim S, Goodchild AK, Vaughan CW, Drew GM. Menthol enhances phasic and tonic GABAA receptor-mediated currents in midbrain periaqueductal grey neurons. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2803-13. [PMID: 24460753 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Menthol, a naturally occurring compound in the essential oil of mint leaves, is used for its medicinal, sensory and fragrant properties. Menthol acts via transient receptor potential (TRPM8 and TRPA1) channels and as a positive allosteric modulator of recombinant GABAA receptors. Here, we examined the actions of menthol on GABAA receptor-mediated currents in intact midbrain slices. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were made from periaqueductal grey (PAG) neurons in midbrain slices from rats to determine the effects of menthol on GABAA receptor-mediated phasic IPSCs and tonic currents. KEY RESULTS Menthol (150-750 μM) produced a concentration-dependent prolongation of spontaneous GABAA receptor-mediated IPSCs, but not non-NMDA receptor-mediated EPSCs throughout the PAG. Menthol actions were unaffected by TRPM8 and TRPA1 antagonists, tetrodotoxin and the benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil. Menthol also enhanced a tonic current, which was sensitive to the GABAA receptor antagonists, picrotoxin (100 μM), bicuculline (30 μM) and Zn(2+) (100 μM), but unaffected by gabazine (10 μM) and a GABAC receptor antagonist, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid hydrate (TPMPA; 50 μM). In addition, menthol potentiated currents induced by the extrasynaptic GABAA receptor agonist THIP/gaboxadol (10 μM). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that menthol positively modulates both synaptic and extrasynaptic populations of GABAA receptors in native PAG neurons. The development of agents that potentiate GABAA -mediated tonic currents and phasic IPSCs in a manner similar to menthol could provide a basis for novel GABAA -related pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Lau
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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Kessler A, Sahin-Nadeem H, Lummis SCR, Weigel I, Pischetsrieder M, Buettner A, Villmann C. GABA(A) receptor modulation by terpenoids from Sideritis extracts. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:851-62. [PMID: 24273211 PMCID: PMC4384808 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE GABAA receptors are modulated by Sideritis extracts. The aim of this study was to identify single substances from Sideritis extracts responsible for GABAA receptor modulation. METHODS AND RESULTS Single volatile substances identified by GC have been tested in two expression systems, Xenopus oocytes and human embryonic kidney cells. Some of these substances, especially carvacrol, were highly potent on GABAA receptors composed of α1β2 and α1β2γ2 subunits. All effects measured were independent from the presence of the γ2 subunit. As Sideritis extracts contain a high amount of terpenes, 13 terpenes with similar structure elements were tested in the same way. Following a prescreening on α1β2 GABAA receptors, a high-throughput method was used for identification of the most effective terpenoid substances on GABA-affinity of α1β2γ2 receptors expressed in transfected cell lines. Isopulegol, pinocarveol, verbenol, and myrtenol were the most potent modifiers of GABAA receptor function. CONCLUSION Comparing the chemical structures, the action of terpenes on GABAA receptors is most probably due to the presence of hydroxyl groups and a bicyclic character of the substances tested. We propose an allosteric modulation independent from the γ2 subunit and similar to the action of alcohols and anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kessler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry Division, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
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40
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Ashoor A, Nordman JC, Veltri D, Yang KHS, Shuba Y, Al Kury L, Sadek B, Howarth FC, Shehu A, Kabbani N, Oz M. Menthol inhibits 5-HT3 receptor-mediated currents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:398-409. [PMID: 23965380 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.203976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of alcohol monoterpene menthol, a major active ingredient of the peppermint plant, were tested on the function of human 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. 5-HT (1 μM)-evoked currents recorded by two-electrode voltage-clamp technique were reversibly inhibited by menthol in a concentration-dependent (IC50 = 163 μM) manner. The effects of menthol developed gradually, reaching a steady-state level within 10-15 minutes and did not involve G-proteins, since GTPγS activity remained unaltered and the effect of menthol was not sensitive to pertussis toxin pretreatment. The actions of menthol were not stereoselective as (-), (+), and racemic menthol inhibited 5-HT3 receptor-mediated currents to the same extent. Menthol inhibition was not altered by intracellular 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid injections and transmembrane potential changes. The maximum inhibition observed for menthol was not reversed by increasing concentrations of 5-HT. Furthermore, specific binding of the 5-HT3 antagonist [(3)H]GR65630 was not altered in the presence of menthol (up to 1 mM), indicating that menthol acts as a noncompetitive antagonist of the 5-HT3 receptor. Finally, 5-HT3 receptor-mediated currents in acutely dissociated nodose ganglion neurons were also inhibited by menthol (100 μM). These data demonstrate that menthol, at pharmacologically relevant concentrations, is an allosteric inhibitor of 5-HT3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Ashoor
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Departments of Pharmacology (A.A., L.A.K., B.S., M.O.) and Physiology (F.C.H.), College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (J.C.N., N.K.), School of Systems Biology (D.V.), and Department of Computer Science (A.S.), George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; International Center of Molecular Physiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine (Y.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, California (K.-H.S.Y.)
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TRPM8 is the principal mediator of menthol-induced analgesia of acute and inflammatory pain. Pain 2013; 154:2169-2177. [PMID: 23820004 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Menthol, the cooling natural product of peppermint, is widely used in medicinal preparations for the relief of acute and inflammatory pain in sports injuries, arthritis, and other painful conditions. Menthol induces the sensation of cooling by activating TRPM8, an ion channel in cold-sensitive peripheral sensory neurons. Recent studies identified additional targets of menthol, including the irritant receptor, TRPA1, voltage-gated ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. It remains unclear which of these targets contribute to menthol-induced analgesia, or to the irritating side effects associated with menthol therapy. Here, we use genetic and pharmacological approaches in mice to probe the role of TRPM8 in analgesia induced by L-menthol, the predominant analgesic menthol isomer in medicinal preparations. L-menthol effectively diminished pain behavior elicited by chemical stimuli (capsaicin, acrolein, acetic acid), noxious heat, and inflammation (complete Freund's adjuvant). Genetic deletion of TRPM8 completely abolished analgesia by L-menthol in all these models, although other analgesics (acetaminophen) remained effective. Loss of L-menthol-induced analgesia was recapitulated in mice treated with a selective TRPM8 inhibitor, AMG2850. Selective activation of TRPM8 with WS-12, a menthol derivative that we characterized as a specific TRPM8 agonist in cultured sensory neurons and in vivo, also induced TRPM8-dependent analgesia of acute and inflammatory pain. L-menthol- and WS-12-induced analgesia was blocked by naloxone, suggesting activation of endogenous opioid-dependent analgesic pathways. Our data show that TRPM8 is the principal mediator of menthol-induced analgesia of acute and inflammatory pain. In contrast to menthol, selective TRPM8 agonists may produce analgesia more effectively, with diminished side effects.
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Rare ‘head-to-tail’ arrangement of guest molecules in the inclusion complexes of (+)- and (−)-menthol with β-cyclodextrin. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Klein AH, Sawyer CM, Takechi K, Davoodi A, Ivanov MA, Carstens MI, Carstens E. Topical hindpaw application of L-menthol decreases responsiveness to heat with biphasic effects on cold sensitivity of rat lumbar dorsal horn neurons. Neuroscience 2012; 219:234-42. [PMID: 22687951 PMCID: PMC3402706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Menthol is used in pharmaceutical applications because of its desired cooling and analgesic properties. The neural mechanism by which topical application of menthol decreases heat pain is not fully understood. We investigated the effects of topical menthol application on lumbar dorsal horn wide dynamic range and nociceptive-specific neuronal responses to noxious heat and cooling of glabrous hindpaw cutaneous receptive fields. Menthol increased thresholds for responses to noxious heat in a concentration-dependent manner. Menthol had a biphasic effect on cold-evoked responses, reducing the threshold (to warmer temperatures) at a low (1%) concentration and increasing threshold and reducing response magnitude at high (10%, 40%) concentrations. Menthol had little effect on responses to innocuous or noxious mechanical stimuli, ruling out a local anesthetic action. Application of 40% menthol to the contralateral hindpaw tended to reduce responses to cooling and noxious heat, suggesting a weak heterosegmental inhibitory effect. These results indicate that menthol has an analgesic effect on heat sensitivity of nociceptive dorsal horn neurons, as well as biphasic effects on cold sensitivity, consistent with previous behavioral observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H. Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior University of California, Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616
| | - Carolyn M. Sawyer
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior University of California, Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616
| | - Kenichi Takechi
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior University of California, Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616
| | - Auva Davoodi
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior University of California, Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616
| | - Margaret A. Ivanov
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior University of California, Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616
| | - Mirela Iodi Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior University of California, Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616
| | - E Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior University of California, Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616
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Pan R, Tian Y, Gao R, Li H, Zhao X, Barrett JE, Hu H. Central Mechanisms of Menthol-Induced Analgesia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 343:661-72. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.196717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Guimarães AG, Quintans JSS, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Monoterpenes with Analgesic Activity-A Systematic Review. Phytother Res 2012; 27:1-15. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana G. Guimarães
- Departamento de Fisiologia; Universidade Federal de Sergipe (DFS/UFS); São Cristóvão SE Brazil
| | - Jullyana S. S. Quintans
- Departamento de Fisiologia; Universidade Federal de Sergipe (DFS/UFS); São Cristóvão SE Brazil
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Alexeev M, Grosenbaugh DK, Mott DD, Fisher JL. The natural products magnolol and honokiol are positive allosteric modulators of both synaptic and extra-synaptic GABA(A) receptors. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:2507-14. [PMID: 22445602 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) estimates that nearly 40% of adults in the United States use alternative medicines, often in the form of an herbal supplement. Extracts from the tree bark of magnolia species have been used for centuries in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicines to treat a variety of neurological diseases, including anxiety, depression, and seizures. The active ingredients in the extracts have been identified as the bi-phenolic isomers magnolol and honokiol. These compounds were shown to enhance the activity of GABA(A) receptors, consistent with their biological effects. The GABA(A) receptors exhibit substantial subunit heterogeneity, which influences both their functional and pharmacological properties. We examined the activity of magnolol and honokiol at different populations of both neuronal and recombinant GABA(A) receptors to characterize their mechanism of action and to determine whether sensitivity to modulation was dependent upon the receptor's subunit composition. We found that magnolol and honokiol enhanced both phasic and tonic GABAergic neurotransmission in hippocampal dentate granule neurons. In addition, all recombinant receptors examined were sensitive to modulation, regardless of the identity of the α, β, or γ subunit subtype, although the compounds showed particularly high efficacy at δ-containing receptors. This direct positive modulation of both synaptic and extra-synaptic populations of GABA(A) receptors suggests that supplements containing magnolol and/or honokiol would be effective anxiolytics, sedatives, and anti-convulsants. However, significant side-effects and risk of drug interactions would also be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Alexeev
- Honors College, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Laub KR, Witschas K, Blicher A, Madsen SB, Lückhoff A, Heimburg T. Comparing ion conductance recordings of synthetic lipid bilayers with cell membranes containing TRP channels. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:1123-34. [PMID: 22305677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In this article we compare electrical conductance events from single channel recordings of three TRP channel proteins (TRPA1, TRPM2 and TRPM8) expressed in human embryonic kidney cells with channel events recorded on synthetic lipid membranes close to melting transitions. Ion channels from the TRP family are involved in a variety of sensory processes including thermo- and mechano-reception. Synthetic lipid membranes close to phase transitions display channel-like events that respond to stimuli related to changes in intensive thermodynamic variables such as pressure and temperature. TRP channel activity is characterized by typical patterns of current events dependent on the type of protein expressed. Synthetic lipid bilayers show a wide spectrum of electrical phenomena that are considered typical for the activity of protein ion channels. We find unitary currents, burst behavior, flickering, multistep-conductances, and spikes behavior in both preparations. Moreover, we report conductances and lifetimes for lipid channels as described for protein channels. Non-linear and asymmetric current-voltage relationships are seen in both systems. Without further knowledge of the recording conditions, no easy decision can be made whether short current traces originate from a channel protein or from a pure lipid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine R Laub
- Membrane Biophysics Group, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hans M, Wilhelm M, Swandulla D. Menthol suppresses nicotinic acetylcholine receptor functioning in sensory neurons via allosteric modulation. Chem Senses 2012; 37:463-9. [PMID: 22281529 PMCID: PMC3348174 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjr128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated how the function of native and recombinant nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) is modulated by the monoterpenoid alcohol from peppermint (−) menthol. In trigeminal neurons (TG), we found that nicotine (75 μM)-activated whole-cell currents through nAChRs were reversibly reduced by menthol in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 111 μM. To analyze the mechanism underlying menthol's action in more detail, we used single channel and whole-cell recordings from recombinant human α4β2 nAChR expressed in HEK tsA201 cells. Here, we found a shortening of channel open time and a prolongation of channel closed time, and an increase in single channel amplitude leading in summary to a reduction in single channel current. Furthermore, menthol did not affect nicotine's EC50 value for currents through recombinant human α4β2 nAChRs but caused a significant reduction in nicotine's efficacy. Taken together, these findings indicate that menthol is a negative allosteric modulator of nAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hans
- Department of Physiology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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A Single phenylalanine residue in the main intracellular loop of α1 γ-aminobutyric acid type A and glycine receptors influences their sensitivity to propofol. Anesthesiology 2011; 115:464-73. [PMID: 21673564 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e31822550f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intravenous anesthetic propofol acts as a positive allosteric modulator of glycine (GlyRs) and γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAARs) receptors. Although the role of transmembrane residues is recognized, little is known about the involvement of other regions in the modulatory effects of propofol. Therefore, the influence of the large intracellular loop in propofol sensitivity of both receptors was explored. METHODS The large intracellular loop of α1 GlyRs and α1β2 GABAARs was screened using alanine replacement. Sensitivity to propofol was studied using patch-clamp recording in HEK293 cells transiently transfected with wild type or mutant receptors. RESULTS Alanine mutation of a conserved phenylalanine residue within the α1 large intracellular loop significantly reduced propofol enhancement in both GlyRs (360 ± 30 vs. 75 ± 10%, mean ± SEM) and GABAARs (361 ± 49% vs. 80 ± 23%). Remarkably, propofol-hyposensitive mutant receptors retained their sensitivity to other allosteric modulators such as alcohols, etomidate, trichloroethanol, and isoflurane. At the single-channel level, the ability of propofol to increase open probability was significantly reduced in both α1 GlyR (189 ± 36 vs. 22 ± 13%) and α1β2 GABAAR (279 ± 29 vs. 29 ± 11%) mutant receptors. CONCLUSION In this study, it is demonstrated that the large intracellular loop of both GlyR and GABAAR has a conserved single phenylalanine residue (F380 and F385, respectively) that influences its sensitivity to propofol. Results suggest a new role of the large intracellular loop in the allosteric modulation of two members of the Cys-loop superfamily. Thus, these data provide new insights into the molecular framework behind the modulation of inhibitory ion channels by propofol.
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