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Ramos C, Roberts JB, Jasso KR, Ten Eyck TW, Everett T, Pozo P, Setlow B, McIntyre JC. Neuron-specific cilia loss differentially alters locomotor responses to amphetamine in mice. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:827-842. [PMID: 33175436 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The neural mechanisms that underlie responses to drugs of abuse are complex, and impacted by a number of neuromodulatory peptides. Within the past 10 years it has been discovered that several of the receptors for neuromodulators are enriched in the primary cilia of neurons. Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that project from the surface of nearly all mammalian cells, including neurons. Despite what we know about cilia, our understanding of how cilia regulate neuronal function and behavior is still limited. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the contributions of primary cilia on specific neuronal populations to behavioral responses to amphetamine. To test the consequences of cilia loss on amphetamine-induced locomotor activity we selectively ablated cilia from dopaminergic or GAD2-GABAergic neurons in mice. Cilia loss had no effect on baseline locomotion in either mouse strain. In mice lacking cilia on dopaminergic neurons, locomotor activity compared to wild- type mice was reduced in both sexes in response to acute administration of 3.0 mg/kg amphetamine. In contrast, changes in the locomotor response to amphetamine in mice lacking cilia on GAD2-GABAergic neurons were primarily driven by reductions in locomotor activity in males. Following repeated amphetamine administration (1.0 mg kg-1 day-1 over 5 days), mice lacking cilia on GAD2-GABAergic neurons exhibited enhanced sensitization of the locomotor stimulant response to the drug, whereas mice lacking cilia on dopaminergic neurons did not differ from wild-type controls. These results indicate that cilia play neuron-specific roles in both acute and neuroplastic responses to psychostimulant drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ramos
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jonté B Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kalene R Jasso
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tyler W Ten Eyck
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas Everett
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Patricia Pozo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Barry Setlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jeremy C McIntyre
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Morganstern I, Gulati G, Leibowitz SF. Role of melanin-concentrating hormone in drug use disorders. Brain Res 2020; 1741:146872. [PMID: 32360868 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a neuropeptide primarily transcribed in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), with vast projections to many areas throughout the central nervous system that play an important role in motivated behaviors and drug use. Anatomical, pharmacological and genetic studies implicate MCH in mediating the intake and reinforcement of commonly abused substances, acting by influencing several systems including the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, glutamatergic as well as GABAergic signaling and being modulated by inflammatory neuroimmune pathways. Further support for the role of MCH in controlling behavior related to drug use will be discussed as it relates to cerebral ventricular volume transmission and intracellular molecules including cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide, dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 kDa. The primary goal of this review is to introduce and summarize current literature surrounding the role of MCH in mediating the intake and reinforcement of commonly abused drugs, such as alcohol, cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine and opiates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gazal Gulati
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sarah F Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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3
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Runegaard AH, Jensen KL, Wörtwein G, Gether U. Initial rewarding effects of cocaine and amphetamine assessed in a day using the single‐exposure place preference protocol. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2156-2163. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika H. Runegaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory Department of Neuroscience Panum Institute – Maersk Tower 7.5 University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 3 Copenhagen DK‐2200 Denmark
| | - Kathrine Louise Jensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory Department of Neuroscience Panum Institute – Maersk Tower 7.5 University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 3 Copenhagen DK‐2200 Denmark
| | - Gitta Wörtwein
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry Psychiatric Center Copenhagen and Department of Neuroscience University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ulrik Gether
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Molecular Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory Department of Neuroscience Panum Institute – Maersk Tower 7.5 University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 3 Copenhagen DK‐2200 Denmark
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Logan RW, Hasler BP, Forbes EE, Franzen PL, Torregrossa MM, Huang YH, Buysse DJ, Clark DB, McClung CA. Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:987-996. [PMID: 29373120 PMCID: PMC5972052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sleep homeostasis and circadian function are important maintaining factors for optimal health and well-being. Conversely, sleep and circadian disruptions are implicated in a variety of adverse health outcomes, including substance use disorders. These risks are particularly salient during adolescence. Adolescents require 8 to 10 hours of sleep per night, although few consistently achieve these durations. A mismatch between developmental changes and social/environmental demands contributes to inadequate sleep. Homeostatic sleep drive takes longer to build, circadian rhythms naturally become delayed, and sensitivity to the phase-shifting effects of light increases, all of which lead to an evening preference (i.e., chronotype) during adolescence. In addition, school start times are often earlier in adolescence and the use of electronic devices at night increases, leading to disrupted sleep and circadian misalignment (i.e., social jet lag). Social factors (e.g., peer influence) and school demands further impact sleep and circadian rhythms. To cope with sleepiness, many teens regularly consume highly caffeinated energy drinks and other stimulants, creating further disruptions in sleep. Chronic sleep loss and circadian misalignment enhance developmental tendencies toward increased reward sensitivity and impulsivity, increasing the likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors and exacerbating the vulnerability to substance use and substance use disorders. We review the neurobiology of brain reward systems and the impact of sleep and circadian rhythms changes on addiction vulnerability in adolescence and suggest areas that warrant additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Logan
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Brant P Hasler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Erika E Forbes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter L Franzen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary M Torregrossa
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yanhua H Huang
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel J Buysse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Duncan B Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Colleen A McClung
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine.
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5
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Meta-analysis of melanin-concentrating hormone signaling-deficient mice on behavioral and metabolic phenotypes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99961. [PMID: 24924345 PMCID: PMC4055708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for meta-analyses in basic biomedical research has been increasing because the phenotyping of genetically modified mice does not always produce consistent results. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) has been reported to be involved in a variety of behaviors that include feeding, body-weight regulation, anxiety, sleep, and reward behavior. However, the reported behavioral and metabolic characteristics of MCH signaling-deficient mice, such as MCH-deficient mice and MCH receptor 1 (MCHR1)-deficient mice, are not consistent with each other. In the present study, we performed a meta-analysis of the published data related to MCH-deficient and MCHR1-deficient mice to obtain robust conclusions about the role of MCH signaling. Overall, the meta-analysis revealed that the deletion of MCH signaling enhanced wakefulness, locomotor activity, aggression, and male sexual behavior and that MCH signaling deficiency suppressed non-REM sleep, anxiety, responses to novelty, startle responses, and conditioned place preferences. In contrast to the acute orexigenic effect of MCH, MCH signaling deficiency significantly increased food intake. Overall, the meta-analysis also revealed that the deletion of MCH signaling suppressed the body weight, fat mass, and plasma leptin, while MCH signaling deficiency increased the body temperature, oxygen consumption, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure. The lean phenotype of the MCH signaling-deficient mice was also confirmed in separate meta-analyses that were specific to sex and background strain (i.e., C57BL/6 and 129Sv). MCH signaling deficiency caused a weak anxiolytic effect as assessed with the elevated plus maze and the open field test but also caused a weak anxiogenic effect as assessed with the emergence test. MCH signaling-deficient mice also exhibited increased plasma corticosterone under non-stressed conditions, which suggests enhanced activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. To the best of our knowledge, the present work is the first study to systematically compare the effects of MCH signaling on behavioral and metabolic phenotypes.
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Amphetamine reward in food restricted mice lacking the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1. Behav Brain Res 2014; 262:14-20. [PMID: 24412349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic food restriction (FR) and maintenance of low body weight have long been known to increase the rewarding and motor-activating effects of addictive drugs. However, the neurobiological mechanisms through which FR potentiates drug reward remain largely unknown. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) signaling could be one of these mechanisms since this peptide is involved in energy homeostasis and modulates mesolimbic dopaminergic transmission. The purpose of the present study was to test this hypothesis by investigating the impact of FR on amphetamine reward in wild-type (WT) and knockout mice lacking the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 (MCHR1-KO). The rewarding effects of amphetamine (0.75-2.25 mg/kg, i.p.) were measured with the conditioned place preference (CPP) technique. The food of the mice was restricted to maintain their body weight at 80-85% of their free-feeding (FF) weight throughout the entire CPP experiment. Locomotor activity of the animals was recorded during the conditioning sessions. Our results show that locomotion of all the food-restricted mice treated with saline or amphetamine increased over the sessions whatever the genotype. On the place preference test, the amplitude of CPP induced by 0.75 mg/kg amphetamine was higher in food restricted WT mice than in free-fed WT mice and food restricted MCHR1-KO mice. However, FR did not affect amphetamine reward in MCHR1-KO mice. The present results indicate that MCH signaling could be involved in the ability of FR to increase amphetamine-induced CPP.
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Hopf FW, Seif T, Chung S, Civelli O. MCH and apomorphine in combination enhance action potential firing of nucleus accumbens shell neurons in vitro. PeerJ 2013; 1:e61. [PMID: 23646281 PMCID: PMC3642701 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The MCH and dopamine receptor systems have been shown to modulate a number of behaviors related to reward processing, addiction, and neuropsychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia and depression. In addition, MCH and dopamine receptors can interact in a positive manner, for example in the expression of cocaine self-administration. A recent report (Chung et al., 2011a) showed that the DA1/DA2 dopamine receptor activator apomorphine suppresses pre-pulse inhibition, a preclinical model for some aspects of schizophrenia. Importantly, MCH can enhance the effects of lower doses of apomorphine, suggesting that co-modulation of dopamine and MCH receptors might alleviate some symptoms of schizophrenia with a lower dose of dopamine receptor modulator and thus fewer potential side effects. Here, we investigated whether MCH and apomorphine could enhance action potential firing in vitro in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAshell), a region which has previously been shown to mediate some behavioral effects of MCH. Using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, we found that MCH, which has no effect on firing on its own, was able to increase NAshell firing when combined with a subthreshold dose of apomorphine. Further, this MCH/apomorphine increase in firing was prevented by an antagonist of either a DA1 or a DA2 receptor, suggesting that apomorphine acts through both receptor types to enhance NAshell firing. The MCH/apomorphine-mediated firing increase was also prevented by an MCH receptor antagonist or a PKA inhibitor. Taken together, our results suggest that MCH can interact with lower doses of apomorphine to enhance NAshell firing, and thus that MCH and apomorphine might interact in vivo within the NAshell to suppress pre-pulse inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Woodward Hopf
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California , San Francisco, Emeryville, CA , USA
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Ablation of neurons expressing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) in adult mice improves glucose tolerance independent of MCH signaling. J Neurosci 2013; 33:2009-16. [PMID: 23365238 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3921-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)-expressing neurons have been ascribed many roles based on studies of MCH-deficient mice. However, MCH neurons express other neurotransmitters, including GABA, nesfatin, and cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript. The importance of these other signaling molecules made by MCH neurons remains incompletely characterized. To determine the roles of MCH neurons in vivo, we targeted expression of the human diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) to the gene for MCH (Pmch). Within 2 weeks of diphtheria toxin injection, heterozygous Pmch(DTR/+) mice lost 98% of their MCH neurons. These mice became lean but ate normally and were hyperactive, especially during a fast. They also responded abnormally to psychostimulants. For these phenotypes, ablation of MCH neurons recapitulated knock-out of MCH, so MCH appears to be the critical neuromodulator released by these neurons. In contrast, MCH-neuron-ablated mice showed improved glucose tolerance when compared with MCH-deficient mutant mice and wild-type mice. We conclude that MCH neurons regulate glucose tolerance through signaling molecules other than MCH.
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Barson JR, Morganstern I, Leibowitz SF. Complementary roles of orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone in feeding behavior. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:983964. [PMID: 23935621 PMCID: PMC3727095 DOI: 10.1155/2013/983964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcribed within the lateral hypothalamus, the neuropeptides orexin/hypocretin (OX) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) both promote palatable food intake and are stimulated by palatable food. While these two neuropeptides share this similar positive relationship with food, recent evidence suggests that this occurs through different albeit complementary effects on behavior, with OX promoting food seeking and motivation for palatable food and MCH functioning during ongoing food intake, reinforcing the consumption of calorically dense foods. Further differences are evident in their effects on physiological processes, which are largely opposite in nature. For example, activation of OX receptors, which is neuronally excitatory, promotes waking, increases energy expenditure, and enhances limbic dopamine levels and reward. In contrast, activation of MCH receptors, which is neuronally inhibitory, promotes paradoxical sleep, enhances energy conservation, reduces limbic dopamine, and increases depressive behavior. This review describes these different effects of the neuropeptides, developing the hypothesis that they stimulate the consumption of palatable food through excessive seeking in the case of OX and through excessive energy conservation in the case of MCH. It proposes that OX initiates food intake and subsequently stimulates MCH which then acts to prolong the consumption of palatable, energy-dense food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Barson
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Irene Morganstern
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sarah F. Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- *Sarah F. Leibowitz:
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Chung S, Verheij MMM, Hesseling P, van Vugt RWM, Buell M, Belluzzi JD, Geyer MA, Martens GJM, Civelli O. The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system modulates behaviors associated with psychiatric disorders. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19286. [PMID: 21818251 PMCID: PMC3139593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in sensorimotor gating measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle have been known as characteristics of patients with schizophrenia and related neuropsychiatric disorders. PPI disruption is thought to rely on the activity of the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system and is inhibited by most antipsychotic drugs. These drugs however act also at the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway and exert adverse locomotor responses. Finding a way to inhibit the mesocorticolimbic- without affecting the nigrostriatal-dopaminergic pathway may thus be beneficial to antipsychotic therapies. The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system has been shown to modulate dopamine-related responses. Its receptor (MCH1R) is expressed at high levels in the mesocorticolimbic and not in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways. Interestingly a genomic linkage study revealed significant associations between schizophrenia and markers located in the MCH1R gene locus. We hypothesize that the MCH system can selectively modulate the behavior associated with the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway. Using mice, we found that central administration of MCH potentiates apomorphine-induced PPI deficits. Using congenic rat lines that differ in their responses to PPI, we found that the rats that are susceptible to apomorphine (APO-SUS rats) and exhibit PPI deficits display higher MCH mRNA expression in the lateral hypothalamic region and that blocking the MCH system reverses their PPI deficits. On the other hand, in mice and rats, activation or inactivation of the MCH system does not affect stereotyped behaviors, dopamine-related responses that depend on the activity of the nigrostriatal pathway. Furthermore MCH does not affect dizocilpine-induced PPI deficit, a glutamate related response. Thus, our data present the MCH system as a regulator of sensorimotor gating, and provide a new rationale to understand the etiologies of schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjae Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Michel M. M. Verheij
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, and Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Hesseling
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, and Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben W. M. van Vugt
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, and Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mahalah Buell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - James D. Belluzzi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gerard J. M. Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, and Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Civelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhou JY, Mo ZX, Zhou SW. Rhynchophylline down-regulates NR2B expression in cortex and hippocampal CA1 area of amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference rat. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:557-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Drug addiction is mediated by complex neuronal processes that converge on the shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAcSh). The NAcSh receives inputs from the lateral hypothalamus (LH), where self-stimulation can be induced. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is produced mainly in the LH, and its receptor (MCH1R) is highly expressed in the NAcSh. We found that, in the NAcSh, MCH1R is coexpressed with dopamine receptors (D1R and D2R), and that MCH increases spike firing when both D1R and D2R are activated. Also, injecting MCH potentiates cocaine-induced hyperactivity in mice. Mice lacking MCH1R exhibit decreased cocaine-induced conditioned place preference, as well as cocaine sensitization. Using a specific MCH1R antagonist, we further show that acute blockade of the MCH system not only reduces cocaine self-administration, but also attenuates cue- and cocaine-induced reinstatement. Thus, the MCH system has an important modulatory role in cocaine reward and reinforcement by potentiating the dopaminergic system in the NAcSh, which may provide a new rationale for treating cocaine addiction.
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