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Guida CR, Maia JM, Ferreira LFR, Rahdar A, Branco LGS, Soriano RN. Advancements in addressing drug dependence: A review of promising therapeutic strategies and interventions. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111070. [PMID: 38908501 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Substance dependence represents a pervasive global concern within the realm of public health. Presently, it is delineated as a persistent and recurrent neurological disorder stemming from drug-triggered neuroadaptations in the brain's reward circuitry. Despite the availability of various therapeutic modalities, there has been a steady escalation in the mortality rate attributed to drug overdoses. Substantial endeavors have been directed towards the exploration of innovative interventions aimed at mitigating cravings and drug-induced repetitive behaviors. Within this review, we encapsulate the most auspicious contemporary treatment methodologies, accentuating meta-analyses of efficacious pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches: including gabapentin, topiramate, prazosin, physical exercise regimens, and cerebral stimulation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Rodrigues Guida
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG 35032-620, Brazil
| | - Juliana Marino Maia
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG 35032-620, Brazil
| | | | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol 538-98615, Iran
| | - Luiz G S Branco
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-904, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-900, Brazil.
| | - Renato Nery Soriano
- Division of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Basic Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG 35020-360, Brazil.
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Acuña AM, Park C, Leyrer-Jackson JM, Olive MF. Promising immunomodulators for management of substance and alcohol use disorders. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024; 25:867-884. [PMID: 38803314 PMCID: PMC11216154 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2360653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neuroimmune system has emerged as a novel target for the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs), with immunomodulation producing encouraging therapeutic benefits in both preclinical and clinical settings. AREAS COVERED In this review, we describe the mechanism of action and immune response to methamphetamine, opioids, cocaine, and alcohol. We then discuss off-label use of immunomodulators as adjunctive therapeutics in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, demonstrating their potential efficacy in affective and behavioral disorders. We then discuss in detail the mechanism of action and recent findings regarding the use of ibudilast, minocycline, probenecid, dexmedetomidine, pioglitazone, and cannabidiol to treat (SUDs). These immunomodulators are currently being investigated in clinical trials described herein, specifically for their potential to decrease substance use, withdrawal severity, central and peripheral inflammation, comorbid neuropsychiatric disorder symptomology, as well as their ability to improve cognitive outcomes. EXPERT OPINION We argue that although mixed, findings from recent preclinical and clinical studies underscore the potential benefit of immunomodulation in the treatment of the behavioral, cognitive, and inflammatory processes that underlie compulsive substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Acuña
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology Area, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Connor Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Jonna M. Leyrer-Jackson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - M. Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology Area, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Soares AR, Picciotto MR. Nicotinic regulation of microglia: potential contributions to addiction. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024; 131:425-435. [PMID: 37778006 PMCID: PMC11189589 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical studies have identified immunosuppressive effects of nicotine, with potential implications for treating nicotine addiction. Here we review how nicotine can regulate microglia, the resident macrophages in the brain, and corresponding effects of nicotine on neuroimmune signaling. There is significant evidence that activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on microglia can trigger an anti-inflammatory cascade that alters microglial polarization and activity, cytokine release, and intracellular calcium concentrations, leading to neuroprotection. These anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine-dependent α7 nAChR signaling are lost during withdrawal, suggesting that neuroimmune signaling is potentiated during abstinence, and thus, heightened microglial activity may drive circuit disruption that contributes to withdrawal symptoms and hyperkatifeia. In sum, the clinical literature has highlighted immunomodulatory effects of nicotine and the potential for anti-inflammatory compounds to treat addiction. The preclinical literature investigating the underlying mechanisms points to a role of microglial engagement in the circuit dysregulation and behavioral changes that occur during nicotine addiction and withdrawal, driven, at least in part, by activation of α7 nAChRs on microglia. Specifically targeting microglial signaling may help alleviate withdrawal symptoms in people with nicotine dependence and help to promote abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa R Soares
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 34 Park Street-3rd floor Research, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA
| | - Marina R Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 34 Park Street-3rd floor Research, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA.
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06508, USA.
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Grodin EN. Neuroimmune modulators as novel pharmacotherapies for substance use disorders. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 36:100744. [PMID: 38435721 PMCID: PMC10906159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
One promising avenue of research is the use of neuroimmune modulators to treat substance use disorders (SUDs). Neuroimmune modulators target the interactions between the nervous system and immune system, which have been found to play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of SUDs. Multiple classes of substances produce alterations to neuroimmune signaling and peripheral immune function, including alcohol, opioids, and psychostimulants Preclinical studies have shown that neuroimmune modulators can reduce drug-seeking behavior and prevent relapse in animal models of SUDs. Additionally, early-phase clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of using neuroimmune modulators as a treatment for SUDs in humans. These therapeutics can be used as stand-alone treatments or as adjunctive. This review summarizes the current state of the field and provides future directions with a specific focus on personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica N. Grodin
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Li H, Watkins LR, Wang X. Microglia in neuroimmunopharmacology and drug addiction. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02443-6. [PMID: 38302560 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic and debilitating disease that is considered a global health problem. Various cell types in the brain are involved in the progression of drug addiction. Recently, the xenobiotic hypothesis has been proposed, which frames substances of abuse as exogenous molecules that are responded to by the immune system as foreign "invaders", thus triggering protective inflammatory responses. An emerging body of literature reveals that microglia, the primary resident immune cells in the brain, play an important role in the progression of addiction. Repeated cycles of drug administration cause a progressive, persistent induction of neuroinflammation by releasing microglial proinflammatory cytokines and their metabolic products. This contributes to drug addiction via modulation of neuronal function. In this review, we focus on the role of microglia in the etiology of drug addiction. Then, we discuss the dynamic states of microglia and the correlative and causal evidence linking microglia to drug addiction. Finally, possible mechanisms of how microglia sense drug-related stimuli and modulate the addiction state and how microglia-targeted anti-inflammation therapies affect addiction are reviewed. Understanding the role of microglia in drug addiction may help develop new treatment strategies to fight this devastating societal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Li
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China.
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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Zheng X, Yang J, Hou Y, Shi X, Liu K. Prediction of clinical progression in nervous system diseases: plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:51. [PMID: 38216970 PMCID: PMC10785482 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an intracellular type III intermediate filament protein, provides structural support and maintains the mechanical integrity of astrocytes. It is predominantly found in the astrocytes which are the most abundant subtypes of glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. As a marker protein of astrocytes, GFAP may exert a variety of physiological effects in neurological diseases. For example, previous published literatures showed that autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, the studies of GFAP in brain tumors mainly focus on the predictive value of tumor volume. Furthermore, using biomarkers in the early setting will lead to a simplified and standardized way to estimate the poor outcome in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and ischemic stroke. Recently, observational studies revealed that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) GFAP, as a valuable potential diagnostic biomarker for neurosyphilis, had a sensitivity of 76.60% and specificity of 85.56%. The reason plasma GFAP could serve as a promising biomarker for diagnosis and prediction of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is that it effectively distinguished AD dementia from multiple neurodegenerative diseases and predicted the individual risk of AD progression. In addition, GFAP can be helpful in differentiating relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) versus progressive MS (PMS). This review article aims to provide an overview of GFAP in the prediction of clinical progression in neuroinflammation, brain tumors, TBI, ischemic stroke, genetic disorders, neurodegeneration and other diseases in the CNS and to explore the potential therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, Changchun, China
| | - Jingyao Yang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yiwei Hou
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, Changchun, China
| | - Xinye Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Yingkang Yisheng General Hospital, Renmin North Road 5188#, Yuncheng, China
| | - Kangding Liu
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, Changchun, China.
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Loftis JM, Ramani S, Firsick EJ, Hudson R, Le-Cook A, Murnane KS, Vandenbark A, Shirley RL. Immunotherapeutic treatment of inflammation in mice exposed to methamphetamine. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1259041. [PMID: 38025429 PMCID: PMC10666795 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1259041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Currently, there are no FDA-approved medications to treat methamphetamine addiction, including the inflammatory, neurotoxic, and adverse neuropsychiatric effects. We have shown that partial (p)MHC class II constructs (i.e., Recombinant T-cell receptor Ligand - RTL1000), comprised of the extracellular α1 and β1 domains of MHC class II molecules linked covalently to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-35-55 peptide, can address the neuroimmune effects of methamphetamine addiction through its ability to bind to and down-regulate CD74 expression, block macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) signaling, and reduce levels of pro-inflammatory chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). The present study evaluated the effects of our third-generation pMHC II construct, DRmQ, on cognitive function and concentration of inflammatory cytokines in the frontal cortex, a region critical for cognitive functions such as memory, impulse control, and problem solving. Methods Female and male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to methamphetamine (or saline) via subcutaneous (s.c.) injections administered four times per day every other day for 14 days. Following methamphetamine exposure, mice received immunotherapy (DRmQ or ibudilast) or vehicle s.c. injections daily for five days. Cognitive function was assessed using the novel object recognition test (NORT). To evaluate the effects of immunotherapy on inflammation in the frontal cortex, multiplex immunoassays were conducted. ANOVA was used to compare exploration times on the NORT and immune factor concentrations. Results Post hoc analysis revealed increased novel object exploration time in MA-DRmQ treated mice, as compared to MA-VEH treated mice (non-significant trend). One-way ANOVA detected a significant difference across the groups in the concentration of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) (p = 0.03). Post hoc tests indicated that mice treated with methamphetamine and DRmQ or ibudilast had significantly lower levels of MIP-2 in frontal cortex, as compared to mice treated with methamphetamine and vehicle (p > 0.05). Discussion By specifically targeting CD74, our DRQ constructs can block the signaling of MIF, inhibiting the downstream signaling and pro-inflammatory effects that contribute to and perpetuate methamphetamine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Loftis
- Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Methamphetamine Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sankrith Ramani
- Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Evan J. Firsick
- Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Rebekah Hudson
- Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Anh Le-Cook
- Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Kevin S. Murnane
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Arthur Vandenbark
- Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Brown KT, Levis SC, O'Neill CE, Levy C, Rice KC, Watkins LR, Bachtell RK. Toll-like receptor 4 antagonists reduce cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug seeking. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1587-1600. [PMID: 37286899 PMCID: PMC10732226 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06392-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cocaine can increase inflammatory neuroimmune markers, including chemokines and cytokines characteristic of innate inflammatory responding. Prior work indicates that the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) initiates this response, and administration of TLR4 antagonists provides mixed evidence that TLR4 contributes to cocaine reward and reinforcement. OBJECTIVE These studies utilize (+)-naltrexone, the TLR4 antagonist, and mu-opioid inactive enantiomer to examine the role of TLR4 on cocaine self-administration and cocaine seeking in rats. METHODS (+)-Naltrexone was continuously administered via an osmotic mini-pump during the acquisition or maintenance of cocaine self-administration. The motivation to acquire cocaine was assessed using a progressive ratio schedule following either continuous and acute (+)-naltrexone administration. The effects of (+)-naltrexone on cocaine seeking were assessed using both a cue craving model and a drug-primed reinstatement model. The highly selective TLR4 antagonist, lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-Rs), was administered into the nucleus accumbens to determine the effectiveness of TLR4 blockade on cocaine-primed reinstatement. RESULTS (+)-Naltrexone administration did not alter the acquisition or maintenance of cocaine self-administration. Similarly, (+)-naltrexone was ineffective at altering the progressive ratio responding. Continuous administration of (+)-naltrexone during forced abstinence did not impact cued cocaine seeking. Acute systemic administration of (+)-naltrexone dose-dependently decreased cocaine-primed reinstatement of previously extinguished cocaine seeking, and administration of LPS-Rs into the nucleus accumbens shell also reduced cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking. DISCUSSION These results complement previous studies suggesting that the TLR4 plays a role in cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking, but may have a more limited role in cocaine reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sophia C Levis
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Casey E O'Neill
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Catherine Levy
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ryan K Bachtell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
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Karimi-Haghighi S, Chavoshinezhad S, Mozafari R, Noorbakhsh F, Borhani-Haghighi A, Haghparast A. Neuroinflammatory Response in Reward-Associated Psychostimulants and Opioids: A Review. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:649-682. [PMID: 35461410 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Substance abuse is one of the significant problems in social and public health worldwide. Vast numbers of evidence illustrate that motivational and reinforcing impacts of addictive drugs are primarily attributed to their ability to change dopamine signaling in the reward circuit. However, the roles of classic neurotransmitters, especially dopamine and neuromodulators, monoamines, and neuropeptides, in reinforcing characteristics of abused drugs have been extensively investigated. It has recently been revealed that central immune signaling includes cascades of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines released by neurons and glia via downstream intracellular signaling pathways that play a crucial role in mediating rewarding behavioral effects of drugs. More interestingly, inflammatory responses in the central nervous system modulate the mesolimbic dopamine signaling and glutamate-dependent currents induced by addictive drugs. This review summarized researches in the alterations of inflammatory responses accompanied by rewarding and reinforcing properties of addictive drugs, including cocaine, methamphetamine, and opioids that were evaluated by conditioned place preference and self-administration procedures as highly common behavioral tests to investigate the motivational and reinforcing impacts of addictive drugs. The neuroinflammatory responses affect the rewarding properties of psychostimulants and opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Karimi-Haghighi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Chavoshinezhad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Mozafari
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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Cuitavi J, Torres-Pérez JV, Lorente JD, Campos-Jurado Y, Andrés-Herrera P, Polache A, Agustín-Pavón C, Hipólito L. Crosstalk between Mu-Opioid receptors and neuroinflammation: Consequences for drug addiction and pain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 145:105011. [PMID: 36565942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.105011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mu-Opioid Receptors (MORs) are well-known for participating in analgesia, sedation, drug addiction, and other physiological functions. Although MORs have been related to neuroinflammation their biological mechanism remains unclear. It is suggested that MORs work alongside Toll-Like Receptors to enhance the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines during pathological conditions. Some cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, have been postulated to regulate MORs levels by both avoiding MOR recycling and enhancing its production. In addition, Neurokinin-1 Receptor, also affected during neuroinflammation, could be regulating MOR trafficking. Therefore, inflammation in the central nervous system seems to be associated with altered/increased MORs expression, which might regulate harmful processes, such as drug addiction and pain. Here, we provide a critical evaluation on MORs' role during neuroinflammation and its implication for these conditions. Understanding MORs' functioning, their regulation and implications on drug addiction and pain may help elucidate their potential therapeutic use against these pathological conditions and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cuitavi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n., 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Jose Vicente Torres-Pérez
- Department of Cellular Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n., 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jesús David Lorente
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n., 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Yolanda Campos-Jurado
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n., 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Paula Andrés-Herrera
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n., 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ana Polache
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n., 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Carmen Agustín-Pavón
- Department of Cellular Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n., 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Lucía Hipólito
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n., 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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Smiley CE, Wood SK. Stress- and drug-induced neuroimmune signaling as a therapeutic target for comorbid anxiety and substance use disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108212. [PMID: 35580690 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Stress and substance use disorders remain two of the most highly prevalent psychiatric conditions and are often comorbid. While individually these conditions have a debilitating impact on the patient and a high cost to society, the symptomology and treatment outcomes are further exacerbated when they occur together. As such, there are few effective treatment options for these patients, and recent investigation has sought to determine the neural processes underlying the co-occurrence of these disorders to identify novel treatment targets. One such mechanism that has been linked to stress- and addiction-related conditions is neuroimmune signaling. Increases in inflammatory factors across the brain have been heavily implicated in the etiology of these disorders, and this review seeks to determine the nature of this relationship. According to the "dual-hit" hypothesis, also referred to as neuroimmune priming, prior exposure to either stress or drugs of abuse can sensitize the neuroimmune system to be hyperresponsive when exposed to these insults in the future. This review completes an examination of the literature surrounding stress-induced increases in inflammation across clinical and preclinical studies along with a summarization of the evidence regarding drug-induced alterations in inflammatory factors. These changes in neuroimmune profiles are also discussed within the context of their impact on the neural circuitry responsible for stress responsiveness and addictive behaviors. Further, this review explores the connection between neuroimmune signaling and susceptibility to these conditions and highlights the anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapies that may be used for the treatment of stress and substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora E Smiley
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, United States of America; WJB Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209, United States of America.
| | - Susan K Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, United States of America; WJB Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209, United States of America.
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Meredith LR, Green R, Grodin EN, Chorpita M, Miotto K, Ray LA. Ibudilast moderates the effect of mood on alcohol craving during stress exposure. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:620-631. [PMID: 36102596 PMCID: PMC9484034 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is implicated in the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and neuroimmune therapeutics show promise in treating AUD. Proinflammatory signaling contributes to progressive elevations in the dysfunction of mood and alcohol craving. The current study sought to examine potential biobehavioral mechanisms of neuroimmune modulation in AUD under experimental conditions. In a community sample of individuals with AUD who completed a placebo-controlled crossover trial of ibudilast, we tested the effect of ibudilast on the relationship between mood states and alcohol craving. Multilevel modeling analyses tested the hypothesis that ibudilast would moderate the effect of positive and negative mood states on alcohol craving during stress and cue exposures. Results revealed that after stress-induction, participants' feelings of depression and happiness were more strongly predictive of their craving for alcohol while taking ibudilast as compared with placebo (ps < .03). These results suggest that with neuroimmune modulation, positive and negative mood states may have a stronger influence on one's desire to drink, such that craving may be more mood dependent. No moderating effect of ibudilast on mood states and craving were observed after alcohol cue exposure. Given the potential of anti-inflammatory treatments to reduce depressive symptomatology, this strengthened relationship between mood and craving under ibudilast might reduce the likelihood of stress-related craving and subsequent drinking over time. Moreover, ibudilast may enhance the benefits of happiness, such that maintaining positive mood in the face of acute stress may attenuate craving. Future trials directly testing the clinical implications of these mechanistic findings are warranted. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - ReJoyce Green
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erica N. Grodin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marie Chorpita
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karen Miotto
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lara A. Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Methamphetamine induced neurotoxic diseases, molecular mechanism, and current treatment strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113591. [PMID: 36007276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is a extremely addictive psychostimulant drug with a significant abuse potential. Long-term MA exposure can induce neurotoxic effects through oxidative stress, mitochondrial functional impairment, endoplasmic reticulum stress, the activation of astrocytes and microglial cells, axonal transport barriers, autophagy, and apoptosis. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying MA-induced neurotoxicity remain unclear. MA abuse increases the chances of developing neurotoxic conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurotoxic diseases. MA increases the risk of PD by increasing the expression of alpha-synuclein (ASYN). Furthermore, MA abuse is linked to high chances of developing AD and subsequent neurodegeneration due to biological variations in the brain region or genetic and epigenetic variations. To date, there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapy for MA-induced neurotoxicity, although many studies are being conducted to develop effective therapeutic strategies. Most current studies are now focused on developing therapies to diminish the neurotoxic effects of MA, based on the underlying mechanism of neurotoxicity. This review article highlights current research on several therapeutic techniques targeting multiple pathways to reduce the neurotoxic effects of MA in the brain, as well as the putative mechanism of MA-induced neurotoxicity.
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14
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Meredith LR, Grodin EN, Montoya AK, Miranda R, Squeglia LM, Towns B, Evans C, Ray LA. The effect of neuroimmune modulation on subjective response to alcohol in the natural environment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:876-890. [PMID: 35362101 PMCID: PMC10460619 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the promising implications for novel immune therapeutics, few clinical trials have tested these therapies to date. An understanding of how immune pharmacotherapies influence complex alcohol use disorder (AUD) profiles, including subjective response to alcohol, is very limited. Initial findings show that ibudilast, a neuroimmune modulator, reduces rates of heavy drinking and measures of alcohol craving. METHODS This study is a secondary analysis of a 2-week clinical trial of ibudilast that enrolled a nontreatment-seeking sample with AUD. Eligible participants (N = 52) were randomized to receive ibudilast or matched placebo and completed daily diary assessments (DDAs) during the 2-week period. Each morning, participants reported on their mood and craving levels both before and during the previous day's drinking episode, as well as stimulation and sedation levels during the previous day's drinking episode. Multilevel models were used to compare the effects of ibudilast and placebo on subjective alcohol response. Exploratory analyses tested whether ibudilast moderated the relationship between daily stimulation/sedation and alcohol intake and whether withdrawal-related dysphoria moderated ibudilast's effects on subjective response. RESULTS Ibudilast did not significantly alter mean levels of stimulation or sedation (p's > 0.05). It did, however, moderate the effect of daily stimulation on drinking (p = 0.045). Ibudilast attenuated alcohol-induced increases in craving compared with placebo (p = 0.047), but not other subjective response measures. Ibudilast significantly tempered daily alcohol-induced changes in urge to drink and positive mood only among individuals without withdrawal-related dysphoria. CONCLUSIONS Ibudilast's effects on subjective alcohol responses appear to be nuanced and perhaps most salient for individuals drinking for positive reinforcement as distinguished from those who drink to feel normal. Consistent with previous findings, reductions in alcohol craving may represent a primary mechanism of ibudilast's effects on drinking. The ecologically valid nature of DDAs provide a clinically useful window into how individuals experience alcohol's effects while taking ibudilast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica N. Grodin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amanda K. Montoya
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Miranda
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- E. P. Bradley Hospital, Riverside, RI, USA
| | - Lindsay M. Squeglia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Brandon Towns
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Evans
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lara A. Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Honeywell KM, Doren EV, Szumlinski KK. Selective Inhibition of PDE4B Reduces Methamphetamine Reinforcement in Two C57BL/6 Substrains. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4872. [PMID: 35563262 PMCID: PMC9099926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is a highly addictive psychostimulant drug, and the number of MA-related overdose deaths has reached epidemic proportions. Repeated MA exposure induces a robust and persistent neuroinflammatory response, and the evidence supports the potential utility of targeting neuroimmune function using non-selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors as a therapeutic strategy for attenuating addiction-related behavior. Off-target, emetic effects associated with non-selective PDE4 blockade led to the development of isozyme-selective inhibitors, of which the PDE4B-selective inhibitor A33 was demonstrated recently to reduce binge drinking in two genetically related C57BL/6 (B6) substrains (C57BL/6NJ (B6NJ) and C57BL/6J (B6J)) that differ in their innate neuroimmune response. Herein, we determined the efficacy of A33 for reducing MA self-administration and MA-seeking behavior in these two B6 substrains. Female and male mice of both substrains were first trained to nose poke for a 100 mg/L MA solution followed by a characterization of the dose-response function for oral MA reinforcement (20 mg/L-3.2 g/L), the demand-response function for 400 mg/L MA, and cue-elicited MA seeking following a period of forced abstinence. During this substrain comparison of MA self-administration, we also determined the dose-response function for A33 pretreatment (0-1 mg/kg) on the maintenance of MA self-administration and cue-elicited MA seeking. Relative to B6NJ mice, B6J mice earned fewer reinforcers, consumed less MA, and took longer to reach acquisition criterion with males of both substrains exhibiting some signs of lower MA reinforcement than their female counterparts during the acquisition phase of the study. A33 pretreatment reduced MA reinforcement at all doses tested. These findings provide the first evidence that pretreatment with a selective PDE4B inhibitor effectively reduces MA self-administration in both male and female mice of two genetically distinct substrains but does not impact cue-elicited MA seeking following abstinence. If relevant to humans, these results posit the potential clinical utility of A33 or other selective PDE4B inhibitors for curbing active drug-taking in MA use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Honeywell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA; (K.M.H.); (E.V.D.)
| | - Eliyana Van Doren
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA; (K.M.H.); (E.V.D.)
| | - Karen K. Szumlinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA; (K.M.H.); (E.V.D.)
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA
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16
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Olsen CM, Corrigan JD. Does Traumatic Brain Injury Cause Risky Substance Use or Substance Use Disorder? Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:421-437. [PMID: 34561027 PMCID: PMC8776913 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is a high co-occurrence of risky substance use among adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI), although it is unknown if the neurologic sequelae of TBI can promote this behavior. We propose that to conclude that TBI can cause risky substance use, it must be determined that TBI precedes risky substance use, that confounders with the potential to increase the likelihood of both TBI and risky substance use must be ruled out, and that there must be a plausible mechanism of action. In this review, we address these factors by providing an overview of key clinical and preclinical studies and list plausible mechanisms by which TBI could increase risky substance use. Human and animal studies have identified an association between TBI and risky substance use, although the strength of this association varies. Factors that may limit detection of this relationship include differential variability due to substance, sex, age of injury, and confounders that may influence the likelihood of both TBI and risky substance use. We propose possible mechanisms by which TBI could increase substance use that include damage-associated neuroplasticity, chronic changes in neuroimmune signaling, and TBI-associated alterations in brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Olsen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
| | - John D Corrigan
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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17
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Baek JJ, Kline H, Deveau CM, Yamamoto BK. Roflumilast treatment during forced abstinence reduces relapse to methamphetamine seeking and taking. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13082. [PMID: 34363284 PMCID: PMC8720055 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant with high abuse potential. Currently, there are no pharmacological treatments specific for METH abuse or stimulant use disorder generally. Although phosphodiesterase inhibitors have shown some promise, current animal models have not examined their use in abstinence from stimulant abuse. We employed a METH self-administration model in the rat followed by a forced abstinence period during which roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, was administered. A detailed behavioral analysis of chronic treatment with roflumilast during 7 days of forced abstinence showed that roflumilast reduced METH seeking and METH taking upon subsequent relapse test. Roflumilast treatment during 7 days of forced abstinence did not affect sucrose seeking and sucrose taking behaviors. These data suggest that roflumilast may be a treatment for METH use disorder that is effective when administered only during abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Baek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Hannah Kline
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Carmen M Deveau
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Bryan K Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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18
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Agarwal K, Manza P, Chapman M, Nawal N, Biesecker E, McPherson K, Dennis E, Johnson A, Volkow ND, Joseph PV. Inflammatory Markers in Substance Use and Mood Disorders: A Neuroimaging Perspective. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:863734. [PMID: 35558424 PMCID: PMC9086785 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.863734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to addictive drugs in substance use disorders and stressors in mood disorders render the brain more vulnerable to inflammation. Inflammation in the brain, or neuroinflammation, is characterized by gliosis, microglial activation, and sustained release of cytokines, chemokines, and pro-inflammatory factors compromising the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. There is increased curiosity in understanding how substance misuse and/or repeated stress exposure affect inflammation and contribute to abnormal neuronal activity, altered neuroplasticity, and impaired cognitive control, which eventually promote compulsive drug-use behaviors and worsen mood disorders. This review will emphasize human imaging studies to explore the link between brain function and peripheral markers of inflammation in substance use disorders and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Agarwal
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism, Division of Intramural Research, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peter Manza
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marquis Chapman
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nafisa Nawal
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Erin Biesecker
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Katherine McPherson
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Evan Dennis
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Allison Johnson
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Paule V Joseph
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism, Division of Intramural Research, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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19
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Liu J, Li JX, Wu R. Toll-Like Receptor 4: A Novel Target to Tackle Drug Addiction? Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 276:275-290. [PMID: 35434747 PMCID: PMC9829382 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic brain disease characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors despite the major negative consequences. Current well-established neuronal underpinnings of drug addiction have promoted the substantial progress in understanding this disorder. However, non-neuronal mechanisms of drug addiction have long been underestimated. Fortunately, increased evidence indicates that neuroimmune system, especially Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, plays an important role in the different stages of drug addiction. Drugs like opioids, psychostimulants, and alcohol activate TLR4 signaling and enhance the proinflammatory response, which is associated with drug reward-related behaviors. While extensive studies have shown that inhibition of TLR4 attenuated drug-related responses, there are conflicting findings implicating that TLR4 signaling may not be essential to drug addiction. In this chapter, preclinical and clinical studies will be discussed to further evaluate whether TLR4-based neuroimmune pharmacotherapy can be used to treat drug addiction. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms underlying the effects of TLR4 inhibition in modulating drug-related behaviors will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Liu
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA,Corresponding authors: Dr. Jun-Xu Li, , Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214. Tel: +1 716 829 2482; Fax: +1 716 829 2801 And Dr. Ruyan Wu, , School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Ruyan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA,School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Corresponding authors: Dr. Jun-Xu Li, , Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214. Tel: +1 716 829 2482; Fax: +1 716 829 2801 And Dr. Ruyan Wu, , School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
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20
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Mu L, Liu X, Yu H, Hu M, Friedman V, Kelly TJ, Zhao L, Liu QS. Ibudilast attenuates cocaine self-administration and prime- and cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. Neuropharmacology 2021; 201:108830. [PMID: 34626665 PMCID: PMC8656241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ibudilast is a non-selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor and glial cell modulator which has shown great promise for the treatment of drug and alcohol use disorders in recent clinical studies. However, it is unknown whether and how ibudilast affects cocaine seeking behavior. Here we show that systemic administration of ibudilast dose-dependently reduced cocaine self-administration under fixed- and progressive-ratio reinforcement schedules in rats and shifted cocaine dose-response curves downward. In addition, ibudilast decreased cocaine prime- and cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. These results indicate that ibudilast was effective in reducing the reinforcing effects of cocaine and relapse to cocaine seeking. Chronic cocaine exposure induces cAMP-related neuroadaptations in the reward circuitry of the brain. To investigate potential mechanisms for ibudilast-induced attenuation of cocaine self-administration, we recorded from ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons in ex vivo midbrain slices prepared from rats that had undergone saline and cocaine self-administration. We found cocaine self-administration led to a decrease in inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs), an increase in the AMPAR/NMDAR ratio, and an increase in the excitation to inhibition (E/I) ratio. Ibudilast pretreatments enhanced GABAergic inhibition and did not further change cocaine-induced potentiation of excitation, leading to normalization of the E/I ratio. Restoration of the balance between excitation and inhibition in VTA dopamine neurons may contribute to the attenuation of cocaine self-administration by ibudilast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianwei Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA; Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mengming Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Vladislav Friedman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Thomas J Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qing-Song Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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21
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Chand S, Gowen A, Savine M, Moore D, Clark A, Huynh W, Wu N, Odegaard K, Weyrich L, Bevins RA, Fox HS, Pendyala G, Yelamanchili SV. A comprehensive study to delineate the role of an extracellular vesicle-associated microRNA-29a in chronic methamphetamine use disorder. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12177. [PMID: 34913274 PMCID: PMC8674191 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which express a repertoire of cargo molecules (cf. proteins, microRNA, lipids, etc.), have been garnering a prominent role in the modulation of several cellular processes. Here, using both non-human primate and rodent model systems, we provide evidence that brain-derived EV (BDE) miRNA, miR-29a-3p (mir-29a), is significantly increased during chronic methamphetamine (MA) exposure. Further, miR-29a levels show significant increase both with drug-seeking and reinstatement in a rat MA self-administration model. We also show that EV-associated miR-29a is enriched in EV pool comprising of small EVs and exomeres and further plays a critical role in MA-induced inflammation and synaptodendritic damage. Furthermore, treatment with the anti-inflammatory drug ibudilast (AV411), which is known to reduce MA relapse, decreased the expression of miR-29a and subsequently attenuated inflammation and rescued synaptodendritic injury. Finally, using plasma from MUD subjects, we provide translational evidence that EV-miR29a could potentially serve as a biomarker to detect neuronal damage in humans diagnosed with MA use disorder (MUD). In summary, our work suggests that EV-associated miR-29a-3p plays a crucial role in MUD and might be used as a potential blood-based biomarker for detecting chronic inflammation and synaptic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Chand
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Austin Gowen
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Mason Savine
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Dalia Moore
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Alexander Clark
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Wendy Huynh
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Nebraska–Lincoln (UNL)LincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Niming Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental NeuroscienceUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Katherine Odegaard
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
| | | | - Rick A. Bevins
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Nebraska–Lincoln (UNL)LincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Howard S. Fox
- Department of Neurological SciencesUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Gurudutt Pendyala
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Sowmya V. Yelamanchili
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
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22
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O'Sullivan SJ, Schwaber JS. Similarities in alcohol and opioid withdrawal syndromes suggest common negative reinforcement mechanisms involving the interoceptive antireward pathway. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:355-364. [PMID: 33647322 PMCID: PMC8555739 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol and opioids are two major contributors to so-called deaths of despair. Though the effects of these substances on mammalian systems are distinct, commonalities in their withdrawal syndromes suggest a shared pathophysiology. For example, both are characterized by marked autonomic dysregulation and are treated with alpha-2 agonists. Moreover, alcohol and opioids rapidly induce dependence motivated by withdrawal avoidance. Resemblances observed in withdrawal syndromes and abuse behavior may indicate common addiction mechanisms. We argue that neurovisceral feedback influences autonomic and emotional circuits generating antireward similarly for both substances. Amygdala is central to this hypothesis as it is principally responsible for negative emotion, prominent in addiction and motivated behavior, and processes autonomic inputs while generating autonomic outputs. The solitary nucleus (NTS) has strong bidirectional connections to the amygdala and receives interoceptive inputs communicating visceral states via vagal afferents. These visceral-emotional hubs are strongly influenced by the periphery including gut microbiota. We propose that gut dysbiosis contributes to alcohol and opioid withdrawal syndromes by contributing to peripheral and neuroinflammation that stimulates these antireward pathways and motivates substance dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J O'Sullivan
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James S Schwaber
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Ahearn OC, Watson MN, Rawls SM. Chemokines, cytokines and substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 220:108511. [PMID: 33465606 PMCID: PMC7889725 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficacious pharmacotherapies for the treatment of substance use disorders need to be expanded and improved. Non-neuronal cells, particularly astrocytes and microglia, have emerged as therapeutic targets for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat dependence and relapse that accompanies chronic drug use. Cytokines and chemokines are neuroimmune factors expressed in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia that demonstrate promising clinical utility as therapeutic targets for substance use disorders. In this review, we describe a role for cytokines and chemokines in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of alcohol, opioids, and psychostimulants. We also discuss emerging cytokine- and chemokine-based therapeutic strategies that differ from conventional strategies directed toward transporters and receptors within the dopamine, glutamate, GABA, serotonin, and GABA systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C. Ahearn
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mia N. Watson
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott M. Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Female rats display higher methamphetamine-primed reinstatement and c-Fos immunoreactivity than male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 201:173089. [PMID: 33422599 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (meth) dependence is often characterized by persistent and chronic relapse (i.e., return to drug use). Previous work suggests females may be at greater risk to relapse. In this study, we extended this limited evidence and identified sex-dependent neural substrates related to meth-triggered reinstatement. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with indwelling jugular catheters. Half of the rats were then trained to self-administer meth (0.05 mg/kg/inf); the other half self-administered saline during 21 daily sessions (2 h). Rats were then given 12 extinction sessions. Twenty-four hours after the last extinction session, rats received reinstatement testing. Half of the rats received a meth-prime (0.3 mg/kg, IP) injection and the remaining rats received a saline injection. This design resulted in 4 separate groups for each sex, allowing for careful investigation of brain regions related to meth-triggered reinstatement. Brains were harvested following the reinstatement session and c-Fos immunoreactivity was measured in multiple brain regions. Meth triggered reinstatement in both sexes and this effect was more robust in females compared to males. Significant sex differences were detected. Females showed greater c-Fos immunoreactivity in the cingulate cortex area 1, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, prelimbic cortex, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens core and shell, and central nucleus of the amygdala following meth-primed reinstatement.
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Rathitharan G, Truong J, Tong J, McCluskey T, Meyer JH, Mizrahi R, Warsh J, Rusjan P, Kennedy JL, Houle S, Kish SJ, Boileau I. Microglia imaging in methamphetamine use disorder: a positron emission tomography study with the 18 kDa translocator protein radioligand [F-18]FEPPA. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12876. [PMID: 32017280 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Activation of brain microglial cells, microgliosis, has been linked to methamphetamine (MA)-seeking behavior, suggesting that microglia could be a new therapeutic target for MA use disorder. Animal data show marked brain microglial activation following acute high-dose MA, but microglial status in human MA users is uncertain, with one positron emission tomography (PET) investigation reporting massively and globally increased translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO; [C-11](R)-PK11195) binding, a biomarker for microgliosis, in MA users. Our aim was to measure binding of a second-generation TSPO radioligand, [F-18]FEPPA, in brain of human chronic MA users. Regional total volume of distribution (VT ) of [F-18]FEPPA was estimated with a two-tissue compartment model with arterial plasma input function for 10 regions of interest in 11 actively using MA users and 26 controls. A RM-ANOVA corrected for TSPO rs6971 polymorphism was employed to test significance. There was no main effect of group on [F-18]FEPPA VT (P = .81). No significant correlations between [F-18]FEPPA VT and MA use duration, weekly dosage, blood MA concentrations, regional brain volumes, and self-reported craving were observed. Our preliminary findings, consistent with our earlier postmortem data, do not suggest substantial brain microgliosis in MA use disorder but do not rule out microglia as a therapeutic target in MA addiction. Absence of increased [F-18]FEPPA TSPO binding might be related to insufficient MA dose or blunting of microglial response following repeated MA exposure, as suggested by some animal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gausiha Rathitharan
- Research Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Jennifer Truong
- Research Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Junchao Tong
- Research Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Tina McCluskey
- Research Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Jeffrey H. Meyer
- Research Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Research Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Jerry Warsh
- Research Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Pablo Rusjan
- Research Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - James L. Kennedy
- Research Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sylvain Houle
- Research Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Stephen J. Kish
- Research Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Research Imaging Centre Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Campbell Mental Health Research Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation as a Pivot in Drug Abuse. A Focus on the Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Agents and Biomolecules. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090830. [PMID: 32899889 PMCID: PMC7555323 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug abuse is a major global health and economic problem. However, there are no pharmacological treatments to effectively reduce the compulsive use of most drugs of abuse. Despite exerting different mechanisms of action, all drugs of abuse promote the activation of the brain reward system, with lasting neurobiological consequences that potentiate subsequent consumption. Recent evidence shows that the brain displays marked oxidative stress and neuroinflammation following chronic drug consumption. Brain oxidative stress and neuroinflammation disrupt glutamate homeostasis by impairing synaptic and extra-synaptic glutamate transport, reducing GLT-1, and system Xc− activities respectively, which increases glutamatergic neurotransmission. This effect consolidates the relapse-promoting effect of drug-related cues, thus sustaining drug craving and subsequent drug consumption. Recently, promising results as experimental treatments to reduce drug consumption and relapse have been shown by (i) antioxidant and anti-inflammatory synthetic molecules whose effects reach the brain; (ii) natural biomolecules secreted by mesenchymal stem cells that excel in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, delivered via non-invasive intranasal administration to animal models of drug abuse and (iii) potent anti-inflammatory microRNAs and anti-miRNAs which target the microglia and reduce neuroinflammation and drug craving. In this review, we address the neurobiological consequences of brain oxidative stress and neuroinflammation that follow the chronic consumption of most drugs of abuse, and the current and potential therapeutic effects of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents and biomolecules to reduce these drug-induced alterations and to prevent relapse.
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Loftis JM, Navis T, Taylor J, Hudson R, Person U, Lattal KM, Vandenbark AA, Shirley R, Huckans M. Partial MHC/neuroantigen peptide constructs attenuate methamphetamine-seeking and brain chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 levels in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 880:173175. [PMID: 32416183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There are no medications that target the neurotoxic effects or reduce the use of methamphetamine. Recombinant T-cell receptor ligand (RTL) 1000 [a partial major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) class II construct with a tethered myelin peptide], addresses the neuroimmune effects of methamphetamine addiction by competitively inhibiting the disease-promoting activity of macrophage migration inhibitory factor to CD74, a key pathway involved in several chronic inflammatory conditions, including substance use disorders. We previously reported that RTL constructs improve learning and memory impairments and central nervous system (CNS) inflammation induced by methamphetamine in mouse models. The present study in Lewis rats evaluated the effects of RTL1000 on maintenance of self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement using operant behavioral methods. Post-mortem brain and serum samples were evaluated for the levels of inflammatory factors. Rats treated with RTL1000 displayed significantly fewer presses on the active lever as compared to rats treated with vehicle during the initial extinction session, indicating more rapid extinction in the presence of RTL1000. Immunoblotting of rat brain sections revealed reduced levels of the pro-inflammatory chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) in the frontal cortex of rats treated with RTL1000, as compared to vehicle. Post hoc analysis identified a positive association between the levels of CCL2 detected in the frontal cortex and the number of lever presses during the first extinction session. Taken together, results suggest that RTL1000 may block downstream inflammatory effects of methamphetamine exposure and facilitate reduced drug seeking-potentially offering a new strategy for the treatment of methamphetamine-induced CNS injury and neuropsychiatric impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Loftis
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Methamphetamine Research Center, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Tommy Navis
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jonathan Taylor
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rebekah Hudson
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ulziibat Person
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - K Matthew Lattal
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Renee Shirley
- Virogenomics BioDevelopment, Inc., Portland, OR, USA
| | - Marilyn Huckans
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Methamphetamine Research Center, Portland, OR, USA; Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Division, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
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28
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Abstract
The pervasive and devastating nature of substance use disorders underlies the need for the continued development of novel pharmacotherapies. We now know that glia play a much greater role in neuronal processes than once believed. The various types of glial cells (e.g., astrocytes, microglial, oligodendrocytes) participate in numerous functions that are crucial to healthy central nervous system function. Drugs of abuse have been shown to interact with glia in ways that directly contribute to the pharmacodynamic effects responsible for their abuse potential. Through their effect upon glia, drugs of abuse also alter brain function resulting in behavioral changes associated with substance use disorders. Therefore, drug-induced changes in glia and inflammation within the central nervous system (neuroinflammation) have been investigated to treat various aspects of drug abuse and dependence. This article presents a brief overview of the effects of each of the major classes of addictive drugs on glia. Next, the paper reviews the pre-clinical and clinical studies assessing the effects that glial modulators have on abuse-related behavioral effects, such as pleasure, withdrawal, and motivation. There is a strong body of pre-clinical literature demonstrating the general effectiveness of several glia-modulating drugs in models of reward and relapse. Clinical studies have also yielded promising results, though not as robust. There is still much to disentangle regarding the integration between addictive drugs and glial cells. Improved understanding of the relationship between glia and the pathophysiology of drug abuse should allow for more precise exploration in the development and testing of glial-directed treatments for substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermaine D. Jones
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
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29
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Karimi‐Haghighi S, Dargahi L, Haghparast A. Cannabidiol modulates the expression of neuroinflammatory factors in stress- and drug-induced reinstatement of methamphetamine in extinguished rats. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12740. [PMID: 30793820 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly potent and addictive psychostimulant that is frequently abused worldwide. Although the biggest challenge to the efficient treatment of drug dependence is relapse, its mechanism is completely unclear. Plenty of evidence suggests that inflammation contributes to drug-induced reward especially in brain regions that are involved in the reward system, but there is no document about relapse. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a nonpsychoactive cannabinoid that has powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. A previous research in our laboratory has demonstrated that CBD prevents reinstatement of METH even in 24-hour rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-deprived (RSD) rats. The aim of this study was to assess whether CBD prevents reinstatement of METH through change of gene expression of cytokines such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in extinguished rats. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used in this research to assay gene expression of cytokines. We found that stress- and drug-induced reinstatement of METH enhanced mRNA expression of cytokines in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus. Furthermore, CBD treatment significantly reduced the mRNA expression of cytokines in the PFC and hippocampus, but CBD treatment in RSD rats increased expression of cytokines in the hippocampus. It seems that enhancement of cytokines leads to change in neurotransmission and so triggers reinstatement of METH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Karimi‐Haghighi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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30
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Li MJ, Briones MS, Heinzerling KG, Kalmin MM, Shoptaw SJ. Ibudilast attenuates peripheral inflammatory effects of methamphetamine in patients with methamphetamine use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 206:107776. [PMID: 31812878 PMCID: PMC7012103 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical studies suggest that the non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, Ibudilast (IBUD) may contribute to the treatment of methamphetamine (METH) use disorder through the attenuation of METH-induced inflammatory markers such as adhesion molecules, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1, and cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to test whether treatment with IBUD can attenuate peripheral markers of inflammation during a METH challenge in an inpatient clinical trial of 11 patients. METHODS This trial followed a randomized, within-subjects crossover design where participants received a METH challenge, during which five participants were treated with placebo then with IBUD, while the remaining six participants were treated with IBUD prior to placebo. Mixed effects regression modeled changes in peripheral markers of inflammation-sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, TNF-α, IL-6, MIF, and cathepsin D-by treatment condition, with measurements at baseline, 60 min post-METH infusion, and 360 min post-METH infusion. RESULTS While on placebo, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and cathepsin D significantly increased by 60 min post-METH infusion, while IL-6 significantly increased 360 min post-METH infusion. Treatment with IBUD significantly reduced METH-induced levels of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and cathepsin D at 60 min post-METH infusion. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that IBUD attenuated acute pro-inflammatory effects of METH administration, which may have implications for treatment of METH use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Li
- Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
| | - Marisa S Briones
- Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Keith G Heinzerling
- Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Mariah M Kalmin
- Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Steven J Shoptaw
- Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
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Heinzerling KG, Briones M, Thames AD, Hinkin CH, Zhu T, Wu YN, Shoptaw SJ. Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Targeting Neuroinflammation with Ibudilast to Treat Methamphetamine Use Disorder. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 15:238-248. [PMID: 31820289 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09883-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) triggers neuroinflammation and medications that counteract MA-induced neuroinflammation may reduce MA-induced neurodegeneration and improve neurocognition and treatment outcomes in MA use disorder. We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to determine the safety and efficacy of ibudilast (IBUD), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that reduces neuroinflammation, for the treatment of MA use disorder. Treatment-seeking volunteers with MA use disorder were randomly assigned to receive 12 weeks of IBUD 50 mg twice daily (N = 64) or placebo (N = 61) with medication management counseling. Participants visited the outpatient research clinic twice weekly to provide urine specimens for drug screens and undergo study assessments. The primary outcome was end of treatment MA-abstinence (EOTA) during weeks 11 and 12 of treatment. Serum IBUID levels were measured for IBUD participants during week 3 of treatment. There was no difference in EOTA for IBUD (14%) versus placebo (16%, p > 0.05). There was no correlation between serum IBUD levels and MA use during treatment and mean IBUD levels for participants with (mean = 51.3, SD = 20.3) and without (mean = 54.7, SD = 33.0, p = 0.70) EOTA. IBUD was well tolerated. IBUD did not facilitate MA abstinence in this outpatient trial. Whether targeting neuroinflammation, either with IBUD in other subgroups of MA users or clinical trial designs, or with other anti-inflammatory medications, is an effective strategy for treating MA use disorder is not clear. Graphical Abstract The proportion of urine drug screens negative for methamphetamine (MA) during the two week lead-in period (weeks -2 and - 1) and the 12 week medication treatment period (weeks 1-12) for ibudilast versus placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith G Heinzerling
- Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Marisa Briones
- Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - April D Thames
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles H Hinkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tianle Zhu
- Department of Statistics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ying Nian Wu
- Department of Statistics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven J Shoptaw
- Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Guo LK, Wang ZY, Lu GY, Wu N, Dong GM, Ma CM, Zhang RL, Song R, Li J. Inhibition of naltrexone on relapse in methamphetamine self-administration and conditioned place preference in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Alvarez-Carbonell D, Ye F, Ramanath N, Garcia-Mesa Y, Knapp PE, Hauser KF, Karn J. Cross-talk between microglia and neurons regulates HIV latency. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008249. [PMID: 31887215 PMCID: PMC6953890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are found in nearly one-third of patients. Using a cellular co-culture system including neurons and human microglia infected with HIV (hμglia/HIV), we investigated the hypothesis that HIV-dependent neurological degeneration results from the periodic emergence of HIV from latency within microglial cells in response to neuronal damage or inflammatory signals. When a clonal hμglia/HIV population (HC69) expressing HIV, or HIV infected human primary and iPSC-derived microglial cells, were cultured for a short-term (24 h) with healthy neurons, HIV was silenced. The neuron-dependent induction of latency in HC69 cells was recapitulated using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived GABAergic cortical (iCort) and dopaminergic (iDopaNer), but not motor (iMotorNer), neurons. By contrast, damaged neurons induce HIV expression in latently infected microglial cells. After 48-72 h co-culture, low levels of HIV expression appear to damage neurons, which further enhances HIV expression. There was a marked reduction in intact dendrites staining for microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2) in the neurons exposed to HIV-expressing microglial cells, indicating extensive dendritic pruning. To model neurotoxicity induced by methamphetamine (METH), we treated cells with nM levels of METH and suboptimal levels of poly (I:C), a TLR3 agonist that mimics the effects of the circulating bacterial rRNA found in HIV infected patients. This combination of agents potently induced HIV expression, with the METH effect mediated by the σ1 receptor (σ1R). In co-cultures of HC69 cells with iCort neurons, the combination of METH and poly(I:C) induced HIV expression and dendritic damage beyond levels seen using either agent alone, Thus, our results demonstrate that the cross-talk between healthy neurons and microglia modulates HIV expression, while HIV expression impairs this intrinsic molecular mechanism resulting in the excessive and uncontrolled stimulation of microglia-mediated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alvarez-Carbonell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fengchun Ye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nirmala Ramanath
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yoelvis Garcia-Mesa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Pamela E. Knapp
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kurt F. Hauser
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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Liśkiewicz A, Przybyła M, Park M, Liśkiewicz D, Nowacka-Chmielewska M, Małecki A, Barski J, Lewin-Kowalik J, Toborek M. Methamphetamine-associated cognitive decline is attenuated by neutralizing IL-1 signaling. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:247-254. [PMID: 30885840 PMCID: PMC7210788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) abusers are prone to develop a variety of comorbidities, including cognitive disabilities, and the immunological responses have been recognized as an important component involved in the toxicity of this drug. Cytokines are among the key mediators between systemic inflammatory status and tissue responses. One of these, interleukin 1 (IL-1), has been hypothesized to be involved in cognitive functions and also appears to play a pivotal role among inflammatory molecules. In the present study, we demonstrate that exposure of mice to METH markedly increased the protein level of IL-1β in hippocampal tissue. Additionally, METH administration induced a decline in spatial learning as determined by the Morris water maze test. We next evaluated the hypothesis that blocking IL-1β signaling can protect against METH-induced loss of cognitive functioning. The results indicated that METH-induced impaired spatial learning abilities were attenuated by co-administration of mouse IL-1 Trap, a dimeric fusion protein that incorporates the extracellular domains of both of the IL-1 receptor components required for IL-1 signaling (IL-1 receptor type 1 and IL-1 receptor accessory protein), linked to the Fc portion of murine IgG2a. This effect was associated with a decrease in hippocampal IL-1β level. The current study indicates for the first time that the loss of METH-related cognitive decline can be attenuated by neutralizing IL-1 signaling. Our findings suggest a potential new therapeutic pathway for treatment of altered cognitive abilities that occur in METH abusing individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Liśkiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice 40-065, Poland; Department of Physiology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40-752, Poland.
| | - Marta Przybyła
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice 40-065, Poland; Department for Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Minseon Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Daniela Liśkiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice 40-065, Poland; Department for Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Marta Nowacka-Chmielewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice 40-065, Poland; Department for Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Andrzej Małecki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice 40-065, Poland
| | - Jarosław Barski
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Joanna Lewin-Kowalik
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Michal Toborek
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice 40-065, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Kohno M, Link J, Dennis LE, McCready H, Huckans M, Hoffman WF, Loftis JM. Neuroinflammation in addiction: A review of neuroimaging studies and potential immunotherapies. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 179:34-42. [PMID: 30695700 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a worldwide public health problem and this article reviews scientific advances in identifying the role of neuroinflammation in the genesis, maintenance, and treatment of substance use disorders. With an emphasis on neuroimaging techniques, this review examines human studies of addiction using positron emission tomography to identify binding of translocator protein (TSPO), which is upregulated in reactive glial cells and activated microglia during pathological states. High TSPO levels have been shown in methamphetamine use but exhibits variable patterns in cocaine use. Alcohol and nicotine use, however, are associated with lower TSPO levels. We discuss how mechanistic differences at the neurotransmitter and circuit level in the neural effects of these agents and subsequent immune response may explain these observations. Finally, we review the potential of anti-inflammatory drugs, including ibudilast, minocycline, and pioglitazone, to ameliorate the behavioral and cognitive consequences of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milky Kohno
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, USA; Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University and Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jeanne Link
- Center for Radiochemistry Research, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Laura E Dennis
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA; Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University and Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Holly McCready
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA; Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University and Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Marilyn Huckans
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, USA; Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Division, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA; Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University and Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - William F Hoffman
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, USA; Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Division, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA; Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University and Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer M Loftis
- Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, USA; Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University and Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
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Mitchell CM, El Jordi O, Yamamoto BK. Inflammatory mechanisms of abused drugs. ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Dave S, Chen L, Yu C, Seaton M, Khodr CE, Al-Harthi L, Hu XT. Methamphetamine decreases K + channel function in human fetal astrocytes by activating the trace amine-associated receptor type-1. J Neurochem 2018; 148:29-45. [PMID: 30295919 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) is a potent and commonly abused psychostimulant. Meth alters neuron and astrocyte activity; yet the underlying mechanism(s) is not fully understood. Here we assessed the impact of acute Meth on human fetal astrocytes (HFAs) using whole-cell patch-clamping. We found that HFAs displayed a large voltage-gated K+ efflux (IKv ) through Kv /Kv -like channels during membrane depolarization, and a smaller K+ influx (Ikir ) via inward-rectifying Kir /Kir -like channels during membrane hyperpolarization. Meth at a 'recreational' (20 μM) or toxic/fatal (100 μM) concentration depolarized resting membrane potential (RMP) and suppressed IKv/Kv-like . These changes were associated with a decreased time constant (Ƭ), and mimicked by blocking the two-pore domain K+ (K2P )/K2P -like and Kv /Kv -like channels, respectively. Meth also diminished IKir/Kir-like , but only at toxic/fatal levels. Given that Meth is a potent agonist for the trace amine-associated receptor type-1 (TAAR1), and TAAR1-coupled cAMP/cAMP-activated protein kinase (PKA) cascade, we further evaluated whether the Meth impact on K+ efflux was mediated by this pathway. We found that antagonizing TAAR1 with N-(3-Ethoxyphenyl)-4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (EPPTB) reversed Meth-induced suppression of IKv/Kv-like ; and inhibiting PKA activity by H89 abolished Meth effects on suppressing IKv/Kv-like . Antagonizing TAAR1 might also attenuate Meth-induced RMP depolarization. Voltage-gated Ca2+ currents were not detected in HFAs. These novel findings demonstrate that Meth suppresses IKv/Kv-like by facilitating the TAAR1/Gs /cAMP/PKA cascade and altering the kinetics of Kv /Kv -like channel gating, but reduces K2P /K2P -like channel activity through other pathway(s), in HFAs. Given that Meth-induced decrease in astrocytic K+ efflux through K2P /K2P -like and Kv /Kv -like channels reduces extracellular K+ levels, such reduction could consequently contribute to a decreased excitability of surrounding neurons. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Dave
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chunjiang Yu
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Melanie Seaton
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christina E Khodr
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiu-Ti Hu
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Linker KE, Cross SJ, Leslie FM. Glial mechanisms underlying substance use disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2574-2589. [PMID: 30240518 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a devastating disorder that produces persistent maladaptive changes to the central nervous system, including glial cells. Although there is an extensive body of literature examining the neuronal mechanisms of substance use disorders, effective therapies remain elusive. Glia, particularly microglia and astrocytes, have an emerging and meaningful role in a variety of processes beyond inflammation and immune surveillance, and may represent a promising therapeutic target. Indeed, glia actively modulate neurotransmission, synaptic connectivity and neural circuit function, and are critically poised to contribute to addictive-like brain states and behaviors. In this review, we argue that glia influence the cellular, molecular, and synaptic changes that occur in neurons following drug exposure, and that this cellular relationship is critically modified following drug exposure. We discuss direct actions of abused drugs on glial function through immune receptors, such as Toll-like receptor 4, as well as other mechanisms. We highlight how drugs of abuse affect glia-neural communication, and the profound effects that glial-derived factors have on neuronal excitability, structure, and function. Recent research demonstrates that glia have brain region-specific functions, and glia in different brain regions have distinct contributions to drug-associated behaviors. We will also evaluate the evidence demonstrating that glial activation is essential for drug reward and drug-induced dopamine release, and highlight clinical evidence showing that glial mechanisms contribute to drug abuse liability. In this review, we synthesize the extensive evidence that glia have a unique, pivotal, and underappreciated role in the development and maintenance of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Linker
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - S J Cross
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - F M Leslie
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Inflammasome Activation by Methamphetamine Potentiates Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation of IL-1β Production in Microglia. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:237-253. [PMID: 29492824 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) is an addictive psychostimulant abused worldwide. Ample evidence indicate that chronic abuse of Meth induces neurotoxicity via microglia-associated neuroinflammation and the activated microglia present in both Meth-administered animals and human abusers. The development of anti-neuroinflammation as a therapeutic strategy against Meth dependence promotes research to identify inflammatory pathways that are specifically tied to Meth-induced neurotoxicity. Currently, the exact mechanisms for Meth-induced microglia activation are largely unknown. NLRP3 is a well-studied cytosolic pattern recognition receptor (PRR), which promotes the assembly of the inflammasome in response to the danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). It is our hypothesis that Meth activates NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and promotes the processing and release of interleukin (IL)-1β, resulting in neurotoxic activity. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects of Meth on IL-1β maturation and release from rat cortical microglial cultures. Incubation of microglia with physiologically relevant concentrations of Meth after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) priming produced an enhancement on IL-1β maturation and release. Meth treatment potentiated aggregation of inflammasome adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), induced activation of the IL-1β converting enzyme caspase-1 and produced lysosomal and mitochondrial impairment. Blockade of capase-1 activity, lysosomal cathepsin B activity or mitochondrial ROS production by their specific inhibitors reversed the effects of Meth, demonstrating an involvement of inflammasome in Meth-induced microglia activation. Taken together, our results suggest that Meth triggers microglial inflammasome activation in a manner dependent on both mitochondrial and lysosomal danger-signaling pathways.
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Brown KT, Levis SC, O’Neill CE, Northcutt AL, Fabisiak TJ, Watkins LR, Bachtell RK. Innate immune signaling in the ventral tegmental area contributes to drug-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:130-138. [PMID: 28813640 PMCID: PMC6252252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by persistent perturbations to an organism's homeostatic processes that result in maladaptive drug seeking. Although considerable attention has been directed at the consequences of neuronal changes following chronic cocaine taking, few studies have examined the role of microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, following chronic cocaine administration. Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) is a molecular pattern receptor that recognizes pathogens, danger signals, and xenobiotics and induces proinflammatory signaling in the central nervous system. TLR4 is generally considered to be expressed primarily by microglia. Here, we used a rodent model of cocaine addiction to investigate the role of TLR4 in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in cocaine seeking. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to self-administer cocaine in daily 2-h sessions for 15days. Following self-administration, rats underwent extinction training and were tested in a drug-primed reinstatement paradigm. Pharmacological antagonism of TLR4 in the VTA using lipopolysaccharide from the bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-RS) significantly reduced cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug seeking but had no effect on sucrose seeking. TLR4 activation within the VTA using the TLR4 activator, lipopolysaccharide, was sufficient to moderately reinstate cocaine seeking. We also assessed changes in proinflammatory cytokine expression in the VTA following cocaine self-administration. Cocaine self-administration increased the expression of mRNA for the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1ß, but not tumor necrosis factor alpha, in the VTA. Pharmacological antagonism of the interleukin-1 receptor in the VTA reduced cocaine-primed drug seeking. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that chronic cocaine produces inflammatory signaling that contributes to cocaine seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T. Brown
- Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Muenzinger Building, Boulder, CO 80309, United States., (K.T. Brown)
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Bachtell RK, Jones JD, Heinzerling KG, Beardsley PM, Comer SD. Glial and neuroinflammatory targets for treating substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 180:156-170. [PMID: 28892721 PMCID: PMC5790191 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plenary session at the 2016 Behavior, Biology and Chemistry: Translational Research in Addiction Conference focused on glia as potential players in the development, persistence and treatment of substance use disorders. Glia partake in various functions that are important for healthy brain activity. Drugs of abuse alter glial cell activity producing several perturbations in brain function that are thought to contribute to behavioral changes associated with substance use disorders. Consequently, drug-induced changes in glia-driven processes in the brain represent potential targets for pharmacotherapeutics treating substance use disorders. METHODS Four speakers presented preclinical and clinical research illustrating the effects that glial modulators have on abuse-related behavioral effects of psychostimulants and opioids. This review highlights some of these findings and expands its focus to include other research focused on drug-induced glia abnormalities and glia-focused treatment approaches in substance use disorders. RESULTS Preclinical findings show that drugs of abuse induce neuroinflammatory signals and disrupt glutamate homeostasis through their interaction with microglia and astrocytes. Preclinical and clinical studies testing the effects of glial modulators show general effectiveness in reducing behaviors associated with substance use disorders. CONCLUSIONS The contribution of drug-induced glial activity continues to emerge as an intriguing target for substance use disorder treatments. Clinical investigations of glial modulators have yielded promising results on substance use measures and indicate that they are generally safe and well-tolerated. However, results have not been entirely positive and more questions remain for continued exploration in the development and testing of glial-directed treatments for substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K. Bachtell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and Center for Neuroscience, UCB 345, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jermaine D. Jones
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Keith G. Heinzerling
- Department of Family Medicine and Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick M. Beardsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Sandra D. Comer
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Ibudilast reduces oxaliplatin-induced tactile allodynia and cognitive impairments in rats. Behav Brain Res 2017; 334:109-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Birath JB, Briones M, Amaya S, Shoptaw S, Swanson AN, Tsuang J, Furst B, Heinzerling K, Obermeit L, Maes L, McKay C, Wright MJ. Ibudilast may improve attention during early abstinence from methamphetamine. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 178:386-390. [PMID: 28704767 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inattention is a deficit related to instilling abstinence from methamphetamine (MA) dependence. This study aimed to determine whether ibudilast (IB; 50mg bid) improves attentional abilities compared to placebo during early abstinence from MA dependence. METHODS Attention was assessed in 11 MA-dependent non-treatment seeking participants in a phase IB safety-interaction trial. The Conners' Continuous Performance Test-II (CPT-II), a measure of sustained attention and response inhibition, was administered at baseline and on day 22, 48h post a MA challenge under placebo (P; n=6) or IB 50mg bid (n=5). Group differences were compared using Mann-Whitney U Tests. Groups were similar at baseline in premorbid intellectual functioning, attention deficit hyperactivity symptom scores, impulsivity ratings, and education level, but differed in age. Demographically corrected T-scores for CPT-II performances were utilized. RESULTS Although no group differences in sustained attention existed at baseline, at follow-up, the IB group (Mdn=44.4) showed reduced variability in response times compared with the P group (Mdn=69.9), U=0.00, z=-2.74, p=.006, r=.83. The IB group (Mdn=45.8) also gave fewer perseverative responses than the P group (Mdn=67.0), U=2.00, z=-2.50, p=.01, r=.75. No other significant differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that IB may have a protective effect on sustained attention during early abstinence from MA dependence. This may guide thinking about mechanism of action should IB demonstrate efficacy as a treatment for MA dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brandon Birath
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor - UCLA Medical Center; Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | | | - Stephanie Amaya
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor - UCLA Medical Center; Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Aimee-Noelle Swanson
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor - UCLA Medical Center; Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - John Tsuang
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor - UCLA Medical Center; Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin Furst
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor - UCLA Medical Center; Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Lisa Obermeit
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor - UCLA Medical Center; Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lauryn Maes
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor - UCLA Medical Center; Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Charles McKay
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor - UCLA Medical Center; Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew J Wright
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor - UCLA Medical Center; Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Ray LA, Bujarski S, Shoptaw S, Roche DJO, Heinzerling K, Miotto K. Development of the Neuroimmune Modulator Ibudilast for the Treatment of Alcoholism: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Human Laboratory Trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1776-1788. [PMID: 28091532 PMCID: PMC5520778 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Current directions in medication development for alcohol use disorder (AUD) emphasize the need to identify novel molecular targets and efficiently screen new compounds aimed at those targets. Ibudilast (IBUD) is a neuroimmune modulator that inhibits phosphodiesterase-4 and -10 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor and was recently found to reduce alcohol intake in rats by ∼50%. To advance medication development for AUD, the present study consists of a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled laboratory study of IBUD in nontreatment-seeking individuals with current (ie, past month) mild-to-severe AUD. This study tested the safety, tolerability, and initial human laboratory efficacy of IBUD (50 mg b.i.d.) on primary measures of subjective response to alcohol as well as secondary measures of cue- and stress-induced changes in craving and mood. Participants (N=24) completed two separate 7-day intensive outpatient protocols that included daily visits for medication administration and testing. Upon reaching a stable target dose of IBUD (or matched placebo), participants completed a stress-exposure session (day 5; PM), an alcohol cue-exposure session (day 6; AM), and an i.v. alcohol administration session (day 6; PM). Participants stayed overnight after the alcohol administration, and discharge occurred on day 7 of the protocol. Medication conditions were separated by a washout period that was ⩾7 days. IBUD was well tolerated; however, there were no medication effects on primary measures of subjective response to alcohol. IBUD was associated with mood improvements on the secondary measures of stress exposure and alcohol cue exposure, as well as reductions in tonic levels of craving. Exploratory analyses revealed that among individuals with higher depressive symptomatology, IBUD attenuated the stimulant and mood-altering effects of alcohol as compared with placebo. Together, these findings extend preclinical demonstrations of the potential utility of IBUD for the treatment of AUD and suggest that depressive symptomatology should be considered as a potential moderator of efficacy for pharmacotherapies with neuroimmune effects, such as IBUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychology, University of California, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA, Tel: 310 794 5383, Fax: 310 206 5895, E-mail:
| | - Spencer Bujarski
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steve Shoptaw
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel JO Roche
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keith Heinzerling
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karen Miotto
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Pittenger ST, Chou S, Barrett ST, Catalano I, Lydiatt M, Bevins RA. Nicotine- and cocaine-triggered methamphetamine reinstatement in female and male Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 159:69-75. [PMID: 28712749 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies have demonstrated a return to methamphetamine (meth)-seeking behavior (reinstatement) induced by injections of meth administered by the experimenter (drug-prime). Notably, females tend to be more sensitive to drug-prime; often displaying more reinstatement behavior when compared to males. While meth-primed reinstatement of meth-seeking behavior has been established, little is known about the ability of other drugs of abuse to substitute for meth during drug-primed reinstatement; nicotine and cocaine were the focus of the present work. We also examined if self-administration and/or reinstated meth-seeking behavior was affected by repeated nicotine administration. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to self-administer meth during daily sessions. During this self-administration phase, rats were placed into 1 of 2 groups: saline or repeated nicotine exposure. Rats in the repeated nicotine group received nicotine injections 4h after meth self-administration sessions, whereas the remaining rats received saline. Following self-administration was extinction in which meth was no longer available and nicotine was no longer administered. After extinction, rats were tested to determine if 0 (saline), 0.2, and 0.4mg/kg nicotine reinstated meth-seeking behavior. Three days of re-extinction followed nicotine testing. Finally, rats received reinstatement tests with 0 (saline), 5, and 10mg/kg cocaine. Nicotine and cocaine reinstated meth-seeking behavior in male and female rats with no difference between the sexes. Repeated nicotine administration potentiated meth reinstatement following the 0.4mg/kg nicotine-prime. While females may be more sensitive to reinstatement triggered with the original self-administration drug, this effect may not generalize to priming with other drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Pittenger
- Yale University School of Medicine, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Shinnyi Chou
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Scott T Barrett
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Isabella Catalano
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Maxwell Lydiatt
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Rick A Bevins
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Xu E, Liu J, Liu H, Wang X, Xiong H. Role of microglia in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 9:84-100. [PMID: 28694920 PMCID: PMC5498881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) is an addictive psychostimulant widely abused around the world. The chronic use of Meth produces neurotoxicity featured by dopaminergic terminal damage and microgliosis, resulting in serious neurological and behavioral consequences. Ample evidence indicate that Meth causes microglial activation and resultant secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules leading to neural injury. However, the mechanisms underlying Meth-induced microglial activation remain to be determined. In this review, we attempt to address the effects of Meth on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated microglia activation both in vitro and in-vivo. Meth abuse not only increases HIV transmission but also exacerbates progression of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) through activation of microglia. In addition, the therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory drugs on ameliorating Meth-induced microglia activation and resultant neuronal injury is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enquan Xu
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, USA
| | - Jianuo Liu
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, USA
| | - Han Liu
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, USA
| | - Xiaobei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-6125, NE, USA
| | - Huangui Xiong
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, USA
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Scofield MD, Heinsbroek JA, Gipson CD, Kupchik YM, Spencer S, Smith ACW, Roberts-Wolfe D, Kalivas PW. The Nucleus Accumbens: Mechanisms of Addiction across Drug Classes Reflect the Importance of Glutamate Homeostasis. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 68:816-71. [PMID: 27363441 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.012484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and integrates information from cortical and limbic structures to mediate goal-directed behaviors. Chronic exposure to several classes of drugs of abuse disrupts plasticity in this region, allowing drug-associated cues to engender a pathologic motivation for drug seeking. A number of alterations in glutamatergic transmission occur within the nucleus accumbens after withdrawal from chronic drug exposure. These drug-induced neuroadaptations serve as the molecular basis for relapse vulnerability. In this review, we focus on the role that glutamate signal transduction in the nucleus accumbens plays in addiction-related behaviors. First, we explore the nucleus accumbens, including the cell types and neuronal populations present as well as afferent and efferent connections. Next we discuss rodent models of addiction and assess the viability of these models for testing candidate pharmacotherapies for the prevention of relapse. Then we provide a review of the literature describing how synaptic plasticity in the accumbens is altered after exposure to drugs of abuse and withdrawal and also how pharmacological manipulation of glutamate systems in the accumbens can inhibit drug seeking in the laboratory setting. Finally, we examine results from clinical trials in which pharmacotherapies designed to manipulate glutamate systems have been effective in treating relapse in human patients. Further elucidation of how drugs of abuse alter glutamatergic plasticity within the accumbens will be necessary for the development of new therapeutics for the treatment of addiction across all classes of addictive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Scofield
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - J A Heinsbroek
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - C D Gipson
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - Y M Kupchik
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - S Spencer
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - A C W Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - D Roberts-Wolfe
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - P W Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
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Morley KC, Cornish JL, Faingold A, Wood K, Haber PS. Pharmacotherapeutic agents in the treatment of methamphetamine dependence. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:563-578. [PMID: 28351169 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1313229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methamphetamine use is a serious public health concern in many countries and is second to cannabis as the most widely abused illicit drug in the world. Effective management for methamphetamine dependence remains elusive and the large majority of methamphetamine users relapse following treatment. Areas covered: Progression in the understanding of the pharmacological basis of methamphetamine use has provided us with innovative opportunities to develop agents to treat dependence. The current review summarizes relevant literature on the neurobiological and clinical correlates associated with methamphetamine use. We then outline agents that have been explored for potential treatments in preclinical studies, human laboratory phase I and phase II trials over the last ten years. Expert opinion: No agent has demonstrated a broad and strong effect in achieving MA abstinence in Phase II trials. Agents with novel therapeutic targets appear promising. Advancement in MA treatment, including translation into practice, faces several clinical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten C Morley
- a NHMRC Centre for Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Discipline of Addiction Medicine , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Jennifer L Cornish
- b Department of Psychology , Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Alon Faingold
- c Drug Health Services , Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , Camperdown , Australia
| | - Katie Wood
- a NHMRC Centre for Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Discipline of Addiction Medicine , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Paul S Haber
- a NHMRC Centre for Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Discipline of Addiction Medicine , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia.,c Drug Health Services , Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , Camperdown , Australia
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Poland RS, Hahn Y, Knapp PE, Beardsley PM, Bowers MS. Ibudilast attenuates expression of behavioral sensitization to cocaine in male and female rats. Neuropharmacology 2016; 109:281-292. [PMID: 27343385 PMCID: PMC5404892 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There are no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies for cocaine use disorder, indicating a need to identify novel reagents with therapeutic potential. Ibudilast is an anti-inflammatory glial attenuator and non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor currently undergoing clinical evaluations for methamphetamine, opiate, and alcohol abuse disorders. We previously showed that twice daily (b.i.d.) ibudilast reduces the development of methamphetamine sensitization in male mice. However, nothing is known about the ability of ibudilast to modulate the expression of sensitization that occurs after drug re-exposure during abstinence, effects on cocaine-mediated behaviors, or potentially sexually dimorphic effects. Male and female rats were administered cocaine for 7 days and expression of sensitization was assessed by cocaine challenge after 21 days abstinence. On test days, 15 mg/kg i. p. cocaine was evaluated, whereas 30 mg/kg was administered on intervening days. Lower test doses avoid competition of non-motor behaviors with locomotion. In all measures where sensitization was expressed, ibudilast (7.5 and 10 mg/kg, i. p., b. i.d. for 3 days and once on test day) reversed this behavior to levels seen after acute exposure, but not below. There were some intriguing sexually dimorphic effects that were not a function of estrous cycle. Specifically, distance travelled in the center of the test arena and rearing only sensitized in male rats, and ibudilast reversed these behaviors to levels seen after acute cocaine exposure. In females, center distance travelled was reduced below acute cocaine levels by 7.5 mg/kg ibudilast. Increased distance travelled in the center versus periphery is thought to model anxiolytic-like behavior due to increased predation risk. Taken together, these data suggest that the clinical evaluation of ibudilast could be extended to cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. Poland
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yun Hahn
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Pamela E. Knapp
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Patrick M. Beardsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - M. Scott Bowers
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Olsen CM, Liu QS. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors and drugs of abuse: current knowledge and therapeutic opportunities. FRONTIERS IN BIOLOGY 2016; 11:376-386. [PMID: 28974957 PMCID: PMC5617368 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-016-1424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term exposure to drugs of abuse causes an up-regulation of the cAMP-signaling pathway in the nucleus accumbens and other forebrain regions, this common neuroadaptation is thought to underlie aspects of drug tolerance and dependence. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is an enzyme that the selective hydrolyzes intracellular cAMP. It is expressed in several brain regions that regulate the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. OBJECTIVE Here, we review the current knowledge about central nervous system (CNS) distribution of PDE4 isoforms and the effects of systemic and brain-region specific inhibition of PDE4 on behavioral models of drug addiction. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed using the Pubmed. RESULTS Using behavioral sensitization, conditioned place preference and drug self-administration as behavioral models, a large number of studies have shown that local or systemic administration of PDE4 inhibitors reduce drug intake and/or drug seeking for psychostimulants, alcohol, and opioids in rats or mice. CONCLUSIONS Preclinical studies suggest that PDE4 could be a therapeutic target for several classes of substance use disorder. We conclude by identifying opportunities for the development of subtype-selective PDE4 inhibitors that may reduce addiction liability and minimize the side effects that limit the clinical potential of non-selective PDE4 inhibitors. Several PDE4 inhibitors have been clinically approved for other diseases. There is a promising possibility to repurpose these PDE4 inhibitors for the treatment of drug addiction as they are safe and well-tolerated in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Olsen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Qing-song Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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