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Glycyrrhizic Acid and Its Derivatives: Promising Candidates for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231910988. [PMID: 36232291 PMCID: PMC9569462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231910988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease, which is characterized by hyperglycemia, chronic insulin resistance, progressive decline in β-cell function, and defect in insulin secretion. It has become one of the leading causes of death worldwide. At present, there is no cure for T2DM, but it can be treated, and blood glucose levels can be controlled. It has been reported that diabetic patients may suffer from the adverse effects of conventional medicine. Therefore, alternative therapy, such as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), can be used to manage and treat diabetes. In this review, glycyrrhizic acid (GL) and its derivatives are suggested to be promising candidates for the treatment of T2DM and its complications. It is the principal bioactive constituent in licorice, one type of TCM. This review comprehensively summarized the therapeutic effects and related mechanisms of GL and its derivatives in managing blood glucose levels and treating T2DM and its complications. In addition, it also discusses existing clinical trials and highlights the research gap in clinical research. In summary, this review can provide a further understanding of GL and its derivatives in T2DM as well as its complications and recent progress in the development of potential drugs targeting T2DM.
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Hypoglycemic Activity of Glycyrrhizic Acid and Some of its Derivatives in the Alloxan Diabetes Model in Rats. Pharm Chem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Jafari Khataylou Y, Ahmadi Afshar S, Mirzakhani N. Betulinic acid reduces the complications of autoimmune diabetes on the body and kidney through effecting on inflammatory cytokines in C57BL/6 mice. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2021; 12:203-210. [PMID: 34345387 PMCID: PMC8328255 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2019.101178.2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases with increasing prevalence in the past decades in which pancreatic Langerhans β cells are destroyed and lead to lack of insulin due to increased blood sugar. One of the consequences of diabetes is glomerular disease of the kidney, also called diabetes nephropathy. Different studies have been carried out on the effects of triterpenoids and their medicinal effects on diabetes mellitus. betulinic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid of Terpenes, is found in bushes and trees. Its medical effects are also approved by many studies. In this survey, we studied the effect of betulinic acid on diabetic inbred C57BL/6 male mice. They were randomly divided to three groups. Group A: Consisted of healthy mice which received citrate buffer. Group B: Diabetic mice without any treatment and group C: Treated diabetic mice with betulinic acid. The level of blood insulin level, fasting blood glucose, C-peptide, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1 cytokines were measured and pathologic studies of the kidney were performed. The results showed that betulinic acid could increase insulin and C-peptide, and decrease fasting blood sugar, kidney lesions and TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1 in the treated groups. The differences were significant except for IL-1. Betulinic acid through reduction of inflammatory cytokines could have positive effects on inflammatory and autoimmune disease including autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Jafari Khataylou
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Somayyeh Ahmadi Afshar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Navideh Mirzakhani
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
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Luo Z, Fu C, Li T, Gao Q, Miao D, Xu J, Zhao Y. Hypoglycemic Effects of Licochalcone A on the Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice and Its Mechanism Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2444-2456. [PMID: 33605141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a type of metabolic illness based on relatively insufficient insulin secretion and insulin resistance (IR) as pathophysiological bases. Currently, it is the main type of diabetes. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of licochalcone A (LicA) on high-fat diet and streptozocin-caused T2DM were studied. LicA can remarkably decline the IR index and blood glucose and serum lipid levels. Also, the treatment of LicA can improve the "three more and one less" phenomenon in T2DM mice, such as excessive drinking, eating, urine, and weight loss. In addition, LicA can improve oral glucose tolerance, pancreatic injury, and liver enlargement in T2DM mice. Network pharmacology analysis demonstrated that the observed pharmacological effects were mediated by regulating the insulin signal transduction pathway. Therefore, the PI3K/Akt-signaling pathway was selected for verification; it was demonstrated that LicA could improve the insulin-signaling pathway, protect islet cells, improve IR, reduce blood glucose levels, and alleviate lipid metabolism disorder. Its mechanism of influence may be closely related to LicA up-regulating the liver and pancreas IRS-2/PI3K/AKT-signaling pathway. Among them, the high-dose group of LicA had the best effect, which provided an idea for the use of LicA as a nutritional agent in the cure of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Luo
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chaofan Fu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tao Li
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qingqing Gao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dongyu Miao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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Nguyen PTM, Ngo QV, Nguyen MTH, Quach LT, Pyne SG. Hypoglycemic activity of the ethyl acetate extract from Smilax glabra Roxb in mice: Biochemical and histopathological studies. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 23:1558-1564. [PMID: 33489029 PMCID: PMC7811822 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.46658.10763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This research was carried out to investigate the hypoglycemic activity of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract from the roots of Smilax glabra Roxb, which strongly exhibit inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and α-amylase on in vivo type 2 diabetic model. Materials and Methods Column chromatography combined with crystallization was used to isolate the active fraction and compounds. Chemical structures of the compounds were determined based on the analysis of the spectroscopic data and comparison with the literature data. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (AGI) and the α-amylase inhibitory activity (AAI) were determined quantitatively spectrophotometrically using p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside and soluble starch as substrates, respectively. The hypoglycemic activity was examined by evaluating its effects on glucose and insulin levels, insulin resistance, and histopathology of the pancreatic islets and livers in diabetic induced mice administrated with nicotinamide-streptozotocin. Results The EtOAc extract and the bioactive compounds astilbin and 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid in the extract were isolated and confirmed in structures, AGI, and AAI. The treatment at the doses of 500 and 1000 µg/kg of body weight reduced blood glucose levels down to the physiological level of the physical controls in the diabetic mice after two weeks (P<0.05). Moreover, the treatment improved insulin sensitivity. Histopathology analysis showed recovering effects in the size of the pancreatic islets and no damaging effects on the liver after treatment compared with the control group. Conclusion Our data suggest that the EtOAc extract possesses hypoglycemic activity and has an antidiabetic potential for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thi Mai Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Quang Van Ngo
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Thi Hong Nguyen
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lien Thi Quach
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Stephen G Pyne
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Yang L, Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Hou J, Tian S, Liu Y. The anti-diabetic activity of licorice, a widely used Chinese herb. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 263:113216. [PMID: 32763420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A great deal of valuable experience has been accumulated in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) system for the treatment of "Xiaoke" disease which is known as diabetes mellitus now. As the most-commonly used Chinese herb, licorice has been used in TCM for more than two thousand years. It is often used in combination with other herbs to treat metabolic disorders, especially diabetes mellitus. AIM OF THE STUDY To summarize the characteristics, mechanisms, and clinical use of licorice and its active components for treating diabetes mellitus. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Research Gate, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Academic Journals were used as information sources by the inclusion of the search terms 'diabetes', 'licorice', 'licorice extracts', 'flavonoids', 'triterpenoids', and their combinations, mainly from 2005 to 2019. RESULTS Licorice extracts, five flavonoids and three triterpenoids isolated from licorice possess great antidiabetic activities in vivo and in vitro. This was done by several mechanisms such as increasing the appetency and sensitivity of insulin receptor site to insulin, enhancing the use of glucose in different tissues and organs, clearing away the free radicals and resist peroxidation, correcting the metabolic disorder of lipid and protein, and improving microcirculation in the body. Multiple signaling pathways, including the PI3K/Akt, AMPK, AGE-RAGE, MAPK, NF-кB, and NLRP3 signaling pathways, are targets of the licorice compounds. CONCLUSION Licorice and its metabolites have a great therapeutic potential for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, a better understanding of their pharmacological mechanisms is needed for evaluating its efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jiaming Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Shaokai Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
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Yang M, Zhang M, Liu Q, Xu T, Huang T, Yao D, Wong CW, Liu J, Guan M. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid acts through hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha to modulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Pharmacol Res 2020; 157:104840. [PMID: 32353589 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) regulates the expression of essential genes involved in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) homeostasis and gluconeogenesis. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is an active ingredient of Glycyrrhiza uralensis an herbal medicine used for treating liver aliments. In this study, we established that GA functions as a partial antagonist of HNF4α through HNF4α-driven reporter luciferase assay and co-immunoprecipitation experiments with co-activator PGC1α. By virtual docking and site-directed mutagenesis analysis, we confirmed that serine 190 and arginine 235 of HNF4α are both essential for GA to exert its antagonistic action on HNF4α. Importantly, GA suppressed the expression of HNF4α target genes such as apolipoprotein B (ApoB), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) and phospholipase A2 G12B (PLA2G12B) modulating hepatic VLDL secretion in mice fed on a high fat diet. In addition, GA also suppressed gluconeogenesis and ameliorated glucose intolerance via down-regulating the expression of HNF4α target genes glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pc) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pepck). Furthermore, GA significantly lowered blood glucose and improved insulin resistance in db/db mice. In all, we established that GA acts as a partial HNF4α antagonist modulating lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minyi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingli Liu
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Tongling Huang
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongsheng Yao
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi-Wai Wong
- NeuMed Pharmaceuticals Limited, Yuen Long, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Min Guan
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
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Natural products in licorice for the therapy of liver diseases: Progress and future opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2019; 144:210-226. [PMID: 31022523 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver diseases related complications represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide, creating a substantial economic burden. Oxidative stress, excessive inflammation, and dysregulated energy metabolism significantly contributed to liver diseases. Therefore, discovery of novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of liver diseases are urgently required. Licorice is one of the most commonly used herbal drugs in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of liver diseases and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Various bioactive components have been isolated and identified from the licorice, including glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, liquiritigenin, Isoliquiritigenin, licochalcone A, and glycycoumarin. Emerging evidence suggested that these natural products relieved liver diseases and prevented DILI through multi-targeting therapeutic mechanisms, including anti-steatosis, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, immunoregulation, anti-fibrosis, anti-cancer, and drug-drug interactions. In the current review, we summarized the recent progress in the research of hepatoprotective and toxic effects of different licorice-derived bioactive ingredients and also highlighted the potency of these compounds as promising therapeutic options for the treatment of liver diseases and DILI. We also outlined the networks of underlying molecular signaling pathways. Further pharmacology and toxicology research will contribute to the development of natural products in licorice and their derivatives as medicines with alluring prospect in the clinical application.
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Seo E, Kang H, Choi H, Choi W, Jun HS. Reactive oxygen species-induced changes in glucose and lipid metabolism contribute to the accumulation of cholesterol in the liver during aging. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12895. [PMID: 30609251 PMCID: PMC6413652 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases due to increased vulnerability to external stress and susceptibility to disease. Aging is associated with metabolic liver disease such as nonalcoholic fatty liver. In this study, we investigated changes in lipid metabolism during aging in mice and the mechanisms involved. Lipid accumulation was increased in liver tissues of aged mice, particularly cholesterol. Increased uptake of both cholesterol and glucose was observed in hepatocytes of aged mice as compared with younger mice. The mRNA expression of GLUT2, GK, SREBP2, HMGCR, and HMGCS, genes for cholesterol synthesis, was gradually increased in liver tissues during aging. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase with aging and are closely related to various aging‐related diseases. When we treated HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes with the ROS inducer, H2O2, lipid accumulation increased significantly compared to the case for untreated HepG2 cells. H2O2 treatment significantly increased glucose uptake and acetyl‐CoA production, which results in glycolysis and lipid synthesis. Treatment with H2O2 significantly increased the expression of mRNA for genes related to cholesterol synthesis and uptake. These results suggest that ROS play an important role in altering cholesterol metabolism and consequently contribute to the accumulation of cholesterol in the liver during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhui Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science; Gachon University; Incheon Republic of Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute; Gachon University; Incheon Republic of Korea
| | - Hwansu Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science; Gachon University; Incheon Republic of Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute; Gachon University; Incheon Republic of Korea
| | - Hojung Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science; Gachon University; Incheon Republic of Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute; Gachon University; Incheon Republic of Korea
| | - Woohyuk Choi
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute; Gachon University; Incheon Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Sciences; Korea University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science; Gachon University; Incheon Republic of Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute; Gachon University; Incheon Republic of Korea
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital; Incheon Republic of Korea
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Zhang Y, Yang S, Zhang M, Wang Z, He X, Hou Y, Bai G. Glycyrrhetinic Acid Improves Insulin-Response Pathway by Regulating the Balance between the Ras/MAPK and PI3K/Akt Pathways. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030604. [PMID: 30871060 PMCID: PMC6470473 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a bioactive component in the human diet, has been reported to improve hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and obesity in rats with metabolic syndrome. However, GA-specific target proteins and the mechanisms involved in the downstream signaling and cross-talk to improve insulin sensitivity have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the potential targets of GA were identified by chemical proteomics strategies using serial GA probes for target fishing and cell molecular imaging. Intracellular enzyme activity evaluation and insulin resistance models were used for validating the function of the target proteins on the downstream insulin signaling pathways. Collectively, our data demonstrate that GA improved the insulin-responsive pathway and glucose consumption levels via multiple diabetogenic factors that activated the insulin signaling pathway in HepG2 cells. GA improved Glucose transporter 4(GLUT4) expression by targeting the Ras protein to regulate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. GA exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on IRS1ser307 phosphorylation in cells treated with the Protein kinase C (PKC) activator Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA.) Consistently, IRS1ser307 phosphorylation was also inhibited by GA in Free fatty acid (FFA)-treated HepG2 cells. GA also inhibited the PMA-induced phosphorylation of IκB kinase α/β (IKKα/β), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 proteins (P38), suggesting that IKKα/β, JNK and P38 activation is dependent on PKC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China.
| | - Shengnan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China.
| | - Man Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China.
| | - Zhihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China.
| | - Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China.
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China.
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Birgani GA, Ahangarpour A, Khorsandi L, Moghaddam HF. Anti-diabetic effect of betulinic acid on streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic male mouse model. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000217171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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An insight into anti-diabetic properties of dietary phytochemicals. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11101-017-9496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Singh K, Zaw AM, Sekar R, Palak A, Allam AA, Ajarem J, Chow BKC. Glycyrrhizic Acid Reduces Heart Rate and Blood Pressure by a Dual Mechanism. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101291. [PMID: 27689971 PMCID: PMC6274536 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta adrenergic receptors are crucial for their role in rhythmic contraction of heart along with their role in the pathological conditions such as tachycardia and high risk of heart failure. Studies report that the levels of beta-1 adrenergic receptor tend to decrease by 50%, whereas, the levels of beta-2 adrenergic receptor remains constant during the risk of heart failure. Beta blockers—the antagonistic molecules for beta-adrenergic receptors, function by slowing the heart rate, which thereby allows the left ventricle to fill completely during tachycardia incidents and hence helps in blood pumping capacity of heart and reducing the risk of heart failure. In the present study, we investigate the potential of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) as a possible principal drug molecule for cardiac arrhythmias owing to its ability to induce reduction in the heart rate and blood pressure. We use in vitro and in silico approach to study GA′s effect on beta adrenergic receptor along with an in vivo study to examine its effect on heart rate and blood pressure. Additionally, we explore GA′s proficiency in eliciting an increase in the plasma levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide, which by dilating the blood vessel consequently, can be a crucial aid during the occurrence of a potential heart attack. Therefore, we propose GA as a potential principal drug molecule via its potential in modulating heart rate and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Aung Moe Zaw
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Revathi Sekar
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ahuja Palak
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ahmed A Allam
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt.
| | - Jamaan Ajarem
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Billy K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Sil R, Ray D, Chakraborti AS. Glycyrrhizin ameliorates metabolic syndrome-induced liver damage in experimental rat model. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 409:177-89. [PMID: 26400710 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin, a major constituent of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root, has been reported to ameliorate insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and obesity in rats with metabolic syndrome. Liver dysfunction is associated with this syndrome. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of glycyrrhizin treatment on metabolic syndrome-induced liver damage. After induction of metabolic syndrome in rats by high fructose (60%) diet for 6 weeks, the rats were treated with glycyrrhizin (50 mg/kg body weight, single intra-peritoneal injection). After 2 weeks of treatment, rats were sacrificed to collect blood samples and liver tissues. Compared to normal, elevated activities of serum alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate transaminase, increased levels of liver advanced glycation end products, reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl, protein kinase Cα, NADPH oxidase-2, and decreased glutathione cycle components established liver damage and oxidative stress in fructose-fed rats. Activation of nuclear factor κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways as well as signals from mitochondria were found to be involved in liver cell apoptosis. Increased levels of cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-12 proteins suggested hepatic inflammation. Metabolic syndrome caused hepatic DNA damage and poly-ADP ribose polymerase cleavage. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting using annexin V/propidium iodide staining confirmed the apoptotic hepatic cell death. Histology of liver tissue also supported the experimental findings. Treatment with glycyrrhizin reduced oxidative stress, hepatic inflammation, and apoptotic cell death in fructose-fed rats. The results suggest that glycyrrhizin possesses therapeutic potential against hepatocellular damage in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Sil
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University College of Science, University of Calcutta, 92 Acharyya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700009, India
| | - Doel Ray
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University College of Science, University of Calcutta, 92 Acharyya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700009, India.,School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Abhay Sankar Chakraborti
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University College of Science, University of Calcutta, 92 Acharyya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700009, India.
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15
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Lin CH, Kuo YH, Shih CC. Effects of Bofu-Tsusho-San on diabetes and hyperlipidemia associated with AMP-activated protein kinase and glucose transporter 4 in high-fat-fed mice. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:20022-44. [PMID: 25375187 PMCID: PMC4264153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151120022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to examine the effect and mechanism of Bofu-tsusho-san formula (BO) on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia and in mice fed with a high-fat (HF) diet. The C57BL/6J mice were received control/HF diet for 12 weeks, and oral administration of BO (at three doses) or rosiglitazone (Rosi) or vehicle for the last 4 weeks. Blood, skeletal muscle and tissues were examined by means of measuring glycaemia and dyslipidaemia-associated events. BO treatment effectively prevented HF diet-induced increases in the levels of triglyceride (TG), free fatty acid (FFA) and leptin (p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.01, respectively). BO treatment exhibited reduced both visceral fat mass and hepatic triacylglycerol content; moreover, BO treatment displayed significantly decreased both the average area of the cut of adipocytes and ballooning of hepatocytes. BO treatment exerted increased the protein contents of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in skeletal muscle, and caused lowered blood glucose levels. BO treatment displayed increased levels of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in both skeletal muscle and liver tissue. Furthermore, BO reduced the hepatic expression of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose production. Therefore, it is possible that the activation of AMPK by BO leads to diminished gluconeogenesis in liver tissue. BO increased hepatic expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), whereas down-regulating decreasing expressions of fatty acid synthesis, including sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), resulting in a decrease in circulating triglycerides. This study originally provides the evidence that amelioration of dyslipidemic and diabetic state by BO in HF-fed mice occurred by regulation of GLUT4, SREBP1c, FAS, PPARα, adiponectin and AMPK phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsiu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Fengyuan District, Taichung City 42055, Taiwan.
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Ching Shih
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Health Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 666, Buzih Road, Beitun District, Taichung City 40601, Taiwan.
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16
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Rodrigues AR, Almeida H, Gouveia AM. Alpha-MSH signalling via melanocortin 5 receptor promotes lipolysis and impairs re-esterification in adipocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1267-75. [PMID: 24046867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system has a clear effect on the mobilisation of stored lipids in adipocytes. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of melanocortin 5 receptor (MC5R) on alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)-induced lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. To this end, MC5R expression was decreased by small interfering RNA (siRNA), which significantly impaired the alpha-MSH stimulation of lipolysis, as determined by glycerol and nonesterified fatty-acid (NEFA) quantification. The functional role of alpha-MSH/MC5R on triglyceride (TG) hydrolysis was mediated by hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), perilipin 1 (PLIN1) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that phosphorylated HSL clearly surrounded lipid droplets in alpha-MSH-stimulated adipocytes, whereas PLIN1 left the immediate periphery of lipids. These observations were lost when the expression of MC5R was suppressed. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, alpha-MSH-activated MC5R signals through the cAMP/PKA and MAPK/ERK1/2 pathways. PKA was fundamental for HSL and PLIN1 activation and lipolysis regulation. ERK1/2 inhibition strongly interfered with the release of NEFAs but not glycerol. In addition, the intracellular TG levels, which were decreased after MC5R activation, were restored after ERK1/2 inhibition, indicating that these kinases are involved in NEFA re-esterification rather than lipolysis regulation. This notion is also supported by the observation that the alpha-MSH-mediated activation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) was abolished in the presence of ERK1/2 inhibitors. Altogether, these results indicate that alpha-MSH-activated MC5R regulates two tightly coupled pathways in adipocytes: lipolysis and re-esterification. The global effect is a decrease in adipocyte fat mass, which is important for strategies to ameliorate obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R Rodrigues
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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17
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Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), belonging to a class of triterpenes, is a conjugate of two molecules, namely glucuronic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid. It is naturally extracted from the roots of licorice plants. With its more common uses in the confectionery and cosmetics industry, GA extends its applications as a herbal medicine for a wide range of ailments. At low appropriate doses, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-tumor, antimicrobial and anti-viral properties have been reported by researchers worldwide. This review summarizes the effects of GA on metabolic syndrome, tumorigenesis, microbes and viruses, oxidative stress, and inflammation, as well as the reported side effects of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Jia Ming
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
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18
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Fleuren WWM, Toonen EJM, Verhoeven S, Frijters R, Hulsen T, Rullmann T, van Schaik R, de Vlieg J, Alkema W. Identification of new biomarker candidates for glucocorticoid induced insulin resistance using literature mining. BioData Min 2013; 6:2. [PMID: 23379763 PMCID: PMC3577498 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0381-6-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatory agents used for the treatment of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis. Unfortunately, usage is limited because of metabolic side-effects, e.g. insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and diabetes. To gain more insight into the mechanisms behind glucocorticoid induced insulin resistance, it is important to understand which genes play a role in the development of insulin resistance and which genes are affected by glucocorticoids.Medline abstracts contain many studies about insulin resistance and the molecular effects of glucocorticoids and thus are a good resource to study these effects. RESULTS We developed CoPubGene a method to automatically identify gene-disease associations in Medline abstracts. We used this method to create a literature network of genes related to insulin resistance and to evaluate the importance of the genes in this network for glucocorticoid induced metabolic side effects and anti-inflammatory processes.With this approach we found several genes that already are considered markers of GC induced IR, such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase, catalytic subunit (G6PC). In addition, we found genes involved in steroid synthesis that have not yet been recognized as mediators of GC induced IR. CONCLUSIONS With this approach we are able to construct a robust informative literature network of insulin resistance related genes that gave new insights to better understand the mechanisms behind GC induced IR. The method has been set up in a generic way so it can be applied to a wide variety of disease networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilco WM Fleuren
- Computational Drug Discovery (CDD), CMBI, NCMLS, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Bioinformatics Centre (NBIC), P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik JM Toonen
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Raoul Frijters
- Computational Drug Discovery (CDD), CMBI, NCMLS, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Rijk Zwaan Nederland BV, Fijnaart, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Hulsen
- Computational Drug Discovery (CDD), CMBI, NCMLS, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Philips Research Europe, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jacob de Vlieg
- Computational Drug Discovery (CDD), CMBI, NCMLS, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands eScience Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wynand Alkema
- Computational Drug Discovery (CDD), CMBI, NCMLS, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Present address: NIZO Food Research BV, Ede, The Netherlands
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