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Deng X, Lv C, Wang T, Guo J, Luo R, Qi J, Sima M, Yue D, Gao Y. Antiviral activity of theaflavins against Zika virus in vivo and in vitro. J Infect Chemother 2024; 30:571-578. [PMID: 38036028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence and infection of the Zika virus (ZIKV) have recently posed a major threat to global public health security. However, there is currently a lack of specific vaccines and effective antiviral drugs for ZIKV infection. METHODS Theaflavins TF1 and TF2 were selected by evaluating the anti-Zika virus activity of four kinds of theaflavins in vitro. Subsequently, in vivo, we investigated the effects of TF1 and TF2 on weight, survival, tissue viral load, and cytokines in ZIKV-infected mice. RESULTS We compared the anti-ZIKV activity of four theaflavins (TFs) in cells and found that TF1 and TF2b significantly inhibited the replication of ZIKV/Z16006 toxic strain in BHK and Vero cells by inhibiting the replication and release of ZIKV, while no similar effects were observed for TF2a and TF3. In vivo assay, we only found that TF2b improved the survival rate of infected mice. In tissues of ZIKV-infected mice, the viral load was higher in spleen and blood, followed by liver, epididymis, and testis, the lowest in muscle. Additionally, TF2b treatment significantly reduced the expression of cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) and chemokines (CCL2, CCL5, CXCL10) induced by ZIKV infection. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that TF2b has a potent antiviral effect and can be used as a potential candidate for the treatment of ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Deng
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Chaoxiang Lv
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Jin Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Rongbo Luo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Mingwei Sima
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Donghui Yue
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China.
| | - Yuwei Gao
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.
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Shi Y, Guo S, Zhou J, Xu P, Wang Y. Black tea preserves intestinal homeostasis through balancing barriers and microbiota in mice. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1367047. [PMID: 38835958 PMCID: PMC11148374 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1367047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Black tea, a beverage consumed worldwide, possesses favorable effects on gastrointestinal tract, including nourishing stomach and promoting digestion. Nevertheless, its specific effects on intestinal homeostasis remains inconclusive. Methods We applied black tea to mice prior to inducing colitis with DSS and then monitored their body weight and disease activity index (DAI) daily. When sacrificed, we measured intestinal permeability and conducted analyses of mucin and tight junction proteins. We detected inflammatory cytokines, immune cells, and related inflammatory signaling pathways. In addition, the gut microbiota was analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing, and the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were also measured. Results The results showed that black tea-treated group significantly rescued the DSS-disrupted intestinal structure. It reduced the relative abundance of the pathogenic bacterium Turicibacter, while increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria norank_f_Muribaculaceae and restored the contents of SCFAs such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate. It also protected the intestinal barrier by reducing the levels of immune response-related factors (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and increasing the expression of tight junction proteins (TJs) (e.g., ZO-1, occludin). Furthermore, black tea exhibited the capacity to suppress the expression of MMP-9 and ICAM-1, as well as to inhibit the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Discussion Our findings provide a theoretical framework that elucidates the mechanisms by which black tea preserves intestinal homeostasis, highlighting its potential as a preventive strategy against intestinal disruptions. This study contributes to the understanding of the dietary effects of black tea on gastrointestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Shi
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Guo
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jihong Zhou
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
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Fang Y, Wang J, Cao Y, Liu W, Duan L, Hu J, Peng J. The Antiobesity Effects and Potential Mechanisms of Theaflavins. J Med Food 2024; 27:1-11. [PMID: 38060708 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2023.k.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Theaflavins are the characteristic polyphenols in black tea which can be enzymatically synthesized. In this review, the effects and molecular mechanisms of theaflavins on obesity and its comorbidities, including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and atherosclerosis, were summarized. Theaflavins ameliorate obesity potentially via reducing food intake, inhibiting pancreatic lipase to reduce lipid absorption, activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and regulating the gut microbiota. As to the comorbidities, theaflavins ameliorate hypercholesterolemia by inhibiting micelle formation to reduce cholesterol absorption. Theaflavins improve insulin sensitivity by increasing the signaling of protein kinase B, eliminating glucose toxicity, and inhibiting inflammation. Theaflavins ameliorate hepatic steatosis via activating AMPK. Theaflavins reduce atherosclerosis by upregulating nuclear factor erythropoietin-2-related factor 2 signaling and inhibiting plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. In randomized controlled trails, black tea extracts containing theaflavins reduced body weight in overweight people and improved glucose tolerance in healthy adults. The amelioration on the hyperlipidemia and the prevention of coronary artery disease by black tea extracts were supported by meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fang
- Department of Nephropathy, The Seventh People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Liver diseases, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Liver diseases, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Nephropathy, The Seventh People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenrui Liu
- Department of Nephropathy, The Seventh People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianxiang Duan
- Department of Nephropathy, The Seventh People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Nephropathy, The Seventh People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghua Peng
- Institute of Liver diseases, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wu D, Zhao H, Guo L, Liu X, Liang Y, Liu Q, Cao W, Chen X, Gao X. Fu Brick Tea as a Staple Food Supplement Attenuates High Fat Diet Induced Obesity in Mice. Foods 2023; 12:4488. [PMID: 38137292 PMCID: PMC10743230 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fu brick tea (FBT), a product of microbial fermentation from primary dark tea, also known as raw material tea (RMT), has been extensively studied for its functional properties. However, its potential as a staple food supplement for weight loss remains poorly understood. This study compared the weight loss effects of orlistat, traditional plain noodles (NN), and noodles supplemented with varying amounts of RMT (RMTN) and FBT (FBTN), with the aim to elucidate their lipid-reducing effects and underlying mechanisms. Experimental trials on high fat diet fed mice revealed significant weight loss, lipid-lowering, and hypoglycemic effects upon supplementation with orlistat, RMTN, and FBTN. Moreover, supplementation with orlistat, RMTN, and FBTN effectively restored serum and liver-related index levels, mitigating high-fat diet-induced dyslipidemia. Additionally, these supplements ameliorated liver and kidney damage by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, orlistat, RMTN, and FBTN exert their anti-obesity effects primarily by modulating genes associated with lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses and through regulation of the composition and structure of the gut microbiota. Importantly, FBTN demonstrated a significantly stronger lipid-lowering effect compared to RMTN, particularly at higher tea addition ratios. In contrast, NN supplementation exhibited minimal to no weight loss effects. Based on these findings, it could be inferred that FBT holds promise as a staple food supplement to ameliorate high-fat diet-induced obesity and its associated health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daying Wu
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize/National Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Shandong Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Wheat, Jinan 250100, China; (D.W.); (L.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Haoan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Lei Guo
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize/National Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Shandong Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Wheat, Jinan 250100, China; (D.W.); (L.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiukun Liu
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize/National Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Shandong Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Wheat, Jinan 250100, China; (D.W.); (L.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Yan Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Qian Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Wei Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Xueyan Chen
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize/National Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Shandong Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Wheat, Jinan 250100, China; (D.W.); (L.G.); (X.L.)
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Luo Q, Luo L, Zhao J, Wang Y, Luo H. Biological Potential and Mechanisms of Tea's Bioactive Compounds in Tea: An Updated Review. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00378-8. [PMID: 38056775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea (Camellia sinensis) has a rich history and is widely consumed across many countries, and is categorized into green tea, white tea, oolong tea, yellow tea, black tea, and dark tea based on the level of fermentation. Based on a review of previous literature, the commonly recognized bioactive substances in tea include tea polyphenols, amino acids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, terpenoids, macro minerals, trace elements, and vitamins, which have been known to have various potential health benefits, such as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, and anti-obesity properties, cardiovascular protection, immune regulation, and control of the intestinal microbiota. Most studies have only pointed out the characteristics of tea's bioactivities, so a comprehensive summary of the pharmacological characteristics and mechanisms of tea's bioactivities and their use risks are vital. AIM of Review The aim of this paper is to summarize the bioactive substances of tea and their pharmacological characteristics and mechanisms, providing a scientific basis for the application of bioactive substances in tea and outlining future research directions for the study of bioactive substances in tea. Key Scientific Concepts of Review This review summarizes the main biologically active substances, pharmacological effects, and mechanisms and discusses the potential risks. It may help researchers to grasp more comprehensive progress in the study of tea bioactive substances to further promote the application of tea as a natural bioactive substance in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxian Luo
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, P. R. China; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Longbiao Luo
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, P. R. China; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jinmin Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, P. R. China.
| | - Hua Luo
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, P. R. China; College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, P. R. China.
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Zhao X, Yan F, Li X, Qu D, Xu Y. A systematic review of tea pigments: Prevention of major diseases, protection of organs, and potential mechanisms and applications. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:6830-6844. [PMID: 37970420 PMCID: PMC10630803 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
With the growing awareness of a healthy life, tea pigments (TPGs) are in focus for their health benefits. TPGs not only provide specific color to tea liquor but also possess health benefits such as anti-obesity, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-oxidative, and bacteriostatic properties. Also, TPGs can benefit bone, liver, kidney, cardiovascular, gut microbiome, and sleep health. Based on previous reports, this review provides a brief introduction to the health benefits of TPGs, focusing on the prevention of human diseases and the protection of organs. Also, the latest research on the functional mechanism(s), practical application, and development strategies of TPGs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhao
- Qinba Black Tea Research Institute, Shaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhongChina
| | - Fei Yan
- Qinba Black Tea Research Institute, Shaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhongChina
- Shaanxi Bio‐Resources Key LaboratoryHanzhongChina
- Coordination and Innovation Center for Comprehensive Development of Qinba Biological ResourcesHanzhongChina
- College of Biological Science and EngineeringShaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhongChina
| | - Xin‐Sheng Li
- Qinba Black Tea Research Institute, Shaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhongChina
- Shaanxi Bio‐Resources Key LaboratoryHanzhongChina
- Coordination and Innovation Center for Comprehensive Development of Qinba Biological ResourcesHanzhongChina
- College of Biological Science and EngineeringShaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhongChina
| | - Dong Qu
- Shaanxi Bio‐Resources Key LaboratoryHanzhongChina
- Coordination and Innovation Center for Comprehensive Development of Qinba Biological ResourcesHanzhongChina
- College of Biological Science and EngineeringShaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhongChina
| | - Yue‐Ling Xu
- Qinba Black Tea Research Institute, Shaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhongChina
- College of Biological Science and EngineeringShaanxi University of TechnologyHanzhongChina
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Zhong L, Wu Y, Huang C, Liu K, Ye CF, Ren Z, Wang Y. Acute toxicological evaluation of AT-533 and AT-533 gel in Sprague-Dawley rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 24:54. [PMID: 37833798 PMCID: PMC10576390 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-023-00696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AT-533 is a novel heat shock protein 90 inhibitor that exerting anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumor efficacy. Furthermore, the gel made of AT-533 as raw material named AT-533 gel has the function of repairing keratitis and dermatitis caused by herpes virus infection. However, the acute safety evaluation of AT-533 and AT-533 gel has not been conducted. METHODS AND RESULTS Herein, we performed acute toxicological studies of AT-533 and AT-533 gel in Sprague-Dawley rats. Fifteen-day acute toxicity study of AT-533 was conducted in both male and female Sprague-Dawley rats at doses of 5, 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg and AT-533 gel at 5 g/kg in the study. During experiment, food consumption and mortality were observed and body weight, hematology, serum biochemistry and histopathological assessment of rats were carried out. No abnormal changes were observed in rats percutaneously treated with AT-533 at 5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg and AT-533 gel. However, loss of appetite and body weight, adverse reactions, toxicologically relevant alterations in hematology and biochemistry were found in rats percutaneously treated with AT-533 at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg during 15-day acute dermic toxicity study. CONCLUSIONS The aforementioned results suggested that the LD50 of AT-533 is 228.382 mg/kg and the LD50 of AT-533 gel is greater than 5 g/kg. These findings indicated that AT-533 is non-toxic in rats when the dose less than 50 mg/kg and AT-533 gel can be considered a gel with no toxicity at doses less than 5 g/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishan Zhong
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanting Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou (Jinan) Biomedical Research and Development Center Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaisheng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics,Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Cui-Fang Ye
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Ren
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangzhou (Jinan) Biomedical Research and Development Center Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China.
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Chen SY, Li YP, You YP, Zhang HR, Shi ZJ, Liang QQ, Yuan T, Xu R, Xu LH, Zha QB, Ou-Yang DY, He XH. Theaflavin mitigates acute gouty peritonitis and septic organ injury in mice by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:2019-2036. [PMID: 37221235 PMCID: PMC10545837 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays important role in defending against infections, but its aberrant activation is causally linked to many inflammatory diseases, thus being a therapeutic target for these diseases. Theaflavin, one major ingredient of black tea, exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of theaflavin against NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages in vitro and in animal models of related diseases. We showed that theaflavin (50, 100, 200 μM) dose-dependently inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation in LPS-primed macrophages stimulated with ATP, nigericin or monosodium urate crystals (MSU), evidenced by reduced release of caspase-1p10 and mature interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Theaflavin treatment also inhibited pyroptosis as shown by decreased generation of N-terminal fragment of gasdermin D (GSDMD-NT) and propidium iodide incorporation. Consistent with these, theaflavin treatment suppressed ASC speck formation and oligomerization in macrophages stimulated with ATP or nigericin, suggesting reduced inflammasome assembly. We revealed that theaflavin-induced inhibition on NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and pyroptosis resulted from ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced mitochondrial ROS production, thereby suppressing interaction between NLRP3 and NEK7 downstream of ROS. Moreover, we showed that oral administration of theaflavin significantly attenuated MSU-induced mouse peritonitis and improved the survival of mice with bacterial sepsis. Consistently, theaflavin administration significantly reduced serum levels of inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β and attenuated liver inflammation and renal injury of mice with sepsis, concomitant with reduced generation of caspase-1p10 and GSDMD-NT in the liver and kidney. Together, we demonstrate that theaflavin suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis by protecting mitochondrial function, thus mitigating acute gouty peritonitis and bacterial sepsis in mice, highlighting a potential application in treating NLRP3 inflammasome-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ya-Ping Li
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yi-Ping You
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hong-Rui Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zi-Jian Shi
- Department of Fetal Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Qi-Qi Liang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Li-Hui Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qing-Bing Zha
- Department of Fetal Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan, 517000, China.
| | - Dong-Yun Ou-Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Xian-Hui He
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan, 517000, China.
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De la Fuente-Muñoz M, De la Fuente-Fernández M, Román-Carmena M, Amor S, Iglesias-de la Cruz MC, García-Laínez G, Llopis S, Martorell P, Verdú D, Serna E, García-Villalón ÁL, Guilera SI, Inarejos-García AM, Granado M. Supplementation with a New Standardized Extract of Green and Black Tea Exerts Antiadipogenic Effects and Prevents Insulin Resistance in Mice with Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108521. [PMID: 37239868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is one of the main characteristics of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the main cause of the development of type II diabetes. The high prevalence of this syndrome in recent decades has made it necessary to search for preventive and therapeutic agents, ideally of natural origin, with fewer side effects than conventional pharmacological treatments. Tea is widely known for its medicinal properties, including beneficial effects on weight management and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to analyze whether a standardized extract of green and black tea (ADM® Complex Tea Extract (CTE)) prevents the development of insulin resistance in mice with MetS. For this purpose, C57BL6/J mice were fed for 20 weeks with a standard diet (Chow), a diet with 56% kcal from fat and sugar (HFHS) or an HFHS diet supplemented with 1.6% CTE. CTE supplementation reduced body weight gain, adiposity and circulating leptin levels. Likewise, CTE also exerted lipolytic and antiadipogenic effects in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cultures and in the C. elegans model. Regarding insulin resistance, CTE supplementation significantly increased plasma adiponectin concentrations and reduced the circulating levels of insulin and the HOMA-IR. Incubation of liver, gastrocnemius muscle and retroperitoneal adipose tissue explants with insulin increased the pAkt/Akt ratio in mice fed with Chow and HFHS + CTE but not in those fed only with HFHS. The greater activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in response to insulin in mice supplemented with CTE was associated with a decrease in the expression of the proinflammatory markers Mcp-1, IL-6, IL-1β or Tnf-α and with an overexpression of the antioxidant enzymes Sod-1, Gpx-3, Ho-1 and Gsr in these tissues. Moreover, in skeletal muscle, mice treated with CTE showed increased mRNA levels of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), Arnt and Nrf2, suggesting that the CTE's insulin-sensitizing effects could be the result of the activation of this pathway. In conclusion, supplementation with the standardized extract of green and black tea CTE reduces body weight gain, exerts lipolytic and antiadipogenic effects and reduces insulin resistance in mice with MetS through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario De la Fuente-Muñoz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marta Román-Carmena
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Amor
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Guillermo García-Laínez
- Nutrition Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) Health & Wellness, Biopolis S. L. Parc Cientific, Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Silvia Llopis
- Nutrition Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) Health & Wellness, Biopolis S. L. Parc Cientific, Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Patricia Martorell
- Nutrition Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) Health & Wellness, Biopolis S. L. Parc Cientific, Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - David Verdú
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Serna
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel L García-Villalón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia I Guilera
- R&D Department of Functional Extracts, ADM® Valencia, 46740 Carcaixent, Spain
| | | | - Miriam Granado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Cai H, Zhong Z, Chen Y, Zhang S, Ling H, Fu H, Zhang L. Genes cloning, sequencing and function identification of recombinant polyphenol oxidase isozymes for production of monomeric theaflavins from Camellia sinensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124353. [PMID: 37059281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Theaflavins (TFs) are important quality compounds in black tea with a variety of biological activities. However, direct extraction of TFs from black tea is inefficient and costly. Therefore, we cloned two PPO isozymes from Huangjinya tea, termed HjyPPO1 and HjyPPO3. Both isozymes oxidized corresponding catechin substrates for the formation of four TFs (TF1, TF2A, TF2B, TF3), and the optimal catechol-type catechin to pyrogallol-type catechin oxidation rate of both isozymes was 1:2. In particular, the oxidation efficiency of HjyPPO3 was higher than that of HjyPPO1. The optimum pH and temperature of HjyPPO1 were 6.0 and 35 °C, respectively, while those of HjyPPO3 were 5.5 and 30 °C, respectively. Molecular docking simulation indicated that the unique residue of HjyPPO3 at Phe260 was more positive and formed a π-π stacked structure with His108 to stabilize the active region. In addition, the active catalytic cavity of HjyPPO3 was more conducive for substrate binding by extensive hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Cai
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Zhuoheng Zhong
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Yiran Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Shuyao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Hao Ling
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Hongwei Fu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
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11
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Xu J, Wei Y, Huang Y, Wei X. Regulatory Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of Tea and Its Active Compounds on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3103-3124. [PMID: 36773311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disease, is a multifactorial disease resulting from the interaction between environment, genetic background, and metabolic stress. Most treatments for NAFLD include dietary intervention and exercise show limited efficacy due to the complex mechanisms involved in NAFLD. Meanwhile, drug therapy is accompanied by serious side effects. The development of high-efficiency natural supplements is a sustainable strategy for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. As the second most consumed beverage, tea has health benefits that have been widely recognized. Nevertheless, the intervention of tea active compounds in NAFLD has received limited attention. Tea contains abundant bioactive compounds with potential effects on NAFLD, such as catechins, flavonoids, theanine, tea pigments, and tea polysaccharides. We reviewed the intrinsic and environmental factors and pathogenic mechanisms that affect the occurrence and development of NAFLD, and summarized the influences of exercise, drugs, diet, and tea drinking on NAFLD. On this basis, we further analyzed the potential effects and molecular regulatory mechanisms of tea active compounds on NAFLD and proposed future development directions. This review hopes to provide novel insights into the development and application of tea active compounds in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yang Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yi Huang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xinlin Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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Winiarska-Mieczan A, Kwiecień M, Jachimowicz-Rogowska K, Donaldson J, Tomaszewska E, Baranowska-Wójcik E. Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Neuroprotective Effects of Polyphenols-Polyphenols as an Element of Diet Therapy in Depressive Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032258. [PMID: 36768580 PMCID: PMC9916817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Depressive disorders can affect up to 350 million people worldwide, and in developed countries, the percentage of patients with depressive disorders may be as high as 10%. During depression, activation of pro-inflammatory pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased markers of oxidative stress, and a reduction in the antioxidant effectiveness of the body are observed. It is estimated that approximately 30% of depressed patients do not respond to traditional pharmacological treatments. However, more and more attention is being paid to the influence of active ingredients in food on the course and risk of neurological disorders, including depression. The possibility of using foods containing polyphenols as an element of diet therapy in depression was analyzed in the review. The possibility of whether the consumption of products such as polyphenols could alleviate the course of depression or prevent the progression of it was also considered. Results from preclinical studies demonstrate the potential of phenolic compounds have the potential to reduce depressive behaviors by regulating factors related to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and modulation of the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-445-67-44
| | - Małgorzata Kwiecień
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Karolina Jachimowicz-Rogowska
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Janine Donaldson
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Ewa Tomaszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Baranowska-Wójcik
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna St. 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
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Zhang L, Li W, Hou Z, Wang Z, Zhang W, Liang X, Wu Z, Wang T, Liu X, Peng X, Yang X, Yang H, Geng D. Theaflavin-3,3'-Digallate Ameliorates Collagen-Induced Arthritis Through Regulation of Autophagy and Macrophage Polarization. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:109-126. [PMID: 36647388 PMCID: PMC9840439 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s374802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previous studies have presented that theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TFDG), one of natural flavonoids, have protective effects on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Besides, it was reported that TFDG could affect inflammatory signaling pathways, like NF-κB, JNK, and so on, to ameliorate inflammation. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms mentioned above are common to natural flavonoid products including TFDG. Therefore, this study aimed to further investigate the other mechanisms of TFDG against CIA. Methods DBA/1 mice (8-10 weeks) were intravenously injected Freund's Adjuvant (100μL) at the base of tail and intraperitoneally injected PBS or different dosage of TFDG (1 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg). Then the paw and knee tissues were collected to assess the severity of joint destruction. In vitro experiments, bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) were exposed to TNF-α (10ng/mL) with or without different concentrations of TFDG (0.1μmol/L or 1.0μmol/L). Besides, the targets of TFDG were predicted with docking software and were verified through experiment. Results TFDG treatment could reduce M1 macrophage (pro-inflammatory) and inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL- 6 and TNF-α, both in vitro and in vivo. At the same time, the M2 macrophage (alternatively activated) polarization was promoted by TFDG. Animal experiments showed TFDG ameliorated joint destructions. For investigating the mechanisms, the targets of TFDG were predicted by bioinformatics tools. According to predictions, we hypothesized that TFDG could act with BCL-2 to weaken the interaction between BCL-2 and Beclin1. Beclin1 plays a central role in autophagy, and we found that the autophagy level of BMMs was recovered by TFDG. Besides, 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor, could attenuate the therapeutic effect of TFDG. Conclusion TFDG protected against collagen-induced arthritis by attenuating the inflammation and promoting anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization through controlling autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenming Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyang Hou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tengzhou City Center People’s Hospital, Tengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zerui Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianhao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaole Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing Yang
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Center, Suzhou Municipal Hospital (North District), Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Huilin Yang; Dechun Geng, Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Huilin Yang; Dechun Geng, Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
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14
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The Protective Effect of Theaflavins on the Kidney of Mice with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010201. [PMID: 36615858 PMCID: PMC9824224 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy, primarily caused by advanced glycation end products (AGEs), is a serious complication resulting from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Reportedly, theaflavins (TFs) can improve diabetic nephropathy; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is not fully clear. In this study, T2DM mice were treated with different concentrations of TFs by gavage for 10 weeks to investigate the effect of TFs on diabetic nephropathy and their potential molecular mechanism of action. Biochemical and pathological analysis showed that the TFs effectively improved blood glucose, insulin resistance, kidney function, and other symptoms in diabetic mice. The mechanism studies indicated that TFs inhibited the formation of AGEs, thereby inhibiting the activation of the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, our study suggested that TFs improved diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting the formation of AGEs.
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15
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β-Caryophyllene Acts as a Ferroptosis Inhibitor to Ameliorate Experimental Colitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416055. [PMID: 36555694 PMCID: PMC9784863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage infiltration is one of the main pathological features of ulcerative colitis (UC) and ferroptosis is a type of nonapoptotic cell death, connecting oxidative stress and inflammation. However, whether ferroptosis occurs in the colon macrophages of UC mice and whether targeting macrophage ferroptosis is an effective approach for UC treatment remain unclear. The present study revealed that macrophage lipid peroxidation was observed in the colon of UC mice. Subsequently, we screened several main components of essential oil from Artemisia argyi and found that β-caryophyllene (BCP) had a good inhibitory effect on macrophage lipid peroxidation. Additionally, ferroptotic macrophages were found to increase the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnf-α) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2), while BCP can reverse the effects of inflammation activated by ferroptosis. Further molecular mechanism studies revealed that BCP activated the type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) to inhibit macrophage ferroptosis and its induced inflammatory response both in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, BCP potentially ameliorated experimental colitis inflammation by inhibiting macrophage ferroptosis. These results revealed that macrophage ferroptosis is a potential therapeutic target for UC and identified a novel mechanism of BCP in ameliorating experimental colitis.
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16
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Liu C, Liu A, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Zhou F, Chen H, Liu Q, Zhang S, Huang J, Liu Z. Role and Mechanism of Theaflavins in Regulating Skeletal Muscle Inflammation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13233-13250. [PMID: 36215649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Persistent inflammatory infiltration of skeletal muscle is a principal trigger for the loss of muscle mass and strength. Theaflavins, the main functional components of black tea, have effects on muscle health, but their biological effects on skeletal muscle inflammation are unclear. We constructed in vitro and in vivo models of muscle inflammation and found that theaflavins reduced the expression of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) by regulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway to alleviate muscle inflammation. In addition, TF1 can regulate the metabolic function of skeletal muscle under inflammatory conditions, reduce the content of proinflammatory substances, improve the mechanical properties (stiffness and roughness) of the surface of inflammatory myotubes, and promote the recovery of muscle after an inflammatory injury. In conclusion, theaflavins may serve as a diet-derived anti-inflammatory factor with potential modulatory effects on skeletal muscle metabolism and mechanical properties in an inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals and Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultrual University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ailing Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Jinghui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals and Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Yangbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals and Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals and Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals and Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals and Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals and Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals and Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultrual University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals and Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultrual University, Changsha 410128, China
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Li N, Chen M, Zhu HT, Zhang M, Wang D, Yang CR, Zhang YJ. Theaflavoids A-C, new flavan-3-ols with potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from Yunnan black tea 'Jin-Ya'. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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A comprehensive review on bioavailability, safety and antidepressant potential of natural bioactive components from tea. Food Res Int 2022; 158:111540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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The Role of Concomitant Nrf2 Targeting and Stem Cell Therapy in Cerebrovascular Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081447. [PMID: 35892653 PMCID: PMC9332234 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the reality that a death from cerebrovascular accident occurs every 3.5 min in the United States, there are few therapeutic options which are typically limited to a narrow window of opportunity in time for damage mitigation and recovery. Novel therapies have targeted pathological processes secondary to the initial insult, such as oxidative damage and peripheral inflammation. One of the greatest challenges to therapy is the frequently permanent damage within the CNS, attributed to a lack of sufficient neurogenesis. Thus, recent use of cell-based therapies for stroke have shown promising results. Unfortunately, stroke-induced inflammatory and oxidative damage limit the therapeutic potential of these stem cells. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been implicated in endogenous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, thus presenting an attractive target for novel therapeutics to enhance stem cell therapy and promote neurogenesis. This review assesses the current literature on the concomitant use of stem cell therapy and Nrf2 targeting via pharmaceutical and natural agents, highlighting the need to elucidate both upstream and downstream pathways in optimizing Nrf2 treatments in the setting of cerebrovascular disease.
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Theaflavin-3,3 -Digallate Protects Cartilage from Degradation by Modulating Inflammation and Antioxidant Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3047425. [PMID: 35847580 PMCID: PMC9286955 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3047425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease that may be closely linked to inflammation and oxidative stress destroying the balance of cartilage matrix. Theaflavin-3,3′-digallate (TFDG), a natural substance derived from black tea, has been reported to restrict the activity of inflammatory cytokines and effectively eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various diseases. However, it is not clear whether TFDG can improve OA. Methods Chondrocytes were treated with or without IL-1β and 20 μM and 40 μM TFDG. The effect of TFDG on the proliferation of chondrocytes was detected by CCK8. RT-qPCR was used to detect the gene expression of inflammatory factors, extracellular matrix synthesis, and degradation genes. Western blot and immunofluorescence assays were used to detect the protein expression. The fluorescence intensity of reactive oxygen species labeled by DCFH-DA was detected by flow cytometry. We established an OA rat model by performing destabilized medial meniscus (DMM) surgery to observe whether TFDG can protect chondrocytes under arthritis in vivo. Results TFDG was found to inhibit proinflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, and PGE) and matrix-degrading enzymes (MMP13, MMP3, and ADAMTS5) expression and protected extracellular matrix components of chondrocytes (ACAN, COL2, and SOX9). TFDG accelerated the scavenging of ROS caused by IL-1β according to the Nrf2 signaling pathway activation. At the same time, TFDG suppressed the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways to delay the inflammatory process. The cartilage of DMM rats receiving TFDG showed lower Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scores and expressed higher levels of COL2 and Nrf2 compared with those of rats in the DMM group. Conclusion TFDG could protect cartilage from degradation and alleviate osteoarthritis in rats, which suggests that TFDG has potential as a drug candidate for OA therapy.
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Paiva L, Lima E, Motta M, Marcone M, Baptista J. Investigation of the Azorean Camellia sinensis Processing Conditions to Maximize the Theaflavin 3,3′-di-O-Gallate Content as a Potential Antiviral Compound. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061066. [PMID: 35739963 PMCID: PMC9220188 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular constituents of Camellia sinensis, in particular epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) and, more remarkably, the galloylated theaflavins, mainly theaflavin-3,3′-di-O-gallate (TF-3,3′-DG), have been reported to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), an enzyme required for the cleavage of its polyproteins, to produce vital individual functional proteins for viral cell replication. Our results for total catechin content revealed the values of 174.72, 200.90, and 211.75 mg/g dry weight (DW) in spring, and the values of 183.59, 191.36, and 215.09 mg/g DW in summer, for tea plantation zones 1, 2, and 3, respectively. For the TF-3,3′-DG content, the values of 2.68, 1.13, and 3.72 mg/g DW were observed in spring, and the values of 3.78, 2.06, and 8.91 mg/g DW in summer for zones 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In the same zone, different contents of TF-3,3′-DG were observed across plucking months of April, June, and August, with values of 1.13, 2.77, and 4.18 mg/g DW, respectively, showing higher values in summer. Different values of TF-3,3′-DG contents were also observed in the same tea plantation zone but from different plant parts, revealing higher values in the bud and the first and second leaves (3.62 mg/g DW) and lower values in the third and fourth leaves (1.14 mg/g DW). The TF-3,3′-DG content increased from 3.31 to 4.98 mg/g DW with increased fermentation time from 1 to 3 h, respectively, and increased for lower temperature and longer fermentation time. The aim of this study was to investigate the processing conditions that lead to maximum TF-3,3′-DG content and, given its potential impact as an inhibitor of the 3CLpro enzyme, to create a novel antiviral Azorean black tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisete Paiva
- Gorreana Tea Plantation, Gorreana, 9625-304 Maia, Portugal; (L.P.); (M.M.)
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering (DCFQE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal;
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Lima
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering (DCFQE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal;
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Madalena Motta
- Gorreana Tea Plantation, Gorreana, 9625-304 Maia, Portugal; (L.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Massimo Marcone
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - José Baptista
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering (DCFQE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal;
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
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22
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Wei Y, Xu J, Miao S, Wei K, Peng L, Wang Y, Wei X. Recent advances in the utilization of tea active ingredients to regulate sleep through neuroendocrine pathway, immune system and intestinal microbiota. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7598-7626. [PMID: 35266837 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2048291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disorders have received widespread attention nowadays, which have been promoted by the accelerated pace of life, unhealthy diets and lack of exercise in modern society. The chemical medications to improve sleep has shown serious side effects and risks with high costs. Therefore, it is urgent to develop efficient nutraceuticals from natural sources to ensure sleep quality as a sustainable strategy. As the second most consumed beverage worldwide, the health-promoting effects of tea have long been widely recognized. However, the modulatory effect of teas on sleep disorders has received much less attention. Tea contains various natural sleep-modulating active ingredients such as L-theanine (LTA), caffeine, tea polyphenols (TPP), tea pigments, tea polysaccharides (TPS) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This review focuses on the potential influence and main regulating mechanisms of different tea active ingredients on sleep, including being absorbed by the small intestine and then cross the blood-brain barrier to act on neurons in the brain as neurotransmitters, manipulating the immune system and further affect sleep-wake cycle by regulating the levels of cytokines, and controlling the gut microbes to maintain the homeostasis of circadian rhythm. Current research progress and limitations are summarized and several future development directions are also proposed. This review hopes to provide new insights into the future elucidation of the sleep-regulating mechanisms of different teas and their natural active ingredients and the development of tea-based functional foods for alleviating sleep disorders. HighlightsNatural sleep-modulating active ingredients in tea have been summarized.Influences of drinking tea or tea active ingredients on sleep are reviewed.Three main regulating mechanisms of tea active ingredients on sleep are explained.The associations among nervous system, immune system and intestinal microbiota are investigated.The potential of developing delivery carriers for tea active ingredients is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Siwei Miao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Kang Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lanlan Peng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuanfeng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xinlin Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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23
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Wang Y, Chen L, Lai W, Zhao Y, Xu P. Nonvolatile metabolite alterations during Zijuan black tea processing affect the protective potential on HOECs exposed to nicotine. Food Funct 2021; 12:12291-12302. [PMID: 34816850 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02852a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding nonvolatile metabolite alterations during processing and their impacts on potential function is crucial for technological innovations in tea manufacturing. In the present work, specific metabolite alterations during Zijuan black tea processing and their potential effects on nicotine-induced human oral epithelial cell (HOEC) injury were investigated. The results showed that leucine, isoleucine, and tyrosine were the main hydrolysis products during withering, and theaflavin-3-gallate (TF-3-G), theaflavin-3'-gallate (TF-3'-G) and theaflavin-3,3'-gallate (TFDG) were mainly formed during rolling. Moreover, oxidation of flavonoid glycosides, catechins and dimeric catechins took place during fermentation. During drying, amino acid conversion became dominant. Meanwhile, processing samples effectively attenuated nicotine-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HOECs. TF-3'-G, TF-3-G, phenylalanine, and kaempferol-3-coumaroylglucoside exhibited strong associations with protective action, which indicates that modifying the processes in which black tea are produced to be rich in those specific components could be beneficial for the oral health of people who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Wang
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Wanyi Lai
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yueling Zhao
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Ping Xu
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. .,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
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24
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Luan G, Zhu Z, Wu K, Yin S. Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate attenuates cigarette smoke extract-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice by suppressing necroptosis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 23:11. [PMID: 34815763 PMCID: PMC8593858 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary emphysema is one of the most important pathological manifestations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is commonly associated with cigarette smoking. Previous studies have indicated that necroptosis, a novel non-apoptotic cell death mechanism associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, may contribute to the development of pulmonary emphysema. Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF-3), one of the theaflavins present in black tea, is known to possess several bioactive properties. In the present study, it was demonstrated that TF-3 significantly reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species and the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in CSE-treated human normal lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells. To further explore the role of TF-3 in necroptosis, the necroptotic rates of BEAS-2B cells were examined via flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assays. The results demonstrated that TF-3 may suppress necroptosis in CSE-treated BEAS-2B cells. Furthermore, it was determined that TF-3 significantly inhibited the CSE-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase three (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) in BEAS-2B cells. Another experiment demonstrated that a pharmacological inhibitor of the p38 MAPK pathway, SB203580, significantly reduced the protein expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-RIPK3 and phosphorylated (p-)MLKL, which indicated that TF-3 suppressed necroptosis via the p38 MAPK/RIPK3/MLKL signaling pathways. In vivo, it was observed that TF-3 treatment significantly attenuated morphological lung injury in mice with CSE-induced emphysema. Moreover, TF-3 significantly reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β and significantly enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the lung tissues in mice with emphysema. TF-3 also significantly inhibited the levels of p-RIPK3 and p-MLKL in the lungs of mice with emphysema. Therefore, the present study indicated that TF-3 may attenuate CSE-induced emphysema in mice by inhibiting necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Luan
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Affiliated Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, P.R. China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Kaiyue Wu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Affiliated Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, P.R. China
| | - Shaojun Yin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
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25
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Shan Z, Nisar MF, Li M, Zhang C, Wan C(C. Theaflavin Chemistry and Its Health Benefits. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6256618. [PMID: 34804369 PMCID: PMC8601833 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6256618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Huge epidemiological and clinical studies have confirmed that black tea is a rich source of health-promoting ingredients, such as catechins and theaflavins (TFs). Furthermore, TF derivatives mainly include theaflavin (TF1), theaflavin-3-gallate (TF2A), theaflavin-3'-gallate (TF2B), and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3). All of these TFs exhibit extensive usages in pharmaceutics, foods, and traditional medication systems. Various indepth studies reported that how TFs modulates health effects in cellular and molecular mechanisms. The available literature regarding the pharmacological activities of TFs has revealed that TF3 has remarkable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antiobesity, antiosteoporotic, and antimicrobial properties, thus posing significant effects on human health. The current manuscript summarizes both the chemistry and various pharmacological effects of TFs on human health, lifestyle or aging associated diseases, and populations of gut microbiota. Furthermore, the biological potential of TFs has also been focused to provide a deeper understanding of its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Shan
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Pu'er University, Pu'er 665099, China
| | - Muhammad Farrukh Nisar
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CUVAS), Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Mingxi Li
- Research Center of Tea and Tea Culture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Pu'er University, Pu'er 665099, China
| | - Chunpeng (Craig) Wan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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26
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Jiang Y, Jin W, Li J, Huang Q. Associations between caseinophosphopeptides and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate and their impact on cellular antioxidant activity. Food Funct 2021; 12:7390-7401. [PMID: 34190287 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01413g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Caseinophosphopeptides (CPPs) are a group of bioactive polypeptides hydrolyzed from caseins. Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF-3) is a characteristic biofunctional polyphenol in black tea. In the present study, the interactions between CPPs and TF-3 were systematically investigated with fluorescence quenching, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), circular dichroism (CD), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Both fluorescence quenching and QCM-D studies demonstrated that TF-3 interacted with CPPs primarily through hydrogen bonding. Other forces were also involved. The addition of TF-3 did not change the secondary structures and the radius of gyration of CPPs, but it induced the aggregation of CPPs. The size of the aggregates increased with the concentration of TF-3. The impact of the association between TF-3 and CPPs on the antioxidant activity of TF-3 was studied by the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay, which revealed that the cellular antioxidant activity of TF-3 was enhanced after binding to CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Jiang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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27
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Khan MS, Khan RA, Rehman MT, Ismael MA, Husain FM, AlAjmi MF, Alokail MS, Altwaijry N, Alsalme AM. Elucidation of molecular interactions of theaflavin monogallate with camel milk lactoferrin: detailed spectroscopic and dynamic simulation studies. RSC Adv 2021; 11:26710-26720. [PMID: 35479994 PMCID: PMC9037349 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03256a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a heme-binding multifunctional glycoprotein known for iron transportation in the blood and also contributes to innate immunity. In this study, the interaction of theaflavin monogallate, a polyphenolic component of black tea, with camel milk lactoferrin was studied using various biophysical and computational techniques. Fluorescence quenching at different temperatures suggests that theaflavin monogallate interacted with lactoferrin by forming a non-fluorescent complex, i.e., static quenching. Theaflavin monogallate shows a significant affinity towards lactoferrin with a binding constant of ∼104–105 M−1 at different temperatures. ANS binding shows that the binding of polyphenol resulted in the burial of hydrophobic domains of lactoferrin. Moreover, thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS and ΔG) suggested that the interaction between protein and polyphenol was entropically favored and spontaneous. Circular dichroism confirmed there was no alteration in the secondary structure of lactoferrin. The energy transfer efficiency (FRET) from lactoferrin to theaflavin was found to be approximately 50%, with a distance between protein and polyphenol of 2.44 nm. Molecular docking shows that the binding energy of lactoferrin–theaflavin monogallate interaction was −9.7 kcal mol−1. Theaflavin monogallate was bound at the central cavity of lactoferrin and formed hydrogen bonds with Gln89, Tyr192, Lys301, Ser303, Gln87, and Val250 of lactoferrin. Other residues, such as Tyr82, Tyr92, and Tyr192, were involved in hydrophobic interactions. The calculation of various molecular dynamics simulations parameters indicated the formation of a stable complex between protein and polyphenol. This study delineates the binding mechanism of polyphenol with milk protein and could be helpful in milk formulations and play a key role in the food industry. Lactoferrin is a heme-binding multifunctional glycoprotein known for iron transportation in the blood and also contributes to innate immunity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Rais Ahmad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Ismael
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F AlAjmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Nojood Altwaijry
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Alsalme
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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28
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Gour A, Manhas D, Bag S, Gorain B, Nandi U. Flavonoids as potential phytotherapeutics to combat cytokine storm in SARS-CoV-2. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4258-4283. [PMID: 33786876 PMCID: PMC8250405 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, COVID-19, has become the global panic since December 2019, which urges the global healthcare professionals to identify novel therapeutics to counteract this pandemic. So far, there is no approved treatment available to control this public health issue; however, a few antiviral agents and repurposed drugs support the patients under medical supervision by compromising their adverse effects, especially in emergency conditions. Only a few vaccines have been approved to date. In this context, several plant natural products-based research studies are evidenced to play a crucial role in immunomodulation that can prevent the chances of infection as well as combat the cytokine release storm (CRS) generated during COVID-19 infection. In this present review, we have focused on flavonoids, especially epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, hesperidin, naringenin, quercetin, rutin, luteolin, baicalin, diosmin, ge nistein, biochanin A, and silymarin, which can counteract the virus-mediated elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines leading to multiple organ failure. In addition, a comprehensive discussion on available in silico, in vitro, and in vivo findings with critical analysis has also been evaluated, which might pave the way for further development of phytotherapeutics to identify the potential lead candidatetoward effective and safe management of the SARS-CoV-2 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Gour
- PK‐PD, Toxicology and Formulation DivisionCSIR‐Indian Institute of Integrative MedicineJammuIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Diksha Manhas
- PK‐PD, Toxicology and Formulation DivisionCSIR‐Indian Institute of Integrative MedicineJammuIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Swarnendu Bag
- Proteomics DivisionCSIR‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesTaylor's UniversitySubang JayaMalaysia
| | - Utpal Nandi
- PK‐PD, Toxicology and Formulation DivisionCSIR‐Indian Institute of Integrative MedicineJammuIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadUttar PradeshIndia
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29
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Jin G, Wang YJ, Li M, Li T, Huang WJ, Li L, Deng WW, Ning J. Rapid and real-time detection of black tea fermentation quality by using an inexpensive data fusion system. Food Chem 2021; 358:129815. [PMID: 33915424 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intelligent identification of black tea fermentation quality is becoming a bottleneck to industrial automation. This study presents at-line rapid detection of black tea fermentation quality at industrial scale based on low-cost micro-near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and laboratory-made computer vision system (CVS). High-performance liquid chromatography and a spectrophotometer were used for determining the content of catechins and theaflavins, and the color of tea samples, respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis combined with sensory evaluation was used to group samples through different fermentation degrees. A principal component analysis-support vector machine (SVM) model was developed to discriminate the black tea fermentation degree using color, spectral, and data fusion information; high accuracy (calibration = 95.89%, prediction = 89.19%) was achieved using mid-level data fusion. In addition, SVM model for theaflavins content prediction was established. The results indicated that the micro-NIRS combined with CVS proved a portable and low-cost tool for evaluating the black tea fermentation quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Yu-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Menghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Tiehan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Wen-Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Luqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Jingming Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China.
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30
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Ge G, Yang S, Hou Z, Gan M, Tao H, Zhang W, Li W, Wang Z, Hao Y, Gu Y, Geng D. Theaflavin-3,3'-Digallate Promotes the Formation of Osteoblasts Under Inflammatory Environment and Increases the Bone Mass of Ovariectomized Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:648969. [PMID: 33833684 PMCID: PMC8021853 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.648969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a disease of bone mass reduction and structural changes due to estrogen deficiency, which can eventually lead to increased pain and fracture risk. Chronic inflammatory microenvironment leading to the decreased activation of osteoblasts and inhibition of bone formation is an important pathological factor that leads to osteoporosis. Theaflavin-3,3′-digallate (TFDG) is an extract of black tea, which has potential anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. In our study, we found that TFDG significantly increased the bone mass of ovariectomized (OVX) mice by micro-CT analysis. Compared with OVX mice, TFDG reduced the release of proinflammatory cytokines and increased the expression of osteogenic markers in vivo. In vitro experiments demonstrated that TFDG could promote the formation of osteoblasts in inflammatory environment and enhance their mineralization ability. In this process, TFDG activated MAPK, Wnt/β-Catenin and BMP/Smad signaling pathways inhibited by TNF-α, and then promoted the transcription of osteogenic related factors including Runx2 and Osterix, promoting the differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts eventually. In general, our study confirmed that TFDG was able to promote osteoblast differentiation under inflammatory environment, enhance its mineralization ability, and ultimately increase bone mass in ovariectomized mice. These results suggested that TFDG might have the potential to be a more effective treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoran Ge
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou Ninth Hospital affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhenyang Hou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Teng Zhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Tengzhou, China
| | - Minfeng Gan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huaqiang Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenming Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Hao
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Center, Suzhou Municipal Hospital (North District), Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Ye Gu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, First People's Hospital of Changshu City, Changshu, China
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Deka H, Sarmah PP, Devi A, Tamuly P, Karak T. Changes in major catechins, caffeine, and antioxidant activity during CTC processing of black tea from North East India. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11457-11467. [PMID: 35423631 PMCID: PMC8695946 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09529j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaves undergo complex chemical transformations during black tea processing. However, the dynamic chemical changes during tea processing have not been explored in popular cultivars of North East India. In this study, changes in catechins, caffeine, total polyphenol (TP) and formation of theaflavins were examined throughout the different stages of CTC (curl, tear and crush) black tea processing based on UPLC metabolomic analysis along with antioxidant activity for eight cultivars viz. S.3A/3, TV1, TV7, TV9, TV17, TV22, TV23 and TV25. The results demonstrated that the most prolific changes were observed after complete maceration of tea leaves. The total catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and (-)-epicatechin gallate levels decreased by 96, 97 and 89%, respectively as the processing progressed from fresh leaves to black tea. The TP level decreased by 26 to 37% throughout the processing path. The caffeine content increased by 18% during processing. The total theaflavin reached the highest level at 20 min of fermentation and then decreased by 13 to 36% at 40 min. Cultivar TV23 and S.3A/3 had a high content of total theaflavin with 17.9 and 16.9 mg g-1, respectively. The antioxidant activity was observed to be decreased by 31% for the black tea as compared to fresh leaves. It is also observed that the total phenolic content exerted a greater effect on antioxidant activity rather than catechins and theaflavins. This study provides an insightful observation of black tea processing which will immensely help in improving the quality of processed tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himangshu Deka
- Biochemistry Department, Tocklai Tea Research Institute Jorhat 785008 Assam India
| | - Podma Pollov Sarmah
- Biochemistry Department, Tocklai Tea Research Institute Jorhat 785008 Assam India
| | - Arundhuti Devi
- Resource Management and Environment Section, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Guwahati 781035 Assam India
| | - Pradip Tamuly
- Biochemistry Department, Tocklai Tea Research Institute Jorhat 785008 Assam India
| | - Tanmoy Karak
- Upper Assam Advisory Centre, Tea Research Association Dikom 786101 Assam India
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Deng X, Hou Y, Zhou H, Li Y, Xue Z, Xue X, Huang G, Huang K, He X, Xu W. Hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherosclerotic effects of tea before and after microbial fermentation. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1160-1170. [PMID: 33598200 PMCID: PMC7866600 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial fermentation significantly affects the flavor and efficacy of tea. It is generally believed that fermented tea is more effective in lowering lipids, while unfermented tea can more effectively inhibit inflammation. However, there is not sufficient evidence to support this claim. To systematically compare the hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherosclerotic effects of tea before and after microbial fermentation, hyperlipidemic rats and inflammatory injury cells were treated with Monascus purpureus-fermented pu-erh tea water extract (MPT) and sun-dried green tea water extract (SGT), respectively. RESULTS MPT, with higher levels of theabrownins, flavonoids, gallic acid (GA), and lovastatin, was more effective in reducing serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), while SGT, with higher levels of tea polyphenols, amino acids, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and theaflavins, was more effective in increasing serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in hyperlipidemic rats. The foam cells on the arterial wall of the rats in the MPT group were visibly less, and the thrombosis time was longer than that in the SGT group. Cell experiments showed that MPT was more effective in protecting endothelial cells from damage than SGT. CONCLUSION Surprisingly, Monascus purpureus-fermented pu-erh tea not only had better hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic effects than its raw material (sun-dried green tea), but also was superior in anti-inflammatory effects to the latter, which was possibly attributable to the great changes in functional ingredients during microbial fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Deng
- College of Food Science and TechnologyYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Yan Hou
- College of Long Run Pu‐erh TeaYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Hongjie Zhou
- College of Long Run Pu‐erh TeaYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Yali Li
- College of Long Run Pu‐erh TeaYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Zhiqiang Xue
- College of Long Run Pu‐erh TeaYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Xiaoting Xue
- College of Long Run Pu‐erh TeaYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Ganghua Huang
- College of Long Run Pu‐erh TeaYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food QualityDepartment of Nutrition and HealthChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food QualityDepartment of Nutrition and HealthChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wentao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food QualityDepartment of Nutrition and HealthChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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Li S, Yin L, Yi J, Zhang LM, Yang L. Insight into interaction mechanism between theaflavin-3-gallate and α-glucosidase using spectroscopy and molecular docking analysis. J Food Biochem 2020; 45:e13550. [PMID: 33150631 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the α-glucosidase (α-GC) inhibitory mechanism of theaflavin-3-gallate (TF-3-G), their interaction mechanism was investigated using spectroscopy and molecular docking analysis. The inhibition ratio of TF-3-G against α-GC was determined to be 92.3%. Steady fluorescence spectroscopy showed that TF-3-G effectively quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of α-GC through static quenching, forming a stable complex through hydrophobic interactions. Formation of the TF-3-G/α-GC complex was also confirmed by resonance light scattering spectroscopy. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that the secondary structure of α-GC was changed by TF-3-G. Molecular docking was used to simulate TF-3-G/α-GC complex formation, showing that TF-3-G might be inserted into the hydrophobic region around the active site of ɑ-GC, and bind with the catalytic Asp215 and Asp352 residues. The ɑ-GC inhibitory mechanism of TF-3-G was mainly attributed to the change in ɑ-GC secondary structure caused by the complex formation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: α-Glucosidase (α-GC) can hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds of starch and oligosaccharides in food and release glucose. Therefore, the inhibition of α-GC activity has been used to treat postprandial hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Theaflavin-3-gallate (TF-3-G), a flavonoid found in the fermentation products of black tea, exhibits strong inhibition of α-GC activity. However, the α-GC inhibitory mechanism of TF-3-G is unclear. This study aids understanding of this mechanism, and proposed a possibly basic theory for improving the medicinal value of TF-3-G in diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yin
- Department of Polymer and Material Science, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juzhen Yi
- Department of Polymer and Material Science, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Polymer-based Composites, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Ming Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Polymer-based Composites, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqun Yang
- Department of Polymer and Material Science, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for High Performance Polymer-based Composites, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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34
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Han YY, Jin K, Pan QS, Li B, Wu ZQ, Gan L, Yang L, Long C. Microglial activation in the dorsal striatum participates in anxiety-like behavior in Cyld knockout mice. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:326-338. [PMID: 32688031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CYLD lysine 63 deubiquitinase (CYLD), that is mainly involved in immune responses and inflammation, is expressed at high levels in the brain, especially in the dorsal striatum, but its physiological function of CYLD in the brain remains unexplored. The present study investigated the effect of Cyld gene knockout on behavior relevant to the dorsal striatum, such as motor activity and depression-like and anxiety-like behavior. Microglia and the pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1 β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α were evaluated in the dorsal striatum to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Cyld knockout (Cyld-/-) mice exhibited anxiety-like behavior, but not motor deficits or depression-like behavior. Microglia were activated and the mRNA levels of IL-1 β and TNF- α were increased in the dorsal striatum of Cyld-/- mice compared to Cyld+/+ mice. The microglial modulator minocycline partially reversed the anxiety-like behavior, microglial activation and increase in IL-1 β and TNF- α mRNA and protein levels in the dorsal striatum of Cyld-/- mice. Collectively, these results suggest that Cyld knockout leading to microglial activation promotes IL-1 β and TNF- α expression and acts as a critical pathway in the pathophysiology of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Han
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Kai Jin
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Qi-Sheng Pan
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Zhuo-Qing Wu
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Lin Gan
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Cheng Long
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China; South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Translational Medical Research, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou 511400, PR China.
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35
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Ye J, Zhang X, Xie W, Gong M, Liao M, Meng Q, Xue J, Shi R, Zhang L. An Enzyme-Responsive Prodrug with Inflammation-Triggered Therapeutic Drug Release Characteristics. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000116. [PMID: 32603032 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for relieving inflammatory reactions can lead to severe side effects. It is of great importance to configure new dosing strategies for alleviating the side effects of NSAIDs. In this work, an enzyme-responsive anti-inflammatory prodrug capable of generating indomethacin upon the trigger of inflammation is developed. A monomer is first prepared after the esterification of carboxyl groups of indomethacin by hydroxyl groups of N-(2-hydroxyethyl) acrylamide. Then, a polymer prodrug, with indomethacin linked through ester bonds on the side chain, is synthesized by free radical polymerization of the monomer. The therapeutic drug component can be triggered to release from the prodrug under the stimulation of cholesterol esterase, mimicking the inflammation environment. On the contrary, there is only a small amount of drug released in the absence of the enzyme. Therefore, the drug can be triggered to release under the stimulation of an environment mimicking inflammation. Furthermore, the in vitro studies at the cellular level indicate that the enzyme-responsive prodrug can efficiently relieve inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide in RAW264.7 macrophage cells while indicating no cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ye
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.,Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xindan Zhang
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.,Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Wenqi Xie
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.,Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Min Gong
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.,Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Meihong Liao
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.,Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Qinghan Meng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Xue
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.,Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Rui Shi
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.,Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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36
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Ai Z, Wu Y, Yu M, Li J, Li S. Theaflavin-3, 3'-Digallate Suppresses RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis and Attenuates Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:803. [PMID: 32694992 PMCID: PMC7336999 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Theaflavin-3, 3′-digallate (TF3) is extracted from black tea and has strong antioxidant capabilities. The aim of this study was to assess the influences of TF3 on osteoclastogenesis and explore the underlying mechanisms. TF3 efficiently decreased receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, TF3 reduced ROS generation by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and also inhibited the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway. Moreover, micro-computed tomography (CT) analysis, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and TRAP staining of the femurs of C57BL/6J female mice showed that TF3 markedly attenuated bone loss and osteoclastogenesis in mice. Immunofluorescence staining, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining, and measurement of the levels of malonaldehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) revealed that TF3 increased the expression of Nrf2 and decreased the intracellular ROS level in vivo. These findings indicated that TF3 may have the potential to treat osteoporosis and bone diseases related to excessive osteoclastogenesis via inhibiting the intracellular ROS level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Ai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang'ou Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjiao Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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37
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Zhang W, An R, Li Q, Sun L, Lai X, Chen R, Li D, Sun S. Theaflavin TF3 Relieves Hepatocyte Lipid Deposition through Activating an AMPK Signaling Pathway by targeting Plasma Kallikrein. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2673-2683. [PMID: 32050765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly becoming the leading cause of chronic liver diseases throughout the world. The deficit of pharmacotherapy for NAFLD calls for an urgent need for a new drug discovery and lifestyle management. Black tea is the most popular and functional drink consumed worldwide. Its main bioactive constituent theaflavin helps to prevent obesity-a major risk factor for NAFLD. To find new targets for the development of effective and safe therapeutic drugs from natural plants for NAFLD, we found a theaflavin monomer theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3), which significantly reduced lipid droplet accumulation in hepatocytes, and directly bound and inhibited the activation of plasma kallikrein (PK), which was further proved to stimulate adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its downstream targets. Taken together, we proposed that the TF3-PK-AMPK regulatory axis is a novel mechanism of lipid deposition mitigation, and PK could be a new target for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenji Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ran An
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Qiuhua Li
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lingli Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xingfei Lai
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ruohong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Dongli Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, P. R. China
| | - Shili Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Xiong J, Pecchi VG, Qui M, Ivanov AA, Mo X, Niu Q, Chen X, Fu H, Du Y. Development of a Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Ultrahigh-Throughput Screening Assay for Targeting the NSD3 and MYC Interaction. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2019; 16:96-106. [PMID: 29634317 PMCID: PMC5865254 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2017.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modulators play critical roles in reprogramming of cellular functions, emerging as a new class of promising therapeutic targets. Nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 3 (NSD3) is a member of the lysine methyltransferase family. Interestingly, the short isoform of NSD3 without the methyltransferase fragment, NSD3S, exhibits oncogenic activity in a wide range of cancers. We recently showed that NSD3S interacts with MYC, a central regulator of tumorigenesis, suggesting a mechanism by which NSD3S regulates cell proliferation through engaging MYC. Thus, small molecule inhibitors of the NSD3S/MYC interaction will be valuable tools for understanding the function of NSD3 in tumorigenesis for potential cancer therapeutic discovery. Here we report the development of a cell lysate-based time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay in an ultrahigh-throughput screening (uHTS) format to monitor the interaction of NSD3S with MYC. In our TR-FRET assay, anti-Flag-terbium and anti-glutathione S-transferase (GST)-d2, a paired fluorophores, were used to indirectly label Flag-tagged NSD3 and GST-MYC in HEK293T cell lysates. This TR-FRET assay is robust in a 1,536-well uHTS format, with signal-to-background >8 and a Z' factor >0.7. A pilot screening with the Spectrum library of 2,000 compounds identified several positive hits. One positive compound was confirmed to disrupt the NSD3/MYC interaction in an orthogonal protein-protein interaction assay. Thus, our optimized uHTS assay could be applied to future scaling up of a screening campaign to identify small molecule inhibitors targeting the NSD3/MYC interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Valentina Gonzalez Pecchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Min Qui
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrey A. Ivanov
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xiulei Mo
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Qiankun Niu
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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39
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Rothenberg DO, Zhang L. Mechanisms Underlying the Anti-Depressive Effects of Regular Tea Consumption. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1361. [PMID: 31212946 PMCID: PMC6627400 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive review of the literature pertaining to the antidepressant effects and mechanisms of regular tea consumption. Meta-data supplemented with recent observational studies were first analyzed to assess the association between tea consumption and depression risk. The literature reported risk ratios (RR) were 0.69 with 95% confidence intervals of 0.62-0.77. Next, we thoroughly reviewed human trials, mouse models, and in vitro experiments to determine the predominant mechanisms underlying the observed linear relationship between tea consumption and reduced risk of depression. Current theories on the neurobiology of depression were utilized to map tea-mediated mechanisms of antidepressant activity onto an integrated framework of depression pathology. The major nodes within the network framework of depression included hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity, inflammation, weakened monoaminergic systems, reduced neurogenesis/neuroplasticity, and poor microbiome diversity affecting the gut-brain axis. We detailed how each node has subsystems within them, including signaling pathways, specific target proteins, or transporters that interface with compounds in tea, mediating their antidepressant effects. A major pathway was found to be the ERK/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway, up-regulated by a number of compounds in tea including teasaponin, L-theanine, EGCG and combinations of tea catechins and their metabolites. Black tea theaflavins and EGCG are potent anti-inflammatory agents via down-regulation of NF-κB signaling. Multiple compounds in tea are effective modulators of dopaminergic activity and the gut-brain axis. Taken together, our findings show that constituents found in all major tea types, predominantly L-theanine, polyphenols and polyphenol metabolites, are capable of functioning through multiple pathways simultaneously to collectively reduce the risk of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan O'Neill Rothenberg
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Chauhan S, Dunlap K, Duffy LK. Effects of Methylmercury and Theaflavin Digallate on Adipokines in Mature 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112755. [PMID: 31195622 PMCID: PMC6600166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a contributor to morbidity across the globe and is often associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome and other inflammatory diseases associated with aging. In addition to genetic and lifestyle factors, environmental factors such as metals and persistent organic pollutants may increase the severity or lower the threshold of these conditions. In cell culture, methylmercury is toxic to adipocytes and may impact adipokine secretions. In this study, we determined the effects of different concentrations of theaflavin digallate on methylmercury exposed 3T3-L1 adipocytes in cell culture. Secretions of resistin, adiponectin and lipid peroxidation product, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) were monitored using ELISA assays. Cell morphology of methylmercury and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate treated adipocytes was assessed using Lipid (Oil Red O) staining. Exposure to methylmercury increased the levels of resistin and adiponectin as well as 4-HNE when compared to the control cells. Methylmercury treated cells resulted in smaller number of adipocytes and clumped lipid droplets. These results suggest that methylmercury induces reactive oxygen species leading to development of an inflammatory response. Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate reduced the impact of methylmercury by maintaining the adipocytes morphology and secretion patterns of adiponectin, resistin and 4-hydroxynonenal. With this experimental model system other anti-inflammatory and signaling agents could be tested at the biochemical level before eventually leading to studies in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhangi Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6160, USA.
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA.
| | - Kriya Dunlap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6160, USA.
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA.
| | - Lawrence K Duffy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6160, USA.
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA.
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Theaflavin-3, 3'-Digallate Attenuates Rheumatoid Inflammation in Mice Through the Nuclear Factor-κB and MAPK Pathways. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2019; 67:153-160. [PMID: 30874838 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-019-00536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease which impacts a large number of patients worldwide, and new drugs are required for lower the disease burden. Theaflavin-3, 3'-digallate (TFDG) is polyphenol exhibiting inhibition on inflammatory factors. This study aimed to explore the attenuation of TFDG on RA. The collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model was established and administered with TFDG. The arthritis score and incidence was recorded to assess the amelioration of TFDG on arthritis. Histopathological change of the mouse joint tissues was evaluated by haemotoxylin and eosin staining. The expression of pro-inflammatory mediators including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-6 was quantified by ELISA. The activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in the synovium were determined by Western blotting. In comparison with the control, administration of TFDG significantly reduced arthritis score and incidence in the CIA mouse model. TFDG significantly suppressed the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, as well as the levels of MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-3 in the synovium. TFDG also showed remarkable inhibition on the activation of NF-κB and the phosphorylation of P38, JNK2, and ERK. This study puts up evidence that TFDG exerts protection on RA via inhibiting the activation of NF-κB- and MAPK-signaling pathways.
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Kita M, Uchida S, Yamada K, Ano Y. Anxiolytic effects of theaflavins via dopaminergic activation in the frontal cortex. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1157-1162. [PMID: 30806570 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1584523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological investigations have reported that the habit of drinking tea reduces the risk of developing a mental disorder, including anxiety disorder and depression. Theaflavins, black tea polyphenols, show antibacterial and anti-oxidative effects, but their effects on brain function, especially mental condition, have not been elucidated. The present study demonstrated that theaflavins increased dopamine (DA) turnover in the frontal cortex and showed an anxiolytic effect in mice. Theaflavin consumption increased the time spent by mice in the open arms of an elevated plus maze test. Theaflavin administration increased the levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and the ratios of DOPAC/DA and (DOPAC+homovanillic acids)/DA indicating DA turnover, in the frontal cortex. These results suggest that the consumption of theaflavins induced anxiolytic effects via activation of the dopaminergic system in the frontal cortex, which support the findings of previous epidemiological studies. Theaflavins in black tea may be helpful to reduce anxiety in daily life. (150/150 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kita
- a Research Laboratories for Health Science & Food Technologies , Kirin Company Ltd ., Yokohama-shi , Japan
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- b Central Nervous System Research Laboratories, CNS R&D Unit, R&D Division , Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd ., Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Koji Yamada
- b Central Nervous System Research Laboratories, CNS R&D Unit, R&D Division , Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd ., Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Ano
- a Research Laboratories for Health Science & Food Technologies , Kirin Company Ltd ., Yokohama-shi , Japan
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Ano Y, Ohya R, Kita M, Taniguchi Y, Kondo K. Theaflavins Improve Memory Impairment and Depression-Like Behavior by Regulating Microglial Activation. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030467. [PMID: 30696093 PMCID: PMC6384870 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation in the brain is associated with various disorders including Alzheimer's disease and depression. Thus, inflammation has received increasing attention regarding preventive approaches to such disorders. Epidemiological investigations have reported that drinking tea reduces the risk of dementia and depression. Theaflavins, a polyphenol found in black tea, are known to have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammation effects, but the effects of theaflavins on cognitive decline and depression induced by inflammation have not been investigated. To address this research gap, the present study assessed whether theaflavins could protect synapses and dendrites damaged by inflammation and prevent concomitant memory impairment and depression-like behavior in mice. Intracerebroventricular injection with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces neural inflammation associated with reduced spontaneous alternations in the Y-maze test and increased immobility in the tail suspension test, indicating impaired spatial memory and depression-like behavior, respectively. Oral administration with theaflavins prevented these behavioral changes induced by LPS. Theaflavins also suppressed productions of inflammatory cytokines and prevented dendritic atrophy and spine loss in the brain. Notably, theaflavins have a stronger anti-inflammatory effect than other polyphenols such as catechin, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid. These results suggest that theaflavins can suppress neural inflammation and prevent the symptoms of inflammation-related brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Ano
- Research Laboratories for Health Science & Food Technologies, Kirin Company Ltd., Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Rena Ohya
- Research Laboratories for Health Science & Food Technologies, Kirin Company Ltd., Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Kita
- Research Laboratories for Health Science & Food Technologies, Kirin Company Ltd., Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Yoshimasa Taniguchi
- Research Laboratories for Health Science & Food Technologies, Kirin Company Ltd., Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Keiji Kondo
- Research Laboratories for Health Science & Food Technologies, Kirin Company Ltd., Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan.
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Ding YH, Song YD, Wu YX, He HQ, Yu TH, Hu YD, Zhang DP, Jiang HC, Yu KK, Li XZ, Sun L, Qian F. Isoalantolactone suppresses LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting TRAF6 ubiquitination and alleviates acute lung injury. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:64-74. [PMID: 30013035 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoalantolactone (IAL) is a sesquiterpene lactone extracted from roots of Inula helenium L and has shown anti-inflammatory effects. In this study we investigated the therapeutic effects of IAL on acute lung injury (ALI) and elucidated the mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammation potential in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/mL) drastically stimulated production of inflammatory mediators such as NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), which was dose-dependently suppressed by pretreatment with IAL (2.5, 5, 10, 20 μM). We further revealed that IAL suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB, ERK, and Akt activation. Moreover, the downregulation of non-degradable K63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF6, an upstream transcription factor of NF-κB, contributed to the anti-inflammatory effects of IAL. ALI was induced in mice by intratracheal injection of LPS (5 mg/kg). Administration of IAL (20 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly suppressed pulmonary pathological changes, neutrophil infiltration, pulmonary permeability, and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Our results demonstrate that IAL is a potential therapeutic reagent against inflammation and ALI.
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Wu Y, Kuraji R, Taya Y, Ito H, Numabe Y. Effects of theaflavins on tissue inflammation and bone resorption on experimental periodontitis in rats. J Periodontal Res 2018; 53:1009-1019. [PMID: 30159985 PMCID: PMC6221153 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Theaflavins (TFs), the major polyphenol in black tea, have the ability to reduce inflammation and bone resorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of TFs on experimental periodontitis in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty rats were divided into five groups: Control (glycerol application without ligation), Ligature (glycerol application with ligation), TF1 (1 mg/mL TF application with ligation), TF10 (10 mg/mL TF application with ligation), and TF100 (100 mg/mL TF application with ligation). To induce experimental periodontitis, ligatures were placed around maxillary first molars bilaterally. After ligature placement, 100 μL glycerol or TFs were topically applied to the rats daily, and rats were euthanized 7 days after ligature placement. Micro-computed tomography was used to measure bone resorption in the left side of the maxilla, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, growth-regulated gene product/cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (Gro/Cinc-1, rat equivalent of IL-8), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (Mmp-9), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa Β ligand (Rankl), osteoprotegerin (Opg), and the Rankl/Opg ratio in gingival tissue. With tissue from the right side of the maxilla, hematoxylin and eosin staining was used for histological analysis, immunohistochemical staining for leukocyte common antigen (CD45) was used to assess inflammation, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining was used to observe the number of osteoclasts. RESULTS The TF10 and TF100 groups, but not the TF1 group, had significant inhibition of alveolar bone loss, reduction in inflammatory cell infiltration in the periodontium, and significantly reduced numbers of CD45-positive cells and TRAP-positive osteoclasts compared with the Ligature group. Correspondingly, the TF10 and TF100 groups had significantly downregulated gene expression of IL-6, Gro/Cinc-1(IL-8), Mmp-9, and Rankl, but not of Opg. Consequently, Rankl/Opg expression was significantly increased in the Ligation group but was attenuated in the TF10 and TF100 groups. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that topical application of TFs may reduce inflammation and bone resorption in experimental periodontitis. Therefore, TFs have therapeutic potential in the treatment of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Hsin Wu
- Department of PeriodontologyThe Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Ryutaro Kuraji
- Department of PeriodontologyThe Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Life Science DentistryThe Nippon Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yuji Taya
- Department of PathologyThe Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of PeriodontologyThe Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yukihiro Numabe
- Department of PeriodontologyThe Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at TokyoTokyoJapan
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Lee MK, Kim HW, Lee SH, Kim YJ, Asamenew G, Choi J, Lee JW, Jung HA, Yoo SM, Kim JB. Characterization of catechins, theaflavins, and flavonols by leaf processing step in green and black teas (Camellia sinensis) using UPLC-DAD-QToF/MS. Eur Food Res Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-018-3201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chakrabarty S, Nag D, Ganguli A, Das A, Ghosh Dastidar D, Chakrabarti G. Theaflavin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate synergistically induce apoptosis through inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling upon depolymerizing microtubules in HeLa cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:5987-6003. [PMID: 30390323 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Theaflavin (TF) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) both have been reported previously as microtubule depolymerizing agents that also have anticancer effects on various cancer cell lines and in animal models. Here, we have applied TF and EGCG in combination on HeLa cells to investigate if they can potentiate each other to improve their anticancer effect in lower doses and the underlying mechanism. We found that TF and EGCG acted synergistically, in lower doses, to inhibit the growth of HeLa cells. We found the combination of 50 µg/mL TF and 20 µg/mL EGCG to be the most effective combination with a combination index of 0.28. The same combination caused larger accumulation of cells in the G 2 /M phase of the cell cycle, potent mitochondrial membrane potential loss, and synergistic augmentation of apoptosis. We have shown that synergistic activity might be due to stronger microtubule depolymerization by simultaneous binding of TF and EGCG at different sites on tubulin: TF binds at vinblastine binding site on tubulin, and EGCG binds near colchicines binding site on tubulin. A detailed mechanistic analysis revealed that stronger microtubule depolymerization caused effective downregulation of PI3K/Akt signaling and potently induced mitochondrial apoptotic signals, which ultimately resulted in the apoptotic death of HeLa cells in a synergistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhendu Chakrabarty
- Department of Biotechnology, and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.,Department of Microbiology, M.U.C. Women's College, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Debasish Nag
- Department of Biotechnology, and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Arnab Ganguli
- Department of Biotechnology, and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Amlan Das
- Department of Biotechnology, NIT Sikkim, Sikkim, India
| | - Debabrata Ghosh Dastidar
- Department of Biotechnology, and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.,Division of Pharmaceutics, Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Gopal Chakrabarti
- Department of Biotechnology, and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Takemoto M, Takemoto H. Synthesis of Theaflavins and Their Functions. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040918. [PMID: 29659496 PMCID: PMC6017393 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological and interventional clinical studies have consistently reported that black tea is good for human health. The polyphenolic compound, theaflavin, and its galloyl esters (theaflavins) are the primary red pigments in black tea that possess several health benefits, including fat-reducing and glucose-lowering capabilities and lifestyle-related disease prevention related to anti-obesity, anticancer, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-osteoporotic, and anti-dental caries properties. These compounds are produced by key enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, from parent green tea catechins present in fresh green tea leaves during the production of black tea leaves or the fermentation of green tea. However, theaflavins are only present in low concentrations in black tea; thus, their extraction from black tea leaves at sufficient levels for use in medical studies has been difficult. To circumvent this issue, different procedures for the synthesis of theaflavins using chemical oxidizing reagents or enzymes have been studied; however, low yields have limited their utility. Recently, however, several biosynthetic methods have been developed for the mass production of theaflavins. Using these methods, the physiological functions of theaflavins in lifestyle-related diseases in mice and humans have also been studied. In this review, we present the synthesis of theaflavins and their health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Takemoto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, 31-1 Tomitamachi-Aza Misumido, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Takemoto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
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Wu Y, Jin F, Liu J, Zheng D, Wang Y, Wu F, Zhu Y, Wang Y. Protective Effect of Theaflavin-3-digallate on Lipopolysaccharide-induced Inflammation Injury in Macrophage Cells. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.980.989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Teng J, Gong Z, Deng Y, Chen L, Li Q, Shao Y, Lin L, Xiao W. Purification, characterization and enzymatic synthesis of theaflavins of polyphenol oxidase isozymes from tea leaf (Camellia sinensis). Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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