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Lipovka A, Fatkullin M, Averkiev A, Pavlova M, Adiraju A, Weheabby S, Al-Hamry A, Kanoun O, Pašti I, Lazarevic-Pasti T, Rodriguez RD, Sheremet E. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Electrochemistry: The Ultimate Chemical Sensing and Manipulation Combination. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024; 54:110-134. [PMID: 35435777 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2063683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the lessons we learned from the COVID-19 pandemic is that the need for ultrasensitive detection systems is now more critical than ever. While sensors' sensitivity, portability, selectivity, and low cost are crucial, new ways to couple synergistic methods enable the highest performance levels. This review article critically discusses the synergetic combinations of optical and electrochemical methods. We also discuss three key application fields-energy, biomedicine, and environment. Finally, we selected the most promising approaches and examples, the open challenges in sensing, and ways to overcome them. We expect this work to set a clear reference for developing and understanding strategies, pros and cons of different combinations of electrochemical and optical sensors integrated into a single device.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Olfa Kanoun
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Igor Pašti
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Lazarevic-Pasti
- Department of Physical Chemistry, "VINČA" Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Vinca, Serbia
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2
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Nihal S, Sarfo D, Zhang X, Tesfamichael T, Karunathilaka N, Punyadeera C, Izake EL. Paper electrochemical immunosensor for the rapid screening of Galectin-3 patients with heart failure. Talanta 2024; 274:126012. [PMID: 38554482 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
A paper electrochemical immunosensor for the combined binding and quantification of the heart failure (HF) biomarker Galectin-3 has been developed. The simple design of the new sensor is comprised of paper material that is decorated with gold nanostructures, to maximize its electroactive surface area, and functionalized with target-specific recognition molecules to selectively bind the protein from aqueous solutions. The binding of the protein caused the blockage of the electron flow to the sensor electroactive surface, thus causing its oxidation potential to shift and the corresponding current to reduce quantitatively with the increase in the protein concentration within the working range of 0.5ng/mL-8ng/mL (LOQ-0.5 ng/mL). This novel sensor was able to quantify Galectin-3 concentration in saliva samples from HF patients and healthy controls within 20 min with good reproducibility (RSD = 3.64%), without the need for complex sample processing steps. The electrochemical measurements of the patient samples were cross validated by ELISA where the percent agreement between the two methods was found to be 92.7% (RSD = 7.20%). Therefore, the new paper immunosensor sensor has a strong potential for rapid and cost-effective screening of the Galectin 3 biomarker at points of care, thus supporting the timely diagnosis of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Nihal
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Daniel Sarfo
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia; Nuclear and Analytical Chemistry Research Center (NACRC), Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Ghana
| | - Xi Zhang
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland (MIHQ), Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tuquabo Tesfamichael
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia; School of Mechanical, Medical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Nuwan Karunathilaka
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland (MIHQ), Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chamindie Punyadeera
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland (MIHQ), Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emad L Izake
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia; Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Technology, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
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3
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Hosnedlova B, Werle J, Cepova J, Narayanan VHB, Vyslouzilova L, Fernandez C, Parikesit AA, Kepinska M, Klapkova E, Kotaska K, Stepankova O, Bjorklund G, Prusa R, Kizek R. Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Identification of Viruses: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-30. [PMID: 38753964 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2343853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Due to their life cycle, viruses can disrupt the metabolism of their hosts, causing diseases. If we want to disrupt their life cycle, it is necessary to identify their presence. For this purpose, it is possible to use several molecular-biological and bioanalytical methods. The reference selection was performed based on electronic databases (2020-2023). This review focused on electrochemical methods with high sensitivity and selectivity (53% voltammetry/amperometry, 33% impedance, and 12% other methods) which showed their great potential for detecting various viruses. Moreover, the aforementioned electrochemical methods have considerable potential to be applicable for care-point use as they are portable due to their miniaturizability and fast speed analysis (minutes to hours), and are relatively easy to interpret. A total of 2011 articles were found, of which 86 original papers were subsequently evaluated (the majority of which are focused on human pathogens, whereas articles dealing with plant pathogens are in the minority). Thirty-two species of viruses were included in the evaluation. It was found that most of the examined research studies (77%) used nanotechnological modifications. Other ones performed immunological (52%) or genetic analyses (43%) for virus detection. 5% of the reports used peptides to increase the method's sensitivity. When evaluable, 65% of the research studies had LOD values in the order of ng or nM. The vast majority (79%) of the studies represent proof of concept and possibilities with low application potential and a high need of further research experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Hosnedlova
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Julia Werle
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Cepova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vedha Hari B Narayanan
- Pharmaceutical Technology Lab, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Lenka Vyslouzilova
- Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Assistive Technologies, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carlos Fernandez
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Arli Aditya Parikesit
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Jakarta, Timur, Indonesia
| | - Marta Kepinska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Eva Klapkova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Kotaska
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Stepankova
- Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics, Department of Biomedical Engineering & Assistive Technologies, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Geir Bjorklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Richard Prusa
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Chen L, Li Z, Dou Y, Wang H, Chen C, Wang X. Ratiometric fluoroprobe based on Eu-MOF@Tb 3+ for detecting tetracycline hydrochloride in freshwater fish and its application in rapid visual detection. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:134045. [PMID: 38492388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH), a prevalent antibiotic in aquaculture for treating bacterial infections, poses challenges for on-site detection. This study employed the reversed-phase microemulsion method to synthesize a uniform nano metal-organic framework (MOF) material, europium-benzene-p-dicarboxylic acid (Eu-BDC), doped with Tb3+ to form a dual-emission fluorescence probe. By leveraging the combined a-photoinduced electron-transfer (a-PET) and inner filter effect (IFE) mechanisms, high-sensitivity TCH detection in Carassius auratus and Ruditapes philippinarum was achieved. The detection range for TCH is 0.380-75 μM, with a low limit of detection (LOD) at 0.115 μM. Upon TCH binding, Eu-BDC fluorescence rapidly decreased, while Tb3+ fluorescence remained constant, establishing a ratiometric fluorescence change. Investigation into the TCH quenching mechanism on Eu-BDC was conducted using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations and fluorescence quenching kinetic equations, suggesting a mixed quenching mechanism. Furthermore, a novel photoelectric conversion fluorescence detection device (FL-2) was developed and evaluated in conjunction with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). This is the first dedicated fluorescence device for TCH detection, showcasing superior photoelectric conversion performance and stability that reduces experimental errors associated with smartphone photography methods, presenting a promising avenue for on-site rapid TCH detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longtian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Zhongjie Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Yuemao Dou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Huili Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Chunyang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Xuedong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
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5
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Zhang YP, Bu JW, Shu RX, Liu SL. Advances in rapid point-of-care virus testing. Analyst 2024; 149:2507-2525. [PMID: 38630498 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00238e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Outbreaks of viral diseases seriously jeopardize people's health and cause huge economic losses. At the same time, virology provides a new perspective for biology, molecular biology and cancer research, and it is important to study the discovered viruses with potential applications. Therefore, the development of immediate and rapid viral detection methods for the prevention and treatment of viral diseases as well as the study of viruses has attracted extensive attention from scientists. With the continuous progress of science and technology, especially in the field of bioanalysis, a series of new detection techniques have been applied to the on-site rapid detection of viruses, which has become a powerful approach for human beings to fight against viruses. In this paper, the latest research progress of rapid point-of-care detection of viral nucleic acids, antigens and antibodies is presented. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of these technologies are discussed from the perspective of practical application requirements. Finally, the problems and challenges faced by rapid viral detection methods and their development prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Peng Zhang
- Technical Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201315, P. R. China.
| | - Jin-Wei Bu
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Ru-Xin Shu
- Technical Center, Shanghai Tobacco Group Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201315, P. R. China.
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
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6
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Panicker LR, Kummari S, Keerthanaa MR, Rao Bommi J, Koteshwara Reddy K, Yugender Goud K. Trends and challenges in electroanalytical biosensing methodologies for infectious viral diseases. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 156:108594. [PMID: 37984310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Viral pandemic diseases have disruptive global consequences leading to millions of deaths and a severe impact on the global economy. Inadequate preventative protocols have led to an overwhelming demand for intensive care leading to uncontrollable burdens and even breakdown of healthcare sectors across many countries. The rapid detection of viral disease helps in the understanding of the relevant intricacies, helping to tackle infection with improved guidelines. Portable biosensor devices offer promising solutions by facilitating on-site detection of viral pathogens. This review summarizes the latest innovative strategies reported using electroanalytical methods for the screening of viral antigens. The structural components of viruses and their categories are presented followed by the various recognition elements and transduction techniques involved in biosensors. Core sections focus on biosensors reported for viral genomic detection(DNA and RNA) and antigenic capsid protein. Strategies for addressing the challenges of electroanalytical biosensing of viral components are also presented. The advantages, and disadvantages of biorecognition elements and nanozymes for the detection of viral disease are highlighted. Such technical insights will help researchers working in chemistry, and biochemistry as well as clinicians working in medical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi R Panicker
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala 678 557, India
| | - Shekher Kummari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala 678 557, India
| | - M R Keerthanaa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala 678 557, India
| | | | - K Koteshwara Reddy
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - K Yugender Goud
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala 678 557, India.
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7
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Bao M, Waitkus J, Liu L, Chang Y, Xu Z, Qin P, Chen J, Du K. Micro- and nanosystems for the detection of hemorrhagic fever viruses. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4173-4200. [PMID: 37675935 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00482a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) are virulent pathogens that can cause severe and often fatal illnesses in humans. Timely and accurate detection of HFVs is critical for effective disease management and prevention. In recent years, micro- and nano-technologies have emerged as promising approaches for the detection of HFVs. This paper provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art systems for micro- and nano-scale approaches to detect HFVs. It covers various aspects of these technologies, including the principles behind their sensing assays, as well as the different types of diagnostic strategies that have been developed. This paper also explores future possibilities of employing micro- and nano-systems for the development of HFV diagnostic tools that meet the practical demands of clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Bao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Jacob Waitkus
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Yu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Peiwu Qin
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juhong Chen
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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8
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Yadav SK, Verma D, Yadav U, Kalkal A, Priyadarshini N, Kumar A, Mahato K. Point-of-Care Devices for Viral Detection: COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1744. [PMID: 37763907 PMCID: PMC10535693 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of COVID-19 and its widespread transmission have made us realize the importance of early, quick diagnostic tests for facilitating effective cure and management. The primary obstacles encountered were accurately distinguishing COVID-19 from other illnesses including the flu, common cold, etc. While the polymerase chain reaction technique is a robust technique for the determination of SARS-CoV-2 in patients of COVID-19, there arises a high demand for affordable, quick, user-friendly, and precise point-of-care (POC) diagnostic in therapeutic settings. The necessity for available tests with rapid outcomes spurred the advancement of POC tests that are characterized by speed, automation, and high precision and accuracy. Paper-based POC devices have gained increasing interest in recent years because of rapid, low-cost detection without requiring external instruments. At present, microfluidic paper-based analysis devices have garnered public attention and accelerated the development of such POCT for efficient multistep assays. In the current review, our focus will be on the fabrication of detection modules for SARS-CoV-2. Here, we have included a discussion on various strategies for the detection of viral moieties. The compilation of these strategies would offer comprehensive insight into the detection of the causative agent preparedness for future pandemics. We also provide a descriptive outline for paper-based diagnostic platforms, involving the determination mechanisms, as well as a commercial kit for COVID-19 as well as their outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K. Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribagh 825301, Jharkhand, India
| | - Damini Verma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ujala Yadav
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Ashish Kalkal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nivedita Priyadarshini
- Department of Zoology, DAV PG College Siwan, Jai Prakash University, Chhapra 841226, Bihar, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46637, USA
| | - Kuldeep Mahato
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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Ataide VN, Pradela-Filho LA, Ameku WA, Negahdary M, Oliveira TG, Santos BG, Paixão TRLC, Angnes L. Paper-based electrochemical biosensors for the diagnosis of viral diseases. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:276. [PMID: 37368054 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based electrochemical analytical devices (ePADs) have gained significant interest as promising analytical units in recent years because they can be fabricated in simple ways, are low-cost, portable, and disposable platforms that can be applied in various fields. In this sense, paper-based electrochemical biosensors are attractive analytical devices since they can promote diagnose several diseases and potentially allow decentralized analysis. Electrochemical biosensors are versatile, as the measured signal can be improved by using mainly molecular technologies and nanomaterials to attach biomolecules, resulting in an increase in their sensitivity and selectivity. Additionally, they can be implemented in microfluidic devices that drive and control the flow without external pumping and store reagents, and improve the mass transport of analytes, increasing sensor sensitivity. In this review, we focus on the recent developments in electrochemical paper-based devices for viruses' detection, including COVID-19, Dengue, Zika, Hepatitis, Ebola, AIDS, and Influenza, among others, which have caused impacts on people's health, especially in places with scarce resources. Also, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the main electrode's fabrication methods, device designs, and biomolecule immobilization strategies. Finally, the perspectives and challenges that need to be overcome to further advance paper-based electrochemical biosensors' applications are critically presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa N Ataide
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lauro A Pradela-Filho
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson A Ameku
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Masoud Negahdary
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thawan G Oliveira
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Berlane G Santos
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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10
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Self-assembled monolayer-assisted label-free electrochemical genosensor for specific point-of-care determination of Haemophilus influenzae. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:112. [PMID: 36869922 PMCID: PMC9985083 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
For sensitive detection of the L-fuculokinase genome related to the Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae), this research work demonstrates the label-free electrochemical-based oligonucleotide genosensing assay relying on the performing hybridization process. To enhance the electrochemical responses, multiple electrochemical modifier-tagged agents were effectively utilized. For attaining this goal, NiCr-layered double hydroxide (NiCr LDH) has been synthesized and combined with biochar (BC) to create an efficient electrochemical signal amplifier that has been immobilized on the surface of the bare Au electrode. Low detection and quantification limits (LOD and LOQ) associated with the designed genosensing bio-platform to detect L-fuculokinase have been achieved to 6.14 fM and 11 fM, respectively. Moreover, the wide linear range of 0.1 to 1000 pM demonstrates the capability of the designed platform. Investigated were the 1-, 2-, and 3-base mismatched sequences, and the negative control samples clarified the high selectivity and better performance of the engineered assay. The values of 96.6-104% and 2.3-3.4% have been obtained for the recoveries and RSDs, respectively. Furthermore, the repeatability and reproducibility of the associated bio-assay have been studied. Consequently, the novel method is appropriate for rapidly and quantitatively detecting H. influenzae, and is considered a better candidate for advanced tests on biological samples such as urine samples.
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11
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Wang Z, Guo Y, Xianyu Y. Applications of self-assembly strategies in immunoassays: A review. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Sadique MA, Yadav S, Khare V, Khan R, Tripathi GK, Khare PS. Functionalized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle-Based Electrochemical Immunosensor for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:2612. [PMID: 36359457 PMCID: PMC9689474 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The advancement in biosensors can overcome the challenges faced by conventional diagnostic techniques for the detection of the highly infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Hence, the development of an accurate, rapid, sensitive, and selective diagnostic technique can mitigate adverse health conditions caused by SARS-CoV-2. This work proposes the development of an electrochemical immunosensor based on bio-nanocomposites for the sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies through the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) electroanalytical method. The facile synthesis of chitosan-functionalized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-CS bio-nanocomposites) is performed using the sol-gel method. Characterization of the TiO2-CS bio-nanocomposite is accomplished using UV-vis spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical performance is studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), DPV, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for its electroanalytical and biosensing capabilities. The developed immunosensing platform has a high sensitivity with a wide range of detection from 50 ag mL-1 to 1 ng mL-1. The detection limit of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody in buffer media is obtained to be 3.42 ag mL-1 and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) to be 10.38 ag mL-1. The electrochemical immunosensor has high selectivity in different interfering analytes and is stable for 10 days. The results suggest that the developed electrochemical immunosensor can be applicable for real sample analysis and further high-throughput testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Abubakar Sadique
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shalu Yadav
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vedika Khare
- School of Nanotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal 462033, India
| | - Raju Khan
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Gagan Kant Tripathi
- School of Nanotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal 462033, India
| | - Purnima Swarup Khare
- School of Nanotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal 462033, India
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Vicentini FC, Silva LRG, Stefano JS, Lima ARF, Prakash J, Bonacin JA, Janegitz BC. Starch-Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Review. BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS & DEVICES 2022. [PMCID: PMC9510496 DOI: 10.1007/s44174-022-00012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural green compounds for sensor modification (binders) are challenging in electrochemistry. Starch is a carbohydrate biopolymer that has been used extensively in the development of biomaterials for the food industry due to its ability to impart textural characteristics and provide gelling or film formation. In particular, the excellent film-forming characteristics have been used for the development of new surface modifying architectures for electrodes. Here, we highlight a very comprehensive overview of the properties of interest of various types of starch in conjunction with (bio)materials in the chemical modification of sensors and biosensors. Throughout the review, we first give an introduction to the extraction, applications, and properties of starches followed by an overview of the prospects and their possible applications in electrochemical sensors and biosensors. In this context, we discuss some important characteristics of starches and different strategies of their film formation with an emphasis on their role in the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors highlighting their main contributions to enhancing the performance of these devices and their applications in environmental and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C. Vicentini
- Center of Nature Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros km 12, Buri, SP 18290-000 Brazil
| | - Luiz R. G. Silva
- Laboratory of Sensors, Nanomedicine, and Nanostructured Materials (LSNano), Federal University of São Carlos, Araras, São Paulo 13600-970 Brazil
| | - Jéssica S. Stefano
- Laboratory of Sensors, Nanomedicine, and Nanostructured Materials (LSNano), Federal University of São Carlos, Araras, São Paulo 13600-970 Brazil
| | - Alan R. F. Lima
- Center of Nature Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros km 12, Buri, SP 18290-000 Brazil
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 177005 India
| | - Juliano A. Bonacin
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-859 Brazil
| | - Bruno C. Janegitz
- Laboratory of Sensors, Nanomedicine, and Nanostructured Materials (LSNano), Federal University of São Carlos, Araras, São Paulo 13600-970 Brazil
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14
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A comprehensive review of COVID-19 detection techniques: From laboratory systems to wearable devices. Comput Biol Med 2022; 149:106070. [PMID: 36099862 PMCID: PMC9433350 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Screening of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among symptomatic and asymptomatic patients offers unique opportunities for curtailing the transmission of novel coronavirus disease 2019, commonly known as COVID-19. Molecular diagnostic techniques, namely reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunoassays, have been frequently used to identify COVID-19 infection. Although these techniques are robust and accurate, mass testing of potentially infected individuals has shown difficulty due to the resources, manpower, and costs it entails. Moreover, as these techniques are typically used to test symptomatic patients, healthcare systems have failed to screen asymptomatic patients, whereas the spread of COVID-19 by these asymptomatic individuals has turned into a crucial problem. Besides, respiratory infections or cardiovascular conditions generally demonstrate changes in physiological parameters, namely body temperature, blood pressure, and breathing rate, which signifies the onset of diseases. Such vitals monitoring systems have shown promising results employing artificial intelligence (AI). Therefore, the potential use of wearable devices for monitoring asymptomatic COVID-19 individuals has recently been explored. This work summarizes the efforts that have been made in the domains from laboratory-based testing to asymptomatic patient monitoring via wearable systems.
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15
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Naikoo GA, Arshad F, Hassan IU, Awan T, Salim H, Pedram MZ, Ahmed W, Patel V, Karakoti AS, Vinu A. Nanomaterials-based sensors for the detection of COVID-19: A review. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 7:e10305. [PMID: 35599642 PMCID: PMC9110902 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the threat of increasing SARS-CoV-2 cases looming in front of us and no effective and safest vaccine available to curb this pandemic disease due to its sprouting variants, many countries have undergone a lockdown 2.0 or planning a lockdown 3.0. This has upstretched an unprecedented demand to develop rapid, sensitive, and highly selective diagnostic devices that can quickly detect coronavirus (COVID-19). Traditional techniques like polymerase chain reaction have proven to be time-inefficient, expensive, labor intensive, and impracticable in remote settings. This shifts the attention to alternative biosensing devices that can be successfully used to sense the COVID-19 infection and curb the spread of coronavirus cases. Among these, nanomaterial-based biosensors hold immense potential for rapid coronavirus detection because of their noninvasive and susceptible, as well as selective properties that have the potential to give real-time results at an economical cost. These diagnostic devices can be used for mass COVID-19 detection to understand the rapid progression of the infection and give better-suited therapies. This review provides an overview of existing and potential nanomaterial-based biosensors that can be used for rapid SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics. Novel biosensors employing different detection mechanisms are also highlighted in different sections of this review. Practical tools and techniques required to develop such biosensors to make them reliable and portable have also been discussed in the article. Finally, the review is concluded by presenting the current challenges and future perspectives of nanomaterial-based biosensors in SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowhar A. Naikoo
- Department of Mathematics and SciencesCollege of Arts and Applied Sciences, Dhofar UniversitySalalahSultanate of Oman
| | - Fareeha Arshad
- Department of Mathematics and SciencesCollege of Arts and Applied Sciences, Dhofar UniversitySalalahSultanate of Oman
| | - Israr U. Hassan
- College of Engineering, Dhofar UniversitySalalahSultanate of Oman
| | - Tasbiha Awan
- Department of Mathematics and SciencesCollege of Arts and Applied Sciences, Dhofar UniversitySalalahSultanate of Oman
| | - Hiba Salim
- Department of Mathematics and SciencesCollege of Arts and Applied Sciences, Dhofar UniversitySalalahSultanate of Oman
| | - Mona Z. Pedram
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering‐Energy DivisionK.N. Toosi University of TechnologyTehranIran
| | - Waqar Ahmed
- School of Mathematics and Physics, College of ScienceUniversity of LincolnLincolnUK
| | - Vaishwik Patel
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced NanomaterialsCollege of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of NewcastleCallaghanAustralia
| | - Ajay S. Karakoti
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced NanomaterialsCollege of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of NewcastleCallaghanAustralia
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced NanomaterialsCollege of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of NewcastleCallaghanAustralia
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16
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Yin B, Wan X, Sohan ASMMF, Lin X. Microfluidics-Based POCT for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostics. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13081238. [PMID: 36014162 PMCID: PMC9413395 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic chip is a tiny reactor that can confine and flow a specific amount of fluid into channels of tens to thousands of microns as needed and can precisely control fluid flow, pressure, temperature, etc. Point-of-care testing (POCT) requires small equipment, has short testing cycles, and controls the process, allowing single or multiple laboratory facilities to simultaneously analyze biological samples and diagnose infectious diseases. In general, rapid detection and stage assessment of viral epidemics are essential to overcome pandemic situations and diagnose promptly. Therefore, combining microfluidic devices with POCT improves detection efficiency and convenience for viral disease SARS-CoV-2. At the same time, the POCT of microfluidic chips increases user accessibility, improves accuracy and sensitivity, shortens detection time, etc., which are beneficial in detecting SARS-CoV-2. This review shares recent advances in POCT-based testing for COVID-19 and how it is better suited to help diagnose in response to the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binfeng Yin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (X.W.); (A.S.M.M.F.S.)
- Correspondence: (B.Y.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-189-1118-5500 (B.Y.); +86-182-2266-7931 (X.L.)
| | - Xinhua Wan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (X.W.); (A.S.M.M.F.S.)
| | | | - Xiaodong Lin
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (B.Y.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-189-1118-5500 (B.Y.); +86-182-2266-7931 (X.L.)
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17
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Progress in Electrochemical Biosensing of SARS-CoV-2 Virus for COVID-19 Management. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10070287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and early diagnosis of lethal coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an important issue considering global human health, economy, education, and other activities. The advancement of understanding of the chemistry/biochemistry and the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to the development of low-cost, efficient, and reliable methods for COVID-19 diagnosis over “gold standard” real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) due to its several limitations. This led to the development of electrochemical sensors/biosensors for rapid, fast, and low-cost detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from the patient’s biological fluids by detecting the components of the virus, including structural proteins (antigens), nucleic acid, and antibodies created after COVID-19 infection. This review comprehensively summarizes the state-of-the-art research progress of electrochemical biosensors for COVID-19 diagnosis. They include the detection of spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, whole virus, nucleic acid, and antibodies. The review also outlines the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, different detection methods, and design strategies of electrochemical SARS-CoV-2 biosensors by highlighting the current challenges and future perspectives.
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18
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Recent Advances in Early Diagnosis of Viruses Associated with Gastroenteritis by Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070499. [PMID: 35884302 PMCID: PMC9313180 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteritis, as one of the main worldwide health challenges, especially in children, leads to 3–6 million deaths annually and causes nearly 20% of the total deaths of children aged ˂5 years, of which ~1.5 million gastroenteritis deaths occur in developing nations. Viruses are the main causative agent (~70%) of gastroenteritis episodes and their specific and early diagnosis via laboratory assays is very helpful for having successful antiviral therapy and reduction in infection burden. Regarding this importance, the present literature is the first review of updated improvements in the employing of different types of biosensors such as electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric for sensitive, simple, cheap, rapid, and specific diagnosis of human gastroenteritis viruses. The Introduction section is a general discussion about the importance of viral gastroenteritis, types of viruses that cause gastroenteritis, and reasons for the combination of conventional diagnostic tests with biosensors for fast detection of viruses associated with gastroenteritis. Following the current laboratory detection tests for human gastroenteritis viruses and their limitations (with subsections: Electron Microscope (EM), Cell Culture, Immunoassay, and Molecular Techniques), structural features and significant aspects of various biosensing methods are discussed in the Biosensor section. In the next sections, basic information on viruses causing gastroenteritis and recent developments for fabrication and testing of different biosensors for each virus detection are covered, and the prospect of future developments in designing different biosensing platforms for gastroenteritis virus detection is discussed in the Conclusion and Future Directions section as well.
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19
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Colloidal lithography as a novel approach for the development of Ni-nanocavity insulin sensor. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11020. [PMID: 35773298 PMCID: PMC9246938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a highly sensitive, fast, and selective enzyme-free electrochemical sensor based on the deposition of Ni cavities on conductive glass was proposed for insulin detection. Considering the growing prevalence of diabetes mellitus, an electrochemical sensor for the determination of insulin was proposed for the effective diagnosis of the disease. Colloidal lithography enabled deposition of nanostructured layer (substrate) with homogeneous distribution of Ni cavities on the electrode surface with a large active surface area. The morphology and structure of conductive indium tin oxide glass modified with Ni cavities (Ni-c-ITO) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The diameter of the resulting cavities was approximately 500 nm, while their depth was calculated at 190 ± 4 nm and 188 ± 18 nm using AFM and SEM, respectively. The insulin assay performance was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry. Ni-c-ITO exhibited excellent analytical characteristics, including high sensitivity (1.032 µA µmol-1 dm3), a low detection limit (156 µmol dm-3), and a wide dynamic range (500 nmol dm-3 to 10 µmol dm-3). Finally, the determination of insulin in buffer with interferents and in real blood serum samples revealed high specificity and demonstrated the practical potential of the method.
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20
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Zambry NS, Obande GA, Khalid MF, Bustami Y, Hamzah HH, Awang MS, Aziah I, Manaf AA. Utilizing Electrochemical-Based Sensing Approaches for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Clinical Samples: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070473. [PMID: 35884276 PMCID: PMC9312918 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of precise and efficient diagnostic tools enables early treatment and proper isolation of infected individuals, hence limiting the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The standard diagnostic tests used by healthcare workers to diagnose severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have some limitations, including longer detection time, the need for qualified individuals, and the use of sophisticated bench-top equipment, which limit their use for rapid SARS-CoV-2 assessment. Advances in sensor technology have renewed the interest in electrochemical biosensors miniaturization, which provide improved diagnostic qualities such as rapid response, simplicity of operation, portability, and readiness for on-site screening of infection. This review gives a condensed overview of the current electrochemical sensing platform strategies for SARS-CoV-2 detection in clinical samples. The fundamentals of fabricating electrochemical biosensors, such as the chosen electrode materials, electrochemical transducing techniques, and sensitive biorecognition molecules, are thoroughly discussed in this paper. Furthermore, we summarised electrochemical biosensors detection strategies and their analytical performance on diverse clinical samples, including saliva, blood, and nasopharyngeal swab. Finally, we address the employment of miniaturized electrochemical biosensors integrated with microfluidic technology in viral electrochemical biosensors, emphasizing its potential for on-site diagnostics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Syafirah Zambry
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (N.S.Z.); (M.F.K.)
| | - Godwin Attah Obande
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia PMB 146, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Fazli Khalid
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (N.S.Z.); (M.F.K.)
| | - Yazmin Bustami
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Hairul Hisham Hamzah
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Syafiq Awang
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC), Sains@USM, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Ismail Aziah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (N.S.Z.); (M.F.K.)
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC), Sains@USM, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (A.A.M.)
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21
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Chen Y, Duan W, Xu L, Li G, Wan Y, Li H. Nanobody-based label-free photoelectrochemical immunoassay for highly sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1211:339904. [PMID: 35589224 PMCID: PMC9062376 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Until now, COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is engulfing the worldwide and still ranging to date, continuing to threaten the public health. The main challenge facing COVID-19 epidemic is short of fast-response and high-efficiency methods to determine SARS-CoV-2 viral pathogens. Herein, a nanobody-based label-free photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunosensor has been fabricated for rapidly detecting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. As a small-size and high-stability antibody, nanobody was directly and well immobilized with Au nanoparticles and TiO2 spheres by the interaction. Au deposited TiO2 nanomaterial possessed 8.5 times photoelectric performance in comparison with TiO2 in the presence of electron donor owing to surface plasma resonance effect of Au. Based on the steric hindrance effect, this immunoassay platform realized the linear detection from 0.015 to 15000 pg mL−1, and a limit of detection was low as 5 fg mL−1. The label-free PEC immunoassay design provides a new idea for convenient, rapid, and efficient test of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and broadens further application of nanobody as an identification agent to specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Li Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Yakun Wan
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201318, China.
| | - Henan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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22
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Kumar A, Parihar A, Panda U, Parihar DS. Microfluidics-Based Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) Devices in Dealing with Waves of COVID-19 Pandemic: The Emerging Solution. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2046-2068. [PMID: 35473316 PMCID: PMC9063993 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in microfluidics-based point-of-care testing (POCT) technology such as paper, array, and beads have shown promising results for diagnosing various infectious diseases. The fast and timely detection of viral infection has proven to be a critical step for deciding the therapeutic outcome in the current COVID-19 pandemic, which in turn not only enhances the patient survival rate but also reduces the disease-associated comorbidities. In the present scenario, rapid, noninvasive detection of the virus using low cost and high throughput microfluidics-based POCT devices embraces the advantages over existing diagnostic technologies, for which a centralized lab facility, expensive instruments, sample pretreatment, and skilled personnel are required. Microfluidic-based multiplexed POCT devices can be a boon for clinical diagnosis in developing countries that lacks a centralized health care system and resources. The microfluidic devices can be used for disease diagnosis and exploited for the development and testing of drug efficacy for disease treatment in model systems. The havoc created by the second wave of COVID-19 led several countries' governments to the back front. The lack of diagnostic kits, medical devices, and human resources created a huge demand for a technology that can be remotely operated with single touch and data that can be analyzed on a phone. Recent advancements in information technology and the use of smartphones led to a paradigm shift in the development of diagnostic devices, which can be explored to deal with the current pandemic situation. This review sheds light on various approaches for the development of cost-effective microfluidics POCT devices. The successfully used microfluidic devices for COVID-19 detection under clinical settings along with their pros and cons have been discussed here. Further, the integration of microfluidic devices with smartphones and wireless network systems using the Internet-of-things will enable readers for manufacturing advanced POCT devices for remote disease management in low resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing
Kancheepuram, Chennai 600127, India
| | - Arpana Parihar
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials,
CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute
(AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462026,
India
| | - Udwesh Panda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing
Kancheepuram, Chennai 600127, India
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Samper IC, McMahon CJ, Schenkel MS, Clark KM, Khamcharoen W, Anderson LBR, Terry JS, Gallichotte EN, Ebel GD, Geiss BJ, Dandy DS, Henry CS. Electrochemical Immunoassay for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein in Nasopharyngeal Samples. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4712-4719. [PMID: 35263100 PMCID: PMC8982495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) methods currently available for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections still lack accuracy. Here, we report the development of a highly sensitive electrochemical immunoassay capable of quantitatively detecting the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in patient nasopharyngeal samples using stencil-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) functionalized with capture antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N protein). Samples are added to the electrode surface, followed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated detection antibodies also targeting the SARS-CoV-2 N protein. The concentration of the virus in samples is quantified using chronoamperometry in the presence of 3,3'5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine. Limits of detection equivalent to less than 50 plaque forming units/mL (PFU/mL) were determined with virus sample volumes of 20 μL. No cross-reactivity was detected with the influenza virus and other coronavirus N proteins. Patient nasopharyngeal samples were tested as part of a proof-of-concept clinical study where samples were also tested using the gold-standard real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method. Preliminary results from a data set of 22 samples demonstrated a clinical specificity of 100% (n = 9 negative samples according to RT-qPCR) and a clinical sensitivity of 70% for samples with RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values under 30 (n = 10) and 100% for samples with Ct values under 25 (n = 5), which complies with the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for POC COVID-19 diagnostic tests. Our functionalized SPCEs were also validated against standard plaque assays, and very good agreement was found between both methods (R2 = 0.9993, n = 6), suggesting that our assay could be used to assess patient infectivity. The assay currently takes 70 min from sampling to results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C. Samper
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Melissa S. Schenkel
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kaylee M. Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Wisarut Khamcharoen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Loran BR Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - James S Terry
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Emily N. Gallichotte
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Gregory D. Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Brian J. Geiss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - David S. Dandy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
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24
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Rapid electrochemical detection of COVID-19 genomic sequence with dual-function graphene nanocolloids based biosensor. FLATCHEM 2022; 32. [PMCID: PMC8771053 DOI: 10.1016/j.flatc.2022.100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Discovered in December 2019, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (aka SARS-CoV-2 or 2019-nCoV) has attracted worldwide attention and concerns due to its high transmissibility and the severe health consequences experienced upon its infection, particularly by elderly people. Over 329 million people have been infected till date and over 5.5 million people could not survive the respiratory illness known as COVID-19 syndrome. Rapid and low-cost detection methods are of utmost importance to monitor the diffusion of the virus and to aid in the global fight against the pandemic. We propose here the use of graphene oxide nanocolloids (GONC) as an electroactive nanocarbon material that can act simultaneously as a transducing platform as well as the electroactive label for the detection of 2019-nCoV genomic sequences. The ability of GONC to provide an intrinsic electrochemical signal arising from the reduction of the electrochemically reducible oxygen functionalities present on its surface, allows GONC to be used as a simple and sensitive biosensing platform. Different intrinsic electroactivity of the material was obtained at each step of the genosensing process, starting from the immobilization of a short-stranded DNA probe and followed by the incubation with different concentrations of the target 2019-nCoV DNA strand. Monitoring such variations enabled the quantification of the target analyte over a wide dynamic range between 10−10 and 10−5 M. All in all, this proof-of-concept system serves as a stepping stone for the development of a rapid, sensitive and selective analytical tool for the detection of 2019-nCoV as well as other similar viral vectors. The use of cost-effective electrochemical detection methods coupled with the vast availability and suitability of carbon-based nanomaterials make this sensing system a valid candidate for low-cost and point-of-care analysis.
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25
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Fu Y, Zhang R, Lv P, Chen F, Xu W. Eu-based metal-organic framework as a multi-responsive fluorescent sensor for efficient detecting Cr2O72− and tetracycline hydrochloride. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Eills J, Hale W, Utz M. Synergies between Hyperpolarized NMR and Microfluidics: A Review. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 128:44-69. [PMID: 35282869 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized nuclear magnetic resonance and lab-on-a-chip microfluidics are two dynamic, but until recently quite distinct, fields of research. Recent developments in both areas increased their synergistic overlap. By microfluidic integration, many complex experimental steps can be brought together onto a single platform. Microfluidic devices are therefore increasingly finding applications in medical diagnostics, forensic analysis, and biomedical research. In particular, they provide novel and powerful ways to culture cells, cell aggregates, and even functional models of entire organs. Nuclear magnetic resonance is a non-invasive, high-resolution spectroscopic technique which allows real-time process monitoring with chemical specificity. It is ideally suited for observing metabolic and other biological and chemical processes in microfluidic systems. However, its intrinsically low sensitivity has limited its application. Recent advances in nuclear hyperpolarization techniques may change this: under special circumstances, it is possible to enhance NMR signals by up to 5 orders of magnitude, which dramatically extends the utility of NMR in the context of microfluidic systems. Hyperpolarization requires complex chemical and/or physical manipulations, which in turn may benefit from microfluidic implementation. In fact, many hyperpolarization methodologies rely on processes that are more efficient at the micro-scale, such as molecular diffusion, penetration of electromagnetic radiation into a sample, or restricted molecular mobility on a surface. In this review we examine the confluence between the fields of hyperpolarization-enhanced NMR and microfluidics, and assess how these areas of research have mutually benefited one another, and will continue to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eills
- Institute for Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55090 Mainz, Germany; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - William Hale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Marcel Utz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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27
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Sharafeldin M, Fleschhut F, James T, Davis JJ. A Quantification of Target Protein Biomarkers in Complex Media by Faradaic Shotgun Tagging. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2375-2382. [PMID: 35083913 PMCID: PMC9082491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
progressive emergence of protein biomarkers promises a revolution
in the healthcare industry and a shift of focus from disease management
to much earlier intervention. Here, we introduce a facile shotgun
tagging of ensemble proteins in clinically relevant media prior to
specific target capture at antibody-modified electrodes. This facilitates
a convenient voltammetric quantification of markers down to sub-pg/mL
levels and across several orders of concentration. A translation of
the methodology to an automated microfluidic platform enables marker
quantification from 25 μL of sample in less than 15 min, demonstrated
here with a simultaneous assaying of CRP and cardiac troponin I (cTnI).
The assays show a good correlation with a standard immunoassay when
applied to real patient serum samples. The platform is simple, generic,
highly sensitive and requires no secondary labeling/binding or amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sharafeldin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Felix Fleschhut
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Timothy James
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, U.K
| | - Jason J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
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28
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Abstract
Coronaviruses are well known airborne viruses that infect humans, other mammals, and birds. COVID-19 is the disease caused by the last emerging type of corona viruses; SARS-CoV-2 which resulted in the ongoing pandemic. Since its first identification, SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally causing significant morbidity and mortality. Fast and reliable diagnostic methods are crucial to control the virus outbreak. In this chapter, we summarize the traditional methods used to detect corona viruses. Various biosensors used for the detection of the virus antibodies and antigens were briefly discussed. Different biosensing approaches for the detection of corona viruses were presented with special emphasis on the reported biosensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Major advancements in the biosensors area for corona viruses such as the use of cotton, magnetic nanoparticles, graphene, gold nanoparticles, and portable devices are highlighted. The challenges and future perspectives in the biosensors for the detection of corona viruses are discussed.
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29
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Udourioh GA, Solomon MM, Epelle EI. Metal Organic Frameworks as Biosensing Materials for COVID-19. Cell Mol Bioeng 2021; 14:535-553. [PMID: 34249167 PMCID: PMC8260022 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-021-00686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak is the most startling public health crises with attendant global socio-economic burden ever experienced in the twenty-first century. The level of devastation by this outbreak is such that highly impacted countries will take years to recover. Studies have shown that timely detection based on accelerated sample testing and accurate diagnosis are crucial steps to reducing or preventing the spread of any pandemic outbreak. In this opinionated review, the impacts of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as a biosensor in a pandemic outbreak is investigated with reference to COVID-19. Biosensing technologies have been proven to be very effective in clinical analyses, especially in assessment of severe infectious diseases. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR, RT-PCR, CRISPR) - based test methods predominantly used for SARS-COV-2 diagnoses have serious limitations and the health scientists and researchers are urged to come up with a more robust and versatile system for solving diagnostic problem associated with the current and future pandemic outbreaks. MOFs, an emerging crystalline material with unique characteristics will serve as promising biosensing materials in a pandemic outbreak such as the one we are in. We hereby highlight the characteristics of MOFs and their sensing applications, potentials as biosensors in a pandemic outbreak and draw the attention of researchers to a new vista of research that needs immediate action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin A. Udourioh
- Analytical/Material Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Veritas University, Abuja, P.O.Box 6523, Garki, Abuja Nigeria
| | - Moses M. Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Canaanland, Km10, Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel I. Epelle
- Institute for Materials and Processes (IMP), School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB UK
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30
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Zhou Y, Wan Y, He M, Li Y, Wu Q, Yao H. Determination of EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells by magnetic gold-decorated graphene oxide nanocomposites based impedance sensor. Anal Biochem 2021; 643:114544. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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31
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Samper IC, Sánchez-Cano A, Khamcharoen W, Jang I, Siangproh W, Baldrich E, Geiss BJ, Dandy DS, Henry CS. Electrochemical Capillary-Flow Immunoassay for Detecting Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Antibodies at the Point of Care. ACS Sens 2021; 6:4067-4075. [PMID: 34694794 PMCID: PMC8565458 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and inexpensive serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are needed to conduct population-level seroprevalence surveillance studies and can improve diagnostic reliability when used in combination with viral tests. Here, we report a novel low-cost electrochemical capillary-flow device to quantify IgG antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid proteins (anti-N antibody) down to 5 ng/mL in low-volume (10 μL) human whole blood samples in under 20 min. No sample preparation is needed as the device integrates a blood-filtration membrane for on-board plasma extraction. The device is made of stacked layers of a hydrophilic polyester and double-sided adhesive films, which create a passive microfluidic circuit that automates the steps of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The sample and reagents are sequentially delivered to a nitrocellulose membrane that is modified with a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. When present in the sample, anti-N antibodies are captured on the nitrocellulose membrane and detected via chronoamperometry performed on a screen-printed carbon electrode. As a result of this quantitative electrochemical readout, no result interpretation is required, making the device ideal for point-of-care (POC) use by non-trained users. Moreover, we show that the device can be coupled to a near-field communication potentiostat operated from a smartphone, confirming its true POC potential. The novelty of this work resides in the integration of sensitive electrochemical detection with capillary-flow immunoassay, providing accuracy at the point of care. This novel electrochemical capillary-flow device has the potential to aid the diagnosis of infectious diseases at the point of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C. Samper
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ana Sánchez-Cano
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Diagnostic Nanotools Group, Institut de Recerca, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Wisarut Khamcharoen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Ilhoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Weena Siangproh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Eva Baldrich
- Diagnostic Nanotools Group, Institut de Recerca, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Brian J. Geiss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - David S. Dandy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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32
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Pinheiro T, Cardoso AR, Sousa CEA, Marques AC, Tavares APM, Matos AM, Cruz MT, Moreira FTC, Martins R, Fortunato E, Sales MGF. Paper-Based Biosensors for COVID-19: A Review of Innovative Tools for Controlling the Pandemic. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:29268-29290. [PMID: 34778604 PMCID: PMC8577188 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The appearance and quick spread of the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease, COVID-19, brought major societal challenges. Importantly, suitable medical diagnosis procedures and smooth clinical management of the disease are an emergent need, which must be anchored on novel diagnostic methods and devices. Novel molecular diagnostic tools relying on nucleic acid amplification testing have emerged globally and are the current gold standard in COVID-19 diagnosis. However, the need for widespread testing methodologies for fast, effective testing in multiple epidemiological scenarios remains a crucial step in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Biosensors have previously shown the potential for cost-effective and accessible diagnostics, finding applications in settings where conventional, laboratorial techniques may not be readily employed. Paper- and cellulose-based biosensors can be particularly relevant in pandemic times, for the renewability, possibility of mass production with sustainable methodologies, and safe environmental disposal. In this review, paper-based devices and platforms targeting SARS-CoV-2 are showcased and discussed, as a means to achieve quick and low-cost PoC diagnosis, including detection methodologies for viral genomic material, viral antigen detection, and serological antibody testing. Devices targeting inflammatory markers relevant for COVID-19 are also discussed, as fast, reliable bedside diagnostic tools for patient treatment and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Pinheiro
- CENIMAT
i3N, Materials Science Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
- BioMark@UC,
Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University
of Coimbra R. Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A. Rita Cardoso
- CENIMAT
i3N, Materials Science Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
- BioMark@UC,
Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University
of Coimbra R. Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- BioMark@ISEP,
School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute
of Porto, R. Dr. António
Bernardino de Almeida, 431, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
- CEB,
Centre of Biological Engineering, University
of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Cristina E. A. Sousa
- BioMark@UC,
Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University
of Coimbra R. Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- BioMark@ISEP,
School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute
of Porto, R. Dr. António
Bernardino de Almeida, 431, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Marques
- CENIMAT
i3N, Materials Science Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
- BioMark@UC,
Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University
of Coimbra R. Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana P. M. Tavares
- BioMark@UC,
Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University
of Coimbra R. Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- BioMark@ISEP,
School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute
of Porto, R. Dr. António
Bernardino de Almeida, 431, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
- CEB,
Centre of Biological Engineering, University
of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Ana Miguel Matos
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências
da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Chemical
Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Faculty
of Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Polo I, 1st Floor, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
| | - Felismina T. C. Moreira
- BioMark@UC,
Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University
of Coimbra R. Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- BioMark@ISEP,
School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute
of Porto, R. Dr. António
Bernardino de Almeida, 431, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Martins
- CENIMAT
i3N, Materials Science Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Elvira Fortunato
- CENIMAT
i3N, Materials Science Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
| | - M. Goreti F. Sales
- BioMark@UC,
Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University
of Coimbra R. Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- BioMark@ISEP,
School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute
of Porto, R. Dr. António
Bernardino de Almeida, 431, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
- CEB,
Centre of Biological Engineering, University
of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
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33
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Bajpai VK, Haldorai Y, Khan I, Sonwal S, Singh MP, Yadav S, Paray BA, Jan BL, Kang SM, Huh YS, Han YK, Shukla S. Au@Zr-based metal-organic framework composite as an immunosensing platform for determination of hepatitis B virus surface antigen. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:365. [PMID: 34613481 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor has been prepared using an immunofunctionalized zirconium (Zr)-based metal-organic framework (MOF) with gold (Au) decoration Au@UiO-66(NH2) composite-coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the determination of infectious hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). We fabricated GCE with specific composite via immune-functionalization using anti-HBsAg with Au nanoparticles embedded in UiO-66(NH2). The electrochemical sensing performance of the immunofunctionalized Au@UiO-66(NH2)/GCE with HBsAg was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimized conditions, there was a linear dynamic relationship in the buffer system between the electrical signal and HBsAg levels over the range 1.13 fg mL-1-100 ng mL-1 (R2 = 0.999) with a detection limit of 1.13 fg mL-1. The total analysis time was 15 min per sample. Further validations were performed with HBsAg-spiked human serum samples, and similar detection limits as in the buffer system were observed with reduced signal intensities at lower concentrations of HBsAg (1, 10, and 100 fg mL-1) and minimal interference. The HBsAg electrochemical immunosensing assay had good selectivity and excellent reproducibility, thereby indicating its significant potential in the super-fast diagnosis of hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Bajpai
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuvraj Haldorai
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Imran Khan
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Sonam Sonwal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Nano-Bio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Seema Yadav
- Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Bilal Ahamad Paray
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Basit Latief Jan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sung-Min Kang
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31066, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Nano-Bio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Kyu Han
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shruti Shukla
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, Haryana, 122003, India.
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34
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Monteil S, Casson AJ, Jones ST. Electronic and electrochemical viral detection for point-of-care use: A systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258002. [PMID: 34591907 PMCID: PMC8483417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting viruses, which have significant impact on health and the economy, is essential for controlling and combating viral infections. In recent years there has been a focus towards simpler and faster detection methods, specifically through the use of electronic-based detection at the point-of-care. Point-of-care sensors play a particularly important role in the detection of viruses. Tests can be performed in the field or in resource limited regions in a simple manner and short time frame, allowing for rapid treatment. Electronic based detection allows for speed and quantitative detection not otherwise possible at the point-of-care. Such approaches are largely based upon voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, field effect transistors, and similar electrical techniques. Here, we systematically review electronic and electrochemical point-of-care sensors for the detection of human viral pathogens. Using the reported limits of detection and assay times we compare approaches both by detection method and by the target analyte of interest. Compared to recent scoping and narrative reviews, this systematic review which follows established best practice for evidence synthesis adds substantial new evidence on 1) performance and 2) limitations, needed for sensor uptake in the clinical arena. 104 relevant studies were identified by conducting a search of current literature using 7 databases, only including original research articles detecting human viruses and reporting a limit of detection. Detection units were converted to nanomolars where possible in order to compare performance across devices. This approach allows us to identify field effect transistors as having the fastest median response time, and as being the most sensitive, some achieving single-molecule detection. In general, we found that antigens are the quickest targets to detect. We also observe however, that reports are highly variable in their chosen metrics of interest. We suggest that this lack of systematisation across studies may be a major bottleneck in sensor development and translation. Where appropriate, we use the findings of the systematic review to give recommendations for best reporting practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solen Monteil
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- The Henry Royce Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Casson
- The Henry Royce Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel T. Jones
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- The Henry Royce Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom
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35
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Machado MC, Zamani M, Daniel S, Furst AL. Bioelectrochemical platforms to study and detect emerging pathogens. MRS BULLETIN 2021; 46:840-846. [PMID: 34483472 PMCID: PMC8407123 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-021-00172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has emphasized the importance of technologies to rapidly detect emerging pathogens and understand their interactions with hosts. Platforms based on the combination of biological recognition and electrochemical signal transduction, generally termed bioelectrochemical platforms, offer unique opportunities to both sense and study pathogens. Improved bio-based materials have enabled enhanced control over the biotic-abiotic interface in these systems. These improvements have generated platforms with the capability to elucidate biological function rather than simply detect targets. This advantage is a key feature of recent bioelectrochemical platforms applied to infectious disease. Here, we describe developments in materials for bioelectrochemical platforms to study and detect emerging pathogens. The incorporation of host membrane material into electrochemical devices has provided unparalleled insights into the interaction between viruses and host cells, and new capture methods have enabled the specific detection of bacterial pathogens, such as those that cause secondary infections with SARS-CoV-2. As these devices continue to improve through the merging of hi-tech materials and biomaterials, the scalability and commercial viability of these devices will similarly improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C. Machado
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Marjon Zamani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Susan Daniel
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Ariel L. Furst
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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36
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Biosensors Designed for Clinical Applications. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070702. [PMID: 34206405 PMCID: PMC8301448 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging and validated biomarkers promise to revolutionize clinical practice, shifting the emphasis away from the management of chronic disease towards prevention, early diagnosis and early intervention. The challenge of detecting these low abundance protein and nucleic acid biomarkers within the clinical context demands the development of highly sensitive, even single molecule, assays that are also capable of selectively measuring a small number of defined analytes in complex samples such as whole blood, interstitial fluid, saliva or urine. Success relies on significant innovations in nanomaterials, bioreceptor engineering, transduction strategies and microfluidics. Primarily using examples from our work, this article discusses some recent advance in the selective and sensitive detection of disease biomarkers, highlights key innovations in sensor materials and identifies issues and challenges that need to be carefully considered especially for researchers entering the field.
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37
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Damiati S, Sopstad S, Peacock M, Akhtar AS, Pinto I, Soares RRG, Russom A. Flex Printed Circuit Board Implemented Graphene-Based DNA Sensor for Detection of SARS-CoV-2. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2021; 21:13060-13067. [PMID: 35582203 PMCID: PMC8864937 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2021.3068922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 outbreak was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020, ongoing efforts have been made to develop sensitive diagnostic platforms. Detection of viral RNA provides the highest sensitivity and specificity for detection of early and asymptomatic infections. Thus, this work aimed at developing a label-free genosensor composed of graphene as a working electrode that could be embedded into a flex printed circuit board (FPCB) for the rapid, sensitive, amplification-free and label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2. To facilitate liquid handling and ease of use, the developed biosensor was embedded with a user-friendly reservoir chamber. As a proof-of-concept, detection of a synthetic DNA strand matching the sequence of ORF1ab was performed as a two-step strategy involving the immobilization of a biotinylated complementary sequence on a streptavidin-modified surface, followed by hybridization with the target sequence recorded by the differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) technique in the presence of a ferro/ferricyanide redox couple. The effective design of the sensing platform improved its selectivity and sensitivity and allowed DNA quantification ranging from 100 fg/mL to [Formula: see text]/mL. Combining the electrochemical technique with FPCB enabled rapid detection of the target sequence using a small volume of the sample (5-[Formula: see text]). We achieved a limit-of-detection of 100 fg/mL, whereas the predicted value was ~33 fg/mL, equivalent to approximately [Formula: see text] copies/mL and comparable to sensitivities provided by isothermal nucleic acid amplification tests. We believe that the developed approach proves the ability of an FPCB-implemented DNA sensor to act as a potentially simpler and more affordable diagnostic assay for viral infections in Point-Of-Care (POC) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Damiati
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Division of NanobiotechnologyDepartment of Protein Science, Science for Life LaboratoryKTH Royal Institute of Technology 171 21 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sindre Sopstad
- Department of MicrosystemsFaculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and MaritimeUniversity of South-Eastern Norway 3184 Borre Norway
| | | | - Ahmad S Akhtar
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of NanobiotechnologyDepartment of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of Technology 114 28 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ines Pinto
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of NanobiotechnologyDepartment of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of Technology 114 28 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ruben R G Soares
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of NanobiotechnologyDepartment of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of Technology 114 28 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Aman Russom
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of NanobiotechnologyDepartment of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of Technology 114 28 Stockholm Sweden
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Khaliliazar S, Öberg Månsson I, Piper A, Ouyang L, Réu P, Hamedi MM. Woven Electroanalytical Biosensor for Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100034. [PMID: 33930257 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-based biosensors enable a new approach in analytical diagnostic devices. The majority of textile-based biosensors, however, rely on colorimetric detection. Here a woven biosensor that integrates microfluidics structures in combination with an electroanalytical readout based on a thiol-self-assembled monolayer (SAM) for Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing, NAATs is shown. Two types of fiber-based electrodes are systematically characterized: pure gold microwires (bond wire) and off-the-shelf plasma gold-coated polyester multifilament threads to evaluate their potential to form SAMs on their surface and their electrochemical performance in woven textile. A woven electrochemical DNA (E-DNA) sensor using a SAM-based stem-loop probe-modified gold microwire is fabricated. These sensors can specifically detect unpurified, isothermally amplified genomic DNA of Staphylococcus epidermidis (10 copies/µL) by recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). This work demonstrates that textile-based biosensors have the potential for integrating and being employed as automated, sample-to-answer analytical devices for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Khaliliazar
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology Tekninkringen 56‐58 Stockholm SE‐100 44 Sweden
| | - Ingrid Öberg Månsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology Tekninkringen 56‐58 Stockholm SE‐100 44 Sweden
| | - Andrew Piper
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology Tekninkringen 56‐58 Stockholm SE‐100 44 Sweden
| | - Liangqi Ouyang
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology Tekninkringen 56‐58 Stockholm SE‐100 44 Sweden
| | - Pedro Réu
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology Tekninkringen 56‐58 Stockholm SE‐100 44 Sweden
| | - Mahiar Max Hamedi
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology Tekninkringen 56‐58 Stockholm SE‐100 44 Sweden
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Zhao Z, Huang C, Huang Z, Lin F, He Q, Tao D, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Guo Z. Advancements in electrochemical biosensing for respiratory virus detection: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2021; 139:116253. [PMID: 33727755 PMCID: PMC7952277 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses are real menace for human health which result in devastating epidemic disease. Consequently, it is in urgent need of identifying and quantifying virus with a rapid, sensitive and precise approach. The study of electrochemical biosensors for respiratory virus detection has become one of the most rapidly developing scientific fields. Recent developments in electrochemical biosensors concerning respiratory virus detection are comprehensively reviewed in this paper. This review is structured along common detecting objects of respiratory viruses, electrochemical biosensors, electrochemical biosensors for respiratory virus detection and future challenges. The electrochemical biosensors for respiratory virus detection are introduced, including nucleic acids-based, immunosensors and other affinity biosensors. Lastly, for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis, the future challenges regarding developing electrochemical biosensor-based Point-of-Care Tests (POCTs) are summarized. This review is expected to provide a helpful guide for the researchers entering this interdisciplinary field and developing more novel electrochemical biosensors for respiratory virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Changfu Huang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Ziyu Huang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Fengjuan Lin
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Qinlin He
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Dan Tao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault
- University of Lyon, Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5280, 5, La Doua Street, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Zhenzhong Guo
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China
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Voltammetric-based immunosensor for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:199. [PMID: 34041585 PMCID: PMC8153846 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 disease caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2) was declared a pandemic, it has spread rapidly, causing one of the most serious outbreaks in the last century. Reliable and rapid diagnostic tests for COVID-19 are crucial to control and manage the outbreak. Here, a label-free square wave voltammetry-based biosensing platform for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal samples is reported. The sensor was constructed on screen-printed carbon electrodes coated with gold nanoparticles. The electrodes were functionalized using 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) which was used for the immobilization of an antibody against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N protein). The binding of the immunosensor with the N protein caused a change in the electrochemical signal. The detection was realised by measuring the change in reduction peak current of a redox couple using square wave voltammetry at 0.04 V versus Ag ref. electrode on the immunosensor upon binding with the N protein. The electrochemical immunosensor showed high sensitivity with a linear range from 1.0 pg.mL−1 to 100 ng.mL−1 and a limit of detection of 0.4 pg.mL−1 for the N protein in PBS buffer pH 7.4. Moreover, the immunosensor did not exhibit significant response with other viruses such as HCoV, MERS-CoV, Flu A and Flu B, indicating the high selectivity of the sensor for SARS-CoV-2. However, cross reactivity of the biosensor with SARS-CoV is indicated, which gives ability of the sensor to detect both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. The biosensor was successfully applied to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus in clinical samples showing good correlation between the biosensor response and the RT-PCR cycle threshold values. We believe that the capability of miniaturization, low-cost and fast response of the proposed label-free electrochemical immunosensor will facilitate the point-of-care diagnosis of COVID 19 and help prevent further spread of infection.
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Song Q, Sun X, Dai Z, Gao Y, Gong X, Zhou B, Wu J, Wen W. Point-of-care testing detection methods for COVID-19. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1634-1660. [PMID: 33705507 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01156h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is an acute respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has high transmissibility. People infected with SARS-CoV-2 can develop symptoms including cough, fever, pneumonia and other complications, which in severe cases could lead to death. In addition, a proportion of people infected with SARS-CoV-2 may be asymptomatic. At present, the primary diagnostic method for COVID-19 is reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which tests patient samples including nasopharyngeal swabs, sputum and other lower respiratory tract secretions. Other detection methods, e.g., isothermal nucleic acid amplification, CRISPR, immunochromatography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and electrochemical sensors are also in use. As the current testing methods are mostly performed at central hospitals and third-party testing centres, the testing systems used mostly employ large, high-throughput, automated equipment. Given the current situation of the epidemic, point-of-care testing (POCT) is advantageous in terms of its ease of use, greater approachability on the user's end, more timely detection, and comparable accuracy and sensitivity, which could reduce the testing load on central hospitals. POCT is thus conducive to daily epidemic control and achieving early detection and treatment. This paper summarises the latest research advances in POCT-based SARS-CoV-2 detection methods, compares three categories of commercially available products, i.e., nucleic acid tests, immunoassays and novel sensors, and proposes the expectations for the development of POCT-based SARS-CoV-2 detection including greater accessibility, higher sensitivity and lower costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Song
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. and Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xindi Sun
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ziyi Dai
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, China.
| | - Yibo Gao
- Shenzhen Shineway Technology Corporation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuqing Gong
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bingpu Zhou
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, China.
| | - Jinbo Wu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weijia Wen
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Sadighbayan D, Ghafar-Zadeh E. Portable Sensing Devices for Detection of COVID-19: A Review. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2021; 21:10219-10230. [PMID: 36790948 PMCID: PMC8769007 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2021.3059970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic is the most challenging incident that people have faced in recent years. Despite the time-consuming and expensive conventional methods, point-of-care diagnostics have a crucial role in deterrence, timely detection, and intensive care of the disease's progress. Hence, this detrimental health emergency persuaded researchers to accelerate the development of highly-scalable diagnostic devices to control the propagation of the virus even in the least developed countries. The strategies exploited for detecting COVID-19 stem from the already designed systems for studying other maladies, particularly viral infections. The present report reviews not only the novel advances in portable diagnostic devices for recognizing COVID-19, but also the previously existing biosensors for detecting other viruses. It discusses their adaptability for identifying surface proteins, whole viruses, viral genomes, host antibodies, and other biomarkers in biological samples. The prominence of different types of biosensors such as electrochemical, optical, and electrical for detecting low viral loads have been underlined. Thus, it is anticipated that this review will assist scientists who have embarked on a competition to come up with more efficient and marketable in-situ test kits for identifying the infection even in its incubation time without sample pretreatment. Finally, a conclusion is provided to highlight the importance of such an approach for monitoring people to combat the spread of such contagious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Sadighbayan
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (BioSA), Faculty of ScienceDepartment of BiologyYork University Toronto ON M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (BioSA), Lassonde School of Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of ScienceDepartment of BiologyYork University Toronto ON M3J 1P3 Canada
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Omar MH, Razak KA, Ab Wahab MN, Hamzah HH. Recent progress of conductive 3D-printed electrodes based upon polymers/carbon nanomaterials using a fused deposition modelling (FDM) method as emerging electrochemical sensing devices. RSC Adv 2021; 11:16557-16571. [PMID: 35479129 PMCID: PMC9031910 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01987b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
3D-printing or additive manufacturing is presently an emerging technology in the fourth industrial revolution that promises to reshape traditional manufacturing processes. The electrochemistry field can undoubtedly take advantage of this technology to fabricate electrodes to create a new generation of electrode sensor devices that could replace conventionally manufactured electrodes; glassy carbon, screen-printed carbon and carbon composite electrodes. In the electrochemistry research area, studies to date show that there is a demand for electrically 3D printable conductive polymer/carbon nanomaterial filaments where these materials can be printed out through an extrusion process based upon the fused deposition modelling (FDM) method. FDM could be used to manufacture novel electrochemical 3D printed electrode sensing devices for electrochemical sensor and biosensor applications. This is due to the FDM method being the most affordable 3D printing technique since conductive and non-conductive thermoplastic filaments are commercially available. Therefore, in this minireview, we focus on only the most outstanding studies that have been published since 2018. We believe this to be a highly-valuable research area to the scientific community, both in academia and industry, to enable novel ideas, materials, designs and methods relating to electroanalytical sensing devices to be generated. This approach has the potential to create a new generation of electrochemical sensing devices based upon additive manufacturing. This minireview also provides insight into how the research community could improve the electrochemical performance of 3D-printed electrodes to significantly increase the sensitivity of the 3D-printed electrodes as electrode sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Huzaifah Omar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
| | - Khairunisak Abdul Razak
- Nanobiotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia 14300 Nibong Tebal Penang Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nadhir Ab Wahab
- School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
| | - Hairul Hisham Hamzah
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) 11800 Gelugor Penang Malaysia
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Balkourani G, Brouzgou A, Archonti M, Papandrianos N, Song S, Tsiakaras P. Emerging materials for the electrochemical detection of COVID-19. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021; 893:115289. [PMID: 33907536 PMCID: PMC8062413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus is still causing a dramatic loss of human lives worldwide, constituting an unprecedented challenge for the society, public health and economy, to overcome. The up-to-date diagnostic tests, PCR, antibody ELISA and Rapid Antigen, require special equipment, hours of analysis and special staff. For this reason, many research groups have focused recently on the design and development of electrochemical biosensors for the SARS-CoV-2 detection, indicating that they can play a significant role in controlling COVID disease. In this review we thoroughly discuss the transducer electrode nanomaterials investigated in order to improve the sensitivity, specificity and response time of the as-developed SARS-CoV-2 electrochemical biosensors. Particularly, we mainly focus on the results appeard on Au-based and carbon or graphene-based electrodes, which are the main material groups recently investigated worldwidely. Additionally, the adopted electrochemical detection techniques are also discussed, highlighting their pros and cos. The nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors could enable a fast, accurate and without special cost, virus detection. However, further research is required in terms of new nanomaterials and synthesis strategies in order the SARS-CoV-2 electrochemical biosensors to be commercialized.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Balkourani
- Laboratory of Alternative Energy Conversion Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Thessaly, 1 Sekeri Str., Pedion Areos, 38834 Volos, Greece
| | - A Brouzgou
- Laboratory of Alternative Energy Conversion Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Thessaly, 1 Sekeri Str., Pedion Areos, 38834 Volos, Greece
- Department of Energy Systems, Faculty of Technology, University of Thessaly, Geopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - M Archonti
- Laboratory of Alternative Energy Conversion Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Thessaly, 1 Sekeri Str., Pedion Areos, 38834 Volos, Greece
| | - N Papandrianos
- Department of Energy Systems, Faculty of Technology, University of Thessaly, Geopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - S Song
- The Key Lab of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, PCFM Lab, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - P Tsiakaras
- Laboratory of Alternative Energy Conversion Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Thessaly, 1 Sekeri Str., Pedion Areos, 38834 Volos, Greece
- Laboratory of Materials and Devices for Clean Energy, Department of Technology of Electrochemical Processes, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Devices based on Solid Oxide Proton Electrolytes, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry (RAS), Yekaterinburg 620990, Russian Federation
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45
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Indirect electrochemical method for high accuracy quantification of protein adsorption on gold surfaces. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.106961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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46
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Ali MA, Hu C, Jahan S, Yuan B, Saleh MS, Ju E, Gao SJ, Panat R. Sensing of COVID-19 Antibodies in Seconds via Aerosol Jet Nanoprinted Reduced-Graphene-Oxide-Coated 3D Electrodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006647. [PMID: 33349975 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202170046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis is critical for the treatment and prevention of diseases. An advanced nanomaterial-based biosensing platform that detects COVID-19 antibodies within seconds is reported. The biosensing platform is created by 3D nanoprinting of three-dimensional electrodes, coating the electrodes by nanoflakes of reduced-graphene-oxide (rGO), and immobilizing specific viral antigens on the rGO nanoflakes. The electrode is then integrated with a microfluidic device and used in a standard electrochemical cell. When antibodies are introduced on the electrode surface, they selectively bind with the antigens, changing the impedance of the electrical circuit which is detected via impedance spectroscopy. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 protein and its receptor-binding-domain (RBD) are detected at a limit-of-detection of 2.8 × 10-15 and 16.9 × 10-15 m, respectively, and read by a smartphone-based user interface. The sensor can be regenerated within a minute by introducing a low-pH chemistry that elutes the antibodies from the antigens, allowing successive sensing of test samples using the same sensor. Sensing of S1 and RBD antibodies is specific, which cross-reacts neither with other antibodies such as RBD, S1, and nucleocapsid antibody nor with proteins such as interleukin-6. The proposed sensing platform could also be useful to detect biomarkers for other infectious agents such as Ebola, HIV, and Zika.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Azahar Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Chunshan Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sanjida Jahan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Bin Yuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Mohammad Sadeq Saleh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Enguo Ju
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Rahul Panat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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47
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Ali MA, Hu C, Jahan S, Yuan B, Saleh MS, Ju E, Gao S, Panat R. Sensing of COVID-19 Antibodies in Seconds via Aerosol Jet Nanoprinted Reduced-Graphene-Oxide-Coated 3D Electrodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006647. [PMID: 33349975 PMCID: PMC7883076 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis is critical for the treatment and prevention of diseases. An advanced nanomaterial-based biosensing platform that detects COVID-19 antibodies within seconds is reported. The biosensing platform is created by 3D nanoprinting of three-dimensional electrodes, coating the electrodes by nanoflakes of reduced-graphene-oxide (rGO), and immobilizing specific viral antigens on the rGO nanoflakes. The electrode is then integrated with a microfluidic device and used in a standard electrochemical cell. When antibodies are introduced on the electrode surface, they selectively bind with the antigens, changing the impedance of the electrical circuit which is detected via impedance spectroscopy. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 protein and its receptor-binding-domain (RBD) are detected at a limit-of-detection of 2.8 × 10-15 and 16.9 × 10-15 m, respectively, and read by a smartphone-based user interface. The sensor can be regenerated within a minute by introducing a low-pH chemistry that elutes the antibodies from the antigens, allowing successive sensing of test samples using the same sensor. Sensing of S1 and RBD antibodies is specific, which cross-reacts neither with other antibodies such as RBD, S1, and nucleocapsid antibody nor with proteins such as interleukin-6. The proposed sensing platform could also be useful to detect biomarkers for other infectious agents such as Ebola, HIV, and Zika.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Azahar Ali
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Chunshan Hu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Sanjida Jahan
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Bin Yuan
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Mohammad Sadeq Saleh
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Enguo Ju
- Cancer Virology ProgramUPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Shou‐Jiang Gao
- Cancer Virology ProgramUPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Rahul Panat
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15213USA
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48
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Catalysis on Nanostructured Indium Tin Oxide Surface for Fast and Inexpensive Probing of Antibodies during Pandemics. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global threat to human health and the economy. Society needs inexpensive, fast, and accurate quantitative diagnostic tools. Here, we report a new approach using a solid-state biosensor to measure antibodies, which does not require functionalization, unlike conventional biosensors. A nanostructured semiconductor surface with catalytic properties was used as a transducer for rapid immobilization and measurement of the antibody. The transducer response was based on solid-state electronics properties. The changes on the surface of the semiconductor induced changes in the direct current (DC) surface resistivity. This was a result of a catalytic chemical reaction on that surface. This new low-cost approach reduced the response time of the measurement significantly, and it required only a very small amount of sample on the microliter scale.
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Eissa S, Zourob M. Development of a Low-Cost Cotton-Tipped Electrochemical Immunosensor for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1826-1833. [PMID: 33370087 PMCID: PMC7784662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Collection of nasopharyngeal samples using swabs followed by the transfer of the virus into a solution and an RNA extraction step to perform reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the primary method currently used for the diagnosis of COVID-19. However, the need for several reagents and steps and the high cost of PCR hinder its worldwide implementation to contain the outbreak. Here, we report a cotton-tipped electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus antigen. Unlike the reported approaches, we integrated the sample collection and detection tools into a single platform by coating screen-printed electrodes with absorbing cotton padding. The immunosensor was fabricated by immobilizing the virus nucleocapsid (N) protein on carbon nanofiber-modified screen-printed electrodes which were functionalized by diazonium electrografting. The detection of the virus antigen was achieved via swabbing followed by competitive assay using a fixed amount of N protein antibody in the solution. A square wave voltammetric technique was used for the detection. The limit of detection for our electrochemical biosensor was 0.8 pg/mL for SARS-CoV-2, indicating very good sensitivity for the sensor. The biosensor did not show significant cross-reactivity with other virus antigens such as influenza A and HCoV, indicating high selectivity of the method. Moreover, the biosensor was successfully applied for the detection of the virus antigen in spiked nasal samples showing excellent recovery percentages. Thus, our electrochemical immunosensor is a promising diagnostic tool for the direct rapid detection of the COVID-19 virus that requires no sample transfer or pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Eissa
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal
University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Road, Riyadh
11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Zourob
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal
University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Road, Riyadh
11533, Saudi Arabia
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and
Research Centre, Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Riyadh 12713, Saudi
Arabia
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Wang Y, Hu Y, He Q, Yan J, Xiong H, Wen N, Cai S, Peng D, Liu Y, Liu Z. Metal-organic frameworks for virus detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 169:112604. [PMID: 32980805 PMCID: PMC7489328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Virus severely endangers human life and health, and the detection of viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated diseases. Metal-organic framework (MOF), a novel hybrid porous material which is bridged by the metal clusters and organic linkers, has become a promising biosensor platform for virus detection due to its outstanding properties including high surface area, adjustable pore size, easy modification, etc. However, the MOF-based sensing platforms for virus detection are rarely summarized. This review systematically divided the detection platforms into nucleic acid and immunological (antigen and antibody) detection, and the underlying sensing mechanisms were interpreted. The nucleic acid sensing was discussed based on the properties of MOF (such as metal ion, functional group, geometry structure, size, porosity, stability, etc.), revealing the relationship between the sensing performance and properties of MOF. Moreover, antibodies sensing based on the fluorescence detection and antigens sensing based on molecular imprinting or electrochemical immunoassay were highlighted. Furthermore, the remaining challenges and future development of MOF for virus detection were further discussed and proposed. This review will provide valuable references for the construction of sophisticated sensing platform for the detection of viruses, especially the 2019 coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yaqin Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Qunye He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Hongjie Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Nachuan Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Shundong Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Dongming Peng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan Province, PR China.
| | - Zhenbao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China.
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