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Mostefaoui N, Oturan N, Bouafia SC, Hien SA, Gibert-Vilas M, Lesage G, Pechaud Y, Tassin B, Oturan M, Trellu C. Integration of electrochemical processes in a treatment system for landfill leachates based on a membrane bioreactor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168841. [PMID: 38036133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of electrocoagulation (EC) and anodic oxidation (AO) processes was studied for improving a treatment system for landfill leachates based on a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and a nanofiltration step. The main limitation of the current full-scale system is related to the partial removal of organic compounds that leads to operation of the nanofiltration unit with a highly concentrated feed solution. Application of the EC before the MBR participated in partial removal of the organic load (40 %) with limited energy consumption (2.8 kWh m-3) but with additional production of iron hydroxide sludge. Only AO allowed for non-selective removal of organic compounds. As a standalone process, AO would require a sharp increase of the energy consumption (116 kWh for 81 % removal of total organic carbon). But using lower electric charge and combining AO with EC and MBR processes would allow for achieving high overall removal yields with limited energy consumption. For example, the overall removal yield of total organic carbon was 65 % by application of AO after EC, with an energy consumption of 21 kWh m-3. Results also showed that such treatment strategy might allow for a significant increase of the biodegradability of the effluent before treatment by the MBR. The MBR might then be dedicated to the removal of the residual organic load as well as to the removal of the nitrogen load. The data obtained in this study also showed that the lower electric charge required for integrating AO in a coupled process would allow for strongly decreasing the formation of undesired by-products such as ClO3- and ClO4-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Mostefaoui
- Université Gustave Eiffel, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement EA 4508, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, Cedex 2, France; Laboratory of Reaction Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Process Engineering USTHB, BP 32, El-Allia, Bab-Ezzouar, Algiers 16111, Algeria
| | - Nihal Oturan
- Université Gustave Eiffel, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement EA 4508, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, Cedex 2, France
| | - Souad Chergui Bouafia
- Laboratory of Reaction Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Process Engineering USTHB, BP 32, El-Allia, Bab-Ezzouar, Algiers 16111, Algeria
| | - Sié Alain Hien
- Université Gustave Eiffel, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement EA 4508, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, Cedex 2, France; Laboratoire des Procédés Industriels, de Synthèse de l'Environnement et des Energies Nouvelles (LAPISEN), Institut National Polytechnique Houphouët-Boigny, BP 1313, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Màxim Gibert-Vilas
- Université Gustave Eiffel, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement EA 4508, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, Cedex 2, France
| | - Geoffroy Lesage
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University Montpellier, ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Yoan Pechaud
- Université Gustave Eiffel, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement EA 4508, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, Cedex 2, France
| | - Bruno Tassin
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains, LEESU, Ecole des Ponts, Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Mehmet Oturan
- Université Gustave Eiffel, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement EA 4508, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, Cedex 2, France
| | - Clément Trellu
- Université Gustave Eiffel, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement EA 4508, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, Cedex 2, France.
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Gimenes Vernasqui L, de Oliveira Santiago Santos G, Isidro J, Oliveira Silva T, de Vasconcelos Lanza MR, Saez C, Gomes Ferreira N, Rodrigo Rodrigo MA. New diamond coatings for a safer electrolytic disinfection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:117871-117880. [PMID: 37875760 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30407-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new coating of boron-doped diamond ultra-nanocrystalline (U-NBDD), tailored to prevent massive formation of perchlorates during disinfection, is evaluated as electrode for the reclaiming of treated secondary wastewater by the electrochemically assisted disinfection process. Results obtained are compared to those obtained by using a standard electrode (STD) that was evaluated as a standard in previous research showing outstanding performance for this application. First tests were carried out to evaluate the chlorine speciation obtained after the electrolysis of synthetic chloride solutions at two different ranges of current densities. Concentrations of hypochlorite obtained using the U-NBDD anode at 25 mA cm-2 were 1.5-fold higher, outperforming STD anode; however, at 300 mA cm-2, an overturn on the behavior of anodes occurs where the amount of hypochlorite produced on STD anode was 1.5-fold higher. Importantly, at low current density the formation of chlorates and perchlorates is null using U-NBDD. Then, the disinfection of the real effluent of the secondary clarifier of a municipal wastewater treatment facility is assessed, where inactivation of Escherichia coli is achieved at low charge applied per volume electrolyzed (0.08 A h L-1) at 25 mA cm-2 using the U-NBDD. These findings demonstrate the appropriateness of the strategy followed in this work to obtain safer electro-disinfection technologies for the reclaiming of treated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Gimenes Vernasqui
- Laboratório Associado de Sensores E Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Av. Dos Astronautas, São José Dos Campos, SP, 1758, 12227 010, Brazil
- Electrochemical & Environmental Engineering Lab, TEQUIMA Research Group - Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario S/N, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Gessica de Oliveira Santiago Santos
- Electrochemical & Environmental Engineering Lab, TEQUIMA Research Group - Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario S/N, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Grupo de Processos Eletroquímicos e Ambientais, GPEA Research Group -São Carlos São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Julia Isidro
- Electrochemical & Environmental Engineering Lab, TEQUIMA Research Group - Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario S/N, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Taynara Oliveira Silva
- Electrochemical & Environmental Engineering Lab, TEQUIMA Research Group - Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario S/N, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Grupo de Processos Eletroquímicos e Ambientais, GPEA Research Group -São Carlos São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Marcos Roberto de Vasconcelos Lanza
- Grupo de Processos Eletroquímicos e Ambientais, GPEA Research Group -São Carlos São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Cristina Saez
- Electrochemical & Environmental Engineering Lab, TEQUIMA Research Group - Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario S/N, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Neidenei Gomes Ferreira
- Laboratório Associado de Sensores E Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Av. Dos Astronautas, São José Dos Campos, SP, 1758, 12227 010, Brazil
| | - Manuel Andres Rodrigo Rodrigo
- Electrochemical & Environmental Engineering Lab, TEQUIMA Research Group - Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario S/N, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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do Vale-Júnior E, de Sousa RA, Antunes RA, do Nascimento JHO, Lima Santos JE, Martínez-Huitle CA, Dos Santos EV. Evaluating the catalytic effect of Fe@Fe 2O 3-modified granulated cork as an innovative heterogeneous catalyst in electro-Fenton degradation of benzoquinone in different aqueous matrices. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139209. [PMID: 37315857 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the potential of a novel biomass-derived cork as a suitable catalyst after its modification with Fe@Fe2O3 for in-situ application in heterogeneous electro-Fenton (HEF) process for benzoquinone (BQ) elimination from water. No attempts on the application of modified granulated cork (GC) as a suspended heterogeneous catalyst in the HEF process for water treatment have been published yet. GC was modified by sonification approach in a FeCl3 + NaBH4 solution to reduce the ferric ions to metallic iron in order to obtain Fe@Fe2O3-modified GC (Fe@Fe2O3/GC). Results clearly demonstrated that this catalyst exhibited excellent electrocatalytic properties, such as a high conductivity as well as relatively high redox current and possessed several active sites for water depollution applications. Using Fe@Fe2O3/GC as catalyst in HEF, 100% of BQ removal was achieved in synthetic solutions by applying 33.3 mA cm-2 after 120 min. Different experimental conditions were tested to determine that best possible conditions can be as follow: 50 mmol L-1 Na2SO4 and 10 mg L-1 of Fe@Fe2O3/GC catalyst using Pt/carbon-PTFE air diffusion cell by applying 33.3 mA cm-2. Nevertheless, when Fe@Fe2O3/GC was used in the HEF approach to depollute real water matrices, no complete BQ concentration was removal achieved after 300 min of treatment, achieving between 80 and 95% of effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilson do Vale-Júnior
- Renewable Energies and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Campus Universitário, Av. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Rainy Alves de Sousa
- Renewable Energies and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Campus Universitário, Av. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Renato Altobelli Antunes
- Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, SP, 09210580, Brazil
| | - Jose Heriberto Oliveira do Nascimento
- Research Group on Innovation in Micro and Nanotechnology - Department of Textile Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Campus Universitario, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - José Eudes Lima Santos
- Renewable Energies and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Campus Universitário, Av. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Mi-cropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, UNESP, P.O. Box 355, 14800 900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Martínez-Huitle
- Renewable Energies and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Campus Universitário, Av. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Mi-cropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, UNESP, P.O. Box 355, 14800 900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Elisama Vieira Dos Santos
- Renewable Energies and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Campus Universitário, Av. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Mi-cropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, UNESP, P.O. Box 355, 14800 900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; School of Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Campus Universitario, 59072-970, Natal, Brazil.
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Mussa ZH, Al-Qaim FF. A non-steroidal drug "diclofenac" is a substrate for electrochemical degradation process using graphite anode. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:461. [PMID: 36905447 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the electrochemical degradation process, the elimination of organic pollutants could be enhanced using supporting electrolyte and applied voltage. After degradation of the target organic compound, some by-products are formed. Chlorinated by-products are the main products formed in the presence of sodium chloride. In the present study, an electrochemical oxidation process has been applied to diclofenac (DCF) using graphite as an anode and sodium chloride (NaCl) as a supporting electrolyte. Monitoring the removal of the by-products and elucidating them were provided using HPLC and LC-TOF/MS, respectively. A high removal% of 94% DCF was observed under the conditions: 0.5 g NaCl, 5 V, and 80 min of electrolysis, while the removal% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 88% under the same conditions, but 360 min of electrolysis was required. The pseudo-first-order rate constant values were quite varied based on the selected experimental conditions; the rate constants were between 0.0062 and 0.054 min-1, between 0.0024 and 0.0326 min-1 under the influence of applied voltage and sodium chloride, respectively. The maximum values of energy consumption were 0.93 and 0.55 Wh/mg using 0.1 g NaCl and 7 V, respectively. Some chlorinated by-products, C13H18Cl2NO5, C11H10Cl3NO4, and C13H13Cl5NO5, were selected and elucidated using LC-TOF/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fouad Fadhil Al-Qaim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science for Women, University of Babylon, PO Box 4, Hilla, Iraq.
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Takatas B, Sari Erkan H. Treatment of wastewater from the washing process of a municipal solid waste collection container by electrochemical treatment using different anode materials: a statistical optimization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:29663-29680. [PMID: 36417059 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An underground municipal solid waste (MSW) container should be washed periodically to prevent/reduce odor and leachate production. In this study, the treatment process of wastewater derived from the washing process of an MSW container was investigated using the electrochemical (EC) treatment process with different anode materials (Fe, TiO2, and graphite). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effect of process parameters such as initial pH, applied current, and reaction time on chemical oxygen demand (COD), Tannin/Lignin, and color removals. According to the results obtained from the RSM models, all process parameters were significant. The optimum process parameters in terms of COD removal were derived from the models for each anode material. Under the optimized conditions, the COD removals were determined to be 93.25%, 75.95%, and 98.46% for Fe-Fe, TiO2-Fe, and graphite-Fe electrode pairs, respectively. The color and Tannin/Lignin removals were determined as 98.12% and 77.78% for the Fe-Fe, 92.76% and 98.45% for the TiO2-Fe and 94.50% and 79.56% for the graphite-Fe electrode pair, respectively. The specific energy consumption (SEC) values were found as 46.95, 300.02, and 32.95 kWh/m3 for each electrode combination given above, respectively. In terms of both removal efficiencies and SEC, the most effective anode material was determined as graphite, followed by iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Takatas
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa, Esenler, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hanife Sari Erkan
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa, Esenler, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Comprehensive study on the role of reactive oxygen species and active chlorine species on the inactivation and subcellular damage of E.coli in electrochemical disinfection. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bany Abdelnabi AA, Al Theeb N, Almomani MA, Ghanem H, Rosiwal SM. Effect of electrode parameters in the electro-production of reactive oxidizing species via boron-doped diamond under batch mode. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10830. [PMID: 36527295 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ozone and hydroxyl radicals (• OH) are powerful reactive oxidizing species (ROS) that are commonly utilized in water disinfection. The electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOP) is often used to generate such oxidants, whereas optimizing its experimental setup and electrode parameters plays a crucial role in its performance. This research aims to find the optimal setup for ROS generation process from tap water via the boron-doped diamond. The effect of electrode's active area, type of electrode substrates (mesh or sheet), type of mesh substrate (rolled and unrolled), and number of anodes and cathodes are examined. The results showed that the use of two long-rolled BDD/Nb meshes as anode and one long-rolled mesh as a cathode gives the optimal performance of electrolysis process at 15 V potential and 3 min. These results will provide a start for developing a cost accepted, health-safe, household disinfection device that reduces susceptibility to human life-threatening waterborne diseases. PRACTITIONER POINTS: This research aims to find the optimal setup for ROS generation process from tap water via the boron-doped diamond. The effect of electrode's parameters on the electro-production of ROS is examined. The best performance is achieved using rolled mesh electrodes. Two long-rolled BDD/Nb meshes as anode electrodes and one long-rolled mesh cathode electrode give the optimal electrolysis process performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Bany Abdelnabi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nader Al Theeb
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammed A Almomani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hanadi Ghanem
- Chair of Metals Science and Technology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan M Rosiwal
- Chair of Metals Science and Technology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Chen Y, Song Y, Wu L, Dong P. Role of hypochlorite in the harmless treatment of cyanide tailings through slurry electrolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:40178-40189. [PMID: 35122199 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The efficient and harmless treatment of cyanide tailings is necessary for gold extraction processes. The present study reports the effects of ClO- generation in a slurry electrolysis system containing NaCl on the removal rate of cyanide and heavy metal ions in cyanide tailings. The chemical dissolution of metallic minerals and the reaction mechanisms were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The obtained results evidenced the key role of ClO- in the removal of cyanide and heavy metal ions through the slurry electrolysis system with NaCl addition. Furthermore, ClO- formation increased with the NaCl concentration, resulting in a higher removal rate of cyanide and heavy metal ions and enhanced metallic mineral dissolution. The cyanide tailings showed the best harmless effect with a NaCl concentration of 15 g/L. With this condition, the removal rates of CNT, CN-, Cu, Zn and Fe were 96.15%, 98.34%, 98.62%, 99.32% and 79.31%, respectively; furthermore, Cu and Fe precipitated at the cathode. The relative hematite content decreased by 3.12%. Under the effect of an electric field, the cyanide and metal cyanide complexes in the cyanide tailings oxidised and decomposed to release metal cations by the strongly oxidising ClO- generated at the anode. The metal cations and hematite were reduced at the cathode, while the metal oxide mineral hematite in the electrolyte underwent chemical dissolution. In the toxic degradation of cyanide tailings, the comprehensive recovery of metals and destruction of metallic minerals in tailings will provide favourable conditions for subsequent comprehensive utilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gold and Resources of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yonghui Song
- Key Laboratory of Gold and Resources of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Lei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Gold and Resources of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Ping Dong
- Key Laboratory of Gold and Resources of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
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Full and Sustainable Electrochemical Production of Chlorine Dioxide. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12030315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the final purpose of manufacturing electrochemically-based devices that produce chloride dioxide efficiently, this paper focuses on the production of chlorates and hydrogen peroxide in two different electrochemical cells, in which operation conditions are selected to obtain high efficiencies, and in the subsequent combination of both electrochemically manufactured solutions to produce chlorine dioxide. Results demonstrate that suitable reagents can be produced by electrolyzing 20 g L−1 sodium chloride solutions at 50 mA cm−2 and 50 °C, and 3000 mg L−1 NaClO4 solutions at 5.0 mA cm−2 and 15 °C with current efficiencies of 30.9% and 48.0%, respectively. Different tests performed with these electrolyzed solutions, and also with commercial hydrogen peroxide and chlorate solutions, demonstrate that the ratio between both reagents plays a very important role in the efficiency in the production of chlorine dioxide. Results clearly showed that, surplus chlorate should be contained in the reagent media to prevent further reduction of chlorine dioxide by hydrogen peroxide and consequently, loses of efficiency in the process. During the reaction, a gas with a high oxidation capacity and consisting mainly in chloride dioxide is produced. The results contributed to the maximum conversion reached being 89.65% using electrolyzed solutions as precursors of ClO2, confirming that this technology can be promising to manufacture portable ClO2 devices.
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Han S, Kim S, Kwak S, Lee C, Hong Jeong D, Kim C, Yoon J. Iridium-cobalt mixed oxide electrode for efficient chlorine evolution in dilute chloride solutions. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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The role of saline-related species in the electrochemical treatment of produced water using Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5 anode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Chlorine dioxide was produced by the reduction of chlorate with hydrogen peroxide in strongly acidic media. To avoid reaction interference during measuring procedures, UV spectra were acquired to monitor the chlorate reduction. This reduction led to the formation of chlorine dioxide and notable concentrations of chlorite and hypochlorous acid/chlorine, suggesting that the hydrogen peroxide:chlorate ratio is important. Once chlorates are transformed to chlorine dioxide, the surplus hydrogen peroxide promoted the further reaction of the chlorinated species down to less-important species. Moreover, chlorine dioxide was stripped with the outlet gas flow. A linear relationship was established between the amount of limiting reagent consumed and the maximum height of the absorption peak at 360 nm after testing with different ratios of hydrogen peroxide and chlorate, allowing calculations of the maximum amount of chlorine dioxide formed. To verify the reproducibility of the method, a test with four replicates was conducted in a hydrogen peroxide/chlorate solution where chlorine dioxide reduction was not promoted due to the presence of surplus chlorate in the reaction medium after the test. Results confirmed the efficient formation of this oxidant, with maximum concentrations of 8.0 ± 0.33 mmol L−1 in 400–450 min and a conversion percentage of 97.6%. Standard deviations of 0.14–0.49 mmol L−1 were obtained during oxidation (3.6–6.5% of the average), indicating good reproducibility.
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Long Y, Li H, Jin H, Ni J. Interpretation of high perchlorate generated during electrochemical disinfection in presence of chloride at BDD anodes. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131418. [PMID: 34323797 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is a disinfection by-product (DBP) of serious health concern. Herein, the long sought mechanism of high perchlorate production during electrochemical disinfection at boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode in the presence of chloride was elucidated. The generated perchlorate at BDD during electrochemical disinfection (in 10 mM NaCl) in 60 min reached 0.125 mM, which was 830 times higher than the EPA standard. In contrast, perchlorate at PbO2 and SnO2 anodes was below the detection limit. Further experiments employing NaClO3 revealed that the conversion ratio from ClO3- to ClO4- in 10 h at BDD (98%) was considerably higher than PbO2 (13%) and SnO2 (12%). Such significant difference among anodes was fully interpreted with a two-step mechanism. The first step is essential to produce ·ClO3 by oxidizing ClO3- at electrodes. Otherwise, the conversion to perchlorate would be impossible even with excessive ·OH, which was verified with the photocatalysis process. The second step is the perchlorate generation with radical reaction between ·ClO3 and ·OH, where the primary role of ·OH was substantiated by scavenging test. Interestingly, the capability of perchlorate production was correlated with free ·OH instead of the total amount of ·OH. Despite the similar abilities of electron transfer between anodes and ClO3-, much higher free ·OH exists at BDD anode than at PbO2 and SnO2 anodes through chronoamperometry experiments and work function characterization, which reasonably provides interpretation of high perchlorate production at BDD anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Long
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hongna Li
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongmei Jin
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jinren Ni
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China.
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14
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Brito LR, Ganiyu SO, dos Santos EV, Oturan MA, Martínez-Huitle CA. Removal of antibiotic rifampicin from aqueous media by advanced electrochemical oxidation: Role of electrode materials, electrolytes and real water matrices. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Kim S, Lee T, Han S, Lee C, Kim C, Yoon J. Ir0.11Fe0.25O0.64 as a highly efficient electrode for electrochlorination in dilute chloride solutions. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Shmychkova O, Girenko D, Velichenko A. Cl
–
/ClO
–
process on SnO
2
‐based electrodes in low‐concentrated NaCl solutions. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olesia Shmychkova
- Physical Chemistry Department Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology Dnipro Ukraine
| | - Dmitry Girenko
- Physical Chemistry Department Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology Dnipro Ukraine
| | - Alexander Velichenko
- Physical Chemistry Department Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology Dnipro Ukraine
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17
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Electrosynthesis of hypochlorous acid in a filter-press electrolyzer and its modeling in dilute chloride solutions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Rajendran HK, Deen Fakrudeen MA, Chandrasekar R, van Hullebusch ED, Velayudhaperumal Chellam P. Electrocatalytic removal of fluroquinolones from simulated pharmaceutical effluent: Chemometric analysis, chemical blueprint of electrodes and generated sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110844. [PMID: 33577773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic removal of fluroquinolones from simulated pharmaceutical effluent is studied in this work. The effects of parameters like NaCl concentration, pH and initial concentration of Ofloxacin were studied. The synergistic effect of H2O2 on the degradation of Ofloxacin paves the way to move towards radical based chemistry. The process was modelled and statistically evaluated through Central Composite Design approach towards the maximum concentration of Ofloxacin degraded (for 0.8 mM) as 0.46 mM at pH-3.0 and the concentration of H2O2 at 0.2 mM. The model was analyzed mathematically and observed as saddle response based on canonical and ridge analysis. The process follows pseudo first order kinetics with k = 0.047 min-1 and reaction rate of 13.6 mg.L-1.min-1. The mineralization efficiency of the process was studied using Total Organic Carbon analysis and 76.5% removal efficiency was obtained on the simulated pharmaceutical effluent containing Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin. The crystal structure of the green and red colour sludge was determined by XRD to be lepidocrocite (a = 3.87 Å, b = 12.4 Å, c = 3.06 Å) and gupeiite (a = 5.6620 Å), respectively. The elemental composition of sludge and electrodes were found using SEM-EDX. Morphological change in electrode surface was determined using roughness plot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Kumar Rajendran
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Mohammed Askkar Deen Fakrudeen
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ragavan Chandrasekar
- Centre for Research, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Eric D van Hullebusch
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique Du Globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France
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19
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Mohammadi S, Ebadi T. Production of a water disinfectant by membrane electrolysis of brine solution and evaluation of its quality change during the storage time. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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20
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Espinoza LC, Sepúlveda P, García A, Martins de Godoi D, Salazar R. Degradation of oxamic acid using dimensionally stable anodes (DSA) based on a mixture of RuO 2 and IrO 2 nanoparticles. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126674. [PMID: 32359720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dimensionally stable anodes (DSA) have been widely used to degrade organic compounds because these surfaces promote the electrogeneration of active chlorine species in the bulk of the solution, as well as in the vicinity of the anode when NaCl is used as supporting electrolyte. In this work, the nanoparticles synthesis of IrO2 and RuO2 was performed to obtain two types of DSA electrodes named Class I and II to degrade oxamic acid. For Class I and II DSA, the nanoparticles used were synthesized separately and in the same reaction medium, respectively. Electrolysis were carried out in an open cylindrical cell without division at 25 °C, DSAs were used as anodes and a stainless-steel electrode as cathode, both elements have a geometric area of 2.8 cm2 immersed in 0.05 mol L-1 of NaCl or Na2SO4 and a current density of 3 mA cm-2 was applied for 6 h. Active chlorine species generated in the absence of oxamic acid in NaCl were also detected and quantified through ion chromatography. In Na2SO4 there was no degradation of the compound, but in NaCl the oxamic acid concentration reaching 85% with Class I DSA. The same tendency is observed in mineralization, in which Class I DSA allowed reaching a CO2 transformation close to 73%. The difference in the results occurs because with Class I DSA, more hypochlorite is generated than with Class II and therefore there is a larger amount of oxidizing species in the solution that enables the degradation and mineralization of oxamic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carolina Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Electroquímica Del Medio Ambiente, LEQMA. Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología.Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Pamela Sepúlveda
- Facultad de Química and Biología, CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra García
- Laboratorio de síntesis y Modificación de Nanoestructuras y Materiales Bidimensionales. Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. (CIMAV), Mexico
| | - Denis Martins de Godoi
- Laboratorio de Materiais Magneticos e Coloides, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, São Paulo State University,UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Salazar
- Laboratorio de Electroquímica Del Medio Ambiente, LEQMA. Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología.Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago, Chile.
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21
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Evaluating the Effect of WO3 on Electrochemical and Corrosion Properties of TiO2-RuO2-Coated Titanium Anodes with Low Content of RuO2. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-020-00615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe electrochemical and corrosion characterization of Ti0.97Ru0.03O2/Ti electrodes modified with WO3 was reported. Modification of Ti0.97Ru0.03O2/Ti electrodes with WO3 was previously described as improving the effectiveness of an azo dye degradation in a photoelectrochemical treatment. Thus, the effect of WO3 introduction to oxide film on electrode surface on electrochemical behaviour and stability of the modified electrodes was investigated. Moreover, corrosion behaviour of Ti0.97Ru0.03O2/Ti electrodes modified with WO3 was evaluated with the application of potentiodynamic polarization sweep method and open circuit potential measurement. Electrodes modified with WO3 revealed higher anodic and cathodic peak currents in K4[Fe(CN)6] solution (by 35% for 6%WO3 content) indicating higher electroactive surface area and faster electron transfer reaction. An increase in WO3 amount in the oxide layer caused an increase in the number of active sites determined in Na2SO4 and most of them (more than 80%) were located in the outer and more accessible surface. The investigation of the tested electrodes at high potentials at which oxygen evolution is observed, allowed their classification in the following order showing an increase in their activity towards oxygen evolution reaction: Ti0.97Ru0.03O2/Ti < Ti0.94Ru0.03O2-W0.03O3/Ti < Ti0.91Ru0.03O2-W0.06O3/Ti. Although the electrode modification with WO3 resulted in lower resistance to corrosion in Na2SO4 solution regarding corrosion potential, corrosion current densities were clearly lower in comparison with the non-modified electrode, especially after longer immersion in the solution. ASTs showed that even a small addition of WO3 increased the lifetime of the electrodes. The Ti0.97Ru0.03O2/Ti electrode modification with WO3 seemed to be advantageous for their application in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical degradation of organic pollutants.
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22
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Raschitor A, Llanos J, Rodrigo MA, Cañizares P. Is it worth using the coupled electrodialysis/electro-oxidation system for the removal of pesticides? Process modelling and role of the pollutant. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125781. [PMID: 31918095 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the development of the electrodialysis/electro-oxidation (EDEO) technology, assessing the role of the pollutant and the modelling of the system in order to look for the key aspects for the development of the technology. According to the results obtained, it can be concluded that electrodialysis can be properly used to concentrate clopyralid, having the selected ionic exchange membranes (AMX) an adsorption capacity of 1.64 ± 0.26 mg cm-2. Moreover, it was observed that BDD anodes exhibit a higher degradation and mineralization current efficiencies than MMO when using electro-oxidation (EO). The role of the supporting electrolyte was also assessed, observing a slight better performance of BDD with sulphate (maximum mineralization current efficiency of 80%) and a much superior degradation efficiency with chloride when selecting MMO as anode material. Regarding the EDEO technology, it was checked that this process only overcomes the performance of EO when using MMO anodes, a result that is explained by the ratio between degradation and transport rates. Finally, a simple model was presented and successfully used to predict the degradation rate constants and to simulate the performance of EDEO under different scenarios. These simulations confirm that the transport rate needs to overcome the degradation rate in order to assure a better performance of the EDEO system compared to the conventional EO. Moreover, the simulations explain the results obtained in the present and previous works revealing the key for a further development of the EDEO technology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raschitor
- Chemical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella. Av. Camilo José Cela nº 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Llanos
- Chemical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella. Av. Camilo José Cela nº 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella. Av. Camilo José Cela nº 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella. Av. Camilo José Cela nº 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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23
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A Novel Porous Ni, Ce-Doped PbO2 Electrode for Efficient Treatment of Chloride Ion in Wastewater. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The porous Ti/Sb-SnO2/Ni-Ce-PbO2 electrode was prepared by using a porous Ti plate as a substrate, an Sb-doped SnO2 as an intermediate, and a PbO2 doped with Ni and Ce as an active layer. The surface morphology and crystal structure of the electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS), and X-Ray diffraction(XRD). The electrochemical performance of the electrodes was tested by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and electrode life test. The results show that the novel porous Ni-Ce-PbO2 electrodes with larger active surface area have better electrochemical activity and longer electrode life than porous undoped PbO2 electrodes and flat Ni-Ce-PbO2 electrodes. In this work, the removal of Cl− in simulated wastewater on three electrodes was also studied. The results show that the removal effect of the porous Ni-Ce-PbO2 electrode is obviously better than the other two electrodes, and the removal rate is 87.4%, while the removal rates of the other two electrodes were 72.90% and 80.20%, respectively. In addition, the mechanism of electrochemical dechlorinating was also studied. With the progress of electrolysis, we find that the increase of OH- inhibits the degradation of Cl−, however, the porous Ni-Ce-PbO2 electrode can effectively improve the removal of Cl−.
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24
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Ma X, Li M, Feng C, He Z. Electrochemical nitrate removal with simultaneous magnesium recovery from a mimicked RO brine assisted by in situ chloride ions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:122085. [PMID: 31958611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction is effective to remove nitrate but byproducts such as ammonia and nitrite would need chloride addition for indirect oxidation to nitrogen gas. Herein, electrochemical nitrate reduction was investigated to remove nitrate from a mimicked reverse osmosis (RO) brine containing chloride that eliminates the need for external chloride addition. Both Cu/Zn and Ti nano cathodes exhibited the best performance of nitrate removal with >97 % removal in either Na2SO4 or NaCl electrolyte, although with different products. Complete nitrate reduction to nitrogen gas was realized in the RO brine whose complex composition decreased the electrode efficiency, for example from 71.4 ± 0.2%-49.4 ± 0.3 % with the Cu/Zn cathode after 5 cycles of operation. Magnesium was recovered at the same time of nitrate removal and the purity of Mg(II) could reach 96.8 ± 2.0 % after proper pH pre-treatment. In a preliminary adsorption study, a key byproduct - chlorate was reduced by 49.8 ± 2.7 % after 3-h adsorption by 100 g L-1 activated carbon. These results have demonstrated the simultaneous electrochemical nitrate removal and resource recovery from a complex water like a RO brine and provided new information such as byproduct management and electrode deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Ma
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, VA 24060, USA
| | - Miao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chuanping Feng
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, VA 24060, USA; Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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25
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Sánchez-Montes I, Pérez JF, Sáez C, Rodrigo MA, Cañizares P, Aquino JM. Assessing the performance of electrochemical oxidation using DSA® and BDD anodes in the presence of UVC light. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124575. [PMID: 31446274 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance of surface and ground water contamination by synthetic organic compounds has been pointed out in a very high number of papers worldwide, as well as the need of application of treatment technologies capable to assure their complete removal. Among these processes, the electrochemical advanced oxidation is an interesting option, especially when irradiated with UVC light (photo-electrochemical, P-EC) to promote homolysis of electrogenerated oxidants. In this work, the herbicide glyphosate (GLP) was used as model compound and it was electrochemically treated under UVC irradiation in the presence of NaCl and using a DSA® and BDD anodes. Total organic carbon concentration was measured throughout the electrolysis, as well as the concentration of short chain carboxylic acids and inorganic ions (NO3-, PO43-,ClO-, ClO3- and ClO4-). The synergism of the P-EC was more pronounced when using a DSA® electrode, which led to complete GLP mineralization in 1 h (0.52 A h L-1), as also confirmed by the stoichiometric formation of NO3- and PO43- ions, with an energy consumption as low as 1.25 kW h g-1. Unexpectedly, the concentration evolution of oxyhalides for the P-EC process using both anodes, especially for DSA® at 10 mA cm-2, showed the production of ClO3-, whereas detection of ClO4- species was only found when using BDD at 100 mA cm-2 for the electrochemical process. Finally, small amounts of carboxylic acids were detected, including dichloroacetic acid, especially when using a BDD electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Sánchez-Montes
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Química, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - José F Pérez
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Cristina Sáez
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José M Aquino
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Química, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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26
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Deng Y, Chen N, Feng C, Wang H, Zheng Y, Chen F, Lu W, Kuang P, Feng H, Gao Y, Hu W. Degradation of nitrogen-containing refractory organic wastewater using a novel alternating-anode electrochemical system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:134161. [PMID: 32380621 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study presented a novel alternating-anode electrochemical system (AAES) based on single electrolytic cell for the treatment of nitrogen-containing refractory organic wastewater (NOW). The core of AAES lies in the alternating working of iron anode and DSA anode to integrate different electrochemical processes. The biologically treated landfill leachate (BTLL) was selected as a practical NOW for assessing the performance of AAES. The results indicated that after 140 min of electrolytic reaction, the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen (TN) using AAES was found to be 76.9 and 98.9%, respectively. The main component of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in BTLL included humic-like substances, which could be degraded into small-molecule DOM, such as fulvic-like substances and protein-like substances, by available chlorine and hydroxyl radicals present in AAES. Cathode reduction (NOx--N → NH4+-N and N2) under iron anode and indirect oxidation (NH4+-N → N2) under DSA anode were the main pathways to remove TN from NOW. Owing to the redox conditions created by the alternating anodes, the main stable crystalline forms of precipitates obtained from AAES were Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3, which could be separated by using the external magnetic field. The findings of this study may provide a feasible solution for the advanced electrochemical treatment of NOW in a single electrolytic cell as well as rapid separation of precipitates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Deng
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Nan Chen
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Chuanping Feng
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Haishuang Wang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yuhan Zheng
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Fangxin Chen
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Wang Lu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Peijing Kuang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Hanguang Feng
- School of Water Resources and Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China
| | - Weiwu Hu
- China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Journal Center, Beijing 100083, China
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27
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Preparation and Characterization of Porous Ti/SnO2–Sb2O3/PbO2 Electrodes for the Removal of Chloride Ions in Water. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porous Ti/SnO2–Sb2O3/PbO2 electrodes for electrocatalytic oxidation of chloride ions were studied by exploring the effects of different operating conditions, including pore size, initial concentration, current density, initial pH, electrode plate spacing, and the number of cycles. In addition, a physicochemical characterization and an electrochemical characterization of the porous Ti/SnO2–Sb2O3/PbO2 electrodes were performed. The results showed that Ti/SnO2–Sb2O3/PbO2 electrodes with 150 µm pore size had the best removal effect on chloride ions with removal ratios amounting up to 98.5% when the initial concentration was 10 g L−1, the current density 125 mA cm−2, the initial pH = 9, and the electrode plate spacing 0.5 cm. The results, moreover, showed that the oxygen evolution potential of 150 µm porous Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/PbO2 electrodes was highest, which minimized side reactions involving oxygen formation and which increased the removal effect of chloride ions.
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28
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de Sousa DDP, Pinto CF, Tonhela MA, Granato AC, Motheo ADJ, Lima ADF, Ferreira DC, Fernandes DM, Fornazari ALDT, Malpass GRP. Treatment of real dairy wastewater by electrolysis and photo-assisted electrolysis in presence of chlorides. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2019; 80:961-969. [PMID: 31746803 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of electrolysis (EC/Cl2) and photo-assisted electrolysis (EC/UV/Cl2) methods, in the presence of chloride, for the abatement of real dairy waste from a producer in the Triangulo Mineiro region of Brazil, was evaluated. A complete 23 factorial design was performed for the variables time, pH and current. After determining the ideal pH, a Central Compound Design (CCD) was performed, where the applied current (533.42 mA) and treatment time (60.45 minutes) were maximized. The effluent was subsequently submitted to prolonged EC/Cl2 and EC/UV/Cl2 treatment in order to evaluate the behaviour of specific environmental parameters over time. The EC/UV/Cl2 method was more efficient than simple EC/Cl2 treatment. The EC/UV/Cl2 method resulted in a reduction of all environmental parameters investigated to levels within legal standards for effluent discharge. A relatively low cost of treatment is obtained with Energy per Order (EEO) values of 0.89 and 1.22 kWh m-3 order-1 for the EC/UV/Cl2 and EC/Cl2 treatments, respectively. The electrochemical production of free chlorine species followed by subsequent photolysis and production of radical species can convert a simple electrochemical process into an advanced oxidation process (AOP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Domingos Pereira de Sousa
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1250, Univerdecidade, 38064-200 Uberaba, MG, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Camila Ferreira Pinto
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1250, Univerdecidade, 38064-200 Uberaba, MG, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Marquele Amorim Tonhela
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1250, Univerdecidade, 38064-200 Uberaba, MG, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Ana Claudia Granato
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1250, Univerdecidade, 38064-200 Uberaba, MG, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Artur de Jesus Motheo
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trab. São Carlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre de Faria Lima
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1250, Univerdecidade, 38064-200 Uberaba, MG, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Deusmaque Carneiro Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1250, Univerdecidade, 38064-200 Uberaba, MG, Brazil E-mail:
| | - David Maikel Fernandes
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1250, Univerdecidade, 38064-200 Uberaba, MG, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Ana Luiza de Toledo Fornazari
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Pontífica Universidad Católica de Chile. Faculdad de Química, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna, 4860 Santiago, Chile
| | - Geoffroy Roger Pointer Malpass
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1250, Univerdecidade, 38064-200 Uberaba, MG, Brazil E-mail:
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Girenko DV, Gyrenko AA, Nikolenko NV. Potentiometric Determination of Chlorate Impurities in Hypochlorite Solutions. Int J Anal Chem 2019; 2019:2360420. [PMID: 31186643 PMCID: PMC6521533 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2360420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The method of iodometric determination of chlorates impurities in sodium hypochlorite solutions for medical and veterinary purposes was developed. This method does not require sophisticated equipment and can be implemented directly where the solutions are used. The method is based on the different rates of interaction of ClO- and ClO3 - with iodide ions depending on the acidity of the medium. We have shown that blank titration is advisable to improve the accuracy of the determination of low concentrations of chlorates in the matrix of hypochlorite which is present in excess since in this case possible systematic errors due to the presence of oxidizing impurities in the reagents are prevented. To quantify the low concentrations of chlorates, we proposed to remove 85-95% of hypochlorite ions by means of reducing their excess with sodium sulfite at pH 10.5. The solution of sodium sulfite does not require standardization before each analysis in the proposed procedure. The possibility of quantitative determination of chlorate impurities in the range of 2-50 mg/L in the presence of 50-500-fold excess of sodium hypochlorite with an error of 5% has been proved. The expanded uncertainty of chlorate determination did not exceed 0.6 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Girenko
- Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology, Gagarin ave. 8, 49005 Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine
| | - Al'ona A. Gyrenko
- Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology, Gagarin ave. 8, 49005 Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine
| | - Nikolai V. Nikolenko
- Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology, Gagarin ave. 8, 49005 Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine
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Ganiyu SO, Martínez‐Huitle CA. Nature, Mechanisms and Reactivity of Electrogenerated Reactive Species at Thin‐Film Boron‐Doped Diamond (BDD) Electrodes During Electrochemical Wastewater Treatment. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soliu O. Ganiyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Alberta Edmonton, AB Canada T6G 2W2
- Institute of ChemistryFederal University of Rio Grande do Norte Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970 Natal, RN Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Martínez‐Huitle
- Institute of ChemistryFederal University of Rio Grande do Norte Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970 Natal, RN Brazil
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Llanos J, Moraleda I, Sáez C, Rodrigo MA, Cañizares P. Electrochemical production of perchlorate as an alternative for the valorization of brines. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:637-643. [PMID: 30599321 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the valorization of brines, with concentrations similar to those produced by reverse osmosis or electrodialysis processes, by electrolysis with diamond anodes is evaluated. To do this, synthetic brines made from solutions of NaCl (with target concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 M and an additional test at 5.0 M) were used as the raw material for the electrochemical production of perchlorate using commercial electrochemical cells equipped with boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes. The effect of key parameters on the rate and efficiency of perchlorate production was evaluated. The results show that it is possible to transform more than 80% of the initial chloride concentration into perchlorate, with current efficiencies higher than 70% regardless of the initial concentration of sodium chloride contained in the brine. Moreover, it was observed that both hypochlorite and chlorate were produced almost simultaneously at the beginning of electrolysis, while perchlorate was only produced when a certain value of applied electric charge was passed through the system. The results obtained were essentially independent of the concentration of NaCl, as the high concentrations used in this study avoided mass transfer limitations. Moreover, the specific energy cost of perchlorate production was estimated to range from 26.14 kWh kg-1 (for 2.0 M and 1000 A m-2) to 56.10 kWh kg-1 (for 1.0 M and 2000 A m-2). According to the results obtained, the electrochemical production of perchlorate by BDD electrochemical oxidation stands out as a promising novel technology for the valorization of the brine produced in reverse osmosis or electrodialysis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Llanos
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Moraleda
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Cristina Sáez
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Deng L, Liu Y, Zhao G, Chen J, He S, Zhu Y, Chai B, Ren Z. Preparation of electrolyzed oxidizing water by TiO2 doped IrO2-Ta2O5 electrode with high selectivity and stability for chlorine evolution. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pinto CF, Antonelli R, de Araújo KS, Fornazari ALDT, Fernandes DM, Granato AC, Azevedo EB, Malpass GRP. Experimental-design-guided approach for the removal of atrazine by sono-electrochemical-UV-chlorine techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:430-440. [PMID: 29052462 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1395480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the electrochemical formation of free chlorine species (HOCl/ClO-) and their subsequent use for the degradation of the pesticide atrazine. Initially, the process of electrochemical-free chlorine production was investigated using a bench-scale electrochemical flow-cell. The most significant variables (electrolyte concentration ([NaCl]) and inter-electrode gap) of the process were obtained using a 23 factorial design and the optimum process conditions (1.73 mol L-1 and 0.56 cm) were determined by a central composite design. Following optimization of free chlorine production, three degradation techniques were investigated, individually and in combination, for atrazine degradation: electrochemical, photochemical and sonochemical. The method using the techniques in combination was denominated sono-photo-assisted electrochemical degradation. Constant current assays were performed and the sono-photo-assisted electrochemical process promoted more efficient removal of atrazine, achieving total organic carbon removal of ∼98% and removal of atrazine to levels below the detection limit (>99%) in under 30 min of treatment. Furthermore, the combination of three techniques displayed lower energy consumption, and phytotoxicity tests (Lactuca sativa) showed that there was no increase in toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ferreira Pinto
- a Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Chemistry of Minas Gerais , Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro , Uberaba , Brazil
| | - Raissa Antonelli
- a Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Chemistry of Minas Gerais , Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro , Uberaba , Brazil
| | - Karla Santos de Araújo
- a Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Chemistry of Minas Gerais , Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro , Uberaba , Brazil
- b Professional Master's Program in Technological Innovation , Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro , Uberaba , Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza de Toledo Fornazari
- b Professional Master's Program in Technological Innovation , Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro , Uberaba , Brazil
| | - David Maikel Fernandes
- b Professional Master's Program in Technological Innovation , Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro , Uberaba , Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Granato
- b Professional Master's Program in Technological Innovation , Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro , Uberaba , Brazil
| | | | - Geoffroy Roger Pointer Malpass
- a Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Chemistry of Minas Gerais , Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro , Uberaba , Brazil
- b Professional Master's Program in Technological Innovation , Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro , Uberaba , Brazil
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Durán FE, de Araújo DM, do Nascimento Brito C, Santos EV, Ganiyu SO, Martínez-Huitle CA. Electrochemical technology for the treatment of real washing machine effluent at pre-pilot plant scale by using active and non-active anodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Salazar R, Ureta-Zañartu MS, González-Vargas C, Brito CDN, Martinez-Huitle CA. Electrochemical degradation of industrial textile dye disperse yellow 3: Role of electrocatalytic material and experimental conditions on the catalytic production of oxidants and oxidation pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:21-29. [PMID: 29421732 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to verify the efficiency of the electrochemical oxidation process for removal the industrial textile Disperse Yellow 3 (DY3) dye in aqueous solutions using different electrocatalytic materials: boron-doped diamond (BDD), Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2 and Ti/Pt anodes. The results were obtained by applying different current densities (40 and 60 mA cm-2) at 40 °C using different supporting electrolytes (Na2SO4 50 mM and NaCl 50 mM) under values of pH about 2.3, 7.0 and 10.0. Results obtained shown that the process was faster at the beginning of the process for all electrocatalytic materials, using Na2SO4 as electrolyte, being more efficient for BDD anode reaching more than 90% of TOC and color decay independently of the current density and pH and supporting electrolyte; while up to 50% of color and TOC was eliminated, using the other anodic materials in sulfate. In NaCl medium a complete mineralization was achieved at Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2 at short electrolysis time, followed by BDD and Ti/Pt. The corresponding kinetic analysis confirms these results. Trends of active chlorine species synthesized at Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2, BDD and Ti/Pt anodes, at different pH conditions, demonstrated that, the concentration of active chlorine species depends on the pH conditions and electrode material. Finally, a cost comparison for each electrocatalytic material under different experimental conditions was realized exhibiting the lowest energy consumption and electrolysis time in NaCl medium. Based on the results obtained, the electrochemical elimination of dye and the profile of the carboxylic by-products formed depend on the nature of material, pH and supporting electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Salazar
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACh, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile.
| | - M Soledad Ureta-Zañartu
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACh, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo González-Vargas
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACh, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Carlos A Martinez-Huitle
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Institute of Chemistry Lagoa Nova, CEP 59.072-970, RN, Brazil
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Cotillas S, Llanos J, Cañizares P, Clematis D, Cerisola G, Rodrigo MA, Panizza M. Removal of Procion Red MX-5B dye from wastewater by conductive-diamond electrochemical oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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37
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Herrada RA, Acosta-Santoyo G, Sepúlveda-Guzmán S, Brillas E, Sirés I, Bustos E. IrO2-Ta2O5|Ti electrodes prepared by electrodeposition from different Ir:Ta ratios for the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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38
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Petrucci E, Montanaro D, Orsini M, Sotgiu G. Micro- and nanostructured TiO2 substrate: Influence on the electrocatalytic properties of manganese oxide based electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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39
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de Menezes FLG, da Silva AJC, Martínez-Huitle CA, Zanta CLPS, Alves JJF, Castro SSL. Electrochemical treatment of shrimp farming effluent: role of electrocatalytic material. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:6061-6070. [PMID: 27557970 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the electrochemical oxidation of organic matter present in shrimp farming effluent using three types of electrocatalytic materials: Ti/Ru0.34Ti0.66O2, Ti/Pt, and boron-doped diamond (BDD). An electrochemical cell with 300 mL under stirring agitation was used by applying 20, 40, and 60 mA cm-2. A Ti/Ru0.34Ti0.66O2 anode showed a reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) about 84 % after 1 h of electrolysis, while at the same time, 71 % of COD decay was achieved at Ti/Pt. Conversely, only 71 % of COD was removed after 2 h with a BDD anode. Regarding the temperature effect, BDD showed better performances than those achieved for Ti/Ru0.34Ti0.66O2 and Ti/Pt anodes during an electrochemical treatment of a shrimp farming effluent, obtaining 72 % of COD removal by applying 20 mA cm-2 at 40 °C after 15 min. Energy consumption and cost were estimated in order to established the engineering applicability of this alternative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Leonardo Gomes de Menezes
- Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of State of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Central da UERN, CEP 59625-620, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - André Jailson Cabral da Silva
- Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of State of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Central da UERN, CEP 59625-620, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Martínez-Huitle
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário s/n, CEP 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Carmem Lúcia Paiva Silva Zanta
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus A.C. Simões, CEP 57072-970, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Janete Jane Fernandes Alves
- Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of State of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Central da UERN, CEP 59625-620, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Suely Souza Leal Castro
- Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of State of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Central da UERN, CEP 59625-620, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
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Aravind P, Selvaraj H, Ferro S, Sundaram M. An integrated (electro- and bio-oxidation) approach for remediation of industrial wastewater containing azo-dyes: Understanding the degradation mechanism and toxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 318:203-215. [PMID: 27427887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid approach for the remediation of recalcitrant dye wastewater is proposed. The chlorine-mediated electrochemical oxidation of real textile effluents and synthetic samples (using Ti/IrO2-RuO2-TiO2 anodes), lead to discoloration by 92% and 89%, respectively, in 100min, without significant mineralization. The remediation was obtained through biodegradation, after removing the residual bio-toxic active chlorine species via sunlight exposition. Results show that the electrochemical discoloration enhances the effluent biodegradability with about 90% COD removal employing acclimatized naphthalene-degrading bacterial consortia, within 144h. Based on results obtained through FT-IR and GC-MS, it is likely that azo group stripping and oxidative cleavage of dyes occur due to the nucleophilic attack of active chlorine species during electro-oxidation. This leads to generation of aromatic intermediates which are further desulfonated, deaminated or oxidized only at their functional groups. These aromatic intermediates were mineralized into simpler organic acids and aldehydes by bacterial consortia. Phyto-toxicity trials on Vigna radiata confirmed the toxic nature of the untreated dye solutions. An increase in root and shoot development was observed with the electrochemically treated solutions, the same was higher in case of bio-treated solutions. Overall, obtained results confirm the capability of the proposed hybrid oxidation scheme for the remediation of textile wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadharshini Aravind
- Corrosion and Materials Protection Division (CMPD), CSIR-Central electrochemical research institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630 003, India.
| | - Hosimin Selvaraj
- Corrosion and Materials Protection Division (CMPD), CSIR-Central electrochemical research institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630 003, India
| | - Sergio Ferro
- Ecas4 Australia, Unit 8, 1 London Road, Mile End, South Australia 5031, Australia
| | - Maruthamuthu Sundaram
- Corrosion and Materials Protection Division (CMPD), CSIR-Central electrochemical research institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630 003, India
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Cotillas S, Llanos J, Castro-Ríos K, Taborda-Ocampo G, Rodrigo MA, Cañizares P. Synergistic integration of sonochemical and electrochemical disinfection with DSA anodes. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:562-568. [PMID: 27570213 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the disinfection actual urban wastewater by the combination of ultrasound (US) irradiation and electrodisinfection with Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA). First, the inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) during the sonochemical disinfection was studied at increasing ultrasound power. Results showed that it was not possible to achieve a complete disinfection, even at the highest US power (200 W) dosed by the experimental device used. Next, the electrodisinfection with DSA anodes at different current densities was studied, finding that it was necessary a minimum current density of 11.46 A m(-2) to reach the complete disinfection. Finally, an integrated sonoelectrodisinfection process was studied. Results showed a synergistic effect when coupling US irradiation with DSA electrodisinfection, with a synergy coefficient higher than 200% of the disinfection rate attained for the highest US power applied. In this process, hypochlorite and chloramines were identified as the main reagents for the disinfection process (neither chlorate nor perchlorate were detected), and the presence of trihalomethanes was far below acceptable values. Confirming this synergistic effect with DSA anodes opens the door to novel efficient disinfection processes, limiting the occurrence of hazardous disinfection by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Cotillas
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier Llanos
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Katherin Castro-Ríos
- Chemical Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Caldas, A.A. 265 Manizales, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo Taborda-Ocampo
- Chemical Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Caldas, A.A. 265 Manizales, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Singh S, Singh S, Lo SL, Kumar N. Electrochemical treatment of Ayurveda pharmaceuticals wastewater: Optimization and characterization of sludge residue. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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de Mello Florêncio T, de Araújo KS, Antonelli R, de Toledo Fornazari AL, da Cunha PCR, da Silva Bontempo LH, de Jesus Motheo A, Granato AC, Malpass GRP. Photo-assisted electrochemical degradation of simulated textile effluent coupled with simultaneous chlorine photolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:19292-19301. [PMID: 27364489 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6912-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The influence of chloride ion concentration during the photo-assisted electrochemical degradation of simulated textile effluent, using a commercial Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2 anode, was evaluated. Initially, the effect of applied current and supporting electrolyte concentration on the conversion of chloride ions to form reactive chlorine species in 90 min of experiment was analyzed in order to determine the maximum production of reactive chlorine species. The optimum conditions encountered (1.5 A and 0.3 mol dm(-3) NaCl) were subsequently employed for the degradation of simulated textile effluent. The efficiency of the process was determined through the analysis of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), of the presence of organochlorine products and phytotoxicity. Photo-assisted electrochemical degradation was more efficient for COD and TOC removal than the electrochemical technique alone. With simultaneous UV irradiation, a reduced quantity of reactive chlorine was produced, indicating that photolysis of the chlorine species led to the formation of hydroxyl radicals. This fact turns a simple electrochemical process into an advanced oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaíla de Mello Florêncio
- Programa de Mestrado Profissional em Inovação Tecnológica, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1250, Univerdecidade, 38064-200, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Karla Santos de Araújo
- Programa de Mestrado Profissional em Inovação Tecnológica, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1250, Univerdecidade, 38064-200, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Raissa Antonelli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Química de Minas Gerais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1400, Univerdecidade, 38064-200, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza de Toledo Fornazari
- Programa de Mestrado Profissional em Inovação Tecnológica, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1250, Univerdecidade, 38064-200, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula Cordeiro Rodrigues da Cunha
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1250, Univerdecidade, 38064-200, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Letícia Helena da Silva Bontempo
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1250, Univerdecidade, 38064-200, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Artur de Jesus Motheo
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box780, Sao Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Granato
- Programa de Mestrado Profissional em Inovação Tecnológica, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1250, Univerdecidade, 38064-200, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1250, Univerdecidade, 38064-200, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Geoffroy Roger Pointer Malpass
- Programa de Mestrado Profissional em Inovação Tecnológica, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1250, Univerdecidade, 38064-200, Uberaba, MG, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Química de Minas Gerais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1400, Univerdecidade, 38064-200, Uberaba, MG, Brazil.
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Av. Doutor Randolfo Borges Júnior, 1250, Univerdecidade, 38064-200, Uberaba, MG, Brazil.
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Girenko DV, Velichenko AB. Selection of the Optimal Cathode Material to Synthesize Medical Sodium Hypochlorite Solutions in a Membraneless Electrolyzer. SURFACE ENGINEERING AND APPLIED ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s1068375518010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Karlsson RKB, Cornell A. Selectivity between Oxygen and Chlorine Evolution in the Chlor-Alkali and Chlorate Processes. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2982-3028. [PMID: 26879761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chlorine gas and sodium chlorate are two base chemicals produced through electrolysis of sodium chloride brine which find uses in many areas of industrial chemistry. Although the industrial production of these chemicals started over 100 years ago, there are still factors that limit the energy efficiencies of the processes. This review focuses on the unwanted production of oxygen gas, which decreases the charge yield by up to 5%. Understanding the factors that control the rate of oxygen production requires understanding of both chemical reactions occurring in the electrolyte, as well as surface reactions occurring on the anodes. The dominant anode material used in chlorate and chlor-alkali production is the dimensionally stable anode (DSA), Ti coated by a mixed oxide of RuO2 and TiO2. Although the selectivity for chlorine evolution on DSA is high, the fundamental reasons for this high selectivity are just now becoming elucidated. This review summarizes the research, since the early 1900s until today, concerning the selectivity between chlorine and oxygen evolution in chlorate and chlor-alkali production. It covers experimental as well as theoretical studies and highlights the relationships between process conditions, electrolyte composition, the material properties of the anode, and the selectivity for oxygen formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus K B Karlsson
- Applied Electrochemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Cornell
- Applied Electrochemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Lin Z, Yao W, Wang Y, Yu G, Deng S, Huang J, Wang B. Perchlorate formation during the electro-peroxone treatment of chloride-containing water: Effects of operational parameters and control strategies. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 88:691-702. [PMID: 26580085 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the degradation of clofibric acid and formation of perchlorate during the electro-peroxone (E-peroxone) treatment of chloride-containing (26.1-100 mg L(-1)) water (Na2SO4 electrolytes and secondary effluents). The E-peroxone process involves sparging O2 and O3 gas mixture into an electrolysis reactor where a carbon-based cathode is used to electrochemically convert the sparged O2 to H2O2. The electro-generated H2O2 then reacts with sparged O3 to produce OH, which can rapidly oxidize pollutants in the bulk solution. When boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes were used as the anode, perchlorate concentrations increased significantly from undetectable levels to ∼15-174 mg L(-1) in the different water samples as the applied current density was increased from 4 to 32 mA cm(-2). In contrast, no ClO4(-) was detected when Pt/Ti anodes were used in the E-peroxone process operated under similar reaction conditions. In addition, when sufficient O3 was sparged to maximize OH production from its peroxone reaction with electro-generated H2O2, the E-peroxone process with Pt/Ti anodes achieved comparable clofibric acid degradation and total organic carbon (TOC) removal yields as that with BDD anodes, but did not generate detectable ClO4(-). These results indicate that by optimizing operational parameters and using Pt/Ti anodes, the E-peroxone process can achieve the goal of both fast pollutant degradation and ClO4(-) prevention during the treatment of chloride-containing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Lin
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weikun Yao
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shubo Deng
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Martínez-Huitle CA, Rodrigo MA, Sirés I, Scialdone O. Single and Coupled Electrochemical Processes and Reactors for the Abatement of Organic Water Pollutants: A Critical Review. Chem Rev 2015; 115:13362-407. [PMID: 26654466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 772] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Traditional physicochemical and biological techniques, as well as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), are often inadequate, ineffective, or expensive for industrial water reclamation. Within this context, the electrochemical technologies have found a niche where they can become dominant in the near future, especially for the abatement of biorefractory substances. In this critical review, some of the most promising electrochemical tools for the treatment of wastewater contaminated by organic pollutants are discussed in detail with the following goals: (1) to present the fundamental aspects of the selected processes; (2) to discuss the effect of both the main operating parameters and the reactor design on their performance; (3) to critically evaluate their advantages and disadvantages; and (4) to forecast the prospect of their utilization on an applicable scale by identifying the key points to be further investigated. The review is focused on the direct electrochemical oxidation, the indirect electrochemical oxidation mediated by electrogenerated active chlorine, and the coupling between anodic and cathodic processes. The last part of the review is devoted to the critical assessment of the reactors that can be used to put these technologies into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Martínez-Huitle
- Instituto de Química, Campus Universitário, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte , Av. Salgado Filho 3000 Campus Universitário Lagoa-Nova CEP 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Manuel A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sirés
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Onofrio Scialdone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica, Università degli Studi di Palermo , Palermo 90128, Italy
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Shih YJ, Su CC, Huang C. The synthesis, characterization, and application of a platinum modified graphite electrode (Pt/G) exemplified by chloride oxidation. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Understanding active chlorine species production using boron doped diamond films with lower and higher sp3/sp2 ratio. Electrochem commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Electrochemical degradation of chloramphenicol with a novel Al doped PbO2 electrode: Performance, kinetics and degradation mechanism. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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