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Zhang J, Liu X, Shi B, Yang Z, Luo Y, Xu T, Liu D, Jiang C, Du G, Lu N, Zhang C, Ma Y, Bai R, Zhou J. Investigation of exposure biomarkers in human plasma following differing levels of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines and nicotine in cigarette smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113811. [PMID: 35835167 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs) are strong carcinogens widely found in tobacco products, environmental tobacco smoke, lake, and wastewater. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cigarette smoke with different yields of TSNAs (NNK, NNN, NAT, NAB) and nicotine on the levels of biomarkers of exposure in smokers' plasma. Three hundred healthy volunteers were recruited comprising 60 smokers of each of 3 mg, 8 mg and 10 mg ISO tar yield cigarettes and 60 smokers who smoked 10 mg, 8 mg, and 3 mg for 14 days sequentially and 60 non-smokers. All study participants were male, aged from 21 to 45 years old, and were recruited from a same unit in Hebei, China. We measured the levels of NNAL, NAT, NNN, NAB and cotinine in plasma from 240 smokers and 60 non-smokers using a novel method established by online two-dimensional solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that NNAL, NAT, NNN, NAB and cotinine in the plasma of smokers smoking cigarette with low TSNAs and nicotine were lower than that with high TSNAs and nicotine. When smokers switched from higher to lower TSNA yields of cigarettes, their plasma NNAL, NAT, NNN, NAB levels significantly decreased. The plasma concentrations of NNAL were significantly correlated with those of cotinine, NNN, NAT and NAB for smokers (p < 0.001). Similarly, the plasma concentrations of cotinine were significantly correlated with those of NNN, NAT and NAB for smokers (p < 0.001). The plasma NNAL, NAT, NNN, NAB and cotinine levels for smokers were significantly higher than those for non-smokers. These findings suggested that the total NNAL, NNN, NAT, NAB and cotinine in plasma were valid and reliable biomarkers for human exposure to TSNAs and nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Bing Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Military General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Yang
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Yanbo Luo
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Centre, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tongguang Xu
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Deshui Liu
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Chengyong Jiang
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Guorong Du
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Nan Lu
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Yanjun Ma
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Ruoshi Bai
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Beijing Third Class Tobacco Super Vision Station, Beijing, 101121, China.
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Hsieh JR, Mekoli ML, Edwards RL. Levels of Chemical Toxicants in Waterpipe Tobacco and Waterpipe Charcoal Solid Waste. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 2021; 12:913-938. [PMID: 34881071 PMCID: PMC8649808 DOI: 10.4236/jep.2021.1211054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This work provides insights on waterpipe tobacco and waterpipe charcoal as potential sources of environmental toxicants. Selected harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) from ten U.S. commercial waterpipe tobacco filler products (before and after electric heating) and five waterpipe charcoal products (before and after burning) were investigated. The differences in quantities of HPHCs between the evaluated products appear to be affected by raw material properties and/or the manufacturing processes involved in product production. Trace metal quantities in waterpipe tobacco and charcoal products were observed after heating or burning conditions compared to unheated or unburned conditions, which could impact the environment through the generation of toxic tobacco product waste. This study demonstrates that waterpipe tobacco and waterpipe charcoal contain substantial quantities of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and trace metals (i.e., selenium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, nickel) before use and that extensive and varied changes in trace metal quantities take place as a result of heating, and more studies are needed to estimate the magnitude of the environmental impact of waterpipe tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Hsieh
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Calverton, MD, USA
| | - Megan L. Mekoli
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Calverton, MD, USA
| | - Ronald L. Edwards
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Calverton, MD, USA
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Jiang Y, Gong J, Chen Y, Hu B, Sun J, Zhu Y, Xia Z, Zou C. Biodegradation of Nicotine and TSNAs by Bacterium sp. Strain J54. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 19:e2812. [PMID: 34825016 PMCID: PMC8590725 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2021.240460.2812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microorganisms play an important role in reducing harmful substances in flue-cured tobacco. Numerous studies have been conducted to degrade nicotine by microorganisms. OBJECTIVES The present research deals with the isolation of a potent bacterial strain able to efficiently degrade nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in flue-cured tobacco. MATERIAL AND METHODS Bacterial strain J54, capable of efficiently degrading nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), was isolated from tobacco leaves and identified. The strain J54 can use nicotine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source and could effectively degrade nicotine while growing in a nicotine isolation medium (NIM) medium. RESULTS Compared with the control (CK), the total TSNAs content in the tobacco flue-cured eaves after being sprayed with a solution of the J54 strain was found to decrease by 26.22%. Therein, the degradation rates of 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), and N'-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) were 24.01%, 26.27%, 28.6%, and 1.83%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial strain J54, was isolated from tobacco leaves and identified as a bacterium, which is similar to Bacillus altitudinis based on its morphological and biochemical characteristics and by phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation and characterization of a Bacillus sp. strain that can efficiently degrade nicotine and TSNAs. The findings pave the way for the application of new biotechnologies for the degradation of nicotine and TSNAs by microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglei Jiang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China 650021
| | - Jiangshiqi Gong
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China 650021,
Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Yi Chen
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China 650021
| | - Binbin Hu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China 650021
| | - Jianfeng Sun
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China 650021
| | - Yanmei Zhu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China 650021
| | - Zhenyuan Xia
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China 650021
| | - Congming Zou
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China 650021
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Ma G, Yu H, Xu X, Geng L, Wei X, Wen J, Wang Z. Molecular Basis for Metabolic Regioselectivity and Mechanism of Cytochrome P450s toward Carcinogenic 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:436-447. [PMID: 31889441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As an abundantly present tobacco component, carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) has also been detected in atmospheric particulate matter, suggesting the ineluctable exposure risk of this contaminant. NNK metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) is a prerequisite to exerting its genotoxicity, but the metabolic regioselectivity and mechanism are still unknown. Here the binding feature and regioselectivity of CYPs 1A1, 1A2, 2A6, 2A13, 2B6, and 3A4 toward NNK are unraveled through molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Binding mode analyses reveal that 1A2 and 2B6 have definite preferences for NNK α-methyl hydroxylation, while the other four CYPs preferentially catalyze α-methylene hydroxylation. The binding affinities between NNK and CYPs evaluated by the binding free energies follow the order 2A13 > 2B6 > 1A2 > 2A6 > 1A1 > 3A4. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are further performed to characterize the mechanism of NNK biotransformation. Results show that the α-hydroxyNNK generated from α-hydroxylation may undergo nonenzymatic decomposition to form genotoxic diazohydroxide and aldehyde, and further oxidation by P450 to yield nitrosamide, which mainly contributes to NNK toxification capacity. Meanwhile the pyridine N-oxidation and denitrosation of Cα-radical intermediate play an important role in detoxifying NNK. Overall, the present study provides the molecular basis for CYP-catalyzed regioselectivity and mechanism of NNK biotransformation, which can enable the identification of metabolites for assessing the health risk of individual NNK exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Ma
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Normal University , Jinhua 321004 , China
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Normal University , Jinhua 321004 , China
| | - Xiaoqin Xu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Normal University , Jinhua 321004 , China
| | - Liming Geng
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Normal University , Jinhua 321004 , China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wei
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Normal University , Jinhua 321004 , China
| | - Jiale Wen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Normal University , Jinhua 321004 , China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 311121 , China
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Chen JL, Gao L, Shi CL, Wang YZ, Qi DW, Hong Y, Shen WJ, Wang Y, Zhu JH. New versatile zincic sorbent for tobacco specific nitrosamines and lead ion capture. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 383:121188. [PMID: 31525684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
New carbon-doped ferric zinc oxide sorbents were fabricated to capture the environment carcinogen tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNA) efficiently in solution, following new adsorption model of electrostatic attraction instead of traditional geometric constraints. The influence of ferric content on the structure-property of the sorbents was systemically studied with XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption and SEM methods combined with the adsorption of TSNA in different solutions. New sorbent captured 99% of 4-methylnitrosamino-1-3-pyridyl-1-butanone (NNK) in simulated surface water and 40% of TSNA in the tobacco extract solution, more than activated carbon or zeolites. Ferric ZnO sorbent took about 15 min to reach the adsorption equilibrium in the NNK or Pb(Ⅱ) solution, faster than NaZSM-5 zeolite. Moreover, the adsorbed NNK on ferric ZnO sorbent decomposed at mild conditions for the first time, providing a new way to control environment pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center (APFIC) of Nanjing Customs, Nanjing, 210019, China
| | - Chun Ling Shi
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yang-Zhong Wang
- Technology Centre of Shanghai Tobacco (Group) Company, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Da-Wei Qi
- Technology Centre of Shanghai Tobacco (Group) Company, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Ying Hong
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center (APFIC) of Nanjing Customs, Nanjing, 210019, China
| | - Wei-Jian Shen
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center (APFIC) of Nanjing Customs, Nanjing, 210019, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Shi CL, Sun XD, Gao YH, Zheng SJ, Li SH, Yang J, Wang YZ, Xiong JW, Shen Y, Wang Y, Zhu JH. Efficiently capturing tobacco specific nitrosamines with Hβ zeolite in solution. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:196-204. [PMID: 30439619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The high-efficiency capture of Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines by Hβ zeolite in solution is reported for the first time, along with the adsorption of 4-methylnitrosamino-1-3-pyridyl-1-butanone in aqueous solution. Different from other zeolites such as NaZSM-5, the specific pore size of Hβ exerted a crucial function endowing the zeolite a higher removal of TSNA and selectivity of NNK. The adsorption thermodynamics of NNK by Hβ in aqueous adsorption was fitted to Temkin adsorption model with a linearly decreasing isosteric heat of adsorption. In addition, the adsorptive capacity of Hβ zeolite for NNK reached over 70 mg g-1, offering a powerful sorbent of TSNA to protect environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ling Shi
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao Dan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Han Gao
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Sai Jing Zheng
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Shuo Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Yang Zhong Wang
- Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco (Group) Company, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xiong
- Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco (Group) Company, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute, Shanghai 200082, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Ma G, Yu H, Xu T, Wei X, Chen J, Lin H, Schüürmann G. Computational Insight into the Activation Mechanism of Carcinogenic N'-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) Catalyzed by Cytochrome P450. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11838-11847. [PMID: 30209943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco-specific N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), a genotoxic nitrosamine classified as Group 1 carcinogen, is also present in atmospheric particulate matter and has even been detected as a new disinfection byproduct in wastewaters. NNN generally requires metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 enzymes to exert its genotoxicity, but the respective biotransformation pathways have not been described in detail. In this work, we performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to unravel possible NNN activation pathways including α-hydroxylation, β-hydroxylation, pyridine N-oxidation, and norcotinine formation. The results reveal an initial rate-determining Hα-atom abstraction step for α-hydroxylation, followed by an unexpected kinetic competition between denitrosation and OH rebound, leading to ( iso-)myosmine as a detoxified product and α-hydroxyNNNs as the precursor of carcinogenic diazohydroxides, respectively. Further detoxification routes are given by β-hydroxylation with relative high reaction barrier and N-oxidation with comparable barrier to the toxifying α-hydroxylation. Moreover, we show for the first time how norcotinine can be generated as a minor NNN metabolite that is formed from iso-myosmine through a unique porphyrin-assisted H atom 1,2-transfer mechanism. These results demonstrate that the carcinogenic potential of NNN is subject to a kinetic competition between activating and deactivating metabolic routes, and identify respective biomarkers to inform about the individual risk associated with NNN exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Ma
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Normal University , Yingbin Avenue 688 , 321004 , Jinhua , China
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Normal University , Yingbin Avenue 688 , 321004 , Jinhua , China
| | - Ting Xu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Normal University , Yingbin Avenue 688 , 321004 , Jinhua , China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wei
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Normal University , Yingbin Avenue 688 , 321004 , Jinhua , China
| | - Jianrong Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Normal University , Yingbin Avenue 688 , 321004 , Jinhua , China
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences , Zhejiang Normal University , Yingbin Avenue 688 , 321004 , Jinhua , China
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 , Leipzig , Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg , Leipzig Strasse 29 , 09596 Freiberg , Germany
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Li SH, Sun XD, Wang YZ, Wang ZP, Gu WB, Wang WM, Yao HM, Wang Y, Zhu JH. Creating an Optimal Microenvironment within Mesoporous Silica MCM-41 for Capture of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in Solution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:26805-26817. [PMID: 28617581 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To meet the requirement of capturing tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) for environment protection, a unique microenvironment was carefully created inside the channels of mesoporous silica MCM-41. In situ carbonization of template micelles at 923 K, combined with the excess aluminum used in one-pot synthesis of MCM-41, is adopted to tailor the tortuosity of mecsoporous channels, while loaded metal oxides (5 wt %) and the Al component in the framework are employed to exert the necessary electrostatic interaction toward the target carcinogens TSNA in solution. The elaborated microenvironment created in mesoporous sorbents was characterized with XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, TEM, XPS, and TG-DSC methods. Various solutions of Burley- and Virginia-type tobaccos were used to assess the adsorption performance of new mesoporous sorbents, and the influence of the solid-to-liquid ratio, adsorption time, and loading amount of CuO on the adsorption was carefully examined. The representative sample 5%Cu/AM-10c could capture 27.2% of TSNA in Burley tobacco solution, and its capacity reached 0.3 mg g-1 in Snus tobacco extract solution, offering a promising candidate for the protection of the environment and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
- Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco (Group) Company, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Xiao Dan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang-Zhong Wang
- Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco (Group) Company, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Zhi Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen-Bo Gu
- Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco (Group) Company, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Wei-Miao Wang
- Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco (Group) Company, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - He-Ming Yao
- Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco (Group) Company, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
- Eco-materials and Renewable Energy Research Center, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jian Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
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Chen B, Qian Y, Wu M, Zhu L, Hu B, Li XF. Identification of precursors and mechanisms of tobacco-specific nitrosamine formation in water during chloramination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:459-66. [PMID: 25471701 DOI: 10.1021/es505057h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report here that tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are produced from specific tobacco alkaloids during water chloramination. To identify the specific precursors for the formation of specific TSNAs in drinking water, we have developed a solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of five TSNAs and three tobacco alkaloids. Using this method, we detected nicotine (NIC) at 15.1 ng/L in a source water. Chloramination of this source water resulted in the formation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) (0.05 ng/L) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) (0.2 ng/L) along with the reduction of NIC to 1.1 ng/L, suggesting that NNK and NNAL were formed from NIC. To confirm that tobacco alkaloids are the precursors of TSNAs, we chloraminated water-leaching samples of tobacco from three brands of cigarettes and found that the formation of TSNAs coincides with the reduction of the alkaloids. Chloramination of individual alkaloids confirms that NNK and NNAL are produced from NIC, N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) from nornicotine (NOR), and N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) from anabasine (ANA). Furthermore, we have identified specific intermediates of these reactions and proposed potential pathways of formation of TSNAs from specific alkaloids. These results confirm that NNK and NNAL are the disinfection byproducts (DBPs) resulting from NIC in raw water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Chen
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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10
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Poste AE, Grung M, Wright RF. Amines and amine-related compounds in surface waters: a review of sources, concentrations and aquatic toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 481:274-279. [PMID: 24602912 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This review compiles available information on the concentrations, sources, fate and toxicity of amines and amine-related compounds in surface waters, including rivers, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands and seawater. There is a strong need for this information, especially given the emergence of amine-based post-combustion CO2 capture technologies, which may represent a new and significant source of amines to the environment. We identify a broad range of anthropogenic and natural sources of amines, nitrosamines and nitramines to the aquatic environment, and identify some key fate and degradation pathways of these compounds. There were very few data available on amines in surface waters, with reported concentrations often below detection and only rarely exceeding 10 μg/L. Reported concentrations for seawater and reservoirs were below detection or very low, while for lakes and rivers, concentrations spanned several orders of magnitude. The most prevalent and commonly detected amines were methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), ethylamine (EA), diethylamine (DEA) and monoethanolamine (MEAT). The paucity of data may reflect the analytical challenges posed by determination of amines in complex environmental matrices at ambient levels. We provide an overview of available aquatic toxicological data for amines and conclude that at current environmental concentrations, amines are not likely to be of toxicological concern to the aquatic environment, however, the potential for amines to act as precursors in the formation of nitrosamines and nitramines may represent a risk of contamination of drinking water supplies by these often carcinogenic compounds. More research on the prevalence and toxicity of amines, nitrosamines and nitramines in natural waters is necessary before the environmental impact of new point sources from carbon capture facilities can be adequately quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Poste
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Merete Grung
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard F Wright
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
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Wu M, Qian Y, Boyd JM, Leavey S, Hrudey SE, Krasner SW, Li XF. Identification of tobacco-specific nitrosamines as disinfection byproducts in chloraminated water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:1828-34. [PMID: 24422428 DOI: 10.1021/es405075g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) exist in environmental waters; however, it is unknown whether TSNAs can be produced during water disinfection. Here we report on the investigation and evidence of TSNAs as a new class of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Using five common TSNAs, including (methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) as the targets, we first developed a solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method capable of rapidly determining these TSNAs at levels as low as 0.02 ng/L in treated water. Using this highly sensitive method, we investigated the occurrence and formation potential (FP) (precursor test conducted in the presence of chloramines) of TSNAs in treated water from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and seven drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). NNAL was detected in the FP samples, but not in the samples before the FP test, confirming NNAL as a DBP. NNK was detected in the treated wastewater before the FP test, but its concentration increased significantly after chloramination in two of three tests. Thus, NNK could be a DBP and/or a contaminant in wastewater. Moreover, these TSNAs were detected in FP tests of wastewater-impacted DWTP plant influents in 9 of 11 samples. However, TSNAs were not detected at full-scale DWTPs, except for at one DWTP with high ammonia where breakpoint chlorination was not achieved. The concentration of the sum of five TSNAs (0.3 ng/L) was 100-fold lower than NDMA, suggesting that TSNAs have a minor contribution to total nitrosamines in water. We examined several factors in the treatment process and found that chlorine or ozone may destroy TSNA precursors and granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment may remove the precursors. Further research is warranted into the efficiency of these processes at different DWTPs using sources of varying water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghuo Wu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
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Makris KC, Andra SS. Limited representation of drinking-water contaminants in pregnancy-birth cohorts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:165-175. [PMID: 24013514 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Water contamination and noise have been consistently the least assessed environmental/lifestyle exposures in pregnancy-birth cohorts (PBC). Water quality surveillance data collected during the past decade within urban drinking-water distribution systems call for re-evaluation of water and health issues in the developed world. The objectives of this scientific commentary were to (i) highlight the extent of appraisal of water contamination in exposure assessment studies of PBC, worldwide, and (ii) propose recommendations to increase awareness of emerging water-related risks through their improved representation into PBC study designs in urban centers. Three scientific literature databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science) were used for a systematic search on worldwide PBC and their publications that considered water contamination and health outcomes. Publicly-available e-databases (ENRIECO, BIRTHCOHORTS, and CHICOS) were also employed for detailed exploration of existing European Union (EU)-based PBC. Out of the 76 PBC identified in the EU territory, only 12 of them incorporated water contamination into their study designs. Among which only 6 PBC published scientific articles that either included data on water contamination and/or water intake estimates. Trihalomethanes but not other disinfection by-products were mostly studied in the PBC around the globe, while fluoride, atrazine, perfluorinated compounds, tetrachloroethylene, and lead were studied to a lesser extent as water contaminants. It appears that chemical-based water contamination and corresponding human exposures represent a largely underappreciated niche of exposure science pertaining to pregnant mother and children's health in PBC. Future PBC studies should grasp this opportunity to substantially reform elements of water contamination in their exposure assessment protocols and effectively combine them with their epidemiological study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos C Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus.
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Krasner SW, Mitch WA, McCurry DL, Hanigan D, Westerhoff P. Formation, precursors, control, and occurrence of nitrosamines in drinking water: a review. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:4433-50. [PMID: 23764594 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes major findings over the last decade related to nitrosamines in drinking water, with a particular focus on N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), because it is among the most widely detected nitrosamines in drinking waters. The reaction of inorganic dichloramine with amine precursors is likely the dominant mechanism responsible for NDMA formation in drinking waters. Even when occurrence surveys found NDMA formation in chlorinated drinking waters, it is unclear whether chloramination resulted from ammonia in the source waters. NDMA formation has been associated with the use of quaternary amine-based coagulants and anion exchange resins, and wastewater-impaired source waters. Specific NDMA precursors in wastewater-impacted source waters may include tertiary amine-containing pharmaceuticals or other quaternary amine-containing constituents of personal care products. Options for nitrosamine control include physical removal of precursors by activated carbon or precursor deactivation by application of oxidants, particularly ozone or chlorine, upstream of chloramination. Although NDMA has been the most prevalent nitrosamine detected in worldwide occurrence surveys, it may account for only ≈ 5% of all nitrosamines in chloraminated drinking waters. Other significant contributors to total nitrosamines are poorly characterized. However, high levels of certain low molecular weight nitrosamines have been detected in certain Chinese waters suspected to be impaired by industrial effluents. The review concludes by identifying research needs that should be addressed over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart W Krasner
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 700 Moreno Avenue, La Verne, CA 91750, USA.
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14
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Blair LM, Sperry J. Natural products containing a nitrogen-nitrogen bond. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:794-812. [PMID: 23577871 DOI: 10.1021/np400124n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
As of early 2013, over 200 natural products are known to contain a nitrogen-nitrogen (N-N) bond. This report categorizes these compounds by structural class and details their isolation and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan M Blair
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
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Wu JP, Li MH, Chen JS, Lee HL. In vivo and in vitro metabolism of tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), by the freshwater planarian, Dugesia japonica. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 87:1341-7. [PMID: 22386463 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a risk factor for human health, and many studies were conducted to investigate its adverse effects on humans and other mammals. However, since large amounts of cigarette products are produced and consumed, it is possible that tobacco chemicals can end up in aquatic environments through several routes, thus influencing aquatic organisms. In this study, the presence of tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), in aquatic environment was demonstrated. Since toxic effects on and distribution patterns of tobacco chemicals in aquatic organisms were rarely studied, after results of an acute toxicity pretest were obtained, experiment was conducted to investigate the bioaccumulation pattern of NNK and distribution patterns of its metabolites, mainly 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), in NNK-treated freshwater planarians, Dugesia japonica. Results from in vivo and in vitro studies showed that NNK was readily converted to NNAL through the carbonyl reduction in bodies of NNK-treated planarians. Tissue concentrations of both chemicals increased in time- and dose-dependent manners. Furthermore, we examined the end products of NNK/NNAL α-hydroxylation in NNK-treated planarians, but only 1-(3-pyridyl)-1,4-butanediol was detected, suggesting that NNK metabolism in planarians partially differs from that in mammalian systems. This is the first report on NNK metabolism in an aquatic organism and can be used as a foundation for developing freshwater planarians as a new in vivo model for the study of NNK toxicology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Pin Wu
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Richardson SD. Environmental Mass Spectrometry: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Anal Chem 2011; 84:747-78. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202903d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
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