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Takuissu GR, Kenmoe S, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Kengne-Ndé C, Mbaga DS, Bowo-Ngandji A, Ondigui Ndzie JL, Kenfack-Momo R, Tchatchouang S, Kenfack-Zanguim J, Lontuo Fogang R, Zeuko'o Menkem E, Kame-Ngasse GI, Magoudjou-Pekam JN, Suffredini E, Veneri C, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Iaconelli M, Verani M, Federigi I, Carducci A, La Rosa G. Exploring adenovirus in water environments: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:2504-2516. [PMID: 37678554 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2255559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (AdVs) have a significant impact in both medical and environmental contexts. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of AdV in different water types, such as untreated and treated wastewater, surface water, groundwater, drinking water, and other water matrices. A total of 239 articles were included in this meta-analysis. Adenoviruses were detected in various waters worldwide. The overall prevalence in water was found to be 59.2%, with the highest prevalence in untreated wastewater (83.1%) and treated wastewater (75.3%), followed by "other water matrices" (53.4%), surface water (49.5%) drinking water (22.7%), and groundwater (18.5%). Most of the studies did not assess the viability of the viruses, leading to weak links between water contamination and risk. Both human and animal AdV were found in water environments. The findings suggest that water, including drinking water, could be a significant route of AdV transmission in both developed and developing economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Takuissu
- Centre for Food, Food Security and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - S Kenmoe
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - J T Ebogo-Belobo
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - C Kengne-Ndé
- Epidemiological Surveillance, Evaluation and Research Unit, National AIDS Control Committee, Douala, Cameroon
| | - D S Mbaga
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - A Bowo-Ngandji
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - J L Ondigui Ndzie
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - R Kenfack-Momo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - S Tchatchouang
- Scientific Direction, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - J Kenfack-Zanguim
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - R Lontuo Fogang
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - E Zeuko'o Menkem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - G I Kame-Ngasse
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - E Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary public health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - C Veneri
- National Center for Water Safety (CeNSia), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Mancini
- National Center for Water Safety (CeNSia), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G Bonanno Ferraro
- National Center for Water Safety (CeNSia), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- National Center for Water Safety (CeNSia), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Verani
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - I Federigi
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Carducci
- Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G La Rosa
- National Center for Water Safety (CeNSia), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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2
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Su Y, Gao R, Huang F, Liang B, Guo J, Fan L, Wang A, Gao SH. Occurrence, transmission and risks assessment of pathogens in aquatic environments accessible to humans. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120331. [PMID: 38368808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Pathogens are ubiquitously detected in various natural and engineered water systems, posing potential threats to public health. However, it remains unclear which human-accessible waters are hotspots for pathogens, how pathogens transmit to these waters, and what level of health risk associated with pathogens in these environments. This review collaboratively focuses and summarizes the contamination levels of pathogens on the 5 water systems accessible to humans (natural water, drinking water, recreational water, wastewater, and reclaimed water). Then, we showcase the pathways, influencing factors and simulation models of pathogens transmission and survival. Further, we compare the health risk levels of various pathogens through Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA), and assess the limitations of water-associated QMRA application. Pathogen levels in wastewater are consistently higher than in other water systems, with no significant variation for Cryptosporidium spp. among five water systems. Hydraulic conditions primarily govern the transmission of pathogens into human-accessible waters, while environmental factors such as temperature impact pathogens survival. The median and mean values of computed public health risk levels posed by pathogens consistently surpass safety thresholds, particularly in the context of recreational waters. Despite the highest pathogens levels found in wastewater, the calculated health risk is significantly lower than in other water systems. Except pathogens concentration, variables like the exposure mode, extent, and frequency are also crucial factors influencing the public health risk in water systems. This review shares valuable insights to the more accurate assessment and comprehensive management of public health risk in human-accessible water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB, formerly AWMC), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Lu Fan
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Aijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shu-Hong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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3
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Akter J, Smith WJ, Liu Y, Kim I, Simpson SL, Thai P, Korajkic A, Ahmed W. Comparison of adsorption-extraction (AE) workflows for improved measurements of viral and bacterial nucleic acid in untreated wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:167966. [PMID: 38476760 PMCID: PMC10927021 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The lack of standardized methods and large differences in virus concentration and extraction workflows have hampered Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) wastewater surveillance and data reporting practices. Numerous studies have shown that adsorption-extraction (AE) method holds promise, yet several uncertainties remain regarding the optimal AE workflow. Several procedural components may influence the recovered concentrations of target nucleic acid, including membrane types, homogenization instruments, speed and duration, and lysis buffer. In this study, 42 different AE workflows that varied these components were compared to determine the optimal workflow by quantifying endogenous SARS-CoV-2, human adenovirus 40/41 (HAdV 40/41), and a bacterial marker gene of fecal contamination (Bacteroides HF183). Our findings suggest that the workflow chosen had a significant impact on SARS-CoV-2 concentrations, whereas it had minimal impact on HF183 and no effect on HAdV 40/41 concentrations. When comparing individual components in a workflow, such as membrane type (MF-Millipore™ 0.45 μm MCE vs. Isopore™ 0.40 μm), we found that they had no impact on SARS-CoV-2, HAdV 40/41, and HF183 concentrations. This suggests that at least some consumables and equipment are interchangeable. Buffer PM1 + TRIzol-based workflows yielded higher concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 than other workflows. HF183 concentrations were higher in workflows without chloroform. Similarly, higher homogenization speeds (5000-10,000 rpm) led to increased concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 and HF183 but had no effect on HAdV 40/41. Our findings indicate that minor enhancements to the AE workflow can improve the recovery of viruses and bacteria from the wastewater, leading to improved outcomes from wastewater surveillance efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesmin Akter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Gyeonggi-do 10223, Republic of Korea
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Wendy J.M. Smith
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Yawen Liu
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ilho Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Gyeonggi-do 10223, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Phong Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Asja Korajkic
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26W Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
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North D, Bibby K. Comparison of viral concentration techniques for native fecal indicators and pathogens from wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167190. [PMID: 37741389 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Viral pathogens are typically dilute in environmental waters, necessitating a concentration step prior to subsequent quantification or analysis. Historically, studies on viral concentration efficiency have been done by spiking known viruses into the sample; however, spike-in controls may not have the same behavior as "native" viruses exposed to environmental conditions. In this study, four concentration methods, including polyethylene glycol precipitation (PEG), skimmed milk flocculation (SMF), pH drop followed by filtration through a 0.45 μm filter (pH), and centrifugation using an Amicon filter (Amicon), were evaluated to concentrate native viral targets in wastewater. Viral targets included both indicators (crAssphage and pepper mild mottle virus) and pathogens (adenovirus, norovirus GII, human polyomavirus, and SARS-CoV-2) in addition to a bacterial marker (HF183). A non-native spike-in control was also added to compare native and spike-in recoveries. Recovery varied widely across targets and methods, ranging from 0.1 to 39.3 %. The Amicon method was the most broadly effective concentration for recovery efficiency. For the lowest-titer target, the PEG method resulted in the lowest number of non-detections, with 96.7 % positive detections for SARS-CoV-2, compared to 66.7 %, 80 %, and 76.7 % positive detections for SMF, pH, and Amicon, respectively. The non-native spike-ins chosen were only representative of a few native recovery trends, varying by both target and concentration method, and consistently under or over-estimated recovery. Overall, this study suggests the utility of including native targets in viral concentration evaluation and determining the efficiency of concentration methods for a specific target of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin North
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States.
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Lenaker PL, Corsi SR, De Cicco LA, Olds HT, Dila DK, Danz ME, McLellan SL, Rutter TD. Modeled predictions of human-associated and fecal-indicator bacteria concentrations and loadings in the Menomonee River, Wisconsin using in-situ optical sensors. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286851. [PMID: 37289789 PMCID: PMC10249839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human sewage contamination of waterways is a major issue in the United States and throughout the world. Models were developed for estimation of two human-associated fecal-indicator and three general fecal-indicator bacteria (HIB and FIB) using in situ optical field-sensor data for estimating concentrations and loads of HIB and FIB and the extent of sewage contamination in the Menomonee River in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Three commercially available optical sensor platforms were installed into an unfiltered custom-designed flow-through system along with a refrigerated automatic sampler at the Menomonee River sampling location. Ten-minute optical sensor measurements were made from November 2017 to December 2018 along with the collection of 153 flow-weighted discrete water samples (samples) for HIB, FIB, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and optical properties of water. Of those 153 samples, 119 samples were from event-runoff periods, and 34 were collected during low-flow periods. Of the 119 event-runoff samples, 43 samples were from event-runoff combined sewer overflow (CSO) influenced periods (event-CSO periods). Models included optical sensor measurements as explanatory variables with a seasonal variable as an interaction term. In some cases, separate models for event-CSO periods and non CSO-periods generally improved model performance, as compared to using all the data combined for estimates of FIB and HIB. Therefore, the CSO and non-CSO models were used in final estimations for CSO and non-CSO time periods, respectively. Estimated continuous concentrations for all bacteria markers varied over six orders of magnitude during the study period. The greatest concentrations, loads, and proportion of sewage contamination occurred during event-runoff and event-CSO periods. Comparison to water quality standards and microbial risk assessment benchmarks indicated that estimated bacteria levels exceeded recreational water quality criteria between 34 and 96% of the entire monitoring period, highlighting the benefits of high-frequency monitoring compared to traditional grab sample collection. The application of optical sensors for estimation of HIB and FIB markers provided a thorough assessment of bacterial presence and human health risk in the Menomonee River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L. Lenaker
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Corsi
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Laura A. De Cicco
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hayley T. Olds
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Debra K. Dila
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mari E. Danz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sandra L. McLellan
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Troy D. Rutter
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Dos Santos DRL, Silva-Sales M, Fumian TM, Maranhão AG, Malta FC, Ferreira FC, Pimenta MM, Miagostovich MP. Investigation of Human and Animal Viruses in Water Matrices from a Rural Area in Southeastern Region of Brazil and Their Potential Use as Microbial Source-Tracking Markers. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:21-31. [PMID: 36629977 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the sources of contamination of water matrices in a rural area using detection of a host-specific virus (human adenovirus [HAdV], porcine adenovirus [PAdV] and bovine polyomaviruses [BoPyV]) as potential microbial source-tracking tool, and rotavirus A [RVA], given its epidemiological importance in Brazil. From July 2017 to June 2018, 92 samples were collected from eight points (P1-P8) of surface and raw waters in southeastern region of Brazil. Fifty-five (59.8%) were positive for HAdV, 41 (44.5%) for RVA, 10 (10.9%) for PAdV and four (4.3%) for BoPyV. HAdV and RVA were detected at all sites, and over the entire sampling period, PAdV was detected at a porcine breeding area and at Guarda River site, presenting high concentrations up to 2.6 × 109 genome copies per liter [GC/L], and viral concentrations ranging from 9.6 × 101 to 7.1 × 107, while BoPyV (1.5 × 104 GC/L-9.2 × 105 GC/L) was only detected in samples from the bovine breeding areas. The combination of human and animal virus circulation presents a potential impact in the environment due to raw sewage discharge from regional communities, as well as potential hazard to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Regina Lopes Dos Santos
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Federal Rural Do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcelle Silva-Sales
- Institute of Public Health and Tropical Pathology, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio Correia Malta
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Maria Pimenta
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Wang Y, Fang W, Wang X, Zhou L, Zheng G. Spatial distribution of fecal pollution indicators in sewage sludge flocs and their removal and inactivation as revealed by qPCR/viability-qPCR during potassium ferrate treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130262. [PMID: 36327846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sludge reuse and utilization is one of important routines of disseminating fecal pollution to surface water and groundwater. However, it remains unclear the spatial distribution of fecal pollution indicators in sludge flocs and their reductions during sludge treatment processes. In this study, the abundances of fecal pollution indicators including cross-assembly phage (crAssphage), JC and BK polyomavirus (JCPyV, BKPyV), human adenovirus (HAdV), the human-specific HF183 Bacteroides (HF183) and Escherichia coli (EC) in soluble extracellular polymeric substances (S-EPS), loosely-bound EPS (LB-EPS), tightly-bound EPS (TB-EPS), and pellets of sludge flocs were determined, and the effect of potassium ferrate (PF) treatment on their removal and inactivation was investigated by using both qPCR and viability-qPCR. Results showed that all investigated indicators were detected in each fraction of sludge flocs. The PF treatment led to a great migration of indicators from sludge pellets to sludge EPS and some extent of their inactivation in each fraction of sludge flocs. The overall reductions of human fecal indicators in sludge determined by qPCR were 0-1.30 logs, which were 0-2 orders of magnitude lower than those of 0.69-2.39 logs detected by viability-qPCR, implying their inactivation by PF treatment to potentially alleviate the associated human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 337055, China
| | - Wenhao Fang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guanyu Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Gao Y, Sun Z, Guo Y, Qiang Z, Ben W. Virus inactivation by sequential ultraviolet-chlorine disinfection: Synergistic effect and mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 314:137632. [PMID: 36565762 PMCID: PMC9770000 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has raised concerns about the efficacy of the disinfection process followed in water treatment plants in preventing the spread of viruses. Ultraviolet (UV) and chlorine multi-barrier disinfection processes are commonly used in water treatment plants; however, their effects on virus inactivation are still unclear. In this study, the effects of different disinfection processes (i.e., UV, free chlorine, and their combination) on waterborne viruses were analyzed using bacteriophage surrogates (i.e., MS2 and PR772) as alternative indicators. The results showed that the inactivation rates of PR772 by either UV or free chlorine disinfection were higher than those of MS2. PR772 was approximately 1.5 times more sensitive to UV disinfection and 8.4 times more sensitive to chlorine disinfection than MS2. Sequential UV-chlorine disinfection had a synergistic effect on virus inactivation, which was enhanced by an increase in the UV dose. As compared with single free chlorine disinfection, UV irradiation at 40 mJ cm-2 enhanced MS2 and PR772 inactivation significantly with a 2.7-fold (MS2) and a 1.7-fold (PR772) increase in the inactivation rate constants on subsequent chlorination in phosphate buffered saline. The synergistic effect was also observed in real wastewater samples, in which the MS2 inactivation rate increased 1.4-fold on subsequent chlorination following UV irradiation at 40 mJ cm-2. The mechanism of the synergistic effect of sequential UV-chlorine disinfection was determined via sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, using MS2 as an indicator. The results showed that the synergistic effect was due to damage to MS2 surface proteins caused by previous UV disinfection, which enhanced the sensitivity of MS2 to chlorination. This study provides a feasible approach for the efficient inactivation of viruses in water supply and drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Ben
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China.
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9
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Santiago-Rodriguez TM, Hollister EB. Viral Metagenomics as a Tool to Track Sources of Fecal Contamination: A One Health Approach. Viruses 2023; 15:236. [PMID: 36680277 PMCID: PMC9863393 DOI: 10.3390/v15010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The One Health framework recognizes that human, animal, and environmental health are linked and highly interdependent. Fecal contamination of water, soil, foodstuff, and air may impact many aspects of One Health, and culture, PCR-based, and sequencing methods are utilized in the detection of fecal contamination to determine source, load, and risk to inform targeted mitigation strategies. Viruses, particularly, have been considered as fecal contamination indicators given the narrow host range many exhibit and their association with other biological contaminants. Culture- and molecular-based methods are considered the gold-standards for virus detection and for determining specific sources of fecal contamination via viral indicators. However, viral metagenomics is also being considered as a tool for tracking sources of fecal contamination. In the present review, studies tracking potential sources of fecal contamination in freshwaters, marine waters, foodstuff, soil, and air using viral metagenomics are discussed to highlight the potential of viral metagenomics for optimizing fecal source tracking. Limitations of the use of viral metagenomics to track fecal contamination sources, including sample processing, nucleic acid recovery, sequencing depth, and bioinformatics are also discussed. Finally, the present review discusses the potential of viral metagenomics as part of the toolbox of methods in a One Health approach.
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Al-Hazmi HE, Shokrani H, Shokrani A, Jabbour K, Abida O, Mousavi Khadem SS, Habibzadeh S, Sonawane SH, Saeb MR, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Badawi M. Recent advances in aqueous virus removal technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135441. [PMID: 35764113 PMCID: PMC9233172 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has triggered a massive research, but still urgent detection and treatment of this virus seems a public concern. The spread of viruses in aqueous environments underlined efficient virus treatment processes as a hot challenge. This review critically and comprehensively enables identifying and classifying advanced biochemical, membrane-based and disinfection processes for effective treatment of virus-contaminated water and wastewater. Understanding the functions of individual and combined/multi-stage processes in terms of manufacturing and economical parameters makes this contribution a different story from available review papers. Moreover, this review discusses challenges of combining biochemical, membrane and disinfection processes for synergistic treatment of viruses in order to reduce the dissemination of waterborne diseases. Certainly, the combination technologies are proactive in minimizing and restraining the outbreaks of the virus. It emphasizes the importance of health authorities to confront the outbreaks of unknown viruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein E Al-Hazmi
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanieh Shokrani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Shokrani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Karam Jabbour
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Otman Abida
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | | | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Surface Reaction and Advanced Energy Materials Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shirish H Sonawane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Michael Badawi
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques LPCT UMR CNRS, 7019, Nancy, France.
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11
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Rashed MK, El-Senousy WM, Sayed ETAE, AlKhazindar M. Infectious Pepper Mild Mottle Virus and Human Adenoviruses as Viral Indices in Sewage and Water Samples. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:246-257. [PMID: 35713790 PMCID: PMC9458564 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare human adenoviruses (HAdVs) genome and infectivity, polyomaviruses (JC and BK) genome (JCPyVs) and (BKPyVs), Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV) genome and infectivity, and infectious bacteriophages as viral indices for sewage and water samples. One hundred and forty-four samples were collected from inlets and outlets of water and wastewater treatment plants (WTPs), and WWTPs within Greater Cairo from October 2015 till March 2017. Two methods of viral concentration [Aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) precipitation method and adsorption-elution technique followed by organic flocculation method] were compared to determine which of them was the best method to concentrate viruses from sewage and water. Although samples with only one litre volume were concentrated using Al(OH)3 precipitation method and the same samples with larger volumes (5-20 L) were concentrated using the adsorption-elution technique followed by the organic flocculation method, a non-significant difference was observed between the efficiency of the two methods in all types of samples except for the drinking water samples. Based on the qualitative prevalence of studied viruses in water and wastewater samples, the number of genome copies and infectious units in the same samples, resistance to treatment processes in water and wastewater treatment plants, higher frequency of both adenoviruses and PMMoV genomes as candidate viral indices in treated sewage and drinking water was observed. The problem of having a viral genome as indices of viral pollution is that it does not express the recent viral pollution because of the longer survivability of the viral genome than the infectious units in water and wastewater. Both infectious adenovirus and infectious phiX174 bacteriophage virus showed similar efficiencies as indices for viral pollution in drinking water and treated sewage samples. On the other hand, qualitative detection of infectious PMMoV failed to express efficiently the presence/absence of infectious enteric viruses in drinking water samples. Infectious adenoviruses and infectious bacteriophage phiX174 virus may be better candidates than adenoviruses genome, polyomaviruses genome, and PMMoV genome and infectivity as viral indices for water and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Kamal Rashed
- Environmental Virology Lab, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Change Research Institute and Food-Borne Viruses Group, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Buhouth Street, P. O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Waled Morsy El-Senousy
- Environmental Virology Lab, Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Change Research Institute and Food-Borne Viruses Group, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Buhouth Street, P. O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Maha AlKhazindar
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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12
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Sodhi KK, Singh CK. A systematic review on the occurrence, fate, and remediation of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2022; 20:8073-8086. [PMID: 35755183 PMCID: PMC9207430 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-022-04326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Along with impairing the respiratory system, it also affects the gastrointestinal system. By reviewing experiments on the wastewater analysis for the detection of coronavirus, this study explores the fate, persistence, and various remediation strategies for the virus removal from the wastewater. The results indicated that the virus can be detected in the wastewater samples, feces, and sewage, even before the onset of symptoms. Coronavirus can be a potential panzootic disease, as several mammalian species get infected by the deadly virus. The disinfection strategies used earlier for the treatment of wastewater are not sufficient for the removal of viruses from the wastewater. Therefore, concerted efforts should be made to understand their fate, sources, and occurrence in the environmental matrices. To prevent the spread of the panzootic disease, revised guidelines should be issued for the remediation of the virus. Recent viral remediation methods such as membrane bioreactors and advanced oxidation methods can be used. Therefore, the present review puts a light on the current knowledge on the occurrence of coronaviruses in wastewater, the possible sources, fate, and removal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. K. Sodhi
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - C. K. Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
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13
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Wang Y, Zheng G, Wang D, Zhou L. Occurrence of bacterial and viral fecal markers in municipal sewage sludge and their removal during sludge conditioning processes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 310:114802. [PMID: 35228166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fecal contamination in wastewater treatment system may pose severe threats to human health, but the detailed contamination of fecal bacterial and viral pathogens in municipal sewage sludge remains unclear. In addition, it is also unclear how sludge conditioning treatments would impact the distribution of fecal markers in conditioned sewage sludge. Before addressing these two issues, the possible polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibition effect when determining the abundances of fecal markers in both sludge solids and sludge supernatants should be solved, and methods of effectively concentrating fecal markers from sludge supernatant should also be developed. In the present study, we found that the serial tenfold dilution effectively reduced the PCR inhibition effect when determining the abundances of fecal markers including cross-assembly phages (CrAssphage), JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), human-specific HF183 bacteroides (HF183), human BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), human adenovirus (HAdV) and Escherichia coli (EC), while the utilization of negatively charged HA membrane was effective to recover fecal markers from sludge supernatant. The results of a six-month monitoring revealed that gene markers of CrAssphage, JCPyV, HF183, BKPyV, HAdV, and EC can be detected in municipal sewage sludge collected from a local wastewater treatment plant. Among the investigated four chemical conditioning methods, i.e., chemical conditioning with polyacrylamide (PAM), Fe[III]/CaO, or Fenton's reagent, and chemical acidification conditioning, chemical conditioning with Fenton's reagent was much more effective than the other three conditioning methods to reduce the abundances of fecal markers in the supernatant and solid of conditioned sewage sludge. Furthermore, the investigated fecal markers in the conditioned sewage sludge can be simultaneously attenuated by employing suitable conditioning methods, consequently reducing the associated environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang, 337055, China
| | - Guanyu Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Dianzhan Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
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14
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Zhou S, Jin M, Tan R, Shen Z, Yin J, Qiu Z, Chen Z, Shi D, Li H, Yang Z, Wang H, Gao Z, Li J, Yang D. A reduced graphene oxide-Fe 3O 4 composite functionalized with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide for efficient adsorption of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus and human enteric viruses. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132995. [PMID: 34808196 PMCID: PMC8602125 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The latent dangers of waterborne viral transmission have become a major public health concern. In this study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-Fe3O4 nanoparticles were decorated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to adsorb severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike pseudovirus and three human enteric viruses (HuNoV, HRV, and HAdV). The successful combination of CTAB with rGO-Fe3O4 was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, Brunner-Emmet-Teller, and vibrating sample magnetometer measurements. The adsorption of HuNoV and HAdV followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, while that of HRV conformed to the pseudo-second-order model. CTAB-functionalized rGO-Fe3O4 exhibited exceptionally high adsorption of HuNoV, HRV, HAdV and SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus, with maximum adsorption capacities of 3.55 × 107, 7.01 × 107, 2.21 × 107 and 6.92 × 106 genome copies mg-1, respectively. Moreover, the composite could effectively adsorb the four types of virus particles from coastal, tap, and river water. In addition, concentrating the virions using CTAB functionalized rGO-Fe3O4 composites before qPCR analysis significantly improved the detection limit. The results indicate that viruses are captured on the surface of CTAB functionalized rGO-Fe3O4 composites through electrostatic interactions and the intrinsic adsorption ability of rGO. Overall, CTAB-functionalized rGO-Fe3O4 composites are promising materials for the adsorption and detection of human enteric viruses as well as SARS-CoV-2 from complex aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Zhou
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Min Jin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Rong Tan
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhigang Qiu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhengshan Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Danyang Shi
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Haibei Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhongwei Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Huaran Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhixian Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Junwen Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China.
| | - Dong Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China.
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15
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Scalize PS, Gabriel EFM, Lima FS, Arruda PN, Lopes HTL, Paula Reis Y, Carneiro LC, Bezerra NR, Fiaccadori FS, Baumann LRF. Physicochemical, microbiological quality, and risk assessment of water consumed by a quilombola community in midwestern Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:35941-35957. [PMID: 33682056 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The quality of the water consumed by a given community is related to its quality of life. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate, from the perspective of health risk, the physical, chemical, and microbiological quality of drinking water, in a quilombola community, and the qualitative aspects intrinsic to its use and storage. For this, water samples, collected at the exits of the collective water supply system and from eight cisterns that store rainwater, used for human consumption, were analyzed. The samples were subjected to physical, chemical, and microbiological analysis, including adenovirus (HAdV) and enterovirus (EV). The probability of an individual acquiring infection through water consumption was determined by quantitative microbiological risk analysis using HAdV and Escherichia coli (EC) as reference pathogens. The results showed that the water in the deep tubular well had 270.8 mg/L of total hardness, leading to the rejection of its consumption by ingestion. Alternativity, the people in the community consume rainwater stored in cisterns. For this type of water, the presence of heterotrophic bacteria was found in 75%, total coliform was present in 100%, and Enterococci were detected in 25%. Furthermore, EC was present in 25%, EV in 50%, and HAdV in 100% of the samples. The probability of annual infection with HAdV and EC was, in the worst situation, 100% and 1.3%, respectively. Regarding the qualitative and quantitative aspects, there was a significant positive correlation between the absence of EC and the withdrawal of water from the cistern using a pump and the opposite when the withdrawal was carried out using a bucket or hose. Based on the results found, it is important to carry out actions aimed at improving water quality and, consequently, the quality of life of people living in the study community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Sérgio Scalize
- Escola de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Santos Lima
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Poliana Nascimento Arruda
- Escola de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Hítalo Tobias Lôbo Lopes
- Escola de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Ysabella Paula Reis
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás - Campus Goiânia, Goiânia, GO, 74055-110, Brazil
| | - Lilian Carla Carneiro
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Nolan Ribeiro Bezerra
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás - Campus Goiânia, Goiânia, GO, 74055-110, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Souza Fiaccadori
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
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16
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Hyvärinen H, Skyttä A, Jernberg S, Meissner K, Kuosa H, Uusitalo L. Cost-efficiency assessments of marine monitoring methods lack rigor-a systematic mapping of literature and an end-user view on optimal cost-efficiency analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:400. [PMID: 34105035 PMCID: PMC8187199 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global deterioration of marine ecosystems, together with increasing pressure to use them, has created a demand for new, more efficient and cost-efficient monitoring tools that enable assessing changes in the status of marine ecosystems. However, demonstrating the cost-efficiency of a monitoring method is not straightforward as there are no generally applicable guidelines. Our study provides a systematic literature mapping of methods and criteria that have been proposed or used since the year 2000 to evaluate the cost-efficiency of marine monitoring methods. We aimed to investigate these methods but discovered that examples of actual cost-efficiency assessments in literature were rare, contradicting the prevalent use of the term "cost-efficiency." We identified five different ways to compare the cost-efficiency of a marine monitoring method: (1) the cost-benefit ratio, (2) comparative studies based on an experiment, (3) comparative studies based on a literature review, (4) comparisons with other methods based on literature, and (5) subjective comparisons with other methods based on experience or intuition. Because of the observed high frequency of insufficient cost-benefit assessments, we strongly advise that more attention is paid to the coverage of both cost and efficiency parameters when evaluating the actual cost-efficiency of novel methods. Our results emphasize the need to improve the reliability and comparability of cost-efficiency assessments. We provide guidelines for future initiatives to develop a cost-efficiency assessment framework and suggestions for more unified cost-efficiency criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heini Hyvärinen
- Programme for Environmental Information, Finnish Environment Institute, Jyväskylä, Finland.
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Annaliina Skyttä
- Finnish Environment Institute, Programme for Environmental Information, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Jernberg
- Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristian Meissner
- Programme for Environmental Information, Finnish Environment Institute, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Harri Kuosa
- Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Uusitalo
- Finnish Environment Institute, Programme for Environmental Information, Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Nasser A, Sasi S, Nitzan Y. Coliphages as Indicators for the Microbial Quality of Treated Wastewater Effluents. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:170-178. [PMID: 33428162 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater effluents are a reliable water source for non-potable water reuse including unrestricted crop irrigation in arid regions suffering from water scarcity. This study was performed to develop and optimize a procedure to concentrate coliphages from 100 L of treated effluent. Moreover, the reduction of coliphages by filtration and disinfection by either chlorine or UV was compared with that of fecal coliform (FC). The adsorption efficiency of MS2 and Qβ coliphages by the NanoCeram filter was similar and reached 99.8%. Elution efficiency of MS2 coliphage from the NanoCeram filters by a solution of 1% NaPP and 0.05 M glycine, pH 9.5, was 74 ± 9.5%. The highest reconcentration efficiency of MS2 and Qβ coliphages was obtained with polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and reached 76 ± 28% and 90 ± 11%, respectively. In comparison, the reconcentration efficiency of organic flocculation was 0% and 1.3% for Qβ and MS2 coliphages, respectively. The overall recovery efficiency of MS2 coliphages from 100 L tertiary effluent was 57 ± 1.5%. Poor reduction was observed for coliphages compared to FC by filtration and chlorine disinfection although; the reduction of FC, as measured by cultivation, was satisfactory and within the guidelines for unrestricted irrigation. High correlation between the reduction of FC and coliphages was recorded for tertiary effluent disinfected by UV irradiation. Monitoring the microbial quality of tertiary effluent using qPCR for the enumeration of FC was found unsuitable, because DNA levels were unaffected by the treatment processes. The results of this study demonstrated that monitoring the microbial quality of tertiary effluent by FC may not reflect the health risks encountered by the application of these effluents and the addition of coliphages to the monitoring programs may allow for accurate assessment of the health risks introduced by the application of tertiary effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidelfatah Nasser
- Water Quality Research Laboratory, National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Sivan Sasi
- Water Quality Research Laboratory, National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yeshayahu Nitzan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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18
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Pilevar M, Kim KT, Lee WH. Recent advances in biosensors for detecting viruses in water and wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 410:124656. [PMID: 33308919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
As there is a considerable number of virus particles in wastewater which cause numerous infectious diseases, it is necessary to eliminate viruses from domestic wastewater before it is released in the environment. In addition, on-site detection of viruses in wastewater can provide information on possible virus exposures in the community of a given wastewater catchment. For this purpose, the pre-detection of different strains of viruses in wastewaters is an essential environmental step. Epidemiological studies illustrate that viruses are the most challenging pathogens to be detected in water samples because of their nano sizes, discrete distribution, and low infective doses. Over the past decades, several methods have been applied for the detection of waterborne viruses which include polymerase chain reaction-based methods (PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). Although they have shown acceptable performance in virus measurements, their drawbacks such as complicated and time-consuming procedures, low sensitivity, and high analytical cost call for alternatives. Although biosensors are still in an early stage for practical applications, they have shown great potential to become an alternative means for virus detection in water and wastewater. This comprehensive review addresses the different types of viruses found in water and the recent development of biosensors for detecting waterborne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Pilevar
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Keug Tae Kim
- Department of Environmental & Energy Engineering, The University of Suwon, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18323, South Korea
| | - Woo Hyoung Lee
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
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19
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Ballesté E, Blanch AR, Mendez J, Sala-Comorera L, Maunula L, Monteiro S, Farnleitner AH, Tiehm A, Jofre J, García-Aljaro C. Bacteriophages Are Good Estimators of Human Viruses Present in Water. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:619495. [PMID: 34012424 PMCID: PMC8128106 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.619495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of fecal viral pathogens in water is hampered by their great variety and complex analysis. As traditional bacterial indicators are poor viral indicators, there is a need for alternative methods, such as the use of somatic coliphages, which have been included in water safety regulations in recent years. Some researchers have also recommended the use of reference viral pathogens such as noroviruses or other enteric viruses to improve the prediction of fecal viral pollution of human origin. In this work, phages previously tested in microbial source tracking studies were compared with norovirus and adenovirus for their suitability as indicators of human fecal viruses. The phages, namely those infecting human-associated Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron strain GA17 (GA17PH) and porcine-associated Bacteroides strain PG76 (PGPH), and the human-associated crAssphage marker (crAssPH), were evaluated in sewage samples and fecal mixtures obtained from different animals in five European countries, along with norovirus GI + GII (NoV) and human adenovirus (HAdV). GA17PH had an overall sensitivity of ≥83% and the highest specificity (>88%) for human pollution source detection. crAssPH showed the highest sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) in northern European countries but a much lower specificity in Spain and Portugal (10 and 30%, respectively), being detected in animal wastewater samples with a high concentration of fecal indicators. The correlations between GA17PH, crAssPH, or the sum of both (BACPH) and HAdV or NoV were higher than between the two human viruses, indicating that bacteriophages are feasible indicators of human viral pathogens of fecal origin and constitute a promising, easy to use and affordable alternative to human viruses for routine water safety monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Ballesté
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anicet R. Blanch
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Mendez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Sala-Comorera
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leena Maunula
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Silvia Monteiro
- Laboratório Analises, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreas H. Farnleitner
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Research Division Water Quality and Health, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Andreas Tiehm
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Joan Jofre
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Aljaro
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Removal of Pathogens in Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems: A Review of Design Considerations and Influencing Factors. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13091190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Conventional onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs) could potentially contribute to the transmission of infectious diseases caused by waterborne pathogenic microorganisms and become an important human health concern, especially in the areas where OWTSs are used as the major wastewater treatment units. Although previous studies suggested the OWTSs could reduce chemical pollutants as well as effectively reducing microbial contaminants from onsite wastewater, the microbiological quality of effluents and the factors potentially affecting the removal are still understudied. Therefore, the design and optimization of pathogen removal performance necessitate a better mechanistic understanding of the hydrological, geochemical, and biological processes controlling the water quality in OWTSs. To fill the knowledge gaps, the sources of pathogens and common pathogenic indicators, along with their major removal mechanisms in OWTSs were discussed. This review evaluated the effectiveness of pathogen removal in state-of-art OWTSs and investigated the contributing factors for efficient pathogen removal (e.g., system configurations, filter materials, environmental and operational conditions), with the aim to guide the future design for optimized treatment performance.
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21
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The circulation analysis of substandard foods in China based on GIS and social network analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248037. [PMID: 33667257 PMCID: PMC7935259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, the majority of food enterprises are small-sized and medium-sized. While the supervision costs are high, food safety issues are still emerging. Food circulation is an indispensable part in the entire food chain. At present, there are few studies on the regional spread of food safety risks in the circulation field from a macro perspective. This study combines GIS and social network analysis methods to deeply explore the regional circulation characteristics of substandard foods. First, we crawl the dataset of Food Safety Sampling Inspection Result Query System. Then we obtain the geographical locations of the manufacturers and distributors by GIS. Finally, we construct the province-level and city-level substandard foods' circulation networks, and employ social network analysis to target key cities and paths. The experimental results show that the circulations of substandard foods are characterized by dense province-level network and sparse city-level network, and they are mostly local and short-distance trafficking. 361 cities are divided into 13 city clusters considering the network connection characteristics. Chongqing, Beijing, Zhengzhou, and Changsha are identified as key cities by all measurement indicators, and at least four indicators can identify Shanghai and Wuhan. These cities have the highest priority for combating substandard foods' circulation networks.
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Wasonga MO, Maingi J, Omwoyo O. Effects of Contamination of Freshwater Habitat With Common Heavy Metals and Anions on the Prevalence of Human Adenoviruses and Enteroviruses. Front Public Health 2021; 8:603217. [PMID: 33553093 PMCID: PMC7855706 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.603217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and survival of enteric viruses in open surface waters can be impacted by a host of factors including fecal emission levels, seasonal variations, virus stability and the physicochemical parameters. In this research, we aimed to document the association between contaminations of water samples with human enteric viruses (adenoviruses and enteroviruses) from a freshwater lake with variations in chemical contaminants. We collected 216 water samples from October 2010 to April 2012, from a 4 km stretch along Lake Victoria (LV) basin in Homa Bay town located in the western region of Kenya. The samples were analyzed for the existence of human adenoviruses (HAdV) and human enteroviruses (HEV), using the nested PCR (nPCR). We also assessed in the water samples the levels of twelve chemical contaminants consisting of six heavy metal elements and six anions. About 8.3 % of the samples were found to be contaminated with the enteric viruses. The concentrations of the 12 chemical contaminants were found to be largely within the WHO suggested limits. Most of the chemical contaminants were not related to the detection rates of the viruses from the statistical analysis. However, some positive and negative associations between the viral genome's detection and the chemical concentrations were established for only three metals (Fe, Pb, Cd) and the PO43− Radical. Cd had a weak positive significant relationship with HAdV (rho = 0.146, p = 0.032) while Pb and Fe had a weak positive significant relationship with HEV genome detection (rho = 0.156, p = 0.022) and (rho = 0.148 and p = 0.029) respectively. There was a modest negative relationship between phosphate ions and HEV (rho = −0.174, p = 0.010). The results of our study do not provide support for the hypothesis of an association between the presence of human enteric viruses and the levels of twelve chemical contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Opere Wasonga
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Maingi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ombori Omwoyo
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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Wei ZL, Miao J, Yang ZW, Shi DY, Wu HY, Yang D, Yin J, Wang HR, Li HB, Chen ZS, Li JW, Jin M. Contamination sources of the enteric virus in recreational marine water shift in a seasonal pattern. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140641. [PMID: 32653709 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human enteric virus occurrence in bathing beaches poses a potential health risk to swimmers. They may come from several sources, but the understanding of the seasonal contribution of contamination sources to virus occurrence is still lacking. Here, the surveillance of human enteric viruses at the First Bathing Beach in Qingdao was performed January-December 2018. The occurrence of Enteric viruses, assayed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), was analyzed at temporal and spatial levels to determine the viral contamination sources. The results showed that only Astroviruses (AstVs) and Adenoviruses (HAdVs) were found in the swimming area. Their occurrence correlated significantly with the sewage-polluted area, but HAdVs were only found in autumn and AstVs in spring. Meanwhile, enteric viruses in the swimming area showed significantly higher levels than the surrounding area, particularly AstVs in summer with the swimmer crowd. All these data imply that sewage discharge and swimmers co-contribute to the viral occurrence in a seasonal pattern, with the former being more focused in warm seasons (spring and autumn) and the latter in hot seasons (summer). These results indicate that sewage discharge and crowd swimmers, as unsafe swimming conditions, should be avoided to improve public health at the bathing beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Lin Wei
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No. 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jing Miao
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No. 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Yang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No. 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Dan-Yang Shi
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No. 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Hai-Yan Wu
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No. 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No. 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No. 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Hua-Ran Wang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No. 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Hai-Bei Li
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No. 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zheng-Shan Chen
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No. 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jun-Wen Li
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No. 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Min Jin
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No. 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China.
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Ballesté E, Belanche-Muñoz LA, Farnleitner AH, Linke R, Sommer R, Santos R, Monteiro S, Maunula L, Oristo S, Tiehm A A, Stange C, Blanch AR. Improving the identification of the source of faecal pollution in water using a modelling approach: From multi-source to aged and diluted samples. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 171:115392. [PMID: 31865126 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The last decades have seen the development of several source tracking (ST) markers to determine the source of pollution in water, but none of them show 100% specificity and sensitivity. Thus, a combination of several markers might provide a more accurate classification. In this study Ichnaea® software was improved to generate predictive models, taking into account ST marker decay rates and dilution factors to reflect the complexity of ecosystems. A total of 106 samples from 4 sources were collected in 5 European regions and 30 faecal indicators and ST markers were evaluated, including E. coli, enterococci, clostridia, bifidobacteria, somatic coliphages, host-specific bacteria, human viruses, host mitochondrial DNA, host-specific bacteriophages and artificial sweeteners. Models based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA) able to distinguish between human and non-human faecal pollution and identify faecal pollution of several origins were developed and tested with 36 additional laboratory-made samples. Almost all the ST markers showed the potential to correctly target their host in the 5 areas, although some were equivalent and redundant. The LDA-based models developed with fresh faecal samples were able to differentiate between human and non-human pollution with 98.1% accuracy in leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) when using 2 molecular human ST markers (HF183 and HMBif), whereas 3 variables resulted in 100% correct classification. With 5 variables the model correctly classified all the fresh faecal samples from 4 different sources. Ichnaea® is a machine-learning software developed to improve the classification of the faecal pollution source in water, including in complex samples. In this project the models were developed using samples from a broad geographical area, but they can be tailored to determine the source of faecal pollution for any user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Ballesté
- Dept. Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | | | - Andreas H Farnleitner
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/166, 1060, Vienna, Austria; Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Research Division Water Quality and Health, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Rita Linke
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/166, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Regina Sommer
- Unit of Water Hygiene, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ricardo Santos
- Laboratório Analises, Instituto Superior Tecnico. Universidade Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Silvia Monteiro
- Laboratório Analises, Instituto Superior Tecnico. Universidade Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Leena Maunula
- Dept. Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Oristo
- Dept. Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreas Tiehm A
- Dept. Microbiology and Molecular Biology, DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Germany
| | - Claudia Stange
- Dept. Microbiology and Molecular Biology, DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Germany
| | - Anicet R Blanch
- Dept. Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Petcharat T, Kongprajug A, Chyerochana N, Sangkaew W, Mongkolsuk S, Sirikanchana K. Assessing human-specific CrAssphage recovery after acidification-filtration concentrating method in environmental water. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:35-41. [PMID: 31433097 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pinpointing water pollution sources using host-specific gastrointestinal microbes, known as microbial source tracking (MST), have significant benefits for countries with water quality management issues related to pollution. A recently discovered bacteriophage, crAssphage, shows promise as a human-specific MST marker. However, loss of genetic materials during the recovery and the detection processes could alter the ability to measure virus quantities in a water sample. This study determined the crAssphage recovery efficiencies in water sources, including seawater, freshwater, and influent and effluent from a wastewater treatment plant, by spiking natural crAssphage concentrates prior to DNA extraction and quantitative PCR analysis. The results showed that river and seawater with no or low crAssphage background experienced no recovery loss. Evaluating recovery efficiencies in samples with high crAssphage backgrounds posed a challenge due to the inability to prepare high crAssphage titers. This study highlights the importance of intra-laboratory assessment of recovery efficiency in environmental samples for retrieving absolute crAssphage quantification with correction of bias among water samples and increase in data accuracy. PRACTITIONER POINTS: In laboratory assessment of recovery efficiency is crucial for bias correction and data accuracy for absolute crAssphage quantification in water samples. No loss in crAssphage recovery was observed in river and seawater that contained no or low crAssphage backgrounds. Inability to prepare high crAssphage spike concentrations remains the major limitation for evaluating recovery in samples with high crAssphage backgrounds. The results underline the importance of evaluating method recovery in real environmental samples that reflect actual matrix effect. Absolute crAssphage quantification, as human-specific pollution marker, could be used for prioritizing water quality restoration and area-based management plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitirat Petcharat
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Akechai Kongprajug
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natcha Chyerochana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watsawan Sangkaew
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
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26
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Ahmed W, Hamilton K, Toze S, Cook S, Page D. A review on microbial contaminants in stormwater runoff and outfalls: Potential health risks and mitigation strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:1304-1321. [PMID: 31539962 PMCID: PMC7126443 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Demands on global water supplies are increasing in response to the need to provide more food, water, and energy for a rapidly growing population. These water stressors are exacerbated by climate change, as well as the growth and urbanisation of industry and commerce. Consequently, urban water authorities around the globe are exploring alternative water sources to meet ever-increasing demands. These alternative sources are primarily treated sewage, stormwater, and groundwater. Stormwater including roof-harvested rainwater has been considered as an alternative water source for both potable and non-potable uses. One of the most significant issues concerning alternative water reuse is the public health risk associated with chemical and microbial contaminants. Several studies to date have quantified fecal indicators and pathogens in stormwater. Microbial source tracking (MST) approaches have also been used to determine the sources of fecal contamination in stormwater and receiving waters. This review paper summarizes occurrence and concentrations of fecal indicators, pathogens, and MST marker genes in urban stormwater. A section of the review highlights the removal of fecal indicators and pathogens through water sensitive urban design (WSUD) or Best Management Practices (BMPs). We also discuss approaches for assessing and mitigating health risks associated with stormwater, including a summary of existing quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models for potable and non-potable reuse of stormwater. Finally, the most critical research gaps are identified for formulating risk management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Qld 4102, Australia.
| | - Kerry Hamilton
- Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Simon Toze
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Stephen Cook
- CSIRO Land and Water, Research way, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Declan Page
- CSIRO Land and Water, Waite Laboratories, Waite Rd., Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
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27
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Fecal Source Tracking in A Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System Using Multiple Waterborne Gastroenteritis Viruses. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040170. [PMID: 31574994 PMCID: PMC6963801 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteritis viruses in wastewater reclamation systems can pose a major threat to public health. In this study, multiple gastroenteritis viruses were detected from wastewater to estimate the viral contamination sources in a wastewater treatment and reclamation system installed in a suburb of Xi'an city, China. Reverse transcription plus nested or semi-nested PCR, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, were used for detection and genotyping of noroviruses and rotaviruses. As a result, 91.7% (22/24) of raw sewage samples, 70.8% (17/24) of the wastewater samples treated by anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2O) process and 62.5% (15/24) of lake water samples were positive for at least one of target gastroenteritis viruses while all samples collected from membrane bioreactor effluent after free chlorine disinfection were negative. Sequence analyses of the PCR products revealed that epidemiologically minor strains of norovirus GI (GI/14) and GII (GII/13) were frequently detected in the system. Considering virus concentration in the disinfected MBR effluent which is used as the source of lake water is below the detection limit, these results indicate that artificial lake may be contaminated from sources other than the wastewater reclamation system, which may include aerosols, and there is a possible norovirus infection risk by exposure through reclaimed water usage and by onshore winds transporting aerosols containing norovirus.
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28
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Shingare RP, Thawale PR, Raghunathan K, Mishra A, Kumar S. Constructed wetland for wastewater reuse: Role and efficiency in removing enteric pathogens. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 246:444-461. [PMID: 31200179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water stress has become a perennial concern in most of the developing countries due to rapid urbanization and population growth. As the growing population requires more fresh water and better ways for wastewater disposal, the demand for wastewater reclamation has increased drastically in recent years. Wastewater, either raw or treated, is being widely used for agricultural irrigation in developing countries, which cause a serious threat to human health mainly because of its pathogenic content. One of the alternative methods to treat wastewater and make it reusable for agricultural irrigation is to implement constructed wetland (CW); a sustainable and cost-effective technology that is applicable for the elimination of both pollutants and pathogens from wastewater. Despite its wide application, the role of macrophytes that form an integral part of CW and specific mechanisms involved in pathogen removal by them is still barely understood due to complexities involved and influencing factors. This has, therefore, attracted various scientific studies to reveal further functional mechanisms involved in vegetated CW to increase its proficiencies. This review paper illustrates the comparative studies of different CW and their pathogen removal efficiencies with major emphasis on macrophytes involved and factors influencing related mechanism. Further, the paper also covers detailed information on the enteric pathogens present in wastewater and the associated health risks involved in its reuse. The ultimate objective is to further clarify the role of CW in enteric pathogen removal and its efficiency for wastewater purification in perspective with safe reuse in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita P Shingare
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India.
| | | | - Karthik Raghunathan
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Apurva Mishra
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Technology Development Centre, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
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29
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Bortagaray V, Lizasoain A, Piccini C, Gillman L, Berois M, Pou S, Díaz MDP, Tort FL, Colina R, Victoria M. Microbial Source Tracking Analysis Using Viral Indicators in Santa Lucía and Uruguay Rivers, Uruguay. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:259-267. [PMID: 30945138 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09384-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the origin (human, bovine or porcine) and the concentration of the fecal sources of contamination in waters from Santa Lucía basin and Uruguay River in Uruguay by using host-specific viral markers (adenoviruses and polyomaviruses) as microbial source tracking (MST). Between June 2015 and May 2016, monthly collections of surface water samples were performed in six sites in Santa Lucía basin and four sites in Uruguay River (n = 120 samples). Viral concentration was carried out using an absorption-elution method. Detection and quantification of human and porcine adenovirus (HAdV and PAdV, respectively) and human and bovine polyomavirus (HPyV and BoPyV, respectively) were performed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). To evaluate the infectivity of circulating HAdV, an integrated cell culture-qPCR (ICC-qPCR) was used. A logistic regression analysis was carried out to estimate the influence of environmental variables on the virus presence in surface waters. Overall, HAdV was the prevalent (18%; 21/120) followed by BoPyV (11%; 13/120) and HPyV (3%; 3/120), whereas PAdV was not detected in this study. The mean concentration ranged from 1.5 × 104 genomic copies/L (gc/L) for HAdV to 1.8 × 102 gc/L for HPyV. Infective HAdVs were observed in two out of ten analyzed samples. A significant effect of environmental temperature (p = 0.001) and river (p = 0.012) on the presence of human viruses was found. These results suggest that fecal contamination could affect the water quality of these rivers, showing deficiencies in the procedure of sewage discharge from regional cities, livestock and dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Bortagaray
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Andrés Lizasoain
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Claudia Piccini
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luciana Gillman
- Virology Section, School of Sciences, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mabel Berois
- Virology Section, School of Sciences, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sonia Pou
- Institute of Research in Health Sciences (INICSA), Faculty of Medical Sciences, CONICET and Biostatistics Unit, School of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Del Pilar Díaz
- Institute of Research in Health Sciences (INICSA), Faculty of Medical Sciences, CONICET and Biostatistics Unit, School of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fernando López Tort
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Rodney Colina
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Matías Victoria
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay.
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30
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Rapid assessment of viral water quality using a novel recombinase polymerase amplification test for human adenovirus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8115-8125. [PMID: 31435714 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10077-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and rapid methods for determining viral contamination of water are critical, since illness can be caused by low numbers of viruses and bacterial indicators do not adequately predict viral loads. We developed novel rapid assays for detecting the viral water quality indicator human adenovirus (HAdV). A simple 15-min recombinase polymerase amplification step followed by a 5-min lateral flow detection is used. Species-specific assays were developed to discriminate HAdV A, B, C and F, and combined into a multiplex test (Ad-FAC). Species-specific assays enabled detection of 10-50 copies of the HAdV plasmid. Sample testing using methods optimised for wastewater analysis indicated the Ad-FAC assay showed 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity when compared with HAdV qPCR, with a detection limit as low as 50 gene copies. This is the first study to demonstrate the use of RPA for detecting enteric viruses in water samples, to assess virological water quality. The ability to rapidly detect enteric virus contamination of water could assist in more effective management of water safety and better protection of public health.
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31
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Gyawali P, Croucher D, Ahmed W, Devane M, Hewitt J. Evaluation of pepper mild mottle virus as an indicator of human faecal pollution in shellfish and growing waters. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 154:370-376. [PMID: 30822597 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve molluscan shellfish grown in areas impacted by human faecal pollution are at risk of being contaminated with multiple enteric viruses. To minimise the public health risks associated with shellfish consumption, determining the presence of faecal contamination in shellfish and their growing waters is crucial. In this study, we evaluated the use of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) as an indicator of human faecal contamination in oysters, mussels, cockles and shellfish growing waters in New Zealand. Using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) the presence, and where applicable, the concentration of PMMoV was determined in faeces from 11 different animal species, influent (untreated) wastewater, shellfish and shellfish growing waters. Non-human faecal samples (from seagull, Canada goose, black swan and dog) were RT-qPCR positive for PMMoV. The faecal source specificity of PMMoV was 0.83 (maximum value of 1) when 'detected but not quantifiable' (DNQ) values were used. However, when 'lower limit of quantification' (LLOQ) values were used, the specificity increased to 0.92. The PMMoV concentration in influent wastewater (n = 10) ranged from 6.3 to 7.7 log10 genome copies (GC)/L with a mean (±standard deviation) of 7.1 ± 0.5 log10 GC/L. The overall occurrence of PMMoV in shellfish and shellfish growing waters from four different areas was 46/51 (90%) and 29/52 (56%), respectively. Of the cockles collected from an area known to be impacted by effluent wastewater, 14/14 (100%) contained PMMoV concentrations above the LLOQ. In contrast, only 13/37 (35%) shellfish and 6/52 (11.5%) growing water samples collected from three areas with low anthropogenic impact contained PMMoV concentrations above the LLOQ. The high concentration of PMMoV in influent wastewater indicates that PMMoV may be a promising indicator of human faecal contamination. The presence of PMMoV in shellfish and growing waters with a low anthropogenic impact may be of avian origin, and this needs to be considered if using PMMoV for monitoring shellfish and shellfish growing water quality in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Gyawali
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Porirua, 5240, New Zealand.
| | - Dawn Croucher
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Megan Devane
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Porirua, 5240, New Zealand
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Aguirre BP, Masachessi G, Ferreyra LJ, Biganzoli P, Grumelli Y, Panero MD, Wassaf MM, Pisano MB, Welter A, Mangeaud A, Ré V, Nates SV, Pavan JV. Searching variables to assess recreational water quality: the presence of infectious human enterovirus and its correlation with the main variables of water pollution by multivariate statistical approach in Córdoba, Argentina. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:6586-6601. [PMID: 30628001 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Surface waters are used by local populations for different purposes, such as recreational activities, water source for human and animal consumption, and irrigation among others, which lead to the need for management strategies on water health and associated risks. During this study, we investigated physicochemical parameters, fecal coliform bacteria, and infectious human enterovirus detection to determine the water quality in different beaches (categorized as an urban area, non-urban areas, and an intermediate position) from San Roque Dam, in Argentina. Multivariate techniques were applied. Principal component analysis allowed identification of subgroup of variables responsible for the water quality. A cluster analysis and multivariate analysis of variance showed the urban beach as the highest pollution area. The following variables (measured at the urban beach) would be enough to describe the quality of the aquatic body: nitrites, fecal coliforms, total phosphorous, and infectious human enterovirus. The infectious human enterovirus was an independent variable detected in 69.1% of the samples showing a steady frequency of detection during the whole period studied and could identify human fecal contaminations as a source of water pollution. The selected variables would contribute to water quality regarding the risk for human health using San Roque dam waters for recreational propose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belquis Pamela Aguirre
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Obispo Trejo 323, X5000IYH, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Gisela Masachessi
- Instituto de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo s/n Ciudad Universitaria, X5000GYA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Jesús Ferreyra
- Instituto de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo s/n Ciudad Universitaria, X5000GYA, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Salud, Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, Av. Luis M. de la Fuente S/N, Ciudad Universitaria de la Ciencia y de la Técnica, F5300, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Patricia Biganzoli
- Instituto de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo s/n Ciudad Universitaria, X5000GYA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Yanina Grumelli
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Obispo Trejo 323, X5000IYH, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Mariangeles Diaz Panero
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Obispo Trejo 323, X5000IYH, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Maribel Martinez Wassaf
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Obispo Trejo 323, X5000IYH, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - María Belén Pisano
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Obispo Trejo 323, X5000IYH, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Adriana Welter
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Obispo Trejo 323, X5000IYH, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Arnaldo Mangeaud
- Departamento de Bioestadística. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av Velez Sarsfield 1611, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Viviana Ré
- Instituto de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo s/n Ciudad Universitaria, X5000GYA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvia Viviana Nates
- Instituto de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo s/n Ciudad Universitaria, X5000GYA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jorge Victorio Pavan
- Instituto de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo s/n Ciudad Universitaria, X5000GYA, Córdoba, Argentina.
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A method to identify respiratory virus infections in clinical samples using next-generation sequencing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2606. [PMID: 30796243 PMCID: PMC6384955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37483-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections are very common. Such infections impose an enormous economic burden and occasionally lead to death. Furthermore, every few decades, respiratory virus pandemics emerge, putting the entire world population at risk. Thus, there is an urgent need to quickly and precisely identify the infecting agent in a clinical setting. However, in many patients with influenza-like symptoms (ILS) the identity of the underlying pathogen remains unknown. In addition, it takes time and effort to individually identify the virus responsible for the ILS. Here, we present a new next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based method that enables rapid and robust identification of pathogens in a pool of clinical samples without the need for specific primers. The method is aimed at rapidly uncovering a potentially common pathogen affecting many samples with an unidentified source of disease.
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García-Aljaro C, Blanch AR, Campos C, Jofre J, Lucena F. Pathogens, faecal indicators and human-specific microbial source-tracking markers in sewage. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:701-717. [PMID: 30244503 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to assess the current state of knowledge of pathogens, general faecal indicators and human-specific microbial source tracking markers in sewage. Most of the microbes present in sewage are from the microbiota of the human gut, including pathogens. Bacteria and viruses are the most abundant groups of microbes in the human gut microbiota. Most reports on this topic show that raw sewage microbiological profiles reflect the human gut microbiota. Human and animal faeces share many commensal microbes as well as pathogens. Faecal-orally transmitted pathogens constitute a serious public health problem that can be minimized through sanitation. Assessing both the sanitation processes and the contribution of sewage to the faecal contamination of water bodies requires knowledge of the content of pathogens in sewage, microbes indicating general faecal contamination and microbes that are only present in human faecal remains, which are known as the human-specific microbial source-tracking (MST) markers. Detection of pathogens would be the ideal option for managing sanitation and determining the microbiological quality of waters contaminated by sewage; but at present, this is neither practical nor feasible in routine testing. Traditionally, faecal indicator bacteria have been used as surrogate indicators of general faecal residues. However, in many water management circumstances, it becomes necessary to detect both the origin of faecal contamination, for which MST is paramount, and live micro-organisms, for which molecular methods are not suitable. The presence and concentrations of pathogens, general faecal indicators and human-specific MST markers most frequently reported in different areas of the world are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- C García-Aljaro
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A R Blanch
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Campos
- Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J Jofre
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Lucena
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Application of Support Vector Machines in Viral Biology. GLOBAL VIROLOGY III: VIROLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY 2019. [PMCID: PMC7114997 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29022-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Novel experimental and sequencing techniques have led to an exponential explosion and spiraling of data in viral genomics. To analyse such data, rapidly gain information, and transform this information to knowledge, interdisciplinary approaches involving several different types of expertise are necessary. Machine learning has been in the forefront of providing models with increasing accuracy due to development of newer paradigms with strong fundamental bases. Support Vector Machines (SVM) is one such robust tool, based rigorously on statistical learning theory. SVM provides very high quality and robust solutions to classification and regression problems. Several studies in virology employ high performance tools including SVM for identification of potentially important gene and protein functions. This is mainly due to the highly beneficial aspects of SVM. In this chapter we briefly provide lucid and easy to understand details of SVM algorithms along with applications in virology.
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Hata A, Hanamoto S, Ihara M, Shirasaka Y, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. Comprehensive Study on Enteric Viruses and Indicators in Surface Water in Kyoto, Japan, During 2014-2015 Season. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:353-364. [PMID: 30151619 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Certain enteric viruses that are present in the water environment are potential risk factors of waterborne infections. To better understand the impact of viruses in water, both enteric viruses and their potential indicators should be comparatively investigated. In this study, occurrences of GI- and GII-noroviruses (NoVs), sapovirus (SaV), rotavirus (RoV), Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1), enterovirus (EV), and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) were quantitatively determined in surface water samples in Japan. Additionally, the genotype distribution of GI- and GII-NoVs was determined using a next-generation amplicon sequencing. PMMoV was the most abundant virus regardless of season and location, indicating its usefulness as an indicator for the viral contamination of water. Other potential indicators, AiV and EV, were less abundant than GII-NoV. Viruses other than PMMoV showed seasonality, i.e., EV and other viruses (NoVs, SaV, RoV, and AiV-1) became prevalent during summer and winter, respectively. SaV showed a relatively high abundance at a location that was affected by untreated wastewater. Regarding NoV genotypes, GI.1, GI.2, GI.4, GI.5, GI.6, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, and GII.17 were found from the surface water samples. GII.4 and GII.17 seemed to have contributed to the high abundance of GII-NoV in the samples. Interestingly, GII.17 strains became prevalent in the water samples before becoming prevalent among gastroenteritis patients in Japan. These findings provide further insights into the properties of viruses as contaminants in the water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hata
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan.
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Seiya Hanamoto
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
- Water Quality Research Team, Public Works Research Institute, 1-6 Minamihara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8516, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihara
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Yuya Shirasaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamashita
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
- Course of Rural Engineering, Department of Science and Technology for Biological Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
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Miao J, Guo X, Liu W, Yang D, Shen Z, Qiu Z, Chen X, Zhang K, Hu H, Yin J, Yang Z, Li J, Jin M. Total coliforms as an indicator of human enterovirus presence in surface water across Tianjin city, China. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:542. [PMID: 30382895 PMCID: PMC6211496 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric viruses in surface water pose considerable risk to morbidity in populations living around water catchments and promote outbreaks of waterborne diseases. However, due to poor understanding of the correlation between water quality and the presence of human enteric viruses, the failure to assess viral contamination through alternative viral indicators makes it difficult to control disease transmission. METHODS We investigated the occurrence of Enteroviruses (EnVs), Rotaviruses (HRVs), Astroviruses (AstVs), Noroviruses GII (HuNoVs GII) and Adenoviruses (HAdVs) from Jinhe River over 4 years and analyzed their correlation with physicochemical and bacterial parameters in water samples. RESULTS The findings showed that all target viruses were detected in water at frequencies of 91.7% for HAdVs, 81.3% for HuNoVs GII, 79.2% for EnVs and AstVs, and 70.8% for HRVs. These viruses had a seasonal pattern, which showed that EnVs were abundant in summer but rare in winter, while HAdVs, HRVs, AstVs, and HuNoVs GII exhibited opposite seasonal trends. Pearson correlation analysis showed that total coliforms (TC) was significantly positively correlated with EnVs concentrations while no consistent significant correlations were observed between bacterial indices and viruses that precipitate acute gastroenteritis. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the findings provide insights into alternative viral indicators, suggesting that TC is a potentially promising candidate for assessment of EnVs contamination. However, it failed to predict the presence of HAdVs, HRVs, AstVs, and HuNoVs GΙΙ in surface water across the city of Tianjin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Miao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Xuan Guo
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
- Research Institution of Chemical Defense, Beijing, 102205 China
| | - Weili Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Dong Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Zhigang Qiu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Kunming Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Hui Hu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Jing Yin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Zhongwei Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Junwen Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Min Jin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medcine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050 China
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Peteffi GP, Fleck JD, Kael IM, Girardi V, Bündchen R, Krajeski DM, Demoliner M, Silva FP, da Rosa DC, Antunes MV, Linden R. Caffeine levels as a predictor of Human mastadenovirus presence in surface waters-a case study in the Sinos River basin-Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:15774-15784. [PMID: 29582324 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of caffeine in environmental water samples is almost entirely human-related, given that there are virtually no industrial or agricultural releases. Caffeine has already been proposed as an anthropogenic marker for wastewater contamination of surface waters. The aim of this study was to evaluate if caffeine concentrations in water can be a predictor of virological and bacteriological contamination. Water samples were taken at three sampling sites from urban water streams from the hydrographic basin of the Sinos River (Brazil) monthly in the period of May 9th, 2016 to April 11th, 2017 (n = 36). Concentrations of Human mastadenovirus (HAdV-F and HAdV-C), fecal coliforms, and caffeine were measured in all collected samples. Concentrations of caffeine in water were strongly correlated with HAdV-F (rs = 0.704, p = 0.000). This study, for the first time, characterized caffeine concentrations in water as predictors of virus presence, with cut-off values presenting 92.9% specificity and 95.5% sensitivity for HAdV-F and 66.7% specificity and 80% sensitivity for HAdV-C. Considering its marked chemical stability and ease of quantification, caffeine concentrations can be used as a comprehensive marker of human contamination of water resources, also being predictive of bacteriological and virological concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Piva Peteffi
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Environmental Quality, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil.
- , Novo Hamburgo, Brazil.
| | - Juliane Deise Fleck
- Graduate Program in Environmental Quality, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Igor Mendes Kael
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Viviane Girardi
- Graduate Program in Environmental Quality, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Raquel Bündchen
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Daiane Metz Krajeski
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Meriane Demoliner
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Francini Pereira Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Débora Couto da Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Marina Venzon Antunes
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Environmental Quality, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
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Wong K, Molina M. Applying Quantitative Molecular Tools for Virus Transport Studies: Opportunities and Challenges. GROUND WATER 2017; 55:778-783. [PMID: 28542984 PMCID: PMC6146963 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages have been used in soil column studies for the last several decades as surrogates to study the fate and transport behavior of enteric viruses in groundwater. However, recent studies have shown that the transport behavior of bacteriophages and enteric viruses in porous media can be very different. The next generation of virus transport science must therefore provide more data on mobility of enteric viruses and the relationship between transport behaviors of enteric viruses and bacteriophages. To achieve this new paradigm, labor intensity devoted to enteric virus quantification method must be reduced. Recent studies applied quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to column filtration experiments to study the transport behavior of human adenovirus (HAdV) in porous media under a variety of conditions. A similar approach can be used to study the transport of other enteric viruses such as norovirus. Analyzing the column samples with both qPCR and culture assays and applying multiplex qPCR to study cotransport behavior of more than one virus will provide information to under-explored areas in virus transport science. Both nucleic acid extraction kits and one-step lysis protocols have been used in these column studies to extract viral nucleic acid for qPCR quantification. The pros and cons of both methods are compared herein and solutions for overcoming problems are suggested. As better understanding of the transport behavior of enteric viruses is clearly needed, we strongly advocate for application of rapid molecular tools in future studies as well as optimization of protocols to overcome their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Wong
- Ecosystem Research Division, USEPA Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831
| | - Marirosa Molina
- Ecosystem Research Division, USEPA Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605
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Junter GA, Lebrun L. Cellulose-based virus-retentive filters: a review. RE/VIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND BIO/TECHNOLOGY 2017; 16:455-489. [PMID: 32214924 PMCID: PMC7088658 DOI: 10.1007/s11157-017-9434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Viral filtration is a critical step in the purification of biologics and in the monitoring of microbiological water quality. Viral filters are also essential protection elements against airborne viral particles. The present review first focuses on cellulose-based filter media currently used for size-exclusion and/or adsorptive filtration of viruses from biopharmaceutical and environmental water samples. Data from spiking studies quantifying the viral filtration performance of cellulosic filters are detailed, i.e., first, the virus reduction capacity of regenerated cellulose hollow fiber filters in the manufacturing process of blood products and, second, the efficiency of virus recovery/concentration from water samples by the viradel (virus adsorption-elution) method using charge modified, electropositive cellulosic filters or conventional electronegative cellulose ester microfilters. Viral analysis of field water samples by the viradel technique is also surveyed. This review then describes cellulose-based filter media used in individual protection equipment against airborne viral pathogens, presenting innovative filtration media with virucidal properties. Some pros and cons of cellulosic viral filters and perspectives for cellulose-based materials in viral filtration are underlined in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy-Alain Junter
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Laurent Lebrun
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
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Arredondo-Hernandez LJR, Diaz-Avalos C, Lopez-Vidal Y, Castillo-Rojas G, Mazari-Hiriart M. FRNA Bacteriophages as Viral Indicators of Faecal Contamination in Mexican Tropical Aquatic Systems. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170399. [PMID: 28114378 PMCID: PMC5256921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A particular challenge to water safety in populous intertropical regions is the lack of reliable faecal indicators to detect microbiological contamination of water, while the numerical relationships of specific viral indicators remain largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate the numerical relationships of FRNA-bacteriophage genotypes, adenovirus 41, and human adenoviruses (HADV) in Mexican surface water systems to assess sewage contamination. We studied the presence of HADV, HADV41 and FRNA bacteriophage genotypes in water samples and quantified by qPCR and RT-qPCR. Virus and water quality indicator variances, as analyzed by principal component analysis and partial least squared regression, followed along the major percentiles of water faecal enterococci. FRNA bacteriophages adequately deciphered viral and point source water contamination. The strongest correlation for HADV was with FRNA bacteriophage type II, in water samples higher than the 50th percentiles of faecal enterococci, thus indicating urban pollution. FRNA bacteriophage genotypes I and III virus indicator performances were assisted by their associations with electrical conductivity and faecal enterococci. In combination, our methods are useful for inferring water quality degradation caused by sewage contamination. The methods used have potential for determining source contamination in water and, specifically, the presence of enteric viruses where clean and contaminated water have mixed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Jose Rene Arredondo-Hernandez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
| | - Carlos Diaz-Avalos
- Departamento de Probabilidad y Estadística, Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Lopez-Vidal
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Castillo-Rojas
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marisa Mazari-Hiriart
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Hjelmsø MH, Hellmér M, Fernandez-Cassi X, Timoneda N, Lukjancenko O, Seidel M, Elsässer D, Aarestrup FM, Löfström C, Bofill-Mas S, Abril JF, Girones R, Schultz AC. Evaluation of Methods for the Concentration and Extraction of Viruses from Sewage in the Context of Metagenomic Sequencing. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170199. [PMID: 28099518 PMCID: PMC5242460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral sewage metagenomics is a novel field of study used for surveillance, epidemiological studies, and evaluation of waste water treatment efficiency. In raw sewage human waste is mixed with household, industrial and drainage water, and virus particles are, therefore, only found in low concentrations. This necessitates a step of sample concentration to allow for sensitive virus detection. Additionally, viruses harbor a large diversity of both surface and genome structures, which makes universal viral genomic extraction difficult. Current studies have tackled these challenges in many different ways employing a wide range of viral concentration and extraction procedures. However, there is limited knowledge of the efficacy and inherent biases associated with these methods in respect to viral sewage metagenomics, hampering the development of this field. By the use of next generation sequencing this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of four commonly applied viral concentrations techniques (precipitation with polyethylene glycol, organic flocculation with skim milk, monolithic adsorption filtration and glass wool filtration) and extraction methods (Nucleospin RNA XS, QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit, NucliSENS® miniMAG®, or PowerViral® Environmental RNA/DNA Isolation Kit) to determine the viriome in a sewage sample. We found a significant influence of concentration and extraction protocols on the detected viriome. The viral richness was largest in samples extracted with QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit or PowerViral® Environmental RNA/DNA Isolation Kit. Highest viral specificity were found in samples concentrated by precipitation with polyethylene glycol or extracted with Nucleospin RNA XS. Detection of viral pathogens depended on the method used. These results contribute to the understanding of method associated biases, within the field of viral sewage metagenomics, making evaluation of the current literature easier and helping with the design of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathis Hjort Hjelmsø
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Hellmér
- Division of Microbiology and Production, The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Xavier Fernandez-Cassi
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Natàlia Timoneda
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Oksana Lukjancenko
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael Seidel
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dennis Elsässer
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank M. Aarestrup
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Löfström
- Division of Microbiology and Production, The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Sílvia Bofill-Mas
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep F. Abril
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rosina Girones
- Laboratory of Virus Contaminants of Water and Food, Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Charlotte Schultz
- Division of Microbiology and Production, The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
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43
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Rachmadi AT, Torrey JR, Kitajima M. Human polyomavirus: Advantages and limitations as a human-specific viral marker in aquatic environments. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 105:456-469. [PMID: 27665433 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) cause persistent infections in organs such as kidney, brain, skin, liver, respiratory tract, etc., and some types of HPyV are constantly excreted in the urine and/or feces of infected and healthy individuals. The use of an enteric virus as an indicator for human sewage/waste contamination in aquatic environments has been proposed; HPyVs are a good candidate since they are routinely found in environmental water samples from different geographical areas with relatively high abundance. HPyVs are highly human specific, having been detected in human waste from all age ranges and undetected in animal waste samples. In addition, HPyVs show a certain degree of resistance to high temperature, chlorine, UV, and low pH, with molecular signals (i.e., DNA) persisting in water for several months. Recently, various concentration methods (electronegative/positive filtration, ultrafiltration, skim-milk flocculation) and detection methods (immunofluorescence assay, cell culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), integrated cell culture PCR (ICC-PCR), and quantitative PCR) have been developed and demonstrated for HPyV, which has enabled the identification and quantification of HPyV in various environmental samples, such as sewage, surface water, seawater, drinking water, and shellfish. In this paper, we summarize these recent advancements in detection methods and the accumulation of environmental surveillance and laboratory-scale experiment data, and discuss the potential advantages as well as limitations of HPyV as a human-specific viral marker in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andri T Rachmadi
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Jason R Torrey
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Japan.
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Field-based evaluation of a male-specific (F+) RNA coliphage concentration method. J Virol Methods 2016; 239:9-16. [PMID: 27777078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fecal contamination of water poses a significant risk to public health due to the potential presence of pathogens, including enteric viruses. Therefore, sensitive, reliable and easy to use methods for the concentration, detection and quantification of microorganisms associated with the safety and quality of water are needed. In this study, we performed a field evaluation of an anion exchange resin-based method to concentrate male-specific (F+) RNA coliphages (FRNA), fecal indicator organisms, from diverse environmental waters that were suspected to be contaminated with feces. In this system, FRNA coliphages are adsorbed to anion exchange resin and direct nucleic acid isolation is performed, yielding a sample amenable to real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR detection. Matrix-dependent inhibition of this method was evaluated using known quantities of spiked FRNA coliphages belonging to four genogroups (GI, GII, GII and GIV). RT-PCR-based detection was successful in 97%, 72%, 85% and 98% of the samples spiked (106 pfu/l) with GI, GII, GIII and GIV, respectively. Differential FRNA coliphage genogroup detection was linked to inhibitors that altered RT-PCR assay efficiency. No association between inhibition and the physicochemical properties of the water samples was apparent. Additionally, the anion exchange resin method facilitated detection of naturally present FRNA coliphages in 40 of 65 environmental water samples (61.5%), demonstrating the viability of this system to concentrate FRNA coliphages from water.
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45
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Yang Z, Leonard SR, Mammel MK, Elkins CA, Kulka M. Towards next-generation sequencing analytics for foodborne RNA viruses: Examining the effect of RNA input quantity and viral RNA purity. J Virol Methods 2016; 236:221-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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46
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Goyal SM, Cannon JL. Human and Animal Viruses in Food (Including Taxonomy of Enteric Viruses). VIRUSES IN FOODS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7122939 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30723-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of foodborne diseases worldwide, with viruses now being recognized as a major cause of these illnesses. The most common viruses implicated in foodborne disease are enteric viruses, which are found in the human gastrointestinal tract, excreted in human feces and transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Many different viruses are found in the gastrointestinal tract but not all are recognized as foodborne pathogens. The diseases caused by enteric viruses fall into three main types: gastroenteritis, enterically transmitted hepatitis, and illnesses that can affect other parts of the body such as the eye, the respiratory system and the central nervous system leading to conjunctivitis, poliomyelitis, meningitis and encephalitis. Viral pathogens excreted in human feces include noroviruses, sapoviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), rotaviruses, and astroviruses. Most of these viruses have been associated with foodborne disease outbreaks. Noroviruses and HAV are commonly identified as foodborne causes of gastroenteritis and acute hepatitis, respectively.
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Rames E, Roiko A, Stratton H, Macdonald J. Technical aspects of using human adenovirus as a viral water quality indicator. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 96:308-26. [PMID: 27065054 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite dramatic improvements in water treatment technologies in developed countries, waterborne viruses are still associated with many of cases of illness each year. These illnesses include gastroenteritis, meningitis, encephalitis, and respiratory infections. Importantly, outbreaks of viral disease from waters deemed compliant from bacterial indicator testing still occur, which highlights the need to monitor the virological quality of water. Human adenoviruses are often used as a viral indicator of water quality (faecal contamination), as this pathogen has high UV-resistance and is prevalent in untreated domestic wastewater all year round, unlike enteroviruses and noroviruses that are often only detected in certain seasons. Standard methods for recovering and measuring adenovirus numbers in water are lacking, and there are many variations in published methods. Since viral numbers are likely under-estimated when optimal methods are not used, a comprehensive review of these methods is both timely and important. This review critically evaluates how estimates of adenovirus numbers in water are impacted by technical manipulations, such as during adenovirus concentration and detection (including culturing and polymerase-chain reaction). An understanding of the implications of these issues is fundamental to obtaining reliable estimation of adenovirus numbers in water. Reliable estimation of HAdV numbers is critical to enable improved monitoring of the efficacy of water treatment processes, accurate quantitative microbial risk assessment, and to ensure microbiological safety of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rames
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| | - Anne Roiko
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Australia; Smart Water Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Edmund Rice Drive, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Helen Stratton
- Smart Water Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Edmund Rice Drive, Queensland, 4222, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Australia
| | - Joanne Macdonald
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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48
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Zhang CM, Xu LM, Xu PC, Wang XC. Elimination of viruses from domestic wastewater: requirements and technologies. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:69. [PMID: 26931609 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Domestic wastewater contains various pathogens, which, if not sufficiently eliminated, may enter the receiving water bodies and cause water-transmitted diseases. Among the waterborne pathogens, viruses may occur, survive and/or decay much differently from bacteria in water. In many cases, the diseases caused by viruses are more severe. Therefore, research efforts are mainly directed at the behavior of viruses in water environments, as well as the elimination of viruses from wastewater. In this paper, an overview of the occurrence of viruses in wastewater is presented, together with their categories, methods of detection and potential to cause waterborne diseases. As wastewater treatment plants are critical nodes for the influx and termination of virus transmission, the behavior of viruses at each stage of treatment is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the unit operations, which play crucial roles in virus removals, such as coagulation and membrane filtration, and that for virus inactivation, such as chemical disinfection and UV irradiation. Future needs for the development of new technologies for virus elimination, source control, and finding more suitable indicators of viral pathogens are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Miao Zhang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Li-Mei Xu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Xu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
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Distributions of Fecal Markers in Wastewater from Different Climatic Zones for Human Fecal Pollution Tracking in Australian Surface Waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 82:1316-1323. [PMID: 26682850 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03765-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recreational and potable water supplies polluted with human wastewater can pose a direct health risk to humans. Therefore, sensitive detection of human fecal pollution in environmental waters is very important to water quality authorities around the globe. Microbial source tracking (MST) utilizes human fecal markers (HFMs) to detect human wastewater pollution in environmental waters. The concentrations of these markers in raw wastewater are considered important because it is likely that a marker whose concentration is high in wastewater will be more frequently detected in polluted waters. In this study, quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays were used to determine the concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., HFMs Bacteroides HF183, human adenoviruses (HAdVs), and polyomaviruses (HPyVs) in raw municipal wastewater influent from various climatic zones in Australia. E. coli mean concentrations in pooled human wastewater data sets (from various climatic zones) were the highest (3.2 × 10(6) gene copies per ml), followed by those of HF183 (8.0 × 10(5) gene copies per ml) and Enterococcus spp. (3.6 × 10(5) gene copies per ml). HAdV and HPyV concentrations were 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than those of FIB and HF183. Strong positive and negative correlations were observed between the FIB and HFM concentrations within and across wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). To identify the most sensitive marker of human fecal pollution, environmental water samples were seeded with raw human wastewater. The results from the seeding experiments indicated that Bacteroides HF183 was more sensitive for detecting human fecal pollution than HAdVs and HPyVs. Since the HF183 marker can occasionally be present in nontarget animal fecal samples, it is recommended that HF183 along with a viral marker (HAdVs or HPyVs) be used for tracking human fecal pollution in Australian environmental waters.
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50
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Tran NH, Gin KYH, Ngo HH. Fecal pollution source tracking toolbox for identification, evaluation and characterization of fecal contamination in receiving urban surface waters and groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:38-57. [PMID: 26298247 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The quality of surface waters/groundwater of a geographical region can be affected by anthropogenic activities, land use patterns and fecal pollution sources from humans and animals. Therefore, the development of an efficient fecal pollution source tracking toolbox for identifying the origin of the fecal pollution sources in surface waters/groundwater is especially helpful for improving management efforts and remediation actions of water resources in a more cost-effective and efficient manner. This review summarizes the updated knowledge on the use of fecal pollution source tracking markers for detecting, evaluating and characterizing fecal pollution sources in receiving surface waters and groundwater. The suitability of using chemical markers (i.e. fecal sterols, fluorescent whitening agents, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and artificial sweeteners) and/or microbial markers (e.g. F+RNA coliphages, enteric viruses, and host-specific anaerobic bacterial 16S rDNA genetic markers) for tracking fecal pollution sources in receiving water bodies is discussed. In addition, this review also provides a comprehensive approach, which is based on the detection ratios (DR), detection frequencies (DF), and fate of potential microbial and chemical markers. DR and DF are considered as the key criteria for selecting appropriate markers for identifying and evaluating the impacts of fecal contamination in surface waters/groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Han Tran
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, #02-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore.
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore.
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
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