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Pomazal R, Malecki K, Stanton N, Shelton B, Lange M, Irving R, Meiman J, Remucal CK, Cochran A, Schultz AA. Determinants of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure among Wisconsin residents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 254:119131. [PMID: 38759771 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) include thousands of manufactured compounds with growing public health concerns due to their potential for widespread human exposure and adverse health outcomes. While PFAS contamination remains a significant concern, especially from ingestion of contaminated food and water, determinants of the variability in PFAS exposure among regional and statewide populations in the United States remains unclear. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to leverage The Survey of the Health of Wisconsin (SHOW), the only statewide representative cohort in the US, to assess and characterize the variability of PFAS exposure in a general population. METHODS This study sample included a sub-sample of 605 adult participants from the 2014-2016 tri-annual statewide representative sample. Geometric means for PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, PFPeS, PFHpA, and a summed measure of 38 analyzed serum PFAS were presented by demographic, diet, behavioral, and residential characteristics. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine significant predictors of serum PFAS after adjustment. RESULTS Overall, higher serum concentrations of long-chain PFAS were observed compared with short-chain PFAS. Older adults, males, and non-Hispanic White individuals had higher serum PFAS compared to younger adults, females, and non-White individuals. Eating caught fish in the past year was associated with elevated levels of several PFAS. DISCUSSION This is among the first studies to characterize serum PFAS among a representative statewide sample in Wisconsin. Both short- and long-chain serum PFAS were detectable for six prominent PFAS. Age and consumption of great lakes fish were the most significant predictors of serum PFAS. State-level PFAS biomonitoring is important for identifying high risk populations and informing state public health standards and interventions, especially among those not living near known contamination sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pomazal
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Population Health Sciences, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kristen Malecki
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Noel Stanton
- Wisconsin State Lab of Hygiene, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Meshel Lange
- Wisconsin State Lab of Hygiene, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Roy Irving
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Christina K Remucal
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amy Cochran
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Population Health Sciences, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amy A Schultz
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Population Health Sciences, Madison, WI, USA.
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Fujii Y, Kato Y, Miyatake M, Akeda S, Nagata S, Ando J, Kido K, Ohta C, Koga N, Harada KH, Haraguchi K. Levels and spatial profile of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in edible shrimp products from Japan and neighboring countries; a potential source of dietary exposure to humans. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 189:108685. [PMID: 38823154 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is of great concern for human health because of their persistence and potentially adverse effects. Dietary intake, particularly through aquatic products, is a significant route of human exposure to PFAS. We analyzed perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid (PFSA with carbon numbers from 6 to 8 and 10 (C6-C8, C10)) and perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA), and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA with carbon numbers from 6 to 15 (C6-C15)) in 30 retail packs of edible shrimps, which included seven species from eight coastal areas of Japan and neighboring countries. The most prevalent compounds were perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, C8) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA, C11), accounting for 46 % of total PFAS. The concentrations ranged from 6.5 to 44 ng/g dry weight (dw) (equivalent to 1.5 to 10 ng/g wet weight (ww)) and varied according to species and location. For example, Alaskan pink shrimp (Pandalus eous) from the Hokuriku coast, Japan contained high levels of long-chain PFCAs (38 ng/g dw (equivalent to 8.7 ng/g ww)), while red rice prawn (Metapenaeopsis barbata) from Yamaguchi, Japan contained a high concentration of PFOS (29 ng/g dw (equivalent to 6.7 ng/g ww)). We also observed regional differences in the PFAS levels with higher concentrations of long-chain PFCAs in Japanese coastal waters than in the South China Sea. The PFAS profiles in shrimp were consistent with those in the diet and serum of Japanese consumers, suggesting that consumption of seafood such as shrimp may be an important source of exposure. The estimated daily intake of sum of all PFAS from shrimp from Japanese coastal water was 0.43 ng/kg body weight/day in average, which could reach the weekly tolerable values (4.4 ng/kg body weight /week) for the sum of the four PFSA set by the EFSA for heavy consumers. The high concentration of PFAS in shrimp warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fujii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan.
| | - Yoshihisa Kato
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyatake
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Syunpei Akeda
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Sigeru Nagata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Junpei Ando
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Katsumi Kido
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Chiho Ohta
- Nakamura Gakuen University, 5-7-1 Befu, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0198, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Koga
- Nakamura Gakuen University, 5-7-1 Befu, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0198, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Haraguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
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Liu S, Duan L, Shi F, Filippelli GM, Naidu R. Concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in vegetables from Sydney and Newcastle, Australia. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38545920 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in 53 fruit and vegetable samples collected from a local wholesale and retail market in Sydney and a local supermarket in Newcastle. As there is limited information about PFAS levels in vegetables on the market, this study aimed to fill this gap and assess potential risks for humans through consumption of these vegetables. METHODS QuEChERS extraction - a solid-phase extraction method, a portmanteau word formed from 'quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe' - followed by enhanced matrix removal-lipid cleaning and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis were used to detect 30 PFASs in vegetables. RESULTS PFOA was detected in 7 out of the 53 samples, with concentrations of 0.038-1.996 ng g-1 fresh weight; PFOS was detected in 2 samples only, with concentrations ranging from 0.132 to 0.911 ng g-1 fresh weight. PFHxS was not detected in any sample in this study. PFOA and PFOS concentrations measured in vegetables in this study constituted daily intake of 2.03 ng kg-1 body weight (BW) and 1.98 ng kg-1 BW, respectively, according to recommended daily vegetable intake and BW data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The most sensitive population group is girls of 4-8 years of age. These estimated exposure levels represent up to 1.3% of the tolerable daily intake for PFOA (160 ng kg-1 BW) and 9.9% for PFOS (20 ng kg-1 BW) according to Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Consumption of the vegetables from the study locations poses a marginal risk to human health. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Liu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Feng Shi
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabriel M Filippelli
- Department of Earth Science, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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Westerhout J, den Heijer-Jordaan A, Princen HMG, Stierum R. A systems toxicology approach for identification of disruptions in cholesterol homeostasis after aggregated exposure to mixtures of perfluorinated compounds in humans. Toxicol Sci 2024; 198:191-209. [PMID: 38243716 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are used in various household and industrial products. In humans, positive associations were reported between PFAS, including perfluorsulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid, and cholesterol, a cardiometabolic risk factor. Animal studies show the opposite. Human-centered approaches are needed to better understand the effects of PFAS mixtures on cholesterol. Here, a systems toxicology approach is described, using a gene-centered cholesterol biokinetic model. PFAS exposure-gene expression relations from published data were introduced into the model. An existing PFAS physiologically based kinetic model was augmented with lung and dermal compartments and integrated with the cholesterol model to enable exposure-effect modeling. The final model was populated with data reflecting lifetime mixture exposure from: tolerable weekly intake values; the environment; high occupational exposures (ski waxing, PFAS industry). Results indicate that low level exposures (tolerable weekly intake, environmental) did not change cholesterol. In contrast, occupational exposures clearly resulted in internal PFAS exposure and disruption of cholesterol homeostasis, largely in line with epidemiological observations. Despite model limitations (eg, dynamic range, directionality), changes in cholesterol homeostasis were predicted for ski waxers, hitherto unknown from epidemiological studies. Here, future studies involving lipid metabolism could improve risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Westerhout
- TNO Risk Analysis for Products in Development, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rob Stierum
- TNO Risk Analysis for Products in Development, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Akhbarizadeh R, Dobaradaran S, Mazzoni M, Pascariello S, Nabipour I, Valsecchi S. Occurrence and risk characterization of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in seafood from the Persian Gulf. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:124182-124194. [PMID: 37996593 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Potential exposure to 14 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through seafood consumption was investigated in widely consumed seafood (Platycephalus indicus, Lethrinus nebulosus, and Penaeus semisulcatus) from the Persian Gulf. A total of 61 samples of fish and prawns were purchased from local fishers at Bushehr port (Persian Gulf, South-West of Iran) and were analyzed for PFAS compounds. In addition, potential factors influencing factor of PFAS bioaccumulation in fish and invertebrates such as age, sex, and habitat, were investigated. ƩPFAS concentrations were in the range of 2.3- 6.1 ng/g-d.w (mean = 3.9 ± 1.9) in studied species which are equal to 0.46-1.2 ng/g-w.w according to their conversion factor. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was the most abundant perfluorinated compound in studied organisms and tissues. The results of correlation analysis showed that the bioaccumulation of PFAS in aquatic organisms is significantly correlated to the length of the compound's carbon chain, the identity of anionic group, and organism's age, sex, and habitant. The risk assessment using hazard index calculation and Monte-Carlo simulation indicated that weekly consumption of prawn and fish fillets does not pose a health risk to adults but might threaten children's health. However, the risk posed by PFAS exposure via entire fish or fish liver intake is an important issue for wild marine mammals (i.e., dolphins). So, accurate and routine monitoring of PFAS in aquatic environments seems mandatory to preserve wildlife and human health in the Persian Gulf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razegheh Akhbarizadeh
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B1, Canada.
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michela Mazzoni
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Brugherio, Italy
| | - Simona Pascariello
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Brugherio, Italy
| | - Iraj Nabipour
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sara Valsecchi
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), Brugherio, Italy
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Nyström-Kandola J, Ahrens L, Glynn A, Johanson G, Benskin JP, Gyllenhammar I, Lignell S, Vogs C. Low concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in municipal drinking water associated with serum PFAA concentrations in Swedish adolescents. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108166. [PMID: 37708812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
While highly contaminated drinking water (DW) is a major source of exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), the contribution of low-level contaminated DW (i.e. < 10 ng/L of individual PFAAs) to PFAA body burdens has rarely been studied. To address this knowledge gap, we evaluated the association between concentrations of perflurooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and their sum (∑4PFAAs) in DW and serum in Swedish adolescents using weighted least squares regression. We paired serum PFAA concentrations in adolescents (age 10-21 years, n = 790) from the dietary survey Riksmaten Adolescents 2016-17 (RMA) with mean PFAA concentrations in water samples collected in 2018 from waterworks (n = 45) supplying DW to the participant residential and school addresses. The median concentrations of individual PFAAs in DW were < 1 ng/L. Median concentrations of PFNA and PFHxS in serum were < 1 ng/g, while those of PFOA and PFOS were 1-2 ng/g. Significant positive associations between PFAA concentrations in DW and serum were found for all four PFAAs and ∑4PFAAs, with estimated serum/DW concentration ratios ranging from 210 (PFOA) to 670 (PFHxS), taking exposure from sources other than DW (background) into consideration. The mean concentrations of PFHxS and ∑4PFAA in DW that would likely cause substantially elevated serum concentrations above background variation were estimated to 0.9 ng/L and 2.4 ng/L, respectively. The European Food Safety Authority has determined a health concern concentration of 6.9 ng ∑4PFAAs/mL serum. This level was to a large degree exceeded by RMA participants with DW ∑4PFAA concentrations above the maximum limits implemented in Denmark (2 ng ∑4PFAAs/L) and Sweden (4 ng ∑4PFAAs/L) than by RMA participants with DW concentrations below the maximum limits. In conclusion, PFAA exposure from low-level contaminated DW must be considered in risk assessment for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nyström-Kandola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Johanson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 210, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irina Gyllenhammar
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, Swedish Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sanna Lignell
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, Swedish Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Hallberg I, Björvang RD, Hadziosmanovic N, Koekkoekk J, Pikki A, van Duursen M, Lenters V, Sjunnesson Y, Holte J, Berglund L, Persson S, Olovsson M, Damdimopoulou P. Associations between lifestyle factors and levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), phthalates and parabens in follicular fluid in women undergoing fertility treatment. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:699-709. [PMID: 37481638 PMCID: PMC10541317 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns have been raised whether exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can alter reproductive functions and play a role in the aetiology of infertility in women. With increasing evidence of adverse effects, information on factors associated with exposure is necessary to form firm recommendations aiming at reducing exposure. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to identify associations between lifestyle factors including the home environment, use of personal care products (PCP), and dietary habits and concentrations of EDCs in ovarian follicular fluid. METHODS April-June 2016, 185 women undergoing ovum pick-up for in vitro fertilisation in Sweden were recruited. Correlation analyses were performed between self-reported lifestyle factors and concentration of EDCs analysed in follicular fluid. Habits related to cleaning, PCPs, and diet were assessed together with concentration of six per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) [PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA and PFUnDA], methyl paraben and eight phthalate metabolites [MECPP, MEHPP, MEOHP, MEHP, cxMinCH, cxMiNP, ohMiNP, MEP, MOHiBP]. Spearman's partial correlations were adjusted for age, parity and BMI. RESULTS Significant associations were discovered between multiple lifestyle factors and concentrations of EDCs in ovarian follicular fluid. After correcting p values for multiple testing, frequent use of perfume was associated with MEP (correlation ρ = 0.41 (confidence interval 0.21-0.47), p < 0.001); hens' egg consumption was positively associated with PFOS (ρ = 0.30 (0.15-0.43), p = 0.007) and PFUnDA (ρ = 0.27 (0.12-0.40), p = 0.036). White fish consumption was positively associated with PFUnDA (ρ = 0.34 (0.20-0.47), p < 0.001) and PFDA (ρ = 0.27 (0.13-0.41), p = 0.028). More correlations were discovered when considering the raw uncorrected p values. Altogether, our results suggest that multiple lifestyle variables affect chemical contamination of follicular fluid. IMPACT STATEMENT This study shows how lifestyle factors correlate with the level of contamination in the ovary by both persistent and semi-persistent chemicals in women of reproductive age. Subsequently, these data can be used to form recommendations regarding lifestyle to mitigate possible negative health outcomes and fertility problems associated with chemical exposure, and to inform chemical policy decision making. Our study can also help form the basis for the design of larger observational and intervention studies to examine possible effects of lifestyle changes on exposure levels, and to unravel the complex interactions between biological factors, lifestyle and chemical exposures in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Hallberg
- Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Richelle D Björvang
- Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jacco Koekkoekk
- Environment and Health, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Pikki
- Carl von Linnékliniken, SE-751 83, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Majorie van Duursen
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Virissa Lenters
- Environment and Health, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ylva Sjunnesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Holte
- Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
- Carl von Linnékliniken, SE-751 83, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Berglund
- School of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, SE-791 88, Falun, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, SE-751 22, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Persson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matts Olovsson
- Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pauliina Damdimopoulou
- Uppsala clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-14186, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Han Y, Cao X. Research Progress of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Edible Oil-A Review. Foods 2023; 12:2624. [PMID: 37444362 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been widely used in different types of consumer and industrial applications such as surfactants, household cleaning products, textiles, carpets, cosmetics, firefighting foams, and food packaging because of their good stability and special physicochemical properties of hydrophobicity, oleophobicity, high temperature resistance, etc. Meanwhile, PFASs are considered an emerging organic pollutant due to their persistence and potential toxicity to human health. PFASs occur in edible oil, an important component of the global diet, mainly in three ways: raw material contamination, process contamination, and migration from oil contact materials. Thus, the occurrence of PFAS in edible oils has drawn more and more attention in recent years. In this work, the pertinent literature of the last two decades from the Web of Science database was researched. This review systematically addressed the potential sources, the contamination levels, and the progress of the determination of PFASs in edible oil. It aims to provide a relatively whole profile of PFASs in edible oil, render assistance to minimise human exposure to PFASs, and standardise the detection methods of perfluoroalkyl substances in edible oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyi Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xueli Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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Wu Y, Bao J, Liu Y, Wang X, Qu W. A Review on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Pregnant Women: Maternal Exposure, Placental Transfer, and Relevant Model Simulation. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050430. [PMID: 37235245 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are important and ubiquitous environmental contaminants worldwide. These novel contaminants can enter human bodies via various pathways, subsequently posing risks to the ecosystem and human health. The exposure of pregnant women to PFASs might pose risks to the health of mothers and the growth and development of fetuses. However, little information is available about the placental transfer of PFASs from mothers to fetuses and the related mechanisms through model simulation. In the present study, based upon a review of previously published literature, we initially summarized the exposure pathways of PFASs in pregnant women, factors affecting the efficiency of placental transfer, and mechanisms associated with placental transfer; outlined simulation analysis approaches using molecular docking and machine learning to reveal the mechanisms of placental transfer; and finally highlighted future research emphases that need to be focused on. Consequently, it was notable that the binding of PFASs to proteins during placental transfer could be simulated by molecular docking and that the placental transfer efficiency of PFASs could also be predicted by machine learning. Therefore, future research on the maternal-fetal transfer mechanisms of PFASs with the benefit of simulation analysis approaches is warranted to provide a scientific basis for the health effects of PFASs on newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
| | - Jia Bao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
| | - Wene Qu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
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Meeks J, Mass S, Adgate JL, Barton K, Singha K, McCray JE, Starling AP, Higgins CP. Estimating historical exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids in Security, Fountain, and Widefield Colorado: use of water-infrastructure blending and toxicokinetic models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:996-1006. [PMID: 37133397 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00337f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water can be a major source of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure for humans. The lack of historic data on PFAS drinking-water concentrations and consumption patterns are a limiting factor for developing estimates of past exposure. Here, in contribution to a community-scale PFAS health effects study near fire training facilities that contaminated a local aquifer with PFASs, we present a novel water-infrastructure, mass-balance mixing model coupled to a non-steady state, single-compartment toxicokinetic model that used Monte Carlo simulations to estimate the start of PFAS exposure in drinking water for individuals within three PFAS-impacted communities in El Paso County, Colorado. Our modeling focused on perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) because median serum PFHxS concentrations in a sample of local residents (n = 213) were twelve times the median observed in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2015-2016). Modeling results for study participants were grouped according to their community of residence, revealing a median start of exposure for the town of Fountain of 1998 (25-75% interquartile range [IQR], 1992 to 2010), 2006 (IQR 1995 to 2012) for Security, and 2009 (IQR 1996-2012) for Widefield. Based on the towns' locations relative to an identified hydraulically upgradient PFAS source, the modeled exposure sequencing does not completely align with this conceptual flow model, implying the presence of an additional PFAS source for the groundwater between Widefield and Fountain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Meeks
- Hydrologic Science and Engineering Program, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
- Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Sarah Mass
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - John L Adgate
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Campus, 13001 East 17th Place, Mail Stop B119, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kelsey Barton
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Campus, 13001 East 17th Place, Mail Stop B119, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kamini Singha
- Hydrologic Science and Engineering Program, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
- Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - John E McCray
- Hydrologic Science and Engineering Program, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Anne P Starling
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Campus, 13001 East 17th Place, Mail Stop B119, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Hydrologic Science and Engineering Program, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO 80401, USA
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11
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Zacs D, Fedorenko D, Pasecnaja E, Bartkevics V. Application of nano-LC - nano-ESI - Orbitrap-MS for trace determination of four priority PFAS in food products considering recently established tolerable weekly intake (TWI) limits. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1251:341027. [PMID: 36925299 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method was developed and validated for the analysis of four priority perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), namely, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in food products using nanoscale liquid chromatography (nano-LC) coupled with nanoscale electrospray ionization (nano-ESI) and Orbitrap mass spectrometry (Orbitrap-MS) detection. The efficiency of two different nano-LC setups for chromatographic separation of selected PFAS was evaluated. The optimal LC separation of analytes was achieved using a reversed phase C18 (RP-C18) nano bore column with an integrated emitter. The effect of matrix concentration factor on signal suppression/enhancement was evaluated for different matrices. The method validation indicated analyte recoveries in the range 83-118% and within-laboratory reproducibility from 7 to 18%, while reanalysis of the materials from proficiency tests (PTs) showed that the accuracy of the obtained concentrations ranged from 85 to 124% of the provided consensus values. The method limits of quantification (m-LOQs) were set as first validation levels ranging from 0.001 to 0.3 ng g-1 sample depending on the type of the food group. The observed method performance characteristics met the criteria stated in Commission Regulation (EU) 2022/1428, Commission Recommendation (EU) 2022/1431, as well as Guidance Document on Analytical Parameters for the Determination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Food and Feed with regards to the compliance testing of PFAS maximum levels (MLs) and monitoring purposes. The elaborated method was applied for the analysis of selected priority PFAS in different food groups collected from the Latvian retail market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzintars Zacs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia.
| | - Denis Fedorenko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Elina Pasecnaja
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
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12
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Stoffels CBA, Angerer TB, Robert H, Poupin N, Lakhal L, Frache G, Mercier-Bonin M, Audinot JN. Lipidomic Profiling of PFOA-Exposed Mouse Liver by Multi-Modal Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6568-6576. [PMID: 37027489 PMCID: PMC10134131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a synthetic perfluorinated chemical classified as a persistent organic pollutant. PFOA has been linked to many toxic effects, including liver injury. Many studies report that PFOA exposure alters serum and hepatic lipid metabolism. However, lipidomic pathways altered by PFOA exposure are largely unknown and only a few lipid classes, mostly triacylglycerol (TG), are usually considered in lipid analysis. Here, we performed a global lipidomic analysis on the liver of PFOA-exposed (high-dose and short-duration) and control mice by combining three mass spectrometry (MS) techniques: liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Among all hepatic lipids identified by LC-MS/MS analysis, more than 350 were statistically impacted (increased or decreased levels) after PFOA exposure, as confirmed by multi-variate data analysis. The levels of many lipid species from different lipid classes, most notably phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and TG, were significantly altered. Subsequent lipidomic analysis highlights the pathways significantly impacted by PFOA exposure, with the glycerophospholipid metabolism being the most impacted, and the changes in the lipidome network, which connects all the lipid species together. MALDI-MSI displays the heterogeneous distribution of the affected lipids and PFOA, revealing different areas of lipid expression linked to PFOA localization. TOF-SIMS localizes PFOA at the cellular level, supporting MALDI-MSI results. This multi-modal MS analysis unveils the lipidomic impact of PFOA in the mouse liver after high-dose and short-term exposure and opens new opportunities in toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte B A Stoffels
- Department of Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux 4422, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette 4365, Luxembourg
| | - Tina B Angerer
- Department of Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux 4422, Luxembourg
| | - Hervé Robert
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31027, France
| | - Nathalie Poupin
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31027, France
| | - Laila Lakhal
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31027, France
| | - Gilles Frache
- Department of Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux 4422, Luxembourg
| | - Muriel Mercier-Bonin
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31027, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Audinot
- Department of Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux 4422, Luxembourg
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13
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Dubeau C, Aker A, Caron-Beaudoin É, Ayotte P, Blanchette C, McHugh NGL, Lemire M. Perfluoroalkyl acid and bisphenol-A exposure via food sources in four First Nation communities in Quebec, Canada. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:106-121. [PMID: 35272726 PMCID: PMC11077462 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980022000581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) and bisphenol-A (BPA) exposure in four First Nation communities in northern Quebec compared with the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS Cycle 5 2016-2017) and examine the associations between dietary consumption and chemical exposure. DESIGN We used cross-sectional data from the JES-YEH! project conducted in collaboration with four First Nation communities in 2015. A FFQ collected information on diet, and PFAA and BPA were measured in biological samples. We used generalised linear models to test the associations between food intake and chemical biomarkers. SETTING Northern Quebec. PARTICIPANTS Youth aged 3-19 years (n 198). RESULTS Mean perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) levels were significantly higher in JES-YEH! than CHMS, and BPA levels were higher among those aged 12-19 years compared with CHMS. Dairy products were associated with PFNA among Anishinabe and Innu participants (geometric mean ratio 95 % CI: 1·53 (95 % CI 1·03, 2·29) and 1·52 (95 % CI 1·05, 2·20), respectively). PFNA was also associated with ultra-processed foods (1·57 (95 % CI 1·07, 2·31)) among Anishinabe, and with wild fish and berries (1·44 (95 % CI 1·07, 1·94); 1·75 (95 % CI 1·30, 2·36)) among Innu. BPA was associated with cheese (1·72 (95 % CI 1·19, 2·50)) and milk (1·53 (95 % CI 1·02, 2·29)) among Anishinabe, and with desserts (1·71 (95 % CI 1·07, 2·74)), processed meats (1·55 (95 % CI 1·00, 2·38)), wild fish (1·64 (95 % CI 1·07, 2·49)) and wild berries (2·06 (95 % CI 1·37, 3·10)) among Innu. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the importance of better documenting food-processing and packaging methods, particularly for dairy products, and their contribution to endocrine disruptors exposures as well as to promote minimally processed and unpackaged foods to provide healthier food environments for youth in Indigenous communities and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudelle Dubeau
- Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Institut de
Biologie Intégrative et des Systèms, Université Laval,
Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Amira Aker
- Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Institut de
Biologie Intégrative et des Systèms, Université Laval,
Québec, QC, Canada
- Axe Santé Des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre
de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, 1050 Ch Ste-Foy,
Québec, QCG1S 4L8, Canada
| | - Élyse Caron-Beaudoin
- Department of Health and Society, University of
Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON,
Canada
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver Coastal Health
Research Institute, Research Pavilion, Vancouver, BC,
Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Axe Santé Des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre
de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, 1050 Ch Ste-Foy,
Québec, QCG1S 4L8, Canada
- Institut National de Santé Publique du
Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caty Blanchette
- Axe Santé Des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre
de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, 1050 Ch Ste-Foy,
Québec, QCG1S 4L8, Canada
| | - Nancy Gros-Louis McHugh
- Commission de Santé et de Services Sociaux Des
Premières Nations Québec Labrador, Wendake, QC,
Canada
| | - Mélanie Lemire
- Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Institut de
Biologie Intégrative et des Systèms, Université Laval,
Québec, QC, Canada
- Axe Santé Des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre
de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, 1050 Ch Ste-Foy,
Québec, QCG1S 4L8, Canada
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14
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Leclercq A, Ranefall P, Sjunnesson YCB, Hallberg I. Occurrence of late-apoptotic symptoms in porcine preimplantation embryos upon exposure of oocytes to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) under in vitro meiotic maturation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279551. [PMID: 36576940 PMCID: PMC9797085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of perfluoroalkyl substances on early embryonic development and apoptosis in blastocysts using a porcine in vitro model. Porcine oocytes (N = 855) collected from abattoir ovaries were subjected to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) (0.1 μg/ml) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) (40 μg/ml) during in vitro maturation (IVM) for 45 h. The gametes were then fertilized and cultured in vitro, and developmental parameters were recorded. After 6 days of culture, resulting blastocysts (N = 146) were stained using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and imaged as stacks using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Proportion of apoptotic cells as well as total numbers of nuclei in each blastocyst were analyzed using objective image analysis. The experiment was run in 9 replicates, always with a control present. Effects on developmental parameters were analyzed using logistic regression, and effects on apoptosis and total numbers of nuclei were analyzed using linear regression. Higher cell count was associated with lower proportion of apoptotic cells, i.e., larger blastocysts contained less apoptotic cells. Upon PFAS exposure during IVM, PFHxS tended to result in higher blastocyst rates on day 5 post fertilization (p = 0.07) and on day 6 post fertilization (p = 0.05) as well as in higher apoptosis rates in blastocysts (p = 0.06). PFHxS resulted in higher total cell counts in blastocysts (p = 0.002). No effects attributable to the concentration of PFOS used here was seen. These findings add to the evidence that some perfluoroalkyl substances may affect female reproduction. More studies are needed to better understand potential implications for continued development as well as for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Leclercq
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences & the Centre for Reproductive biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Petter Ranefall
- Department of Information Technology, and SciLifeLab BioImage Informatics Facility, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ylva Cecilia Björnsdotter Sjunnesson
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences & the Centre for Reproductive biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida Hallberg
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences & the Centre for Reproductive biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Oh J, Shin HM, Kannan K, Busgang SA, Schmidt RJ, Schweitzer JB, Hertz-Picciotto I, Bennett DH. Childhood exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and neurodevelopment in the CHARGE case-control study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114322. [PMID: 36108719 PMCID: PMC9976729 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are shown to have neurotoxic effects on animals, but epidemiological evidence for associations between childhood PFAS exposure and neurodevelopment is inconclusive. We examined if childhood PFAS concentrations are associated with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), developmental delay (DD), and other early concerns (OEC) in development. METHODS We included 551 children 2-5 years old from the CHildhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment (CHARGE) case-control study. Children were clinically diagnosed and classified as having ASD, DD, OEC, and typical development (TD). Fourteen PFAS were quantified in child serum samples collected when diagnostic assessments were performed. We used multinomial logistic regression models to investigate the cross-sectional associations of individual PFAS concentrations with neurodevelopmental outcomes and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression models with repeated holdout validation to investigate the associations with PFAS mixtures. RESULTS Childhood perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was associated with increased odds of ASD (odds ratio [OR] per ln ng/mL increase: 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20, 3.29) and DD (OR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.21, 3.84) versus TD. Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) was associated with increased odds of ASD (OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.13). However, perfluroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) was associated with decreased odds of ASD (OR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.69). From mixture analyses, the WQS index was associated with increased odds of ASD (average OR: 1.57, 5th and 95th percentile: 1.16, 2.13). Child's sex and homeownership modified associations of perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) with DD and ASD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this case-control study, childhood PFOA, PFHpA, and a PFAS mixture was associated with increased odds of ASD, while PFUnDA was associated with decreased odds of ASD. Because we used concurrent measurements of PFAS, our results do not imply causal relationships and thus need to be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Oh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California at Davis (UC Davis), Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Hyeong-Moo Shin
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefanie A Busgang
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca J Schmidt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California at Davis (UC Davis), Davis, CA, USA; UC Davis MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Julie B Schweitzer
- UC Davis MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California at Davis (UC Davis), Davis, CA, USA; UC Davis MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Deborah H Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California at Davis (UC Davis), Davis, CA, USA
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16
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Nyström J, Benskin JP, Plassmann M, Sandblom O, Glynn A, Lampa E, Gyllenhammar I, Lignell S, Moraeus L. Healthy eating index and diet diversity score as determinants of serum perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) concentrations in a national survey of Swedish adolescents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113170. [PMID: 35339470 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Food is an important source of perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) exposure for the general adult population, but few data exist for adolescents. Healthy food habits established during adolescence may positively influence health later in life. Associations between serum PFAA concentrations and a healthy eating index (SHEIA15), as well as a diet diversity score (RADDS), were determined in a nationally representative adolescent population from Sweden (Riksmaten Adolescents 2016-2017, RMA). Using consumption data from food registrations and frequency questionnaires, we additionally analyzed associations with commonly consumed food groups. Associations were analyzed by fitting a cumulative probability model using ordinal regression. Among the seven PFAAs detected in ≥70% of the 1098 participants (age 10-21 years), median concentrations ranged from <1 ng/g serum of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perflurorundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), linear (lin-) perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and branched (br-) perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) to 1-2 ng/g serum of lin-perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and lin-PFOS. PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA and lin-PFOS concentrations were positively associated with both SHEIA15 and RADDS, a finding most likely driven by higher consumption of seafood. PFDA, PFUnDA and lin-PFOS concentrations were positively related to commonly consumed fish/shellfish groups, such as lean marine fish and shellfish. Inverse associations between PFAA concentrations and dairy consumption suggest an underlying factor behind dairy consumption that similarly affects adolescent exposure to the different PFAAs. Isomeric differences in dietary exposure between lin-PFOS and br-PFOS were suggested, as br-PFOS concentrations, in contrast to lin-PFOS, were not associated with SHEIA15, RADDS and consumption of different food groups. We conclude that Swedish adolescents, adhering to a diverse and healthy diet, appears to be more highly exposed to legacy PFAAs than those eating less healthy. Additional research is necessary for a better understanding of the health implications of healthy eating from a PFAA exposure perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nyström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Merle Plassmann
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oskar Sandblom
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Lampa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irina Gyllenhammar
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sanna Lignell
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lotta Moraeus
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Wang X, Zhang H, Zhao H, Li J. Spatiotemporal distribution of perfluoroalkyl acid in Chinese eggs. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2022; 15:142-151. [PMID: 35379073 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2059789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To study the contamination levels of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in Chinese eggs and the effects of persistent organic pollutant (POP) amendments to the Stockholm Convention blacklist, 3200 eggs from 10 major producing areas were collected from June 2013 to May 2017. Seventeen PFAAs in eggs were analysed. Perfluorooctane sulphonic acid (PFOS), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the main PFAAs in eggs. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and short-chain PFAAs levels in eggs decreased after the amendment was implemented in China (p < .05), but no significant difference was observed in PFOS. The average ΣPFAAs of eggs from 10 major producing areas was 0.23 ng/g (<LOD-5.4 ng/g), with samples from Hunan, Hubei and Henan being above this threshold, indicates the need for more stringent evaluation and regulation on pollutant management practices. The detection rate of eggs with PFOS risk was very low and no consumption-related health risk was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxuan Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianying Li
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
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18
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Hearon SE, Orr AA, Moyer H, Wang M, Tamamis P, Phillips TD. Montmorillonite clay-based sorbents decrease the bioavailability of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from soil and their translocation to plants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112433. [PMID: 34875259 PMCID: PMC8760172 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of food and water contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) presents a significant risk for human exposure. There is limited data on high affinity sorbents that can be used to reduce the bioavailability of PFAS from soil and translocation to plants and garden produce. To address this need, montmorillonite clay was amended with the nutrients carnitine and choline to increase the hydrophobicity of the sorbent and the interlayer spacing. In this study, the binding of PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) and PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid) to parent and amended clays was characterized. Isothermal analyses were conducted at pH 7 and ambient temperature to simulate environmentally-relevant conditions. The data for all tested sorbents fit the Langmuir model indicating saturable binding sites with high capacities and affinities under neutral conditions. Amended montmorillonite clays had increased capacities for PFOA and PFOS (0.51-0.71 mol kg-1) compared to the parent clay (0.37-0.49 mol kg-1). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggested that hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions at the terminal fluorinated carbon chains of PFAS compounds were major modes of surface interaction. The safety and efficacy of the clays were confirmed in a living organism (Lemna minor), where clays (at 0.1% inclusion) allowed for increased growth compared to PFOA and PFOS controls (p ≤ 0.01). Importantly, soil studies showed that 2% sorbent inclusion could significantly reduce PFAS bioavailability from soil (up to 74%). Studies in plants demonstrated that inclusion of 2% sorbent significantly reduced PFAS residues in cucumber plants (p ≤ 0.05). These results suggest that nutrient-amended clays could be included in soil to decrease PFAS bioavailability and translocation of PFAS to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Hearon
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Asuka A Orr
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Haley Moyer
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Meichen Wang
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Phanourios Tamamis
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Timothy D Phillips
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.
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19
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Kumar E, Koponen J, Rantakokko P, Airaksinen R, Ruokojärvi P, Kiviranta H, Vuorinen PJ, Myllylä T, Keinänen M, Raitaniemi J, Mannio J, Junttila V, Nieminen J, Venäläinen ER, Jestoi M. Distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids in fish species from the Baltic Sea and freshwaters in Finland. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132688. [PMID: 34718016 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence and distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), a sub-category of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), is widespread in the environment. Food, especially fish meat, is a major pathway via which humans are exposed to PFAAs. As fish is an integral part of Nordic diet, therefore, in this study, several fish species, caught in selected Baltic Sea basins and freshwater bodies of Finland, were analysed for PFAAs. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was detected in all Baltic Sea fish samples and in >80% fish samples from freshwaters. PFOS contributed between 46 and 100% to the total PFAA concentration in Baltic Sea fish samples and between 19 and 28% in fish samples from freshwaters. Geographically, concentration ratios of PFOS to other PFAAs differed between fish from the Baltic Sea and Finnish lakes suggesting that distribution of PFAAs differ in these environments. Results were compared with current safety thresholds - environmental quality standard for biota (EQSbiota) set by the European Commission and a group tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for the sum of four PFASs (∑PFAS-4) i.e. perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and PFOS, recommended by the European Food Authority (EFSA). EQSbiota compliance was observed for PFOS in all species except smelt caught in the Baltic Sea and also in the River Aurajoki, where smelt had migrated from the Baltic Sea for spawning. Moderate consumption of most Baltic fishes (200 g week-1) results in an exceedance of the new TWI (4.4 ng kg-1 body weight week-1) for ∑PFAS-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kumar
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-70701, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jani Koponen
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-70701, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Panu Rantakokko
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-70701, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Airaksinen
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-70701, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Päivi Ruokojärvi
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-70701, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannu Kiviranta
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-70701, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pekka J Vuorinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Myllylä
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 A, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Marja Keinänen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Raitaniemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 A, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Jaakko Mannio
- Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Junttila
- Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Nieminen
- Finnish Food Authority, Chemistry Research Unit, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija-Riitta Venäläinen
- Finnish Food Authority, Chemistry Research Unit, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marika Jestoi
- Finnish Food Authority, Chemistry Research Unit, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Schillemans T, Donat-Vargas C, Lindh CH, de Faire U, Wolk A, Leander K, Åkesson A. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Stroke: A Nested Case-Control Study in Sweden. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:37007. [PMID: 35285690 PMCID: PMC8919955 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widespread and persistent pollutants that have been associated with elevated cholesterol levels. However, data on incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) is lacking. OBJECTIVES We investigated the association of exposure to PFAS with risk of myocardial infarction and stroke and, subsidiary, with baseline blood lipids. METHODS This population-based nested case-control study included first incident myocardial infarction and stroke cases with matched controls from two Swedish cohorts: the Swedish Mammography Cohort-Clinical (SMC-C) and the Cohort of 60-year-olds (60YO). Baseline blood sampling occurred during 2003-2009 and 1997-1999 with follow-up through 2017 and 2014 for the SMC-C and the 60YO, respectively. Eight plasma PFAS concentrations were measured using targeted liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Five of these were quantifiable in both cohorts; individual values and their standardized sum were categorized into tertiles based on the controls. First incident myocardial infarction (n=345) and ischemic stroke (n=354) cases were ascertained via linkage to the National Inpatient Register and the Cause of Death Register. Controls were randomly selected from each cohort after matching for age, sex, and sample date. Baseline blood lipids were measured in plasma or serum after overnight fasting. RESULTS Among the 1,528 case-control subjects, the mean (standard deviation) age was 66 (7.7) y and 67% of them were women. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, the third tertile of the standardized sum of five PFAS associated with higher cholesterol and lower triglyceride levels among controls at baseline (n=631). The corresponding results were odds ratios=0.70 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.53, 0.93] for CVD, 0.60 (95% CI: 0.39, 0.92) for myocardial infarction, and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.46, 1.50) for stroke. DISCUSSION This study indicated that exposure to PFAS, although associated with increased cholesterol levels, did not associate with an increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, or their composite end point. The findings improve our knowledge on potential health effects of environmental contaminants in the CVD context. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9791.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Schillemans
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Carolina Donat-Vargas
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Campus of International Excellence, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian H. Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Karin Leander
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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21
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Gao C, Hua ZL, Li XQ. Distribution, sources, and dietetic-related health risk assessment of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the agricultural environment of an industrial-agricultural interaction region (IAIR), Changshu, East China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:152159. [PMID: 34896133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of the distribution and dietetic-related health risks of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in industrial-agricultural interaction regions (IAIRs) is of significant importance, due to the transfer of many PFAA-related factories to developing countries with intensive agricultural activities. In the present study, based on the local diet, edible parts of rice, vegetables, fish, and their corresponding soils and irrigation/aquaculture water were investigated in a typical Chinese city (Changshu). The concentrations of total perfluoroalkyl acids (ΣPFAAs) in the edible parts of rice /vegetables and fish tissues ranged from 26.69 to 37.09 ng/g dw, 12.93 to 40.77 ng/g dw, and 13.27 to 29.82 ng/g ww, with perfluorohexanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) as the most dominant compounds. The PFAA concentrations in the corresponding rice soils, vegetable soils, irrigation water, and aquaculture water ranged from 11.99 to 26.33 ng/g dw, 14.06 to 36.19 ng/g dw, 141.36 to 297.00 ng/L, and 179.23 to 235.82 ng/L, respectively. Biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) values for the plant-soil system were far greater than those for bioaccumulation factor (BAF) values for the plant-irrigation water system. PFAAs were more inclined to accumulate in the gills of fish as determined by their highest BAF values. Correlation analysis showed that PFAAs in root vegetables had a stronger correlation with those in soil compared with those in irrigation water. Source analysis showed that emissions from fluoride industries, textiles, and food industries may be the dominant sources of PFAAs in agricultural environments. The estimated dietary intake (EDI) for the selected diet was lower than that for rice/vegetables but was higher than that found in fish. Toddlers (2-5 years) had the highest exposure risk, and rural residents were more exposed to PFAAs than urban residents under the selected diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Zu-Lin Hua
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Qing Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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22
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Pasecnaja E, Bartkevics V, Zacs D. Occurrence of selected per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in food available on the European market - A review on levels and human exposure assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132378. [PMID: 34592212 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are considered emerging persistent organic pollutants, which are chemically, thermally, and biologically stable, or degrade to persistent end products. Dietary intake is considered as one of the main human exposure pathways of these chemicals and, having entered the human body, PFASs are not metabolised and accumulate in tissues, while their toxicological properties may cause various health problems. Several studies on the occurrence of PFASs in various food types have been conducted, including the assessment of dietary exposure. The most important sources were fish, meat, eggs, fruits, and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables recently showed relatively high levels of PFASs, and have become a more significant source of PFASs than meat. In 2020, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published an opinion, setting the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 4.4 ng kg-1 b.w. for the sum of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexanesulphonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorooctanesulphonic acid (PFOS). The emphasis in this paper is on the systematization of available information on the distribution of PFASs and their levels in different food, with a special interest in data from the Europe. The current legislation and estimated dietary intakes by the general population are described. While the available information on tolerably daily intakes estimated in a number of European countries often exceeds the newly established EFSA TWI, a critical evaluation of performance characteristics of the reviewed analytical methodologies revealed the insufficient sensitivity of quantification procedures for accurate risk assessment according to the guidelines proposed by EFSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Pasecnaja
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia; University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia; University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Dzintars Zacs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
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23
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Cheng B, Alapaty K, Zartarian V, Poulakos A, Strynar M, Buckley T. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure science: current knowledge, information needs, future directions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2021; 0:1-16. [PMID: 34956374 PMCID: PMC8697342 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-021-03710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances have been documented at all spatial scales with concerns of adverse ecological and human health effects. Human exposures and relative pathway contributions depend on the specific population, their exposure scenarios, and pathways of local sources. OBJECTIVES Provide a narrative overview of (1) current per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances knowledge for sources, concentrations, and exposures; (2) critical per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure information gaps and needs, and (3) United States Environmental Protection Agency's strategies and action plans in collaboration with other federal, industrial, and academic partners. METHODS A literature review was conducted for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (primarily perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid) compounds in blood, water, soil, house dust, indoor and outdoor air, consumer products, food, and fish, as well as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure modeling. RESULTS Large variability exists in measured per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances environmental concentrations and human exposures. Literature indicated that ingestion of food ("background"), drinking water ("contaminated" scenarios), and house dust (for children) are main pathways for perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid. DISCUSSION Needs for addressing critical data gaps are identified. More information is available on long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances than for replacement and emerging compounds. A large-scale research effort by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and other federal agencies is underway for a better understanding of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Cheng
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Postdoctoral Research Participant at U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - K. Alapaty
- Office of Research and Development, Atmospheric and Environmental Systems Modeling Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Room E211-A, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - V. Zartarian
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A. Poulakos
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Boston, MA, USA
- LinTech Global, Inc., 5 Post Office Square, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M. Strynar
- Office of Research and Development, Atmospheric and Environmental Systems Modeling Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Room E211-A, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - T. Buckley
- Office of Research and Development, Atmospheric and Environmental Systems Modeling Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Room E211-A, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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24
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Reardon AJF, Rowan-Carroll A, Ferguson SS, Leingartner K, Gagne R, Kuo B, Williams A, Lorusso L, Bourdon-Lacombe JA, Carrier R, Moffat I, Yauk CL, Atlas E. Potency Ranking of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Using High-Throughput Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Liver Spheroids. Toxicol Sci 2021; 184:154-169. [PMID: 34453843 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are some of the most prominent organic contaminants in human blood. Although the toxicological implications of human exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are well established, data on lesser-understood PFAS are limited. New approach methodologies (NAMs) that apply bioinformatic tools to high-throughput data are being increasingly considered to inform risk assessment for data-poor chemicals. The aim of this study was to compare the potencies (ie, benchmark concentrations: BMCs) of PFAS in primary human liver microtissues (3D spheroids) using high-throughput transcriptional profiling. Gene expression changes were measured using TempO-seq, a templated, multiplexed RNA-sequencing platform. Spheroids were exposed for 1 or 10 days to increasing concentrations of 23 PFAS in 3 subgroups: carboxylates (PFCAs), sulfonates (PFSAs), and fluorotelomers and sulfonamides. PFCAs and PFSAs exhibited trends toward increased transcriptional potency with carbon chain-length. Specifically, longer-chain compounds (7-10 carbons) were more likely to induce changes in gene expression and have lower transcriptional BMCs. The combined high-throughput transcriptomic and bioinformatic analyses support the capability of NAMs to efficiently assess the effects of PFAS in liver microtissues. The data enable potency ranking of PFAS for human liver cell spheroid cytotoxicity and transcriptional changes, and assessment of in vitro transcriptomic points of departure. These data improve our understanding of the possible health effects of PFAS and will be used to inform read-across for human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J F Reardon
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Rowan-Carroll
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen S Ferguson
- Biomolecular Screening Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karen Leingartner
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Remi Gagne
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Byron Kuo
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luigi Lorusso
- Chemicals and Environmental Health Management Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie A Bourdon-Lacombe
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Carrier
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivy Moffat
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ella Atlas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Reardon AJF, Rowan-Carroll A, Ferguson SS, Leingartner K, Gagne R, Kuo B, Williams A, Lorusso L, Bourdon-Lacombe JA, Carrier R, Moffat I, Yauk CL, Atlas E. Potency Ranking of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Using High-Throughput Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Liver Spheroids. Toxicol Sci 2021; 184:154-169. [PMID: 34453843 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.20.347328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are some of the most prominent organic contaminants in human blood. Although the toxicological implications of human exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are well established, data on lesser-understood PFAS are limited. New approach methodologies (NAMs) that apply bioinformatic tools to high-throughput data are being increasingly considered to inform risk assessment for data-poor chemicals. The aim of this study was to compare the potencies (ie, benchmark concentrations: BMCs) of PFAS in primary human liver microtissues (3D spheroids) using high-throughput transcriptional profiling. Gene expression changes were measured using TempO-seq, a templated, multiplexed RNA-sequencing platform. Spheroids were exposed for 1 or 10 days to increasing concentrations of 23 PFAS in 3 subgroups: carboxylates (PFCAs), sulfonates (PFSAs), and fluorotelomers and sulfonamides. PFCAs and PFSAs exhibited trends toward increased transcriptional potency with carbon chain-length. Specifically, longer-chain compounds (7-10 carbons) were more likely to induce changes in gene expression and have lower transcriptional BMCs. The combined high-throughput transcriptomic and bioinformatic analyses support the capability of NAMs to efficiently assess the effects of PFAS in liver microtissues. The data enable potency ranking of PFAS for human liver cell spheroid cytotoxicity and transcriptional changes, and assessment of in vitro transcriptomic points of departure. These data improve our understanding of the possible health effects of PFAS and will be used to inform read-across for human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J F Reardon
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Rowan-Carroll
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen S Ferguson
- Biomolecular Screening Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karen Leingartner
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Remi Gagne
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Byron Kuo
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luigi Lorusso
- Chemicals and Environmental Health Management Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie A Bourdon-Lacombe
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Carrier
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivy Moffat
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ella Atlas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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26
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The Dilemma of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) human half-life. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 126:105025. [PMID: 34400261 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Disparity in the results from human observational and clinical studies is not uncommon, but risk assessment efforts often judge one set of data more relevant with the loss of valuable information. The assessment for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) is a good example of this problem. The estimation of its safe dose is disparate among government groups due in part to differences in understanding of its half-life in humans. These differences are due in part to incomplete information on sources of exposure in the human observational half-life studies, which have been routinely acknowledged, but until recently not well understood. Exposure information is thus critical in understanding, and possibly resolving, this disparity in PFOA safe dose, and potentially for disparities with similar chemistries when both human observational and clinical findings are available. We explore several hypotheses to explain this disparity in PFOA half-life from human observational studies in light of findings of a clinical study in humans and relevant exposure information from a recent international meeting of the Society of Toxicology and Environmental Chemistry (SETAC). Based on information from both human observational studies and clinical data, we proposed a range for the half-life for PFOA of 0.5-1.5 years, which would likely raise many existing regulatory safe levels if all other parameters stayed the same.
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Gazzotti T, Sirri F, Ghelli E, Zironi E, Zampiga M, Pagliuca G. Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in eggs from backyard chickens reared in Italy. Food Chem 2021; 362:130178. [PMID: 34102511 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent and bioaccumulative compounds with adverse impacts on the environment and human health. Diet is one of the main sources of exposure to PFASs. Recently, the EFSA established a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) limit (4.4 ng/kg b.w.) for a mixture of the four major PFASs. Eggs and egg products can contribute to this intake, with their contamination possibly dependent on the husbandry system. Monitoring Italian eggs from backyard chickens revealed a relatively uniform PFAS contamination, with perfluoro-1-octanesulfonate being the most abundant. Contamination was detected to be significantly higher in eggs from backyard chickens than in eggs from commercial laying hens, consistent with a previous Italian study. According to the recently set TWI value, the consumption of eggs from backyard chickens could contribute significantly to dietary intake of PFASs (up to 29% of the TWI in children, considering the lower bound approach).
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gazzotti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy.
| | - Federico Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Elisa Ghelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Elisa Zironi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Marco Zampiga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pagliuca
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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Glenn G, Shogren R, Jin X, Orts W, Hart-Cooper W, Olson L. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and their alternatives in paper food packaging. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2596-2625. [PMID: 33682364 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used in food contact paper and paperboard for decades due to their unique ability to provide both moisture and oil/grease resistance. Once thought to be innocuous, it is now clear that long chain PFAS bioaccumulate and are linked to reproductive and developmental abnormalities, suppressed immune response, and tumor formation. Second-generation PFAS have shorter biological half-lives but concerns about health risks from chronic exposure underscore the need for safe substitutes. Waxes and polymer film laminates of polyethylene, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol), and polyethylene terephthalate are commonly used alternatives. However, such laminates are neither compostable nor recyclable. Lamination with biodegradable polymers, including polyesters, such as polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene adipate terephthalate, polybutylene succinate, and polyhydroxyalkanoates, are of growing research and commercial interest. PLA films are perhaps the most viable alternative, but performance and compostability are suboptimal. Surface sizings and coatings of starches, chitosan, alginates, micro- and nanofibrilated cellulose, and gelatins provide adequate oil barrier properties but have poor moisture resistance without chemical modification. Plant proteins, including soy, wheat gluten, and corn zein, have been tested as paper coatings with soy being the most commercially important. Internal sizing agents, such as alkyl ketene dimers, alkenyl succinic anhydride, and rosin, improve moisture resistance but are poor oil/grease barriers. The difficulty in finding a viable replacement for PFAS chemicals that is cost-effective, fully biodegradable, and environmentally sound underscores the need for more research to improve barrier properties and process economics in food packaging products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Glenn
- Bioproduct Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | | | - Xing Jin
- World Centric, Rohnert Park, California, USA
| | - William Orts
- Bioproduct Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - William Hart-Cooper
- Bioproduct Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
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Augustsson A, Lennqvist T, Osbeck CMG, Tibblin P, Glynn A, Nguyen MA, Westberg E, Vestergren R. Consumption of freshwater fish: A variable but significant risk factor for PFOS exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110284. [PMID: 33022218 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PFOS, PFOA, PFNA and PFHxS are the PFAS substances that currently contribute most to human exposure, and in 2020 the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) presented a draft opinion on a tolerable intake of 8 ng/kg/week for the sum of these four substances (equaling 0.42 μg/kg if expressed as an annual dose). Diet is usually the dominating exposure pathway, and in particular the intake of PFOS has been shown to be strongly related to the consumption of fish and seafood. Those who eat freshwater fish may be especially at risk since freshwater and its biota typically display higher PFOS concentrations than marine systems. In this study, we estimated the range in PFOS intake among average Swedish "normal" and "high" consumers of freshwater fish. By average we mean persons of average weight who eat average-sized portions. The "normal consumers" were assumed to eat freshwater fish 3 times per year, and the "high consumers" once a week. Under these assumptions, the yearly tolerable intake for "normal" and "high" consumers is reached when the PFOS concentrations in fish equals 59 and 3.4 μg per kg fish meat. For this study, PFOS concentrations in the muscle tissue of edible-sized perch, pike and pikeperch were retrieved from three different Swedish datasets, covering both rural and urban regions and a total of 78 different inland waters. Mean PFOS concentrations in fish from these sites varied from 0.3 to 750 μg/kg. From the available data, the annual min-max dietary PFOS intake for male "normal consumers" was found to be in the range 0.0021-5.4 μg/kg/yr for the evaluated scenarios, with median values of 0.02-0.16 μg/kg/yr. For male "high consumers", the total intake range was estimated to be 0.04-93 μg/kg/yr, with median values being 0.27-1.6 μg/kg/yr. For women, the exposure estimates were slightly lower, about 79% of the exposure in men. Despite highly variable PFOS concentrations in fish from different sites, we conclude that the three most commonly consumed freshwater species in Sweden constitute an important source for the total annual intake even for people who eat this kind of fish only a few times per year. The analyses of PFOA, PFNA and PFHxS showed values which were all below detection limit, and their contribution to the total PFAS intake via freshwater fish consumption is negligible in comparison to PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Augustsson
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - T Lennqvist
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - C M G Osbeck
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - P Tibblin
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - A Glynn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M A Nguyen
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Westberg
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Vestergren
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Brown JB, Conder JM, Arblaster JA, Higgins CP. Assessing Human Health Risks from Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS)-Impacted Vegetable Consumption: A Tiered Modeling Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15202-15214. [PMID: 33200604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Irrigation water or soil contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) raises concerns among regulators tasked with protecting human health from potential PFAS-contaminated food crops, with several studies identifying crop uptake as an important exposure pathway. We estimated daily dietary exposure intake of individual PFASs in vegetables for children and adults using Monte Carlo simulation in a tiered stochastic modeling approach: exposures were the highest for young children (1-2 years > adults > 3-5 years > 6-11 years > 12-19 years). Using the lowest available human health toxicity reference values (RfDs) and no additional exposure, estimated fifth percentile risk-based threshold concentrations in irrigation water were 38 ng/L (median 180 ng/L) for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and 140 ng/L (median 850 ng/L) for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Thus, consumption of vegetables irrigated with PFAS-impacted water that meets the current 70 ng/L of PFOA and PFOS U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's lifetime health advisory for drinking water may or may not be protective of vegetable exposures to these contaminants. Hazard analyses using real-world PFAS-contaminated groundwater data for a hypothetical farm showed estimated exposures to most PFASs exceeding available or derived RfDs, indicating water-to-crop transfer is an important exposure pathway for communities with PFAS-impacted irrigation water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane B Brown
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1500 Illinois St., Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jason M Conder
- Geosyntec Consultants, 2100 Main St., Suite 150, Huntington Beach, California 92648, United States
| | | | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1500 Illinois St., Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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Chen D, Zhao Y, Xu W, Pan Y, Wei Q, Xie S. Biotransformation and tissue bioaccumulation of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol in broiler by oral exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115611. [PMID: 33254603 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to examine whether 8:2 FTOH exposure would lead to a contamination risk of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in broiler derived food, the biotransformation, and tissue distribution and accumulation of 8:2 FTOH following oral exposure in male broilers were investigated. The main metabolites of 8:2 FTOH in plasma and six tissues (muscle, liver, kidney, fat, heart, and lungs) identified by LC-Q-TOF were 2-perfluorooctyl ethanoic acid (8:2 FTCA), 8:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid (8:2 FTUCA), 3-perfluoroheptyl propanoic acid (7:3 FTCA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), 8:2 FTOH glucuronide conjugate, and 8:2 FTOH sulfate conjugate. The tissue distribution and bioaccumulation of 8:2 FTOH and its unconjugated metabolites were determinated by LC-MS/MS. 8:2 FTOH was quickly depleted in plasma and all six tested tissues, while PFOA, PFNA, and 7:3 FTCA showed strong accumulation in blood and all six examined tissues and were eliminated more slowly than the other metabolites. The tissues with the highest accumulation levels for 8:2 FTOH and its metabolites were heart, kidneys and liver, and the tissue with the lowest accumulation levels was muscle. The elimination half-lifes of PFNA in kidney and 7:3 FTCA in lung were longer compared to those of other metabolites in all six determined tissues. Thus, PFNA and 7:3 FTCA can be selected as potential biomonitoring markers after 8:2 FTOH exposure. This study has improved our understanding of 8:2 FTOH biotransformation and tissue bioaccumulation in broilers, which will help us monitor human exposure risk via food derived from broilers polluted by 8:2 FTOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530005, PR China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Qu Wei
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Arinaitwe K, Koch A, Taabu-Munyaho A, Marien K, Reemtsma T, Berger U. Spatial profiles of perfluoroalkyl substances and mercury in fish from northern Lake Victoria, East Africa. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127536. [PMID: 32683018 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is an acute deficit of data on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and mercury (Hg) in the open waters of Lake Victoria, East Africa, relative to nearshore areas. We analyzed stable isotopes (δ15N and δ13C), PFASs and Hg in Nile Perch and Nile Tilapia muscle and liver samples from nearshore and open lake locations from the Ugandan part of the lake. The δ15N values of Nile Perch muscle indicated a higher trophic level for samples from the open lake than from nearshore locations. Averages of ∑PFAS concentrations in Nile Perch muscle and liver (0.44 and 1.75 ng/g ww, respectively) were significantly higher than in Nile Tilapia (0.24 and 0.50 ng/g ww, respectively). ∑PFAS concentrations in muscle of open lake Nile Perch were significantly higher than for nearshore samples. A similar observation was made for total mercury concentrations in muscle (THg_Muscle) of Nile Perch. THg was dominated by methyl mercury (MeHg+, 22-124 ng/g ww) and mercuric mercury (Hg2+, <MDL-29 ng/g ww) in Nile Perch muscle. Strong correlation between MeHg+ and some PFASs (e.g. PFOS: r = 0.704, P = 0.016) suggested similar exposure routes or factors. Estimated human daily intake values of PFOS from fish consumption were below international limits whereas for MeHg+, the US EPA reference dose was exceeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Arinaitwe
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; Makerere University, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Arne Koch
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anthony Taabu-Munyaho
- Uganda National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI), P.O. Box 343, Jinja, Uganda.
| | - Karsten Marien
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; University of Leipzig, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Urs Berger
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
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Bjorke-Monsen AL, Varsi K, Averina M, Brox J, Huber S. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and mercury in never-pregnant women of fertile age: association with fish consumption and unfavorable lipid profile. BMJ Nutr Prev Health 2020; 3:277-284. [PMID: 33521539 PMCID: PMC7841832 DOI: 10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To examine concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and lifestyle factors that may contribute to higher levels of pollutants in never-pregnant women of fertile age. Design Observational cross-sectional study. Setting Participants were recruited among employees and students at Haukeland University Hospital and the University of Bergen, Norway. Participants Healthy, never-pregnant Norwegian women (n=158) of fertile age (18-39 years). Outcomes Concentrations of 20 different PFASs, mercury (Hg), lead, cadmium, total, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, in addition to self-reported data on dietary intake. Results Seven PFASs were detected in more than 95% of the women. Women aged 30-39 years had higher concentrations of sum PFAS compared with younger women. Serum PFASs were significantly intercorrelated (rho: 0.34-0.98, p<0.001) and six of them were significantly correlated to whole blood Hg (rho: 0.21-0.74, p<0.01). Fish consumption was the strongest predictor for most serum PFASs and for whole blood Hg. Fish consumption and serum perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) concentrations were both positively associated with serum total and LDL cholesterol, established risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Conclusions The majority of Norwegian never-pregnant women of fertile age had a mixture of seven different PFASs and Hg detected in their blood. PFAS concentrations were higher in older women and associated with fish intake. As the mean age of women at first birth is increasing, several factors require further consideration including diet, as this may influence the burden of PFAS to the next generation. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03272022, Unique Protocol ID: 2011/2447, Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics West (2011/2447), 12 January 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lise Bjorke-Monsen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristin Varsi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Maria Averina
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway.,Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Jan Brox
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway.,Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Sandra Huber
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
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Ruffle B, Vedagiri U, Bogdan D, Maier M, Schwach C, Murphy-Hagan C. Perfluoroalkyl Substances in U.S. market basket fish and shellfish. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 190:109932. [PMID: 32798898 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades the class of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has emerged as a widespread contaminant in environmental media globally. As awareness and understanding of its prevalence, persistence, and potential health risks grows, so have concerns about human exposure. While drinking water has received substantial attention, dietary intakes have also been reported to contribute significantly to total exposure, with fish consumption in particular. Most studies of U.S. fish have targeted sport fish from areas of known or suspected contamination. This study was undertaken to improve data on PFAS levels in the U.S. commercial seafood supply. A total of 70 samples of finfish and shellfish were purchased at U.S. grocery stores and fish markets and analyzed for 26 PFAS compounds. The samples included a range of marine and freshwater species from four regions of the U.S. and seven countries with significant imports to the U.S. Up to ten PFAS were detected in 21 samples, with PFOS the predominant compound. There were no detections in the remaining 49 samples (detection limits of approximately 0.4-0.5 ppb). Total PFAS concentrations in most samples were single digit or sub-ppb levels. The exception was commercial finfish from the Great Lakes area, for which higher levels (up to 22 ppb) were observed in whitefish, walleye, and yellow perch fillet. Study findings suggest PFAS is present at low or non-detect levels in the U.S. commercial seafood supply and exposure is low for consumers of market basket fish and shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Ruffle
- AECOM. 250 Apollo Drive, Chelmsford, MA, 01824, USA.
| | - Usha Vedagiri
- Wood. 10940 White Rock Road, Suite 190, Rancho Cordova, CA, 95670, USA
| | - Dorin Bogdan
- AECOM. 3950 Sparks Drive, SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA
| | - Martha Maier
- Vista Analytical Laboratory, 1104 Windfield Way, El Dorado, CA, 95762, USA
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Hu Y, Wei C, Wang L, Zhou Z, Wang T, Liu G, Feng Y, Liang Y. Cooking methods affect the intake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from grass carp. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 203:111003. [PMID: 32678765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of fish is one of the predominant sources of human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). In this study, the effect of various cooking methods (boiling, steaming, grilling and frying) on the levels of PFASs in fish muscle and the intake of PFASs was explored by using grass carp collected from Tangxun Lake, Wuhan, China. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the predominant PFASs in raw fish fillets, with the concentrations ranging from 59.6 to 136 ng/g ww, followed by perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) (7.73-51.9 ng/g ww). The concentrations of long-chain PFASs in fish increased after cooking, while those of short-chain PFASs decreased. The amounts of PFASs in the cooked fish fillets decreased except PFOS. Short-chain PFASs, including PFBS and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), were dominant in cooking juice. The highest amounts of PFBS in the juices were observed after boiling and frying, even higher than those in cooked fish fillets, suggesting that the release of short-chain PFASs to the cooking juices could not be neglected. Based on these results, the intake of short-chain PFASs amount through cooked fish fillets slightly decreased, but the intake of PFOS amount increased. However, consumption of cooking juice (fish soup) could increase the exposure risk of PFBS. Comprehensively considering the increase of PFOS and decrease of total PFASs, boiling may be the relatively better method to cook fish. As PFASs are ubiquitous and inevitable in aquatic food, it is thus important to choose appropriate cooking processes and dietary habits for reducing the intake of different PFASs from fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Cuiyun Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ling Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Thanh Wang
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Guangliang Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yuqi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR China
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Lin TW, Chen MK, Lin CC, Chen MH, Tsai MS, Chan DC, Hung KY, Chen PC. Association between exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and metabolic syndrome and related outcomes among older residents living near a Science Park in Taiwan. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 230:113607. [PMID: 32919137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are an emerging class of artificial environmental chemicals that have multiple potentially harmful effects on health. The largest Science Park in Taiwan discharges wastewater containing PFASs into the Keya River, and a high concentration of PFASs has been found in this river and its aquatic creatures. We conducted a cross-sectional study from 2016 to 2017 of 397 subjects aged 55-75 years living near the river and evaluated the association of PFASs with metabolic syndrome and related outcomes. The results indicated that perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) levels were positively associated with serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (P for trend = 0.03) and that perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and PFOS levels were positively correlated with uric acid levels (P for trend = 0.03 and 0.03). Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) levels were negatively associated with serum triglyceride levels (P for trend = 0.014 and < 0.01). After excluding lipid-lowering drug users, the association between certain PFAS levels and the LDL level was significantly enhanced, but the downward trends of serum triglyceride levels were weakened. When stratified by sex, PFNA (P for trend <0.01), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) (P for trend <0.01), and PFOS (P for trend <0.01) showed positive associations with the uric acid level only among males. In conclusion, our results showed that associations were consistently null between PFASs and metabolic syndrome. PFAS levels were associated with serum lipids, and lipid-lowering drugs may interfere with this relationship. Certain PFASs were found to be positively associated with uric acid levels, especially in males. Further studies are warranted to clarify the causal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Wei Lin
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Community and Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Kan Chen
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chun Lin
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Huei Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shan Tsai
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Cheng Chan
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Superintendent Office, National Taiwan University Hospital Chu-Tung Branch, Hsinchu County, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yu Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Ding N, Harlow SD, Randolph Jr JF, Loch-Caruso R, Park SK. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their effects on the ovary. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 26:724-752. [PMID: 32476019 PMCID: PMC7456353 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are found widespread in drinking water, foods, food packaging materials and other consumer products. Several PFAS have been identified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals based on their ability to interfere with normal reproductive function and hormonal signalling. Experimental models and epidemiologic studies suggest that PFAS exposures target the ovary and represent major risks for women's health. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review summarises human population and toxicological studies on the association between PFAS exposure and ovarian function. SEARCH METHODS A comprehensive review was performed by searching PubMed. Search terms included an extensive list of PFAS and health terms ranging from general keywords (e.g. ovarian, reproductive, follicle, oocyte) to specific keywords (including menarche, menstrual cycle, menopause, primary ovarian insufficiency/premature ovarian failure, steroid hormones), based on the authors' knowledge of the topic and key terms. OUTCOMES Clinical evidence demonstrates the presence of PFAS in follicular fluid and their ability to pass through the blood-follicle barrier. Although some studies found no evidence associating PFAS exposure with disruption in ovarian function, numerous epidemiologic studies, mostly with cross-sectional study designs, have identified associations of higher PFAS exposure with later menarche, irregular menstrual cycles, longer cycle length, earlier age of menopause and reduced levels of oestrogens and androgens. Adverse effects of PFAS on ovarian folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis have been confirmed in experimental models. Based on laboratory research findings, PFAS could diminish ovarian reserve and reduce endogenous hormone synthesis through activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, disrupting gap junction intercellular communication between oocyte and granulosa cells, inducing thyroid hormone deficiency, antagonising ovarian enzyme activities involved in ovarian steroidogenesis or inhibiting kisspeptin signalling in the hypothalamus. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The published literature supports associations between PFAS exposure and adverse reproductive outcomes; however, the evidence remains insufficient to infer a causal relationship between PFAS exposure and ovarian disorders. Thus, more research is warranted. PFAS are of significant concern because these chemicals are ubiquitous and persistent in the environment and in humans. Moreover, susceptible groups, such as foetuses and pregnant women, may be exposed to harmful combinations of chemicals that include PFAS. However, the role environmental exposures play in reproductive disorders has received little attention by the medical community. To better understand the potential risk of PFAS on human ovarian function, additional experimental studies using PFAS doses equivalent to the exposure levels found in the general human population and mixtures of compounds are required. Prospective investigations in human populations are also warranted to ensure the temporality of PFAS exposure and health endpoints and to minimise the possibility of reverse causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Siobán D Harlow
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John F Randolph Jr
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rita Loch-Caruso
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sung Kyun Park
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Shannon M, Xie Y, Verhaegen S, Wilson J, Berntsen HF, Zimmer KE, Ropstad E, Green BD, Connolly L. A Human Relevant Defined Mixture of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Affects In Vitro Secretion of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), but Does Not Affect Translocation of Its Receptor. Toxicol Sci 2020; 172:359-367. [PMID: 31432086 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has been suggested as a contributing factor for the increased rate of type 2 diabetes and obesity. A complex mixture of 29 POPs (Total mixture), based on human blood concentrations, was used to expose a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secreting enteroendocrine cell line (pGIP/neo: STC-1) in vitro for 3 and 24 h. Significant increases of GLP-1 occurred when cells were exposed to the Total mixture at ×500 blood levels. Six sub-mixtures representing chlorinated (Cl), brominated (Br), and perfluorinated chemicals (PFAA), and their combinations (Cl + Br, Cl + PFAA, Br + PFAA) were also tested at ×500. Secretion levels seen for these remained lower than the Total mixture, and the Br mixture had no effect. After 24 h, increased secretion was seen with all mixtures at ×1 blood levels. Cytotoxicity was present for ×100 and ×500 blood levels. When tested in a GLP-1 receptor translocation assay (U2OS-GLP1R-EGFP), neither agonistic nor antagonist effects on receptor internalization were seen for any of the mixtures. We conclude individual classes of POPs, alone or in combination, can affect GLP-1 secretion and may contribute as a molecular mechanism linking environmental toxicants and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve Shannon
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Yuling Xie
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Steven Verhaegen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo 0102, Norway
| | - Jodie Wilson
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Hanne F Berntsen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo 0102, Norway.,Department of Administration, Lab Animal Unit, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo 0363, Norway
| | - Karin E Zimmer
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo 0102, Norway
| | - Erik Ropstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo 0102, Norway
| | - Brian D Green
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Lisa Connolly
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
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Banjabi AA, Li AJ, Kumosani TA, Yousef JM, Kannan K. Serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances and their association with osteoporosis in a population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 187:109676. [PMID: 32485360 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is widespread and has received considerable attention in recent years due to their link with adverse health outcomes, including bone health. Nevertheless, no earlier studies have reported serum PFAS concentrations, and their association with incident osteoporosis in populations in Saudi Arabia. In this clinical case-control study, serum samples collected from 208 individuals (n = 100 cases and n = 108 controls) aged 40-89 years from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, were analyzed for 17 PFASs. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for association between serum PFAS concentrations and osteoporosis, stratified by gender, age, serum calcium and vitamin D, previous history of fractures and thyroid disorders. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluoro-n-pentanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) were detected in >80% of serum samples analyzed. PFOS (overall median concentration: 5.08 ng/mL), PFHxS (1.49 ng/mL), PFOA (1.33 ng/mL) and PFNA (0.55 ng/mL) accounted for 94% and 80% of the total serum PFASs concentrations in cases and controls, respectively. Serum PFOA, PFNA and PFUnDA concentrations increased with age in Saudi women. Results from the crude models showed that individuals in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th quartiles of serum PFAS concentrations had 2.3-96-fold increase in odds of diagnosis for osteoporosis compared with those in the 1st quartile (rank order: PFUnDA > PFOA > PFNA > PFOS > PFHxS). Our results suggest that exposure to PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS and PFUnDA was associated with osteoporosis in this sample of adult Saudi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer A Banjabi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adela Jing Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, USA
| | - Taha A Kumosani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Production of Bio-products for Industrial Applications Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jehad M Yousef
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Biochemistry Department, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, USA; Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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40
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Sadia M, Yeung LWY, Fiedler H. Trace level analyses of selected perfluoroalkyl acids in food: Method development and data generation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:113721. [PMID: 32229370 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To comprise the future requirements to detect low levels of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) including branched and linear perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) in food items, analytical methods for their determination in five different food matrices (cow milk, butter, chicken meat, beef, and fish) were developed and validated. Analytical method for eggs was only validated for PFOS and PFOA because of interfering substance appeared in some samples. The method applied on foods of animal origin includes alkaline digestion, extraction, and clean-up with solid phase extraction and adsorption on granular carbon where necessary. The method was shown effective to eliminate taurodeoxycholic acid (TDC), a bile acid that is an endogenous interference compound in egg samples causing ionization suppression and false positive result for PFOS when 499 > 80 transition was used for quantification. The validation was performed and resulted in recoveries >70% for all three PFAAs, the limits of quantification (LOQs) in all matrices were 3.1 pg g-1, 3.4 pg g-1, and 4.9 pg g-1 for PFHxS, PFOA, and L-PFOS, respectively. The optimized method was successfully applied to 53 food samples from the Swedish market and from developing countries. PFOS and PFOA were detected in all samples. PFHxS was detected in 76% of the samples. Further method development on separating interfering substance from PFHxS in egg is warranted due to relatively high detection of this compound in other food items. With this method, concentrations in the low pg g-1 range in food samples of animal origin were quantified including the branched PFOS isomers. This method can be applied to enforce potential future limit values for PFOS and PFOA as a consequence of the recent European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendation where the tolerable intakes have been drastically lowered. Further method development is needed for foods of plant origin such as vegetables, flour, nuts, or bread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadia
- Örebro University, School of Science and Technology, MTM Research Centre, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Örebro University, School of Science and Technology, MTM Research Centre, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Heidelore Fiedler
- Örebro University, School of Science and Technology, MTM Research Centre, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
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Tian Y, Liang H, Miao M, Yang F, Ji H, Cao W, Liu X, Zhang X, Chen A, Xiao H, Hu H, Yuan W. Maternal plasma concentrations of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy and anogenital distance in male infants. Hum Reprod 2020; 34:1356-1368. [PMID: 31242507 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are maternal plasma concentrations of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) during pregnancy associated with anogenital distance (AGD) in male infants at birth, 6, and 12 months of age? SUMMARY ANSWER Higher maternal plasma concentrations of some PFASs were associated with shorter AGD in male infants at birth and 6 months of age. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Two animal studies have found that exposure to PFASs was associated with shorter AGD in male rat fetuses and wild male minks. There is only one human study on the topic that did not identify consistent patterns between maternal serum concentrations of PFASs during pregnancy and AGD in male infants. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION In the prospective cohort study, a total of 1292 eligible pregnant women were recruited at 12-16 weeks of gestation between April and December 2012 at the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Minhang district in Shanghai, China. At delivery, 667 male singletons were born. They were then followed up at birth (n = 439) and at 6 (n = 411) and 12 months (n = 376) of age when anopenile distance (AGDAP) and anoscrotal distance (AGDAS) were measured. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS A total of 500 male infants who had both maternal plasma concentrations of PFASs and at least one AGD measurement of at three time points were included in the present study. Multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate the potential linear associations between maternal concentrations of PFASs and AGD. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Maternal plasma concentrations (ln-transformed) of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA) were inversely associated with AGDAS or AGDAP at birth (AGDAS: per ln unit increase in PFAS concentrations: β (95% CI): -0.65 (-1.27 to -0.02) mm for PFOS; -0.58 (-1.11 to -0.06) mm for PFDA; and -0.57 (-1.09 to -0.06) mm for PFUdA; AGDAP: per ln unit increase in PFAS concentrations: β (95% CI): -0.63 (-1.24 to -0.01) mm for PFDA and - 0.76 (-1.36 to -0.16) mm for PFUdA). At 6 months of age, per unit increase in maternal ln concentrations of PFOS and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA), AGDAS decreased on average by -2.21 (95% CI: -4.28 to -0.14) and -1.11 (95% CI: -2.17 to -0.06) mm, respectively. Additionally, ln-transformed perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) showed nonsignificant but inverse associations with both AGDAS and AGDAP at 6 months of age. We found no significant associations between ln-transformed maternal concentrations of PFASs and either AGDAS or AGDAP at 12 months of age. However, significantly inverse association of ln-transformed PFOA with AGDAP was observed in male infants who never or shortly breastfed (<3 months) at 12 months of age. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION AGD measurements were performed by different examiners at each follow-up visit, and the intra-examiner variation was not assessed, which might cause intra-rater and inter-rater measurement errors. Additionally, our study may have selection bias since a considerable number of participants withdrew from the cohort although the differences in demographic characteristics were not statistically significant between included mother-infant pairs and those excluded. No statistical correction was made for multiple comparisons. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our findings may have important implications for the early development of genital health in male infants since PFASs can be detected in almost all pregnant women and infants worldwide. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development program of China (2018YFC1002801 and 2016YFC1000505), the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (16ZR1430100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81428011), and the Innovation-Oriented Science and Technology Grant from National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (CX2017-06). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youping Tian
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), School of Public Health, Fudan University, 779 Old Hu Min Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Liang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), School of Public Health, Fudan University, 779 Old Hu Min Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Maohua Miao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), School of Public Health, Fudan University, 779 Old Hu Min Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Fen Yang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), School of Public Health, Fudan University, 779 Old Hu Min Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglei Ji
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), School of Public Health, Fudan University, 779 Old Hu Min Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Wencheng Cao
- National Reference Laboratory of Dioxin, Institute of Health Inspection and Detection, Hubei Provincial Academy of Preventive Medicine, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #6 Zhuo Daoquan North Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Dioxin, Institute of Health Inspection and Detection, Hubei Provincial Academy of Preventive Medicine, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #6 Zhuo Daoquan North Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Dioxin, Institute of Health Inspection and Detection, Hubei Provincial Academy of Preventive Medicine, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #6 Zhuo Daoquan North Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Aimin Chen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hong Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wei Yuan
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), School of Public Health, Fudan University, 779 Old Hu Min Road, Shanghai, China
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Wu Y, Romanak K, Bruton T, Blum A, Venier M. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in paired dust and carpets from childcare centers. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126771. [PMID: 32359999 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carpets can be a significant source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the indoor environment and may be an especially important source of exposure for children and toddlers. Most previous studies focused on measuring indoor dust only. In this study, we measured PFAS concentrations in paired carpet and dust samples from 18 California childcare centers in 2018 to investigate carpet as a contributor to PFASs in dust. Median total PFAS concentrations (∑PFASs) in carpets and dust were 471 ng/g and 523 ng/g, respectively. 6:2 FTOH and 6:2 FTSA were the two dominant PFASs, collectively accounting for over 50% of the ∑PFASs in both media. Other frequently detected PFASs included C4-C14 perfluoroalkylcarboxylic acids, C4-C8 perfluoroalkylsulfonic acids, PFDS, 4:2 FTSA, 8:2 FTSA, FOSA, MeFOSE, EtFOSE, 8:2 FTOH, and 10:2 FTOH. We found strong associations between PFAS levels in carpet and dust pairs, suggesting that carpets can be a source and a sink for PFASs. The estimated total perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) intake via dust ingestion for children was 0.023, 0.096, and 1.9 ng/kg body weight/day in the low-, intermediate-, and high-exposure scenarios, respectively. Our data suggest that PFASs of emerging concern are playing an increasingly important role in indoor exposure to PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Kevin Romanak
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Tom Bruton
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94709, United States
| | - Arlene Blum
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94709, United States
| | - Marta Venier
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States.
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Jensen RC, Andersen MS, Larsen PV, Glintborg D, Dalgård C, Timmermann CAG, Nielsen F, Sandberg MB, Andersen HR, Christesen HT, Grandjean P, Jensen TK. Prenatal Exposures to Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Associations with Markers of Adiposity and Plasma Lipids in Infancy: An Odense Child Cohort Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:77001. [PMID: 32628516 PMCID: PMC7338787 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) are repellants that cross the placental barrier, enabling interference with fetal programming. Maternal PFAA concentrations have been associated with offspring obesity and dyslipidemia in childhood and adulthood, but this association has not been studied in infancy. OBJECTIVES We investigated associations between maternal PFAA concentrations and repeated markers of adiposity and lipid metabolism in infancy. METHODS In the prospective Odense Child Cohort, maternal pregnancy serum concentrations of five PFAA: Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) were measured in 649 women. Offspring were examined at birth (n=613) and at 3 months (n=602) and 18 months (n=503) of age. Total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglyceride were evaluated at 3 months (n=262) and 18 months (n=198) of age. Mixed effects linear regression models estimated associations between PFAA and standardized (SDS) body mass index (BMI), ponderal index, and waist circumference. Associations between PFAA and body fat% (BF%) and plasma lipids SDS at 3 months and 18 months of age were investigated with linear regression models. RESULTS PFNA and PFDA were associated with higher BMI SDS [adjusted β=0.26; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03, 0.49 and β=0.58; 95% CI: -0.03, 1.19, respectively, for 1-ng/mL increases] and ponderal index SDS (β=0.36; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.59 and β=1.02; 95% CI: 0.40, 1.64, respectively) at 3 and 18 months of age (pooled) in girls. Corresponding estimates for boys were closer to the null but not significantly different from estimates for girls. In boys and girls (combined), PFNA and PFDA were associated with BF% at age 3 months (for 1-ng/mL PFDA, β=0.40; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.75), and PFDA was associated with total cholesterol SDS at 18 months (β=1.06; 95% CI: 0.08, 2.03) (n=83). DISCUSSION Prenatal PFAA were positively associated with longitudinal markers of adiposity and higher total cholesterol in infancy. These findings deserve attention in light of rising rates of childhood overweight conditions and dyslipidemia. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5184.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Christian Jensen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Pia Veldt Larsen
- Telepsychiatric Centre, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dorte Glintborg
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christine Dalgård
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Flemming Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Helle Raun Andersen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik Thybo Christesen
- Odense Child Cohort, Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Odense Child Cohort, Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Odense Patient data Exploratory Network (OPEN), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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44
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Hung MD, Jung HJ, Jeong HH, Lam NH, Cho HS. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in special management sea areas of Korea: Distribution and bioconcentration in edible fish species. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 156:111236. [PMID: 32510380 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen PFASs in water (n = 58), sediment (n = 58) and edible fish samples (n = 81) collected from three special management sea areas of Korea including Gwangyang bay, Masan bay and Busan harbor in July 2018 were investigated. The mean PFASs concentration in water (ng/L) were in order Masan (5.09) > Busan (2.82) > Gwangyang (1.74). PFASs levels were found as the low concentration in sediment. The greatest total PFASs concentration in each fish tissue was found as 3.04 (ng/g ww) in a Japanese amberjack fish for muscle in Busan, 66.23 (ng/mL) in Japanese amberjack fish for blood in Masan and 125.03 (ng/g ww) flathead grey mullet in Busan bay. The BCF (L/kg) of PFDoDA was found as the highest in muscle of all species with values from 30,922 (grey mullet in Gwangyang) to 69,131 (grey mullet in Busan). PFDS was the highest BCF's PFASs (110,599 L/kg) in muscle which was found in Japanese amberjack in Busan bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Duc Hung
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Jung
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Ho Jeong
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Hoang Lam
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Seo Cho
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea.
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45
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Xie S, Cui Y, Yang Y, Meng K, Pan Y, Liu Z, Chen D. Tissue distribution and bioaccumulation of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol and its metabolites in pigs after oral exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126016. [PMID: 32062561 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The tissue distribution and bioaccumulation of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (8:2 FTOH) were evaluated in pigs after oral exposure of a dose of 5 mg/kg.b.w.d. for 7 d. The bioaccumulation of 8:2 FTOH and its metabolites showed significant differences among the various tissues. The parent compound was quickly depleted, and the main metabolites perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), and 3-perfluoroheptyl propanoic acid (7:3 FTCA) were detected in all tissues examined. The relative elimination half-life (T1/2re) calculated by compound concentration of 7:3 FTCA and PFOA was longest in kidney tissue (8.60 and 23.9 d, respectively), while their absolute elimination half-life (T1/2ab) of 7:3 FTCA and PFOA calculated by compound amount was longest in kidney tissue (10.41 and 64.1 d, respectively). The T1/2re and T1/2ab for PFHpA was longest in heart tissue (19.3 d and 30.26 d, respectively).The accumulated PFOA in kidney and liver tissues was still above the detection limit (LOD) at 21 d postdosing. These results indicate that PFOA and the kidneys are the ideal biomonitoring marker and target tissue, respectively, for 8:2 FTOH pollution. The T1/2 values of the main metabolites were of long duration compared to the growth cycle of farmed pigs (approximately 180 d) before slaughter; therefore, pigs contaminated with 8:2 FTOH present a potential risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yonghui Cui
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yujuan Yang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Kuiyu Meng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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46
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Fauconier G, Groffen T, Wepener V, Bervoets L. Perfluorinated compounds in the aquatic food chains of two subtropical estuaries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:135047. [PMID: 31837855 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous in the environment and remain in largely unknown concentrations and with unknown effects on the African continent. Here we aimed to assess the presence of 15 PFASs in different compartments of the aMatikulu and uMvoti estuaries and to examine potential risks for human health through the consumption of contaminated fish. This is the first known study to assess PFASs in South African estuaries. Thirteen out of the fifteen PFASs were detected in water, sediment and biota samples from both estuaries, with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), detected in every sample. PFOA concentrations from uMvoti water samples were the highest recorded to date in South African waters. PFOA was found in high concentrations in all water samples with an average range between 171 and 258 ng/L in the aMatikulu and 711-788 ng/L in the uMvoti. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentrations in fish tissue samples were significantly higher than other PFASs. PFOS concentrations in all fish species caught in the aMatikulu ranged between 0.09 and 2.25 ng/g wet weight (ww) in muscle tissue and 1.5-12.08 ng/g ww in liver tissue, while PFOA concentrations ranged between 0.08 and 0.67 ng/g ww in muscle tissue and 0.54-1.48 ng/g ww in liver tissue. Concentrations of PFASs were only measured in Oreochromis mossambicus from the uMvoti and contained PFOS concentrations ranging from 0.18 to 0.97 ng/g ww in muscle tissue and 7.29-27.96 ng/g ww in liver tissue. PFOA concentrations ranged between 0.12 and 0.58 ng/g ww in muscle tissue and 0.17-1.01 ng/g ww in liver tissue. PFAS concentrations in all fish sampled were below the calculated Minimum Risk Levels (MRLs) for safe human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Fauconier
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicology Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Thimo Groffen
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicology Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Victor Wepener
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, 11 Hoffman Street, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicology Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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47
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Qi W, Clark JM, Timme-Laragy AR, Park Y. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Review of Epidemiologic Findings. TOXICOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 102:1-36. [PMID: 33304027 PMCID: PMC7723340 DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2020.1763997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, a group of fluoro-surfactants widely detected in the environment, wildlife and humans, have been linked to adverse health effects. A growing body of literature has addressed their effects on obesity, diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/ non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. This review summarizes the brief historical use and chemistry of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, routes of human exposure, as well as the epidemiologic evidence for associations between exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and the development of obesity, diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/ non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. We identified 22 studies on obesity and 32 studies on diabetes, while only 1 study was found for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/ non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by searching PubMed for human studies. Approximately 2/3 of studies reported positive associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and the prevalence of obesity and/or type 2 diabetes. Causal links between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and obesity, diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/ non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, however, require further large-scale prospective cohort studies combined with mechanistic laboratory studies to better assess these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Qi
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - John M. Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Alicia R. Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
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48
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Holmquist H, Fantke P, Cousins IT, Owsianiak M, Liagkouridis I, Peters GM. An (Eco)Toxicity Life Cycle Impact Assessment Framework for Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6224-6234. [PMID: 32364377 PMCID: PMC7304862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A framework for characterizing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is proposed. Thousands of PFASs are used worldwide, with special properties imparted by the fluorinated alkyl chain. Our framework makes it possible to characterize a large part of the family of PFASs by introducing transformation fractions that translate emissions of primary emitted PFASs into the highly persistent terminal degradation products: the perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). Using a PFAA-adapted characterization model, human toxicity as well as marine and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity characterization factors are calculated for three PFAAs, namely perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS). The model is evaluated to adequately capture long-term fate, where PFAAs are predicted to accumulate in open oceans. The characterization factors of the three PFAAs are ranked among the top 5% for marine ecotoxicity, when compared to 3104 chemicals in the existing USEtox results databases. Uncertainty analysis indicates potential for equally high ranks for human health impacts. Data availability constitutes an important limitation creating uncertainties. Even so, a life cycle assessment (LCA) case study illustrates practical application of our proposed framework, demonstrating that even low emissions of PFASs can have large effects on LCA results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Holmquist
- Division
of Environmental Systems Analysis, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative
Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and
Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ian T. Cousins
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikołaj Owsianiak
- Quantitative
Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and
Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ioannis Liagkouridis
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gregory M. Peters
- Division
of Environmental Systems Analysis, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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49
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Glynn A, Kotova N, Dahlgren E, Lindh C, Jakobsson K, Gyllenhammar I, Lignell S, Nälsén C. Determinants of serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in school children and the contribution of low-level PFAA-contaminated drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:930-944. [PMID: 32040098 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00497a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the demographic/life-style/physiological determinants explaining the variation of serum perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) concentrations in children. We identified significant determinants in children and investigated the influence of low-level PFAA-contaminated drinking water (DW) (<10 ng L-1 of single PFAAs) on serum concentrations. Four perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) and 11 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) were analyzed in serum from 5th grade children from 11 Swedish schools (N = 200; average age: 12 years) using liquid chromatography-tandem-mass-spectrometry. Data on demography and life-style/physiological factors were obtained by questionnaires. PFAA concentrations in raw and drinking water (DW) were obtained from the water works supplying DW to the schools. In multiple regression analyses school was the determinant contributing most to the variation in PFAA concentrations, with the lowest contribution for PFHpA (10%) and the highest for PFHxS (81%). Girls had lower adjusted mean concentrations of PFHxS, PFOS, PFNA and PFDA than boys, but a higher concentration of PFHxA. Girls reporting onset of menstruation had lower PFHxS and PFOA concentrations than other girls, suggesting menstrual bleeding elimination. Children born by mothers from less industrialized countries had lower mean concentrations of both PFSAs and PFCAs than children with mothers from highly industrialized countries, suggesting differences in early-life exposure. Life-style factors associated with paternal education levels appeared to influence PFAA concentrations differently than maternal education level. Already at an average DW PFHxS concentration of 2 ng L-1, children had a significantly higher adjusted mean serum PFHxS concentration than at an average DW concentration of <1.6 ng PFHxS L-1. Similar results were observed for PFOS and PFOA. The DW variable explained 16% (PFOA) to 78% (PFHxS) of the variation in serum PFAA concentrations, suggesting that low-level-contaminated DW is a significant source of exposure for children in Sweden. Although some of the associations, especially those with menstruation and maternal birth country, should be interpreted with extra caution due to the small size of the study, the results contribute to future work on identifying populations of children at risk of elevated PFAA exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Glynn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P. O. Box 7028, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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50
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Colles A, Bruckers L, Den Hond E, Govarts E, Morrens B, Schettgen T, Buekers J, Coertjens D, Nawrot T, Loots I, Nelen V, De Henauw S, Schoeters G, Baeyens W, van Larebeke N. Perfluorinated substances in the Flemish population (Belgium): Levels and determinants of variability in exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:125250. [PMID: 31896205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Because of their dirt-, water- and oil-repelling properties, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are frequently used in a broad variety of consumer products. They have been detected in human samples worldwide. In Flanders, Belgium, the Flemish Environment and Health Studies (FLEHS) measured the levels of five PFAS biomarkers in four different age groups of the Flemish population and identified determinants of variability in exposure. Cord plasma or peripheric serum samples and questionnaire data were available for 220 mother-newborn pairs (2008-2009), 269 mother-newborn pairs (2013-2014), 199 adolescents (14-15 years old, 2010), 201 adults (20-40 years old, 2008-2009) and 205 adults (50-65 years old, 2014). Measured levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) in Flanders are in the middle or low range compared to concentrations reported in other Western countries. Levels of perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) were below the quantification limit in 98%-100% of the samples. Despite decreasing levels in time for PFOS and PFOA, 77% of the adults (2014) had serum levels exceeding HBM-I values of 5 μg/L for PFOS and 2 μg/L for PFOA. Beside age, sex, fish consumption, parity and breastfeeding, the multiple regression models identified additionally consumption of offal and locally grown food, and use of cosmetics as possible exposures and menstruation as a possible route of elimination. Better knowledge on determinants of exposure is essential to lower PFASs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Colles
- VITO - Health, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium.
| | - Liesbeth Bruckers
- Hasselt University, Data Science Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Agoralaan - Gebouw D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO - Health, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Bert Morrens
- University of Antwerp, Department of Sociology, Sint-Jacobstraat 2-4, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Institut für Arbeits-, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Dries Coertjens
- University of Antwerp, Department of Sociology, Sint-Jacobstraat 2-4, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Nawrot
- Hasselt University, Centre of Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan - Gebouw D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ilse Loots
- University of Antwerp, Department of Sociology, Sint-Jacobstraat 2-4, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vera Nelen
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- University of Ghent, Department of Public Health, C. Heymanslaan 10 - 4K3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Willy Baeyens
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas van Larebeke
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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