1
|
Lin C, Li H, Pei Z, Li Y, Yang R, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Hexabromocyclododecanes in soils, plants, and sediments from Svalbard, Arctic: Levels, isomer profiles, chiral signatures, and potential sources. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134512. [PMID: 38733783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence, stereoisomeric behavior, and potential sources of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in topsoil and terrestrial vegetation from Svalbard and ocean sediment samples from Kongsfjorden, an open fjord on the west coast of Spitsbergen. The mean levels of total concentrations (Σ3HBCDs) were comparable to those in other remote regions and were lower than those in source regions. Elevated proportions of α-HBCD with an average of 41% in the terrestrial samples and 25% in ocean sediments compared to those in commercial products (10-13% for α-HBCD) were observed, implying isomerization from γ- to α-HBCD in the Arctic environment. In addition, the extensive deviations of enantiomeric fractions (EFs) from the racemic values reflected the effect of biotransformation on HBCD accumulation. Linear correlation analysis, redundancy analysis, and back-trajectory were combined to infer possible HBCD sources, and the results showed the important role of global production and long-range environmental transport (LRET) for the entry of HBCDs into the Arctic at an early stage. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report on the diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific profiles of HBCDs in the Arctic terrestrial environment and sheds light on the transport pathways and environmental fate for more effective risk management related to HBCDs in remote regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Honghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen J, Zhang S, Xu W, Chen C, Chen A, Lu R, Jing Q, Liu J. Exploring long-term global environmental impacts of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in waste: Implications for the Stockholm and Basel Conventions and the global plastic treaty. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108527. [PMID: 38422873 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), mainly short-chain CPs (SCCPs) and medium-chain CPs (MCCPs), are currently the most produced and used industrial chemicals related to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) globally. These chemicals are widely detected in the environment and in the human body. As the release of SCCPs and MCCPs from products represents only a small fraction of their stock in products, the potential long-term release of CPs from a large variety of products at the waste stage has become an issue of great concern. The results of this study showed that, by 2050, SCCPs and MCCPs used between 2000 and 2021 will cumulatively generate 226.49 Mt of CP-containing wastes, comprising 8610.13 kt of SCCPs and MCCPs. Approximately 79.72 Mt of CP-containing wastes is predicted to be generated abroad through the international trade of products using SCCPs and MCCPs. The magnitude, distribution, and growth of CP-containing wastes subject to environmentally sound disposal will depend largely on the relevant provisions of the Stockholm and Basel Conventions and the forthcoming global plastic treaty. According to multiple scenarios synthesizing the provisions of the three conventions, 26.6-101.1 Mt of CP-containing wastes will be subject to environmentally sound disposal as POP wastes, which would pose a great challenge to the waste disposal capacity of China, as well as for countries importing CP-containing products. The additional 5-year exemption period for MCCPs is expected to see an additional 10 Mt of CP-containing wastes subject to environmentally sound disposal. Thus, there is an urgent need to strengthen the Stockholm and Basel Conventions and the global plastic treaty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhe Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shaoxuan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weiguang Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chengkang Chen
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Anna Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rongjing Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiaonan Jing
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang S, Chen J, Wang Z, Chen C, Chen A, Jing Q, Liu J. Dynamic Source Distribution and Emission Inventory of a Persistent, Mobile, and Toxic (PMT) Substance, Melamine, in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14694-14706. [PMID: 37734035 PMCID: PMC11017250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) substances are affecting the safety of drinking water and are threatening the environment and human health. Many PMT substances are used in industrial processing or consumer products, but their sources and emissions mostly remain unclear. This study presents a long-term source distribution and emission estimation of melamine, a high-production-volume PMT substance of emerging global concern. The results indicate that in China, approximately 1858.7 kilotonnes (kt) of melamine were released into the water (∼58.9%), air (∼27.0%), and soil systems (∼14.1%) between 1995 and 2020, mainly from its production and use in the decorative panels, textiles, and paper industries. The textile and paper industries have the highest emission-to-consumption ratios, with more than 90% emissions per unit consumption. Sewage treatment plants are the largest source of melamine in the environment for the time being, but in-use products and their wastes will serve as significant melamine sources in the future. The study prompts priority action to control the risk of PMT substances internationally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxuan Zhang
- State
Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiazhe Chen
- State
Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Empa
− Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology,
Technology and Society Laboratory, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Chengkang Chen
- State
Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Anna Chen
- State
Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiaonan Jing
- State
Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- State
Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pan YF, Liu S, Li HX, Lin L, Hou R, Cheng YY, Xu XR. Expanded polystyrene buoys as an important source of hexabromocyclododecanes for aquatic ecosystem: Evidence from field exposure with different substrates. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120920. [PMID: 36565907 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The production and use of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) have been strictly limited due to their persistence, toxicity and bioaccumulation. However, the release of HBCDs from related products and wastes would continue for a long time, which may cause many environmental problems. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and distribution of HBCDs and microplastics (MPs) in aquatic organisms inhabiting different substrates. HBCDs were measurable in the seawater, sediment, expanded polystyrene (EPS) substrates and organism samples. Mostly, the concentrations of HBCDs in organisms inhabiting EPS buoys were significantly higher than those of the same species inhabiting other substrates. Meanwhile, the diastereomeric ratio (α/γ) of HBCDs in organisms inhabiting EPS buoys was closer to that in EPS buoys. The fugacity values of HBCDs in EPS buoys were much higher than those in other media, implying that HBCDs can be transferred from EPS buoys to other media. Additionally, MPs derived from EPS buoys would be mistaken as food and ingested by aquatic organisms. The transfer of HBCDs from EPS buoys to aquatic organisms can be achieved by aqueous and dietary exposures. In combination, the contribution of MP ingestion to HBCDs for aquatic organisms should be very limited. These results supported EPS buoys as an important source of HBCDs for the aquatic ecosystem. To effectively control HBCDs pollution, it is necessary to discontinue or reduce the use of EPS buoys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Heng-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Lang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yuan-Yue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barhoumi B, Metian M, Oberhaensli F, Mourgkogiannis N, Karapanagioti HK, Bersuder P, Tolosa I. Extruded polystyrene microplastics as a source of brominated flame retardant additives in the marine environment: long-term field and laboratory experiments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 172:107797. [PMID: 36773563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) in the environment have become a global concern, not only for the physical effects of the plastic particles themselves but also for being vectors of chemical additives. In this context, little is known about the ability of MPs, particularly extruded polystyrene microplastics (XPS-MPs), to release organic chemical additives in the marine environment. In this study, a series of field and laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the leaching behaviour of organic additives including brominated flame retardants from XPS-MPs into seawater. The conducted experiments confirmed a rapid release of bisphenol A (BPA), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCDD) from the studied MPs followed by a slower rate of release over time. The effects of environmental factors on the leaching rates of these additives were also examined. Increasing Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) concentrations and the temperature of the seawater enhanced the release of additives by increasing their solubility and polymer flexibility. In contrast, pH tested at 7, 7.5 and 8 was found to have a minor effect on additives leaching; and salinity negatively affected the leaching rate likely due to their reduced solubility and reduced diffusion from the MPs. The present study provides empirical evidence of the behaviour of XPS-MPs as a source of organic additives in the marine environment that merit further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Barhoumi
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco.
| | - Marc Metian
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - François Oberhaensli
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | | | | | - Philippe Bersuder
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Imma Tolosa
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fei L, Bilal M, Qamar SA, Imran HM, Riasat A, Jahangeer M, Ghafoor M, Ali N, Iqbal HMN. Nano-remediation technologies for the sustainable mitigation of persistent organic pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113060. [PMID: 35283076 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The absence of novel and efficient methods for the elimination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from the environment is a serious concern in the society. The pollutants release into the atmosphere by means of industrialization and urbanization is a massive global hazard. Although, the eco-toxicity associated with nanotechnology is still being debated, nano-remediation is a potentially developing tool for dealing with contamination of the environment, particularly POPs. Nano-remediation is a novel strategy to the safe and long-term removal of POPs. This detailed review article presents an important perspective on latest innovations and future views of nano-remediation methods used for environmental decontamination, like nano-photocatalysis and nanosensing. Different kinds of nanomaterials including nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), magnetic and metallic nanoparticles, silica (SiO2) nanoparticles, graphene oxide, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have been summarized for the mitigation of POPs. Furthermore, the long-term viability of nano-remediation strategies for dealing with legacy contamination was considered, with a particular emphasis on environmental and health implications. The assessment goes on to discuss the environmental consequences of nanotechnology and offers consensual recommendations on how to employ nanotechnology for a greater present and a more prosperous future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Fei
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Mineral Salt Deep Utilization, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China.
| | - Sarmad Ahmad Qamar
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | | | - Areej Riasat
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jahangeer
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Misbah Ghafoor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ali
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Mineral Salt Deep Utilization, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, PR China
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mao T, Wang H, Peng Z, Ni T, Jia T, Lei R, Liu W. Determination of Hexabromocyclododecane in Expanded Polystyrene and Extruded Polystyrene Foam by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237143. [PMID: 34885731 PMCID: PMC8659249 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method for the determination of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene foam (EPS/XPS) was developed. The EPS/XPS samples were ultrasonically extracted with acetone and the extracts were purified by filtration through a microporous membrane (0.22 μm) and solid-phase extraction. The samples were analyzed using a GC/MS using the selected ion monitoring mode. The ions 157, 319 and 401 were selected as the qualitative ions, while ion 239 was chosen as the quantitative ion. An HBCD standard working solution with a concentration range of 1.0–50.0 mg/L showed good linearity. The detection limit of HBCD was 0.5 mg/kg, meeting the LPC limit (<100 or 1000 mg/kg). Six laboratories were selected to verify the accuracy of the method, and 10 samples were tested. The interlaboratory relative standard deviation range was 3.68–9.80%. This method could play an important role in controlling HBCD contamination in EPS/XPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianao Mao
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China;
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (T.N.); (T.J.); (R.L.)
| | - Haoyang Wang
- Environmental Protection and Foreign Cooperation and Exchange Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100035, China;
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-10-82268590 (H.W.); +86-10-62849356 (W.L.); Fax: +86-10-62849339 (W.L.)
| | - Zheng Peng
- Environmental Protection and Foreign Cooperation and Exchange Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100035, China;
| | - Taotao Ni
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (T.N.); (T.J.); (R.L.)
| | - Tianqi Jia
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (T.N.); (T.J.); (R.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongrong Lei
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (T.N.); (T.J.); (R.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China;
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (T.N.); (T.J.); (R.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-10-82268590 (H.W.); +86-10-62849356 (W.L.); Fax: +86-10-62849339 (W.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sanganyado E, Chingono KE, Gwenzi W, Chaukura N, Liu W. Organic pollutants in deep sea: Occurrence, fate, and ecological implications. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 205:117658. [PMID: 34563929 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The deep sea - an oceanic layer below 200 m depths - has important global biogeochemical and nutrient cycling functions. It also receives organic pollutants from anthropogenic sources, which threatens the ecological function of the deep sea. In this Review, critically examined data on the distribution of organic pollutants in the deep sea to outline the role of biogeochemical and geophysical factors on the global distribution and regional chemodynamics of organic pollutants in the deep sea. We found that the contribution of deep water formation to the influx of perfluorinated compounds reached a maximum, following peak emission, faster in young deep waters (< 10 years) compared to older deep waters (> 100 years). For example, perfluorinated compounds had low concentrations (< 10 pg L-1) and vertical variations in the South Pacific Ocean where the ocean currents are old (< 1000 years). Steep geomorphologies of submarine canyons, ridges, and valleys facilitated the transport of sediments and associated organic pollutants by oceanic currents from the continental shelf to remote deep seas. In addition, we found that, even though an estimated 1.2-4.2 million metric tons of plastic debris enter the ocean through riverine discharge annually, the role of microplastics as vectors of organic pollutants (e.g., plastic monomers, additives, and attached organic pollutants) in the deep sea is often overlooked. Finally, we recommend assessing the biological effects of organic pollutants in deep sea biota, large-scale monitoring of organic pollutants, reconstructing historical emissions using sediment cores, and assessing the impact of deep-sea mining on the ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Sanganyado
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | | | - Willis Gwenzi
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, South Africa
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim Y, Lee H, Jang M, Hong SH, Kwon JH. Evaluating the fate of hexabromocyclododecanes in the coastal environment: Fugacity analysis using field data. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117461. [PMID: 34058444 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Abundant use of plastic materials has increased the amount of microplastics (MPs) and related hazardous chemicals in the marine environment. Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), brominated flame retardants added to expanded polystyrene (EPS), have been detected in biotic and abiotic samples. In this study, the partition constants of HBCDs between plastics and seawater (KPsw) were determined. Fugacities of HBCDs in EPS, seawater, sediment, and mussels were obtained to determine the directions of the diffusive flux. The fugacities in EPS (fEPS) were greater than those in seawater (fsw), sediment (fsed), and mussels (fswmussel-EPS and fmussel-rock) by three orders of magnitude, indicating that EPS plastics are a significant source of HBCDs. The fmussel-rock of α-HBCD in rock mussels was greater than fsw by factors of 1.7, whereas the fmussel-rock of γ-HBCD was smaller than fsw by factors of 16, indicating the bioisomerization from γ-to α-HBCD. The relatively constant concentration ratio of β-HBCD to the total HBCDs indicated that β-HBCD is a sufficient tracer for determining the diffusive flux. The fsed values of HBCDs were greater than fsw by factors of 17-28, implying a probable advective vertical flow of HBCDs from the EPS plastics, which requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsub Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwang Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Korea National Cleaner Production Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Hansin Intervalley 24 East B/D 18F, 322 Teheran-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06211, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jang
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myeon, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Hong
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myeon, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Qian Z, Xu C, Dong X, Tang S, Wei S. Spatiotemporal characteristics and pollution level of brominated flame retardants in bivalves from Fujian southern coastal areas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-13141-z. [PMID: 33650050 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The concentration and spatiotemporal distribution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), were analyzed in bivalves from Fujian southern coastal areas. The concentrations of HBCD and TBBPA ranged from ND (not detected) to 5.540 ng·g-1 (ww) (median of 0.111 ng·g-1) and ND to 0.962 ng·g-1 (ww) (median of ND), respectively. In addition, α-HBCD was found as the predominant diastereoisomer in all the studied samples, followed by β-HBCD and γ-HBCD. The spatial distribution of BFRs showed a peak distribution, with the content being higher in the marine environment of Xiamen and Quanzhou, in South Fujian, and lower toward the marine environment of Zhangzhou, and Putian. BFRs contamination level was correlated to the bay geographical location and proximity to local industries. Furthermore, the results of the study showed a seasonal variation pattern: summer > autumn > spring > winter. This study provides base information on the contamination status of these BFRs in the marine environment of southern Fujian.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuozhen Qian
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, 7 Haishan Road, Xiamen, 361013, China.
| | - Cuiya Xu
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, 7 Haishan Road, Xiamen, 361013, China
| | - Xiaoyi Dong
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, 7 Haishan Road, Xiamen, 361013, China
| | - Shuifen Tang
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, 7 Haishan Road, Xiamen, 361013, China
| | - Shaohong Wei
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, 7 Haishan Road, Xiamen, 361013, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Turner A. Foamed Polystyrene in the Marine Environment: Sources, Additives, Transport, Behavior, and Impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10411-10420. [PMID: 32786582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Foamed polystyrene (PS) that may be either expanded (EPS) or extruded (XPS) is a rigid, lightweight insulating thermoplastic that has a variety of uses in the consumer, packaging, construction, and marine sectors. The properties of the material also result in waste that is readily generated, dispersed, and fragmented in the environment. This review focuses on foamed PS in the marine setting, including its sources, transport, degradation, acquisition of contaminants, ingestion by animals, and biological impacts arising from the mobilization of chemical additives. In the ocean, foamed PS is subject to wind-assisted transport and fracturing via photolytic degradation. The material may also act as a substrate for rafting organisms while being exposed to elevated concentrations of natural and anthropogenic surface-active chemicals in the sea surface microlayer. In the littoral setting, fragmentation is accentuated by milling in the swash zone and abrasion when beached, with wind transport leading to the temporary burial of significant quantities of material. Ingestion of EPS and XPS has been documented for a variety of marine animals, but principally those that feed at the sea surface or use the material as a habitat. As well as risking injuries due to gastro-intestinal blockage, ingestion of foamed PS exposes animals to harmful chemicals, and of greatest concern in this respect is the presence of the historical, but still recycled, flame-retardant, hexabromocyclododecane. Because foamed PS is particularly difficult to retrieve as a constituent of marine litter, means of reducing its presence and impacts will rely on the elimination of processes that generate foamed waste, modification of current storage and disposal practices, and the development of more durable and sustainable alternatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Turner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Plymouth Plymouth PL4 8AA, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Parvizian BA, Zhou C, Fernando S, Crimmins BS, Hopke PK, Holsen TM. Concentrations and Long-Term Temporal Trends of Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDD) in Lake Trout and Walleye from the Great Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6134-6141. [PMID: 32298100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) is a hazardous, persistent, bioaccumlative brominated flame retardant. To investigate how its use has affected the Great Lakes, total HBCDD (∑HBCDD) concentrations and temporal trends in homogenized whole fish samples from the Great Lakes region (1978 to 2016) were determined. ∑HBCDD concentrations (ng/g ww) for each lake are Erie (0.49-2.60), Ontario (3.12-8.90), Michigan (3.91-9.01), Superior (5.69-13.1), and Huron (5.57-13.7). Early years (1978 to 1992) showed no significant trend. However, recent trends (2004 to 2016) suggest concentrations are increasing in Lakes Erie and Ontario, decreasing in Lakes Superior and Michigan, and not changing in Lake Huron. Decreasing trends for Lakes Superior and Michigan are likely the result of decreased usage of the compound globally, regionally, and locally. For the other lakes, increasing or zero trends are consistent with food web changes due to invasive species and climate change, which has caused more intense storms and less ice cover leading to increased sediment resuspension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bita Alipour Parvizian
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
| | - Chuanlong Zhou
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Sujan Fernando
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
| | | | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li Y, Chang Q, Luo Z, Zhang J, Liu Y, Duan H, Li J. Transfer of POP-BFRs within e-waste plastics in recycling streams in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:135003. [PMID: 31836227 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to the rapid increase of e-waste plastics and the national policy's strong preference for mechanical recycling, a substantial amount of POP-BFRs is flowing into recycling streams in China. Therefore, confronting with the worldwide prohibition in manufacturing and consumption, identifying the transfer and inventory of POP-BFRs in recycling stage has become the key to their effective management and elimination. In this study, the level of PBDEs in e-waste housings, recycled plastics and daily-use products from recycling facilities and the commodity market was determined, and a gradual decrease of PBDEs was observed along with the downstream life cycle, indicating that recycling is a crucial medium of POP-BFRs transferred from their original use to an expansive reutilization market. Based on that, an extrusion experiment was conducted to imitate the mechanical recycling of e-waste plastics. It was found that, about 77% of PBDEs and 39% of HBCD were retained in recycled materials, with levels comparable to those in the products from recycling manufacturers and the consumer market. Mechanical recycling had no effect on the predominance of highly brominated BDE congeners, and no obvious transformation from higher to lower brominated diphenyl ethers was observed in recycled materials under thermal conditions; however, the isomerization of γ-HBCD brought about a noticeable increase in the relative abundance of α-HBCD. According to a Monte Carlo method estimation by using the transfer rate, approximately 235-687.8 tons of PBDEs have entered into recycling streams annually in the most recent five years. The field survey, laboratory findings and model evaluation results obtained in this study would not only contribute to a broader understanding of POP-BFRs sources and impact scopes posed on human health and the environment, but also provide a basis for developing effective strategies to manage POP-BFRs from the recycling perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
| | - Qimin Chang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Zheng Luo
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yicheng Liu
- Ningbo Guoke Testing Co. Ltd., Ningbo 315336, China
| | - Huabo Duan
- College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ekpe OD, Choo G, Barceló D, Oh JE. Introduction of emerging halogenated flame retardants in the environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
15
|
Méda B, Travel A, Guyot Y, Henri J, Royer E, Baéza-Campone E, Jondreville C. A PBPK model to study the transfer of α-hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCDD) to tissues of fast- and slow-growing broilers. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 37:316-331. [PMID: 31697187 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1681596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to investigate the production-specific factors involved in the transfer of α-hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCDD) to broiler meat. The model describes growth and lipid deposition in tissues of fast- (FG) and slow- (SG) growing broilers from hatching to slaughter and simulates the exposure through the ingestion of contaminated feed or expanded polystyrene insulation material. Growth parameters were obtained from the literature while parameters relative to uptake, distribution, and elimination of α-HBCDD were adjusted using results of a previous experiment involving broilers exposed through feed throughout the rearing period or allowed to depurate before slaughter. The model was used to compare the two main edible tissues, breast and leg meat, as well as skin, and to investigate the variability within strain. Between strains and within strain, α-HBCDD assimilation efficiency (AE) is higher when the animals are slaughtered young or heavy. However, increasing slaughter age will lower α-HBCDD concentration in tissues, due to dilution. Based on fresh weight, the concentration of α-HBCDD in breast muscles and skin tends to be lower in SG than in FG broilers (-30 to +10%), while it is 10% to 80% higher in leg muscles. Compared to breast muscles, consuming leg muscles would elicit an exposure 9 and 16 times higher in FG and SG broilers, respectively. The consumption of skin together with muscles would multiply the exposure by up to 36 times compared to breast muscle alone. In case of acute exposure, the α-HBCDD concentration in tissues increased sharply, all the more since the animals are lighter in weight, and then decreased rapidly. In FG broilers, dilution through growth contributed for up to 37%, 28% and 97% to the decontamination of breast muscles, leg muscles and skin, respectively, depending on the duration of depuration before slaughter.
Collapse
|
16
|
Gao CJ, Xia LL, Wu CC, Wong CS, Guo Y. The effects of prosperity indices and land use indicators of an urban conurbation on the occurrence of hexabromocyclododecanes and tetrabromobisphenol A in surface soil in South China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1810-1818. [PMID: 31299510 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are legacy brominated flame retardants which are still produced and used in China. In this study, 187 surface soils from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) urban conurbation in China were collected, and the effects of urban conurbation development on the concentrations, distributions and human exposure risk of HBCDs and TBBPA were investigated. The concentration ranges of Σ3HBCD (sum of α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) and TBBPA in soil were below the limit of quantification (<LOQ) to 300 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) and < LOQ to 53.1 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Concentration levels of HBCDs and TBBPA in the PRD were affected both by distributions of land-use type and by the location of the city. Soils from residential areas contained the highest concentrations of Σ3HBCD (median: 1.75 ng g-1 dw) and TBBPA (1.92 ng g-1 dw) among all land-use types. In addition, soils from the central PRD had higher Σ3HBCD and TBBPA levels (0.46 and 0.90 ng g-1 dw) than those from the surrounding areas (0.17 and 0.07 ng g-1 dw). The concentrations of Σ3HBCD and TBBPA were highly correlated with urbanization level, population density, regional GDP and per capita income in all cities studied (p < 0.01), which indicates that the prosperity of the urban conurbation may play an important role in soil contamination of HBCDs and TBBPA in the PRD. Children living in residential areas had the highest estimated daily intakes of Σ3HBCD (7.09 pg kg-1 d-1) and TBBPA (7.76 pg kg-1 d-1), suggesting that people living in residential areas have a relatively higher exposure risk of HBCDs and TBBPA. This is a comprehensive study to report the effects of prosperity indices and land use indicators of an urban conurbation on the occurrence of HBCDs and TBBPA in soil in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Jing Gao
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lin-Lin Xia
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Charles S Wong
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Richardson College for the Environment, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abbasi G, Li L, Breivik K. Global Historical Stocks and Emissions of PBDEs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6330-6340. [PMID: 31083912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The first spatially and temporally resolved inventory of BDE28, 47, 99, 153, 183, and 209 in the anthroposphere and environment is presented here. The stock and emissions of PBDE congeners were estimated using a dynamic substance flow analysis model, CiP-CAFE. To evaluate our results, the emission estimates were used as input to the BETR-Global model. Estimated concentrations were compared with observed concentrations in air from background areas. The global (a) in-use and (b) waste stocks of ∑5BDE(28, 47, 99, 153, 183) and BDE209 are estimated to be (a) ∼25 and 400 kt and (b) 13 and 100 kt, respectively, in 2018. A total of 6 (0.3-13) and 10.5 (9-12) kt of ∑5BDE and BDE209, respectively, has been emitted to the atmosphere by 2018. More than 70% of PBDE emissions during production and use occurred in the industrialized regions, while more than 70% of the emissions during waste disposal occurred in the less industrialized regions. A total of 70 kt of ∑5BDE and BDE209 was recycled within products since 1970. As recycling rates are expected to increase under the circular economy, an additional 45 kt of PBDEs (mainly BDE209) may reappear in new products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Golnoush Abbasi
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research , Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller , Norway
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research , Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller , Norway
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo , Norway
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Synergistic Effect of Photocatalytic Degradation of Hexabromocyclododecane in Water by UV/TiO2/persulfate. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the elimination of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is explored by using photodegradation of the UV/TiO2 system, the UV/potassium persulfate (KPS) system, and the homo/heterogeneous UV/TiO2/KPS system. The experimental results show that the dosages of TiO2 and potassium persulfate have optimum values to increase the degradation degree. HBCD can be almost completely degraded and 74.3% of the total bromine content is achieved in the UV/TiO2/KPS homo/heterogeneous photocatalysis, much more than in the UV/persulfate system and the UV/TiO2 system. Roles of radicals SO4•− and OH• in the photocatalysis systems are discussed based on experimental measurements. The high yield of the concentration of bromide ions and decreased pH value indicates that synergistic effects exist in the UV/TiO2/KPS homo/heterogeneous photocatalysis, which can mineralize HBCD into inorganic small molecules like carboxylic acids, CO2 and H2O, thus much less intermediates are formed. The possible pathways of degradation of HBCD in the UV/TiO2/KPS system were also analyzed by GC/MS. This work will have practical application potential in the fields of pollution control and environmental management.
Collapse
|
19
|
Li L, Wania F. Elucidating the Variability in the Hexabromocyclododecane Diastereomer Profile in the Global Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10532-10542. [PMID: 30146881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) is a hazardous flame retardant subject to international regulation. Whereas γ-HBCDD is a dominant component in the technical HBCDD mixture, the diastereomer profile in environmental samples shows substantial temporal and spatial variations, ranging from γ- to α-HBCDD-dominant. To explain such variability, we simulate the global emissions and fate of HBCDD diastereomers, using a dynamic substance flow analysis model (CiP-CAFE) coupled to a multimedia environmental fate model (BETR-Global). Our modeling results indicate that, as of 2015, 340-1000 tonnes of HBCDD have been emitted globally, with slightly more γ-HBCDD (50%-65%) than α-HBCDD (30%-50%). Emissions of γ-HBCDD primarily originate from production and other industrial processes, whereas those of α-HBCDD are mainly associated with the use and end-of-life disposal of HBCDD-containing products. Presently, α-HBCDD dominates the contamination in the air of populated areas, while γ-HBCDD is more abundant in remote background areas and in regions with HCBDD production and processing facilities. Globally, the relative abundance of α-HBCDD is anticipated to increase after production of HBCDD is banned. Due to isomerization, α-HBCDD accumulates to a larger extent than γ-HBCDD in Arctic surface media. Since α-HBCDD is more persistent and bioaccumulative than other diastereomers, isomerization has bearing on the potential environmental and health impacts on a global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , Ontario Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , Ontario Canada M1C 1A4
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hou M, Wang Y, Zhao H, Zhang Q, Xie Q, Zhang X, Chen R, Chen J. Halogenated flame retardants in building and decoration materials in China: Implications for human exposure via inhalation and dust ingestion. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 203:291-299. [PMID: 29625318 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), and dechlorane plus (DPs) were analyzed in seven categories of building and decoration materials. The total concentrations of analyzed FRs ranged from 1.19 ng/g (diatomite powder) to 9532 ng/g (expanded polystyrene panel). Relatively high concentrations were detected in foam samples and PVC materials, followed by sealing materials, boards, wallpaper, paints, and wall decoration powders. BDE209 was the most detected compound with the highest concentrations in almost all materials, followed by decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), which was consistent with their productions and consumptions in China. The estimated PBDE concentrations in air and dust based on material concentration and emission rate were comparable with those detected in real samples. Adult and infant exposures via inhalation and dust ingestion were assessed. The estimated exposures to BDE209 via dust ingestion were 1.36 and 0.12 ng/(kg bw d), which were 19- and 4-fold higher than those via inhalation for infants and adults, respectively. This suggested that dust ingestion was a significant pathway of human BDE209 exposure, especially for infants. For the other PBDE congeners (∑7PBDEs), the estimated exposures via inhalation were 2.60 and 1.32 ng/(kg bw d) for infants and adults, respectively. Despite the low estimated human exposures to PBDEs compared to the oral reference doses, the exposure associated with building and decoration materials still requires more attention because of the potential risks from other exposure pathways and undetected FRs in those materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qiaonan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ruize Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lucas D, Petty SM, Keen O, Luedeka B, Schlummer M, Weber R, Yazdani R, Riise B, Rhodes J, Nightingale D, Diamond ML, Vijgen J, Lindeman A, Blum A, Koshland CP. Methods of Responsibly Managing End-of-Life Foams and Plastics Containing Flame Retardants: Part II. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE 2018; 35:588-602. [PMID: 29892191 PMCID: PMC5994147 DOI: 10.1089/ees.2017.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This is Part II of a review covering the wide range of issues associated with all aspects of the use and responsible disposal of foam and plastic wastes containing toxic or potentially toxic flame retardants. We identify basic and applied research needs in the areas of responsible collection, pretreatment, processing, and management of these wastes. In Part II, we explore alternative technologies for the management of halogenated flame retardant (HFR) containing wastes, including chemical, mechanical, and thermal processes for recycling, treatment, and disposal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Lucas
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - Sara M. Petty
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California
| | - Olya Keen
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Bob Luedeka
- Polyurethane Foam Association, Inc., Loudon, Tennessee
| | - Martin Schlummer
- Fraunhofer-Institut fur Verfahrenstechnik und Verpackung, Freising, Germany
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Göppingen, Germany
| | - Ramin Yazdani
- Yolo County Public Works Department, Planning, Public Works, Environ Services, Woodland, California
| | | | | | | | - Miriam L. Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - John Vijgen
- International HCH & Pesticides Association, Copenhagen Area, Capital Region, Denmark
| | | | - Arlene Blum
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yu D, Duan H, Song Q, Li X, Zhang H, Zhang H, Liu Y, Shen W, Wang J. Characterizing the environmental impact of metals in construction and demolition waste. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:13823-13832. [PMID: 29508202 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of construction and demolition (C&D) waste are generated in China every year, but their potential environmental impacts on the surrounding areas are rarely assessed. This study focuses on metals contained in C&D waste, characterizing the metal concentrations and their related environmental risks. C&D waste samples were collected in Shenzhen City, China, from building demolition sites, renovation areas undergoing refurbishment, landfill sites, and recycling companies (all located in Shenzhen city) that produce recycled aggregate, in order to identify pollution levels of the metals As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn. The results showed that (1) the metal concentrations in most demolition and renovation waste samples were below the soil environmental quality standard for agricultural purposes (SQ-Agr.) in China; (2) Cd, Cu, and Zn led to relatively higher environmental risks than other metals, especially for Zn (DM5 tile sample, 360 mg/kg; R4 tile sample, 281 mg/kg); (3) non-inert C&D waste such as wall insulation and foamed plastic had high concentrations of As and Cd, so that these materials required special attention for sound waste management; and (4) C&D waste collected from landfill sites had higher concentrations of Cd and Cu than did waste collected from demolition and refurbishment sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Yu
- College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Huabo Duan
- College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Qingbin Song
- Macau Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yicheng Liu
- Ningbo Guoke Testing Co., Ltd, Ningbo, 315336, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- Ningbo Guoke Testing Co., Ltd, Ningbo, 315336, China
| | - Jinben Wang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cao X, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Khan K, Wang C, Baninla Y. An overview of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDs) in environmental media with focus on their potential risk and management in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:283-295. [PMID: 29414350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are the subject of recent interest and potential risk assessment particularly in China due to its ubiquitous existence in a variety of environmental media. This paper reviews the recent studies conducted on HBCDs in different environmental media (air, soil, water, river sediment, sewage sludge, biota and daily food) in China. At the same time, human health risks via food and occupational exposure of HBCDs in production plants, expanded polystyrene (EPS) and extruded polystyrene (XPS) plants were assessed. The review reveals that HBCDs levels of air, soil, sediment, sewage sludge, biota and food presented a geographical variation in the eastern coastal regions of China. There were many factors resulting in the variation, such as sampling sites, climate and analytical method. In terms of diastereoisomer, α-HBCD and γ-HBCD were the predominant diastereoisomers in air, soil, sediment, and sewage sludge. In the water, α-HBCD and γ-HBCD shared the major proportion to the total HBCDs. However, only α-HBCD was the predominant diastereoisomer in biota. With regard to human exposure pathway to HBCDs, food was the major route for human exposure to HBCDs, especially meat. In addition, soil and road dust were also important exposure pathways. Furthermore, workers and residents, especially infants in and around waste dumping sites and industrial areas are exposed to the highest HBCDs levels among all the populations studied thus far. HBCDs posed a potential threat to the environment and human health. Therefore, risk assessment and management have an important role to play in preventing and mitigating HBCDs risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yueqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kifayatullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
| | - Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yvette Baninla
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li L, Wania F. Occurrence of Single- and Double-Peaked Emission Profiles of Synthetic Chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4684-4693. [PMID: 29582660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to elucidate the circumstances that can lead to two peaks in the temporal emission profile of synthetic chemicals. Using a simplified substance flow model, we explore how emission factors, product lifespan, and degradation half-life in waste stock influence the (i) relative importance of emissions from three lifecycle stages (industrial processes, use phase, and waste disposal), and (ii) the resulting composite emission profile. A double-peaked emission profile occurs if the lifespan of products containing the chemical is longer than its production history, and the gross emission factor from waste disposal exceeds that from the use phase. Since most chemicals fail to meet these two conditions, it is reasonable to use single-peaked emission profile as the default in environmental studies. On the basis of their emission profiles and contributions from individual lifecycle stages, we can categorize chemicals into "simple single-peakers", "composite single-peakers", and "double-peakers". Our simplified model derived emission profiles for five real chemicals that agree well with earlier, more sophisticated calculations, indicating the model's ability to capture the essential features of actual emissions. It is hoped that the model and conclusions in this work will benefit both environmental modelers and decision makers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M1C 1A4
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dong H, Lu G, Yan Z, Liu J, Yang H, Nkoom M. Bioconcentration and effects of hexabromocyclododecane exposure in crucian carp (Carassius auratus). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:313-324. [PMID: 29404869 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As a cycloaliphatic brominated flame retardant, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) has been widely used in building thermal insulation and fireproof materials. However, there is little information on the bioconcentration as well as effects with respect to HBCD exposure in the aquatic environment. To investigate the bioconcentration of HBCD in tissues (muscle and liver) and its biochemical and behavioural effects, juvenile crucian carp (Carassius auratus) were exposed to different concentrations of technical HBCD (nominal concentrations, 2, 20, 200 μg/L) for 7 days, using a flow-through exposure system. HBCD was found to concentrate in the liver and muscle with a terminal concentration of 0.60 ± 0.22 μg/g lw (lipid weight) and 0.18 ± 0.02 μg/g lw, respectively, at an environmentally-relevant concentration (2 μg/L). The total thyroxine and total triiodothyronine in the fish plasma were lowered as a result of exposure to the HBCD. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain was increased, while swimming activity was inhibited and shoaling inclination was enhanced after exposure to 200 μg/L HBCD. Feeding rate was suppressed in the 20 and 200 μg/L treatment groups. In summary, HBCD concentrations 10-100× higher than the current environmentally-relevant exposures induced adverse effects in the fish species tested in this study. These results suggest that increasing environmental concentrations and/or species with higher sensitivity than carp might be adversely affected by HBCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huike Dong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China.
- Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, 860000, Linzhi, China.
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China
| | - Haohan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China
| | - Matthew Nkoom
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ruan Y, Lam JCW, Zhang X, Lam PKS. Temporal Changes and Stereoisomeric Compositions of 1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane and 1,2-Dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane in Marine Mammals from the South China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2517-2526. [PMID: 29397695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Stereoisomeric compositions of 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH) were investigated in the blubber of two species of marine mammals, finless porpoises ( Neophocaena phocaenoides) and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins ( Sousa chinensis), from the South China Sea between 2005 and 2015. The concentrations of ΣHBCD in samples of porpoise ( n = 59) and dolphin ( n = 32) ranged from 97.2 to 6,260 ng/g lipid weight (lw) and from 447 to 45,800 ng/g lw, respectively, while those of ΣTBECH were both roughly 2 orders of magnitude lower. A significant increasing trend of ΣHBCD was found in dolphin blubber over the past decade. The diastereomeric profiles exhibited an absolute predominance of α-HBCD (mostly >90%), while the proportions of four TBECH diastereomers in the samples appeared similar. A preferential enrichment of the (-)-enantiomers of α-, β-, and γ-HBCD was found in most blubber samples. Interestingly, the body lengths of porpoises showed a significant negative correlation with the enantiomer fractions of α-HBCD. Significant racemic deviations were also observed for α-, γ-, and δ-TBECH enantiomeric pairs. This is the first report of the presence of TBECH enantiomers in the environment. The estimated hazard quotient indicates that there is a potential risk to dolphins due to HBCD exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity , City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - James C W Lam
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity , City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies , The Education University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies , The Education University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity , City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Han T, Wu MH, Zang C, Sun R, Tang L, Liu N, Lei JQ, Shao HY, Gu JZ, Xu G. Hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A in tree bark from different functional areas of Shanghai, China: levels and spatial distributions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1346-1354. [PMID: 28892110 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00275k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and spatial distributions of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were measured in tree bark from different functional areas of Shanghai. ΣHBCDD (sum of α-, β-, and γ-HBCDD) concentrations ranged from 1.2 × 102 to 6.6 × 103 ng g-1 lw (median 5.7 × 102 ng g-1 lw) and TBBPA concentrations ranged from 48 to 7.2 × 104 ng g-1 lw (median 2.8 × 102 ng g-1 lw). The concentrations of ΣHBCDD and TBBPA all followed the order of industrial areas > commercial areas > residential areas. The mean percentage of α-HBCDD in bark samples (44%) from Shanghai was higher than that in technical HBCDD products, but comparable with that in air. The concentrations of TBBPA and individual HBCDD diastereoisomers between industrial areas and commercial areas were correlated. Based on the concentrations of HBCDD in the bark, the corresponding atmospheric HBCDD concentrations were estimated. Compared with the published data for HBCDD in urban air, the estimated atmospheric HBCDD concentrations in Shanghai had a relatively high level, and more attention should be paid to the pollution status of HBCDD in Shanghai.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Han
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Duan H, Yu D, Zuo J, Yang B, Zhang Y, Niu Y. Characterization of brominated flame retardants in construction and demolition waste components: HBCD and PBDEs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:77-85. [PMID: 27494656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of construction material is inert and can be managed as nonhazardous. However, structures may have either been built with some environmentally unfriendly substances such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs), or have absorbed harmful elements such as heavy metals. This study focuses on end-of-life construction materials, i.e. construction and demolition (C&D) waste components. The aim was to characterize the concentration of extremely harmful substances, primarily BFRs, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominateddiphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Results revealed extremely high contents of HBCD and PBDEs in typical C&D waste components, particularly polyurethane foam materials. Policies should therefore be developed for the proper management of C&D waste, with priority for POP-containing debris. The first priority is to develop a classification system and procedures to separate out the harmful materials for more extensive processing. Additionally, identification and quantification of the environmental implications associated with dumping-dominated disposal of these wastes are required. Finally, more sustainable materials should be selected for use in the construction industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huabo Duan
- Smart City Research Institute, College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Danfeng Yu
- Smart City Research Institute, College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Zuo
- School of Architecture & Built Environment, Entrepreneurship, Commercialisation and Innovation Centre (ECIC), The University of Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Yukui Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, 510655 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongning Niu
- Smart City Research Institute, College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li L, Wania F. Tracking chemicals in products around the world: introduction of a dynamic substance flow analysis model and application to PCBs. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:674-686. [PMID: 27431909 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dynamically tracking flows and stocks of problematic chemicals in products (CiPs) in the global anthroposphere is essential to understanding their environmental fates and risks. The complex behavior of CiPs during production, use and waste disposal makes this a challenging task. Here we introduce and describe a dynamic substance flow model, named Chemicals in Products - Comprehensive Anthropospheric Fate Estimation (CiP-CAFE), which facilitates the quantification of time-variant flows and stocks of CiPs within and between seven interconnected world regions and the generation of global scale emission estimates. We applied CiP-CAFE to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), first to evaluate its ability to reproduce previously reported global-scale atmospheric emission inventories and second to illustrate its potential applications and merits. CiP-CAFE quantifies the pathways of PCBs during production, use and waste disposal stages, thereby deducing the temporal evolution of in-use and waste stocks and identifying their long-term final sinks. Time-variant estimates of PCB emissions into air, water and soil can be attributed to different processes and be fed directly into a global fate and transport model. By capturing the international movement of PCBs as technical chemicals, and in products and waste, CiP-CAFE reveals that the extent of global dispersal caused by humans is larger than that occurring in the natural environment. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the model output is most sensitive to the PCB production volume and the lifetime of PCB-containing products, suggesting that a shortening of that lifetime is key to reducing future PCB emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1095 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1095 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|