Alkylphenolic compounds and risk of breast and prostate cancer in the MCC-Spain study

Occupational Health Injuries and Illness Among Women Workers in the Chemical Industry: A Scoping Review

BACKGROUND

The number of women in the chemical industry has recently increased due to more women pursuing science careers. It is necessary, therefore, to analyze the emerging health risks for female workers in the chemical industry. This study examines the relationship between occupational health and sex/gender in the chemical industry, with a gender perspective.

METHODS

We present a scoping review (n = 97). After removing duplicates and applying eligibility criteria, we selected 27 articles published in the last decade that explored the industry's occupational risks.

FINDINGS

Most of the papers include predominantly male samples and describe adult populations, mainly from developed countries. The studies focus on various employment contexts of chemical industries. We identified health risks in oncology, dermatology, and the respiratory system, among others. We found that particular emphasis was given to the relationship between occupational exposure and cancer, especially breast cancer. Furthermore, we observed sex/gender differences in the prevalence of respiratory and dermatological disorders. These results highlight the need to consider specific sex/gender-based health risk factors in the chemical industry.

CONCLUSIONS/APPLICATION TO PRACTICE

The chemical industry is considered a crucial health determinant, however, the studies focused on sex/gender-based differences without considering gender-specific physiology and work circumstances. Although some studies do mention sex/gender disparities, such as occupational rhinitis, which is more frequent in women, studies are scarce. The absence of a segregated analysis with a gender perspective could lead to the ignorance of emerging health risks for female workers, highlighting the urgent need to include a gender perspective in future research.

Trends and Age-Period-Cohort Effect on Incidence of Male Breast Cancer from 1980 to 2019 in Taiwan and the USA

Although male breast cancer (MBC) is globally rare, its incidence significantly increased from 1990 to 2017. The aim of this study was to examine variations in the trends of MBC incidence between populations in Taiwan and the USA from 1980 to 2019. The Taiwan Cancer Registry database and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute of the USA were used. The age-standardized incidence rate was calculated using the world standard population in 2000. The long-term trends of the age, time period, and birth cohort effect on MBC incidence rates were estimated using the SEER Age-Period-Cohort Web Tool. The results revealed that the incidence of MBC in both countries increased from 2010 to 2019 (Taiwan: average annual percentage change (AAPC) = 2.59%; USA: AAPC = 0.64%). The age and period effects on the incidence rates in both countries strengthened, but the cohort effect was only identified in Taiwan (Rate ratio: 4.03). The identified cohort effect in this study bears resemblance to that noted in a previous investigation on female breast cancer in Taiwan. This suggests the possible presence of common environmental factors influencing breast cancer incidence in both genders, such as a high fat diet and xenoestrogen.

Evidence-based identification of breast cancer and associated ovarian and uterus cancer risk components in source waters from high incidence area in the Pearl River Basin, China

Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and uterus cancer are among the most common female cancers. They are suspected to associate with exposures to specific environmental pollutants, which remain unidentified in source waters. In this work, we focused on the Pearl River Basin region in China, which experienced a high incidence of breast, ovarian, and uterus cancers. Combining cancer patient data, mammalian cell cytotoxicity analyses, and exhaustive historical and current chemical assessments, we for the first time identified source water components that promoted proliferation of mammalian cells, and confirmed their association with these female cancers via the estrogen receptor mediated pathway. Therefore, the components that have previously been found to enhance the proliferation of estrogen receptor-containing cells through endocrine disruption could be the crucial factor. Based on this, components that matched with this toxicological characteristic (i.e., estrogen-like effect) were further identified in source waters, including (1) organic components: phthalates, bisphenol A, nonylphenols, and per-/polyfluoroalkyls; (2) inorganic components: Sb, Co, As, and nitrate. Moreover, these identified water components were present at levels comparable to other regions with high female cancer prevalence, suggesting that the potential risk of these components may not be exclusive to the study region. Together, multiple levels of evidence suggested that long-term co-exposures to source water estrogenic components may be important to the development of breast, ovarian, and uterus cancers.

The effect of long-term exposure to nonylphenol at environmentally relevant levels on mouse liver and adipose tissue

Exposure to the xenoestrogen nonylphenol (NP) during critical windows of development leads to metabolic abnormalities in adult life. However, less is known about NP exposure outside the developmental period on metabolic outcomes. We investigated the effect of prolonged exposure to NP after sexual maturity and at environmentally relevant concentrations below the 'no observable adverse effects level' (0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg/d). Male Swiss mice fed a normal-fat diet exposed to 2.5 mg/kg/d NP showed reduced weight gain and hepatic fat content. In male and female C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet, NP exposure modified the mRNA levels of estrogen receptor α (Esr1) and adipose lineage markers in a sexually dimorphic and adipose depot-dependent pattern. Moreover, in primary female but not male stromal vascular cells from C57BL/6 mouse inguinal WAT induced to differentiate into adipocytes, NP upregulated Fabp4 expression. Low-level exposure to NP outside critical developmental windows may affect the metabolic phenotype distinctly. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT: All data not included in the manuscript, such as raw results, are available upon request and should be addressed to AAA.

Unmasking the Hidden Danger: A Decade-Long Systematic Review of Case-Control Studies on Single Occupational Risks and Prostate Cancer

The present systematic review addresses the influence of occupational exposures on prostate cancer risk. Eleven studies were analyzed for a range of occupational exposures, including but not limited to firefighting, physical activity, night shift work, chemical exposure, and solar ultraviolet radiation. The results of the review reveal that firefighters exposed to harmful substances, individuals engaged in physically strenuous work, and workers with chronic night shift routines showed an increased likelihood of developing prostate cancer. Moreover, the review identified an increased risk associated with exposure to certain chemicals, including alkylphenolic compounds and benzene-related substances. The evidence underscores the importance of considering the cumulative effect of multiple risk factors in a comprehensive risk assessment. However, the conclusions indicate the necessity for further research to deepen these relationships and develop more effective strategies for the prevention of prostate cancer.

Environmental microcystin exposure triggers the poor prognosis of prostate cancer: Evidence from case-control, animal, and in vitro studies

Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) is positively linked with multiple cancers in humans. However, the association between MC-LR and the risk and prognosis of prostate cancer has not been conducted in epidemiological studies. No reported studies have linked MC-LR exposure to the poor prognosis of prostate cancer by conducting experimental studies. The content of MC-LR was detected in most of the aquatic food in wet markets and supermarkets in Nanjing and posed a health risk for consumers. MC-LR levels in both prostate cancer tissues and serum were significantly higher than controls. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for prostate cancer risk by serum MC-LR was 1.75 (95%CI: 1.21-2.52) in the whole subjects, and a positive correlation between MC-LR and advanced tumor stage was observed. Survival curve analysis indicated patients with higher MC-LR levels in tissues exhibited poorer overall survival. Human, animal, and cell studies confirmed that MC-LR exposure increases the expression of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in prostate cancer. Moreover, MC-LR-induced decreased E-cadherin levels, increased vimentin levels, and increased migratory and invasive capacities of prostate cancer cells were markedly suppressed upon ERα knockdown. MC-LR-induced xenograft tumor growth and lung metastasis in BALB/c nude mice can be effectively alleviated with ERα knockdown. Our data demonstrated that MC-LR upregulated vimentin and downregulated E-cadherin through activating ERα, promoting migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells. Our findings highlight the role of MC-LR in prostate cancer, providing new perspectives to understand MC-LR-induced prostatic toxicity.

The impact of endocrine disrupting compounds and carcinogens in wastewater: Implications for breast cancer

The incidence of breast cancer is often associated with geographic variation which indicates that a person's surrounding environment can be an important etiological factor in cancer development. Environmental risk factors can include exposure to sewage- or wastewater, which consist of a complex mixture of pathogens, mutagens and carcinogens. Wastewater contains primarily carbonaceous, nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds, however it can also contain trace amounts of chemical pollutants including toxic metal cations, hydrocarbons and pesticides. More importantly, the contamination of drinking water by wastewater is a potential source of exposure to mammary carcinogens and endocrine disrupting compounds. Organic solvents and other pollutants often found in wastewater have been detected in various tissues, including breast and adipose tissues. Furthermore, these pollutants such as phenolic compounds in some detergents and plastics, as well as parabens and pesticides can mimic estrogen. High estrogen levels are a well-established risk factor for estrogen-receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. Therefore, exposure to wastewater is a risk factor for the initiation, progression and metastasis of breast cancer. Carcinogens present in wastewater can promote tumourigenesis through various mechanisms, including the formation of DNA adducts, gene mutations and oxidative stress. Lastly, the presence of endocrine disrupting compounds in wastewater can have negative implications for ER-positive breast cancers, where these molecules can activate ERα to promote cell proliferation, survival and metastasis. As such, strategies should be implemented to limit exposure, such as providing funding into treatment technologies and implementation of regulations that limit the production and use of these potentially harmful chemicals.

A "dilute-and-shoot" column-switching UHPLC-MS/MS procedure for the rapid determination of branched nonylphenol in human urine: method optimisation and some fundamental aspects of nonylphenol analysis

Technical grade branched nonylphenol (NP) was determined in human urine by online solid phase extraction-ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS). Prior to analysis, urine specimens were simply diluted and enzymatically deconjugated. The run time of the chromatography, including SPE and re-equilibration, was 9 min per injection. The enzymatic cleavage of NP conjugates was optimised with incurred sample material from a human metabolism study: the highest recoveries were obtained with β-glucuronidase from E. coli K 12 in 0.1 M ammonium acetate at pH 6.5, within a minimal hydrolysis time of 30 to 60 min. Using sodium acetate instead of ammonium acetate led to systematically decreased recovery rates. The analytical method was validated regarding its precision (coefficients of variation: 2.9-7.4%), accuracy (relative recovery rates: 93-105%), robustness (relative recovery rates in individual urine matrices: 92-117%), selectivity, and limit of quantification (1.0 μg L^-1). Fundamental aspects in the analysis of technical product mixtures such as NP, comprising various isomers and homologues, were considered. Validation results, an exposure scenario and the application of the procedure to real samples, show that it enables a rugged monitoring of NP exposures above, at, and significantly below health-based guidance values, corresponding to daily NP intakes in the low μg kg^-1 d^-1 range. On the other hand, background levels in non-specifically exposed populations cannot be detected with this method. Hence, while alternative approaches should be pursued for NP analysis at environmental trace level, the speed and simplicity of our method are ideal for high-throughput human biomonitoring in occupational medicine.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and endocrine neoplasia: A forty-year systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances recognised as relevant tumourigenic chemicals. Studies show that even EDCs which were long abolished are still contributing to the increasing incidence of neoplasia.

AIM

To investigate the association between human exposure to EDCs and the risk of endocrine-related tumours: breast, prostate, thyroid, uterus, testis, and ovary.

METHODS

A systematic review using PubMed, Scopus, and Embase was conducted, searching for original observational studies published between 1980 and 2020, approaching EDCs exposure and endocrine tumourigenic risk in humans. We comprised neoplasia of six endocrine organs. We included all the studies on EDCs reporting tumour odds ratio, risk ratio, or hazard ratio. Study levels of confidence and risk of bias were accessed applying accredited guidelines. Human-made accidents and natural EDCs were not considered in the present study.

RESULTS

Our search returned 3271 papers. After duplicate removal and screening, only 237 papers were included (corresponding to 268 records). EDCs were grouped from the most frequently (pesticides) to the least frequently studied (salts). The most tumourigenic EDC groups were phthalates (63%), heavy metals (54%), particulate matter (47%), and pesticides (46%). Pesticides group comprised the highest number of retrieved studies (n = 133). Increased neoplasia risk was found in 43-67% of the studies, with a lower value for ovary (43%) and a higher value for thyroid (67%).

CONCLUSIONS

The innovative nature of our review comes from including human studies of six endocrine-related neoplasia aiming to understand the contribution of specific EDCs groups to each organ's tumourigenesis. Thyroid was the organ presenting the highest cancer risk after EDC exposure which may explain the increasing thyroid cancer incidence. However, detailed and controlled works reporting the effects of EDCs are scarce, probably justifying conflicting results. Multinational and multicentric human studies with biochemical analysis are needed to achieve stronger and concordant evidence.

Contribution of common plastic-related endocrine disruptors to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor progression

Many chemicals, including many endocrine disruptors (EDCs) are known to leach out from various plastic consumer products and waste, and are widespread in the environment. EDCs are a large group of contaminants that can interfere with hormonal metabolism or function. In addition, there are in the literature implications of contribution by EDCs in tumor progression, the last stage of carcinogenesis driven by cells with a metastatic phenotype. The process of epithelial cells losing their apical-basal polarity and cell-to-cell contacts, and acquiring migration and invasive properties typical of mesenchymal cells is called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). It is essential for tumor progression. In human cells, plastic-related EDCs, (phthalates, bisphenol A, and the alkylphenols: nonylphenol and octylphenol) reduce epithelial E-cadherin, and increase mesenchymal N-cadherin and extracellular matrix metalloproteinases. These changes are hallmarks of EMT. In xenograft mouse studies, EDCs increase migration of cells and metastatic growth in distant tissues. Their contribution to EMT and tumor progression, the topic of this review, is important from public health perspective, because of the ubiquitous exposure to these EDCs. In this mini-review we also discuss molecular mechanisms associated with EDC-induced EMT and tumor progression.

Endocrine disrupting chemicals in the environment: Environmental sources, biological effects, remediation techniques, and perspective

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been identified as emerging contaminants, which poses a great threat to human health and ecosystem. Pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, brominated flame retardants, steroid hormones and alkylphenols are representative of this type of contaminant, which are closely related to daily life. Unfortunately, many wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) do not treat EDCs as targets in the normal treatment process, resulting in EDCs entering the environment. Few studies have systematically reviewed the related content of EDCs in terms of occurrence, harm and remediation. For this reason, in this article, the sources and exposure routes of common EDCs are systematically described. The existence of EDCs in the environment is mainly related to human activities (Wastewater discharges and industrial activities). The common hazards of these EDCs are clarified based on available toxicological data. At the same time, the mechanism and effect of some mainstream EDCs remediation technologies (such as adsorption, advanced oxidation, membrane bioreactor, constructed wetland, etc.) are separately mentioned. Moreover, our perspectives are provided for further research of EDCs.

Molecular consequences of the exposure to toxic substances for the endocrine system of females

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are common in the environment and in everyday products such as cosmetics, plastic food packaging, and medicines. These substances are toxic in small doses (even in the order of micrograms) and enter the body through the skin, digestive or respiratory system. Numerous studies confirm the negative impact of EDCs on living organisms. They disrupt endocrine functions, contributing to the development of neoplastic and neurological diseases, as well as problems with the circulatory system and reproduction. EDCs affect humans and animals by modulating epigenetic processes that can lead to disturbances in gene expression or failure and even death. They also affect steroid hormones by binding to their receptors as well as interfering with synthesis and secretion of hormones. Prenatal exposure may be related to the impact of EDCs on offspring, resulting in effects of these substances on the ovaries and leading to the reduction of fertility through disturbances in the function of steroid receptors or problems with steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. Current literature indicates the need to continue research on the effects of EDCs on the female reproductive system. The aim of this review was to identify the effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on the female reproductive system and their genetic effects based on recent literature.

Mechanism of nonylphenol induced gastric inflammation through NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway

Studies have found that the intake of environmental endocrine disruptors was positively correlated with the occurrence of gastric diseases. The aim of this study was to determine whether nonylphenol (NP) exposure can induce gastric inflammation and whether its mechanism was related to NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. In vivo, male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (12 rats/group): control group (corn oil), NP low (0.4mg/kg), medium (4mg/kg), and high (40mg/kg) dose groups. After 33 weeks of NP chronic exposure, it was found pathological changes in gastric tissues, increase the release of inflammatory factors, and effects expressions of genes related to the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. In vitro, the GES-1 cell experiments, which included four groups: control (0 µmol/L NP), L (2.5 µmol/L NP), M (40 µmol/L NP), and H (60 µmol/L NP), confirmed that NP increased the release of inflammatory factors in the cells, and up-regulated the expression of proteins related to NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Furthermore, when pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate ammonium (PDTC) blocked the NF-κB signaling pathway, it was found that the expression of related proteins in the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway was decreased, and the release of inflammatory factors in GES-1 cells caused by NP was also attenuated. The results of this study indicated that NP can induce inflammation in the stomach in vivo and in vitro, and its mechanism was related to the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. These findings provided a new perspective on the mechanism of inflammatory response induced by exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors. Also, these findings indicated that therapeutic strategies for the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway may be new methods to treat inflammatory diseases.

Breast Cancer Incidence among Female Workers by Different Occupations and Industries: A Longitudinal Population-Based Matched Case-Control Study in Taiwan

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer incidence worldwide and in Taiwan. The relationship between breast cancer and occupational types remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate lifetime breast cancer incidence by different occupational industries among female workers in Taiwan.

METHODS

A population-based retrospective case-control study was conducted using three nationwide population-based databases. Matched case and control groups were identified with 1-to-4 exact matching among 103,047 female workers with breast cancer diagnosed in 2008-2017 and those without breast cancer. Their lifetime labor enrollment records were tracked using the National Labor Insurance Database, 1950-2017. Conditional logistic regression was used to analyze the association between types of occupational industries and risk of incident breast cancer.

RESULTS

Our study found slightly significant breast cancer risk among the following major occupational classifications: manufacturing (OR: 1.027, 95% CI: 1.011-1.043); wholesale and retail trade (OR: 1.068, 95% CI: 1.052-1.084); information and communication (OR: 1.074, 95% CI: 1.043-1.105); financial and insurance activities (OR: 1.109, 95% CI: 1.086-1.133); real estate activities (OR: 1.050, 95% CI: 1.016-1.085); professional, scientific, and technical activities (OR: 1.118, 95% CI: 1.091-1.145); public administration, defense, and social security (OR: 1.054, 95% CI: 1.023-1.087), education (OR: 1.199, 95% CI: 1.168-1.230); and human health and social work activities (OR: 1.125, 95% CI: 1.096-1.156).

CONCLUSIONS

Greater percentages of industrial occupations (i.e., manufacturing, wholesale and retail, or health professionals) were associated with slightly increased breast cancer risk. Further studies should investigate the possible risk factors among female workers in those industries with slightly higher incidence of breast cancer.

Occupational exposure to organic solvents and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. Recent studies suggest that organic solvent exposure could be closely related to breast cancer, although the evidence remains controversial. Thus, we evaluated existing epidemiological evidence for the association between occupational solvent exposure and breast cancer. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched to identify published case-control and cohort studies that addressed occupational exposure to organic solvents and breast cancer, up to April, 2021. Meta-analyses using random-effects models were conducted to obtain the pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) on the incidence of breast cancer in relation to occupational exposure. The pooled OR of breast cancer among workers exposed to organic solvents overall was 1.18 (95%CI, 1.11 ~ 1.25; I² = 76.3%; 24 studies), compared to those with no exposure. After stratification by menopause and study location, it was revealed that the association between occupational exposure to organic solvents and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.09 ~ 1.67; I² = 73.4%; 7 studies) was significant, and there was also a clear association in workers in Europe (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.12 ~ 1.32; I² = 82.9%; 13 studies). We observed a significant association between occupational exposure to organic solvents and breast cancer in both cohort and case-control studies.

Occurrence, spatial distribution and risk assessment of high concern endocrine-disrupting chemicals in Jiangsu Province, China

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have attracted much concern because of the environmental and health risks they pose. Here we used liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry to quantify 10 types of EDCs at 118 sampling sites in Jiangsu Province, China, and then evaluated their respective environmental risk using a conservative risk quotient method. The results show that, in surface water, the targeted nonylphenol (NP), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP), and (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) were ranked highest, having mean concentrations above 300 ng/L. In comparison, both 4-t-OP and DEHP were also ranked highest, with mean concentrations above 100 ng/g, in the sediment samples. Moreover, the ∑₁₀EDCs concentration in the Huai River Basin was similar to that in the Yangtze River Basin. Notably, Huai'an city had the maximum mean concentration for EDCs in the Huai River Basin, followed by Xuzhou city and Suqian city, while Yangzhou city ranked highest in the Yangtze River Basin. Furthermore, the corresponding risk distribution revealed that (1) NP, bisphenol A (BPA), and 4-t-OP are of medium to high risk in 70%, 100% and 95% of the surface water samples, and likewise in 45%, 88% and 100% of the sediment samples, respectively; the maximum RQ value for NP in surface water samples reached 74.9; (2) DEHP belongs to the high-risk category in all samples (100%), whose maximum RQ reached 54.7. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to report on the occurrence, spatial distribution, and risk assessment of EDCs of high concern in Jiangsu Province, China.

Highly efficient adsorption and mechanism of alkylphenols on magnetic reduced graphene oxide

The influence of alkylphenols to environment cannot be ignored, as they are common product from chemical industries and potential threat to human health. Some alkylphenols are listed as persistent toxic substances (PTS) by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). In this study, the optimized magnetic reduced graphene oxide (MrGO) was synthesized by a facile solvothermal method, and investigated for adsorption of three typical alkylphenols. In neutral condition, MrGO showed extremely high adsorption capacity of three typical alkylphenols, 4-heptylphenol (4-HP), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-OP), and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), which could reach 938.9 mg g^-1 (40 °C), 987.8 mg g^-1 (40 °C), and 989.7 mg g^-1 (20 °C), respectively. This study revealed that the adsorption process was a heterogeneous multi-layer physical adsorption, and the adsorption rates were related to the number of unoccupied vacancies on the adsorbent surface. From batch experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the main adsorption interactions between MrGO and alkylphenols were deduced to be π-π, hydrogen-bond, and hydrophobic interactions. What's more, the different affinities of MrGO towards different targets were further distinguished and explained in detail. The wonderful stability and recyclability of MrGO made it a promising cost-effective remediation candidate.

EDCs and male urogenital cancers

Male sex determination and sexual differentiation occur between 6-12 weeks of gestation. During the "male programming window" the fetal testes start to produce testosterone that initiates the development of the male reproductive tract. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) able to mimic or disrupt steroid hormone actions may disrupt testicular development and adversely impact reproductive health at birth, during puberty and adulthood. The testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) occurs as a result inhibition of androgen action on fetal development preceding Sertoli and Leydig cell dysfunction and may result from direct or epigenetic effects. Hypospadias, cryptorchidism and poor semen quality are elements of TDS, which may be considered a risk factor for testicular germ cell cancer (TGCC). Exposure to estrogen or estrogenic EDCs results in developmental estrogenization/estrogen imprinting in the rodent for prostate cancer (PCa). This can disrupt prostate histology by disorganization of the epithelium, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions, in particular high-grade PIN (HGPIN) lesions which are precursors of prostatic adenocarcinoma. These defects persist throughout the lifespan of the animal and later in life estrogen exposure predispose development of cancer. Exposure of pregnant dams to vinclozolin, a competitive anti-androgen, and results in prominent, focal regions of inflammation in all exposed animals. The inflammation closely resembles human nonbacterial prostatitis that occurs in young men and evidence indicates that inflammation plays a central role in the development of PCa. In conclusion, in utero exposure to endocrine disrupters may predispose to the development of TDS, testicular cancer (TCa) and PCa and are illustrations of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD).

Breast cancer and occupational exposures: an integrative review of the literature

Occupational factors can lead to breast cancer, though the relationship between these variables is not well established. The objective of this study was to search the relevant literature for information on the association between breast cancer and exposure to occupational risk factors. For that purpose, electronic databases were searched using the following keywords: breast cancer and occupational exposures. A total of 40 articles published in the 10-year period from 2009 to 2019 were included in this review. Workers exposed to metals such as cadmium, chemical products, radiation and night work were more susceptible to breast cancer. The findings showed significant evidence to support an association between breast cancer and some chemical products, ionizing radiation and night work. However, most studies have difficulty establishing a causal relationship between these variables, pointing to the need for further investigation of these issues.

Congenital heart diseases and parental occupational exposure in a Hungarian case-control study in 1997 to 2002

The etiology of congenital heart diseases is not fully understood yet, however, endocrine disrupting chemicals may have a causative role in their development. The purpose of our study was to examine the association between congenital heart diseases and periconceptional parental occupational exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals. In our Hungarian population-based case-control study, we examined 2263 live born cases with any congenital heart disease and 6789 matched controls selected between years 1997 to 2002. Occupational exposure was assessed with a job-exposure matrix developed for endocrine disrupting chemicals. Conditional multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to test associations between parental occupational exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and congenital heart diseases of the offspring as a whole and by congenital heart disease subtypes. The prevalence of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals was 4.5% for both case and control mothers and 19.1% and 19.4% for case and control fathers, respectively. We found a positive association between paternal pesticide (adjusted odds ratio = 1.66, 95% confidence interval: 1.03-2.69) and alkylphenolic compound exposure (adjusted odds ratio = 1.95, 95% confidence interval: 1.30-2.93) and the development of patent ductus arteriosus in the offspring. Alkylphenolic compound exposure occurred among painters, famers, and those working in the food service industry, while pesticide exposure occurred predominantly among farm workers. We identified that certain occupations may increase the occurrence of certain congenital heart disease phenotypes in the offspring. By paying closer attention to those working in these areas, antenatal detection rates of congenital heart diseases may be improved.

Environmental Distribution of Personal Care Products and Their Effects on Human Health

Personal care products (PCPs) are generally used for personal hygiene, cleaning, grooming, and beautification. These include hair and skin care products, baby care products, UV blocking creams, facial cleansers, insect repellents, perfumes, fragrances, soap, detergents, shampoos, conditioners, toothpaste, etc., thus exposing humans easily. Personal preferences related to PCPs usage frequency are highly variable and depend on socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors. The increasing availability and diversity of PCPs from the retailer outlets consequently result in higher loading of PCPs into wastewater systems and, therefore, the environment. These compounds persistently and continuously release biologically active and inactive ingredients in the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, and demonstrating adverse effects on human, wild, and marine life. Advanced techniques such as granular activated carbon filtration and algae-based system may help biotransformation and remove PCP contaminants from water with improved efficiency. Additionally, harmony among PCPs related regulations of different countries may encourage standard checks to control their manufacturing, sale, and distribution across the borders to ensure consumers' safety. Furthermore, all intended ingredients, their concentrations, and instructions for frequency of use as per age groups may be clearly labeled on packages of PCPs. In conclusion, the emerging environmental contaminants of PCPs and their association with the growing risks of negative effects on human health and globally on the environment emphasize the chemical-free simple lifestyle.

Proteoglycans in the Pathogenesis of Hormone-Dependent Cancers: Mediators and Effectors

Hormone-dependent cancers exhibit high morbidity and mortality. In spite of advances in therapy, the treatment of hormone-dependent cancers remains an unmet health need. The tumor microenvironment (TME) exhibits unique characteristics that differ among various tumor types. It is composed of cancerous, non-cancerous, stromal, and immune cells that are surrounded and supported by components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Therefore, the interactions among cancer cells, stromal cells, and components of the ECM determine cancer progression and response to therapy. Proteoglycans (PGs), hybrid molecules consisting of a protein core to which sulfated glycosaminoglycan chains are bound, are significant components of the ECM that are implicated in all phases of tumorigenesis. These molecules, secreted by both the stroma and cancer cells, are crucial signaling mediators that modulate the vital cellular pathways implicated in gene expression, phenotypic versatility, and response to therapy in specific tumor types. A plethora of deregulated signaling pathways contributes to the growth, dissemination, and angiogenesis of hormone-dependent cancers. Specific inputs from the endocrine and immune systems are some of the characteristics of hormone-dependent cancer pathogenesis. Importantly, the mechanisms involved in various aspects of cancer progression are executed in the ECM niche of the TME, and the PG components crucially mediate these processes. Here, we comprehensively discuss the mechanisms through which PGs affect the multifaceted aspects of hormone-dependent cancer development and progression, including cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, immunobiology, autophagy, and response to therapy.

Surfactant-modified Zn/Al-layered double hydroxides for efficient extraction of alkyl phenols from aqueous samples

Zn/Al-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) modified by sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) were synthesized as a hydrophobic organic sorbent via urea hydrolysis. LDHs were applied as adsorbent for solid phase extraction (SPE) analysis to determine three alkylphenols (namely, p-tert-amylphenol (PTAP), p-cumylphenol (PCP), and p-n-octylphenol (POP)) in water samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The extraction efficiency was optimized by adjusting key variables of eluent volume, eluent type, sample flow rate, adsorbent amount, pH, and the effect of salt addition. Under the optimal conditions, APs showed excellent linearity (1-250 ng/mL: R² > 0.99) and reproducibility (relative standard deviation: <5%). The detection limits for PTAP, PCP, and POP were 19, 16, and 33 pg/mL, respectively. LDHs based SPE method offered high recovery for aqueous samples (e.g., 83.2-99.46%) with enhanced reusability (e.g., up to 10 cycles). The feasibility of the developed method has thus been validated for quantitation of three alkyl phenols (i.e., PTAP, PCP, and POP) in aqueous environmental samples with high sensitivity and good stability.