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Cocerva T, Robb M, Wong A, Doherty R, Newell J, Ofterdinger U, Carey M, Cave M, Cox SF. Using oral bioaccessibility measurements to refine risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in topsoils across an urban area. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 276:116293. [PMID: 38599155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V and Zn in topsoils in Belfast, Northern Ireland have been found to exceed assessment criteria in the city and therefore may pose a risk to human health. Most generic assessment criteria (GAC) for potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soils assume PTEs are 100% bioavailable to humans. Here we use in-vitro oral bioaccessibility testing using the Unified BARGE method (UBM) to measure what proportion of soil contamination dissolves in the digestive tract and therefore is available for absorption by the body. This study considers how PTE bioaccessibility in soils varies spatially across urban areas and refines human health risk assessment for these PTEs using site specific oral bioaccessibility results to present the first regional assessment of risk that incorporates bioaccessibility testing. A total of 103 urban soil samples were selected for UBM testing. Results showed low bioaccessible fraction (BAF) for the PTEs from geogenic sources: Cr (0.45-5.9%), Ni (1.1-46.3%) and V (2.2-23.9%). Higher BAF values were registered for PTEs from anthropogenic sources: As (8.0-86.9%), Cu (3.4-67.8%), Pb (9.1-106.2%) and Zn (2.4-77.5%). Graphs of bioaccessibility adjusted assessment criteria (BAAC) were derived for each urban land use type and PTE. These provide a visual representation of the significance of oral bioaccessibility when deriving BAAC and how this is affected by 1) dominant exposure pathways for each land use and 2) relative harm posed from exposure to PTEs via each pathway, allowing oral bioaccessibility research to be targeted to contaminants and pathways that most significantly impact risk assessment. Pb was the most widespread contaminant with 16.5% of sites exceeding the Pb GAC. Applying BAAC did not significantly change risk evaluation for these samples as many had Pb BAF>50%. In contrast, all samples that exceeded the As GAC were found to no longer exceed a minimal level of risk when oral bioaccessibility was considered. Oral bioaccessibility testing resulted in a 45% reduction in the number of sites identified as posing a potential risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Cocerva
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Matthew Robb
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Ada Wong
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Rory Doherty
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Jennifer Newell
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Ulrich Ofterdinger
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Manus Carey
- The Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Mark Cave
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Siobhan F Cox
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
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Hinsene H, M.Taddesse A, Teju E, Bogale Y. Magnetic Fe 3O 4 /Al 2O 3 /MnO 2 ternary nanocomposite: Synthesis and characterization for phosphorus desorption from acidic soils using dialysis membrane tube. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27235. [PMID: 38449605 PMCID: PMC10915573 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Monitoring phosphorus fertilization is crucial for controlling the concentration of biologically available soil P. Over the years, several methodologies have been used, including successive cropping in a greenhouse or field, as well as extractions employing P sink procedures. The latter procedures are ideal laboratory experiments to show the soil's ability to supply P and to explore the P-residual release kinetics. Following these methodologies, long-term P desorption studies have been developed using dialysis membrane tubes filled with nanomaterial solutions. In this study, a magnetic nanocomposite (Fe3O4/Al2O3/MnO2) was synthesized and characterized utilizing cutting-edge instruments such as XRD, FTIR, FAAS, BET, SEM, and EDX. The resulting material had a crystalline size and surface area of 22.75 nm and 203.69 m2/g, respectively, and was employed for long-term P-desorption and kinetics experiments while filled in dialysis membrane tubes. The P-desorption experiment was conducted on four separate acidic soil samples that were cultured for 122 days with four different P concentrations. The findings demonstrated a direct relationship between P-desorbed and P-treatment, as well as with desorption time. The minimum desorption was obtained from the control of Boji Dirmaji soil P0 (1.16-9.36) and the highest desorption from Nedjo soil with P3 (5.23-30.35 mg/kg) treatment over 1-28 days. The rate of P release from soil to solution or diffusion through the membrane was determined by pseudo-first-order kinetics with a rate constant (0.021-0.028 hr-1). This method has the potential to measure fixed-P availability by mimicking it as a plant would, with high P-desorption efficiency and quick P-release capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirpo Hinsene
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box, 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Abi M.Taddesse
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box, 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Endale Teju
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box, 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Yibrehu Bogale
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box, 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
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Wu MW, Dong WJ, Guan DX, Li SW, Ma LQ. Total contents, fractionation and bioaccessibility of nine heavy metals in household dust from 14 cities in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 243:117842. [PMID: 38065384 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The potential health risk caused by long-term exposure to heavy metals in household dust is not only depended on their total content, but also bioaccessibility. In this study, twenty-one dust samples were collected from residential buildings, schools, and laboratories in 14 provincial-capital/industrial cities of China, aiming to evaluate the total contents, fractionation, bioaccessibility and health risks of nine heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Mn, Zn, Fe, and Cu). Results showed that the highest levels of Cd, Cr, Ni and Zn were found in laboratory dust, As, Pb and Mn in school dust, and Fe and Cu in residential dust, indicating different source profiles of the heavy metals. The mean bioaccessibility of the heavy metals across all samples as evaluated using SBRC (Solubility Bioavailability Research Consortium), IVG (In Vitro Gastrointestinal), and PBET (Physiologically Based Extraction Test) assays was 58.4%, 32.4% and 17.2% in gastric phase (GP), and 24.9%, 21.9% and 9.39% in intestinal phase (IP), respectively. Cadmium had the highest content in the fractions of E1+C2 (43.7%), as determined by sequential extraction, and Pb, Mn, and Zn had a higher content in E1+C2+F3 (64.2%, 67.2%, 78.8%), resulting in a higher bioaccessibility of these heavy metals than others. Moreover, the bioaccessibility of most heavy metals was inversely related to dust pH (R = -0.18 in GP; -0.18 in IP; P < 0.01) and particle size, while a positive correlation was observed with total organic carbon (R = 0.40 in GP; 0.38 in IP; P < 0.01). The exposure risk calculated by the highest bioaccessibility was generally lower than that calculated by the total content. However, Pb in one school dust sample had an unacceptable carcinogenic risk (adult risk = 1.19 × 10-4; child risk = 1.08 × 10-4). This study suggests that bioaccessibility of heavy metals in household dust is likely related to geochemical fractions and physical/chemical properties. Further research is needed to explore the sources of bioaccessible heavy metals in household dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wen Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen-Jie Dong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dong-Xing Guan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Shi-Wei Li
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Giordano A, Malandrino M, Ajmone Marsan F, Padoan E. Potentially toxic elements and lead isotopic signatures in the 10 μm fraction of urban dust: Environmental risk enhanced by resuspension of contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 242:117664. [PMID: 38029818 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In urban environments, soils are a sink of pollutants and might become a source of contamination, as they commonly display potentially toxic elements (PTE) concentrations above the legislative limits. Particularly, the inhalable fraction of soils (<10 μm) is enriched in PTE compared to bulk soils (BS). The enrichment makes these particles an environmental hazard because of their susceptibility to resuspension and their potential contribution to road dust (RD) and atmospheric particulate matter (PM10) pollution. To gain a better insight into urban contamination dynamics we studied the BS, the resuspended <10 μm fraction of BS (Res-BS) and RD (Res-RD) in a European historically industrialized and densely populated city. Compared to BS, the Res-BS and Res-RD showed higher PTE concentrations and a higher variability for most of the elements. Lead was the only PTE showing similar concentrations in all the matrices, suggesting shared sources and redistribution pathways within the city. Chemometric elaborations identified Res-BS as a transition between BS and Res-RD or, rather, a Res-RD precursor. Also, Pb was confirmed to be ubiquitous in all the media. In all the matrices, Pb isotopic signatures were investigated and compared with PM10 fingerprints from the same city. The anthropogenic isotopic signature in Res-BS and Res-RD was evident, and samples belonging to neighboring sites showed comparable isotopic ratios. The Res-BS appeared as a key driver for Pb distribution within the city both in Res-RD and in PM10. These results demonstrate the intimate interaction between urban environmental compartments (soil, road dust and PM10), and the active contribution of fine soil fractions to anthropogenic pollution, with relevant policy implications in urban areas since soils were found to contribute directly to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapaola Giordano
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, I-10095, Italy
| | - Mery Malandrino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, I-10125, Italy.
| | - Franco Ajmone Marsan
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, I-10095, Italy
| | - Elio Padoan
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, I-10095, Italy
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Wang M, Xu X, Han Q, Lin X, Yuan H, Wang M, Jiang F, Wang W. Assessment of source-oriented health risk associated with the oral ingestion of heavy metals in dust within an iron/steel smelting-affected area of the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:117101. [PMID: 37689335 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) from iron/steel smelting activities pose notable risks to human health, especially to those living around industrial facilities of North China Plain, the base of China's steel production. In this study, 78 outdoor windowsill dust samples were collected around a large-scale iron/steel smelter with more than 65 years of production history in the western North China Plain. Nine HMs were analysed to comprehensively assess the health risks by integrating Monte Carlo simulation, oral bioaccessibility, and source apportionment. Results showed serious pollution with Cd, Pb, and Zn based on their geo-accumulation index values and concentrations. Four potential sources including industrial sources (49.85%), traffic sources (21.78%), natural sources (20.58%), and coal combustion (7.79%) were quantitatively identified by multivariate statistical analysis. The oral bioaccessibilities of HMs determined by the physiologically based extraction test ranged from 0.02% to 65.16%. Zn, Mn, Cd, and Pb had higher bioaccessibilities than other HMs. After incorporating oral bioavailability adjustments, noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were significantly reduced, especially for adults. The mean hazard index (HI) for children and adults was below the safety threshold (1.0), whereas the mean of the total carcinogenic risk (TCR) based on HM bioaccessibilities in the gastric phase remained above the acceptable level (1.0E-06) (children: 5.20E-06; adults: 1.16E-06). Traffic sources warranted increased concern as it substantially increased TCR. Cd was identified as the priority pollution in iron/steel smelting areas. Assessing source-oriented health risks associated with oral ingestion exposure can guide the management and control of HM contamination within iron/steel smelting-affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingya Wang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, 454003, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Xiaohang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 550081, Guiyang, China; Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Colleage of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 550081, Guiyang, China.
| | - Xihuang Lin
- Analysis and Test Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Haijun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 550081, Guiyang, China
| | - Mingshi Wang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, 454003, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Fengcheng Jiang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, 454003, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Wenju Wang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, 454003, Jiaozuo, China
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Billmann M, Hulot C, Pauget B, Badreddine R, Papin A, Pelfrêne A. Oral bioaccessibility of PTEs in soils: A review of data, influencing factors and application in human health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165263. [PMID: 37400023 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the behavior of metal(loi)ds transported from soil to humans is critical for human health risk assessment (HHRA). In the last two decades, extensive studies have been conducted to better assess human exposure to potentially toxic elements (PTEs) by estimating their oral bioaccessibility (BAc) and quantifying the influence of different factors. This study reviews the common in vitro methods used to determine the BAc of PTEs (in particular As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Sb) under specific conditions (particularly in terms of the particle size fraction and validation status against an in vivo model). The results were compiled from soils derived from various sources and allowed the identification of the most important influencing factors of BAc (using single and multiple regression analyses), including physicochemical soil properties and the speciation of the PTEs in question. This review presents current knowledge on integrating relative bioavailability (RBA) in calculating doses from soil ingestion in the HHRA process. Depending on the jurisdiction, validated or non-validated bioaccessibility methods were used, and risks assessors applied different approaches: (i) using default assumptions (i.e., RBA of 1); (ii) considering that bioaccessibility value (BAc) accurately represents RBA (i.e., RBA equal to BAc); (iii) using regression models to convert BAc of As and Pb into RBA as proposed by the USA with the US EPA Method 1340; or (iv) applying an adjustment factor as proposed by the Netherlands and France to use BAc from UBM (Unified Barge Method) protocol. The findings from this review should help inform risk stakeholders about the uncertainties surrounding using bioaccessibility data and provide recommendations for better interpreting the results and using bioaccessibility in risk studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Billmann
- Univ. Lille, IMT Nord Europe, Univ. Artois, JUNIA, ULR 4515-LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, 48 boulevard Vauban, F-59000 Lille, France; Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Énergie, 20 avenue du Grésillé BP 90406, F-49004 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - Corinne Hulot
- Ineris, Parc technologique Alata, BP 2, F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | - Rabia Badreddine
- Ineris, Parc technologique Alata, BP 2, F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Arnaud Papin
- Ineris, Parc technologique Alata, BP 2, F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Aurélie Pelfrêne
- Univ. Lille, IMT Nord Europe, Univ. Artois, JUNIA, ULR 4515-LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, 48 boulevard Vauban, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Liu B, Jiang S, Guan DX, Song X, Li Y, Zhou S, Wang B, Gao B. Geochemical fractionation, bioaccessibility and ecological risk of metallic elements in the weathering profiles of typical skarn-type copper tailings from Tongling, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 894:164859. [PMID: 37336397 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Nonferrous metal tailings have long posed a significant threat to the surrounding environment and population. Previous studies have primarily focused on heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of sulfide tailings, while little attention was given to metal mobility and bioavailability within skarn-type tailings profile during weathering. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the fractionation, bioaccessibility, and ecological risk associated with metallic elements (MEs, including Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, and Cu) in two representative weathering copper-tailings profiles of Tongling mine (China). This was achieved through the use of mineralogical analyses, BCR extractions (F1: exchangeable, F2: reducible, F3: oxidizable, F4: residual fraction), in-vitro gastrointestinal simulation test (PBET) and risk assessment models. The mineral compositions of two weathering profiles were similar, with quartz and calcite being the dominant minerals, along with minor amounts of siderite, hematite and spangolite. The mean concentration in the tailings profile was approximately 0.31 (Cr), 1.8 (Pb), 12 (Zn), 33 (Cd) or 34 (Cu) times of the local background values (LBVs). The mean content of the bottom weakly-weathering layer in profile was about 0.36 (Cr), 0.91 (Pb), 1.91 (Cd), 2.73 (Zn) or 2.68 (Cu) times of the surface oxide layer, indicating a strong weathering-leaching effect. The average proportion of BCR-F1 fraction for Cd (30.94 %) was the highest among the five MEs, possibly due to its association with calcite. The PBET-extracted fractions for Cd, Zn and Cu were significantly positively correlated with the F1, F2 and F3 fractions of BCR, suggesting that these elements have higher bioavailability/bioaccessibility. The assessment results indicated that Cd posed a higher health risk, while the risk of Cu, Zn, and Pb is relatively low and Cr is safe. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the environmental geochemical behavior and potential risks of MEs in skarn-type non-ferrous metal tailings ponds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxiang Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Shuo Jiang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Dong-Xing Guan
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Song
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yucheng Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Shaoqi Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Resources and Environment Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
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Kyene MO, Gbeddy G, Mensah T, Acheampong C, Kumi-Amoah G, Ketemepi HK, Brimah AK, Akyea-Larbi K, Darko DA. Bioaccessibility and children health risk assessment of soil-laden heavy metals from school playground and public parks in Accra, Ghana. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1199. [PMID: 37698664 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Parks and playground soils constitute a critical matrix for children exposure to hazardous substances due to their high exposure rate. However, minimal investigation has been conducted in Ghana on the subject, thus the need for this research. One hundred and twenty (120) soil samples were collected between April 2015 and March 2016 and then analyzed for heavy metals using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The health risk posed to school children by the heavy metals laden in soil was assessed via oral bioaccessibility and hazard index. The oral bioaccessibility of the metals was estimated using the simple bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET) method. Iron (Fe) measured the highest range of total metal concentrations of 2785.0-15275.0 mg kg-1 followed by Pb of 2.1-284.0 mg kg-1. The oral bioaccessibility of the metals varied significantly with Pb and Cu exhibiting the highest mean values of 47.80% and 54.45%, respectively. The sequence for the mean bioaccessibility result does not correspond with the mean concentration of metals in the soil. The hazard index (HI) for most of the heavy metals indicated no potential non-carcinogenic health risk to children (HI < 1) except for Pb. The prolonged use of leaded fuel in Ghana prior to its outright ban on January 1 2004 and the persistence of Pb in soil media may account for its high risk. The deleterious health effects of Pb on children call for the adoption and implementation of appropriate environmental management of playgrounds so as to mitigate children's exposure to soil-laden heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Kyene
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Quality Control, Centre for Plant Medicine Research Mampong - Akuapem, Koforidua, Ghana
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gustav Gbeddy
- Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Kwabenya, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Theophilus Mensah
- Department of Science, SDA University College of Education, Asokore-Koforidua, Ghana
| | - Charles Acheampong
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gifty Kumi-Amoah
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Dept. of Environment and Public Health, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Hilary Kwesi Ketemepi
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Food Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abdul K Brimah
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kofi Akyea-Larbi
- Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Kwabenya, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel Amoako Darko
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Laha T, Gope M, Datta S, Masto RE, Balachandran S. Oral bioaccessibility of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and related health risk in urban playground soil from a medieval bell metal industrial town Khagra, India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:5619-5637. [PMID: 32920749 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00715-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In vitro oral bioaccessibility assay (simple bioaccessibility extraction test) was used to assess bioaccessible PTEs (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, and Zn) in 16 playground soils of Khagra, which is a medieval bell metal industrial town at Murshidabad district, West Bengal, India. The aim was also to establish levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil, their origin, and human health risk, particularly on children. The average pseudo-total PTEs content in playground soil samples was in the decreasing order of Fe (18,988 mg kg-1) > Zn (1229 mg kg-1) > Cu (999 mg kg-1) > Mn (343 mg kg-1) > Pb (181 mg kg-1) > Sn (132 mg kg-1) > Co (8.63 mg kg-1) > As (5.21 mg kg-1) > Cd (0.88 mg kg-1). The pollution indices indicate significant enrichment of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Sn in the playground. The bioaccessible percentage of PTEs in the 16 playground soils ranged from 0 to 80.25%, where the range of percentage of bioaccessibility was 13.24-62.50, 0-61.46, 16.82-28.79, 5.05-73.06, 0.96-6.14, 2.28-38, and 0-80 for As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn, respectively. The order of percentage of bioaccessibility was As > Mn > Zn > Sn > Cu > Co > Pb > Cd > Ni > Fe. PCA extracted two major factors indicating the anthropogenic (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Sn) and geogenic (Co, Fe, and Mn) source. Stepwise multiple regression analysis exhibited that the oral bioaccessibility of PTEs did not correlate with physicochemical parameters like pH, EC. In contrast, Sn had a significant correlation with that of organic matter. The health risk for pseudo-total as well as bioavailable fraction in playground soil depicted that children were more vulnerable to ingestion of soil contaminated with PTEs, particularly for Cu and Pb. A risk management plan with the bioaccessible data involving detailed site-specific exposure factors to indicate the importance of the study in terms of child health safety is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Laha
- Department of Environmental Studies, Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Manash Gope
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur (NITD), Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Sreemanta Datta
- Environmental Management Division (EMD), CSIR-CIMFR, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 828108, India
| | - Reginald Ebhin Masto
- Environmental Management Division (EMD), CSIR-CIMFR, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 828108, India
| | - Srinivasan Balachandran
- Department of Environmental Studies, Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India.
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10
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Choleva TG, Tziasiou C, Gouma V, Vlessidis AG, Giokas DL. In Vitro Assessment of the Physiologically Relevant Oral Bioaccessibility of Metallic Elements in Edible Herbs Using the Unified Bioaccessibility Protocol. Molecules 2023; 28:5396. [PMID: 37513269 PMCID: PMC10386267 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the total content of seven metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Pb, Ni, and Co) in common edible herbs was determined and related to their bioaccessibility by an in vitro human digestion model. Specifically, the unified bioaccessibility protocol developed by the BioAccessibility Research Group of Europe (BARGE) was used to determine the release of each element during gastric and gastrointestinal digestion. The results show that Fe, Zn, and Mg are released during gastric digestion (34-57% Fe, 28-80% Zn, 79-95% Mg), but their overall bioaccessibility is reduced in the gastrointestinal tract (<30%). On the contrary, Cu is more bioaccessible during gastrointestinal digestion (38-60%). Pb, Ni, and Co exhibited similar bioaccessibility in both gastric and gastrointestinal fluids. Principle component analysis of the data shows that the classification of the nutritional value of herbs differs between the total and the gastrointestinal concentration, suggesting that the total concentration alone is not an adequate indicator for drawing secure conclusions concerning the nutritional benefits of edible plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana G Choleva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Vasiliki Gouma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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11
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Lu X, Yang Q, Wang H, Zhu Y. A global meta-analysis of the correlation between soil physicochemical properties and lead bioaccessibility. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131440. [PMID: 37086667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Soil physiochemical properties play a vital role in bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment as it can determine the bioaccessibility and the true risk of potentially toxic elements in soil. However, the effects of soil properties on bioaccessibility still remains unclear. In this paper, 17 of the 1454 literatures with 474 samples were identified, screened and reviewed for exploring the correlation between soil physicochemical properties and lead bioaccessibility (BAcPb) through a meta-analysis approach. Five soil physicochemical parameters including pH, SOM, Clay, CEC and T-Pb were systematically analyzed using Principal component analysis, Pearson correlation analysis and survival analysis. The results showed that pH of simulated gastric juice is a major source of heterogeneity of the correlation between soil pH and BAcPb. In the gastric phase, the effect of alkaline soil on high BAcPb (BAc >50%) is more sensitive, and the effect of acidic soil on low BAcPb (BAc <50%) is more sensitive. However, in the small intestinal phase, soil pH displays little impacts on BAcPb in acidic, alkaline and neutral soils. Although three principal components explained 66.2% and 64.9% of the total variance of the urban, agricultural, and mining soils in gastric and small intestinal phases, respectively, there was no strong evidence that soil type can influence the BAcPb. The results of present study provide insights into the correlation between soil properties and BAcPb, and prediction of the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Pb in different types of soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Qingchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yiwen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
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12
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Wang CC, Zhang QC, Kang SG, Li MY, Zhang MY, Xu WM, Xiang P, Ma LQ. Heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soil from main grain production regions of China: Bioaccessibility and health risks to humans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159819. [PMID: 36334671 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Unintentional ingestion of metal-contaminated soils may pose a great threat to human health. To accurately evaluate the health risks of heavy metal(loid)s in soils, their bioaccessibility has been widely determined by in vitro assays and increasingly employed to optimize the assessment parameters. Given that, using meta-analysis, we analyzed the literature on farmland heavy metal(loid)s (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Ni, and Zn) in Chinese main grain production regions, and collected their total and bioaccessibility data to accurately assess their human health risks. Monte Carlo simulation was used to reduce the uncertainty in metal concentration, intake rate, toxicity coefficient, and body weight. We found that the mean concentration (0.47 mg/kg) and geological accumulation index (Igeo, 0-5.24) of Cd were the priority position of controlling metals. Moreover, children are more vulnerable to carcinogenic risks than adults. Soil mineralogy, physicochemical properties, Fe, and the types of in vitro assays are the influencing factors of bioaccessibility discrepancy. Furthermore, appropriate bioaccessibility determination methods can be adapted according to the differences in ecological receptors for the risk assessment, like developing a "personalized assessment" scheme for polluted farmland soil management. Collectively, bioaccessibility-based models may provide an accurate and effective approach to human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chen Wang
- Yunnan Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety, and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Qiao-Chu Zhang
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shao-Guo Kang
- Beijing Construction Engineering Group Environmental Remediation Co. Ltd., National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Meng-Ying Li
- Yunnan Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety, and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Meng-Yan Zhang
- Yunnan Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety, and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Wu-Mei Xu
- School of Energy and Environment Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Yunnan Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety, and Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Lena Q Ma
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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13
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Yang J, Guo Q, Li L, Wang R, Chen Y, Wang X. Insights into the evolution of Cr(VI) species in long-term hexavalent chromium contaminated soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160149. [PMID: 36372161 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Compare to the content of Cr(VI), the distribution of specific Cr(VI) species in soil is rarely paid attention to, which may lead to an inaccurate environmental risk assessment of Cr(VI) contaminated soil or inability to meet stringent requirement for soil remediation. Herein, to reveal the primary mechanisms and factors controlling the evolution of Cr(VI) species in soil, the distribution of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) species in soils with different particle sizes and textures was systematically investigated by using a modified sequential extraction procedure and spectroscopy characterizations (e.g., SEM-EDS mapping). The results show that a significant proportion of Cr(VI) can be captured by minerals containing exchangeable calcium ions and metal oxide hydrates in the soil, forming a relatively stable adsorbed Cr(VI). Also, a small fraction of Cr(VI) can precipitate as calcium chromate with free calcium ion which is the most stable Cr(VI) species in the soil. The majority of Cr(VI) discharged into soil tends to be reduced by ferrous ions or minerals containing ferrous ions with a product of Fe(III)-Cr(III) coprecipitate. Therefore, the speciation of Cr in the soil is closely correlated to Fe and Ca. After the equilibrium of adsorption, precipitation, and reduction reactions of Cr(VI), the rest of Cr(VI) retains as the form of its original water-soluble state in soil. The evolution of Cr(VI) species and the content of specific Cr species in soil are mainly determined by the contents of iron, exchangeable calcium ions and metal oxide hydrates, which effect the Cr(VI) reduction, precipitation and adsorption, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Qian Guo
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Ruixue Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yucheng Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Rural Cleaning, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Xingrun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
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14
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van den Heever L, Elburg MA, Iaccheri L, Naidoo V, Ueckermann H, Bybee G, Smit-Robinson HA, Whitecross MA, McKechnie AE. Identifying the origin of lead poisoning in white-backed vulture (Gyps africanus) chicks at an important South African breeding colony: a stable lead isotope approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:15059-15069. [PMID: 36166116 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Elevated lead levels in scavenging raptors can originate from a variety of environmental and anthropogenic sources, including soil, water, mining activities and legacy lead from leaded fuel, but has mostly been attributed to fragments of lead-based ammunition embedded in the tissues of carcasses. To identify the origins of lead in the tissues of white-backed vulture (Gyps africanus) chicks at Dronfield Nature Reserve, South Africa, we used MC-ICP-MS to compare the isotopic composition of lead in blood samples to those of soil in the chicks' immediate environment, different mining activities in South Africa and lead ammunition commonly used in hunting and game management practices. The isotopic ratios in vulture blood samples ranged widely (207Pb/206Pb: 0.827-0.911), but fell within those measured for ammunition (0.761-0.938). Dronfield water can be excluded as a significant source, as the lead concentration for water was below detection limits. Uranium, coal, atmospheric Pb, legacy Pb from fuel and Pb mining can also be excluded as significant sources, based on the limited overlap with Pb isotopic ratios measured in vulture blood. Whereas 55% of chicks we sampled displayed isotopic ratios consistent with Dronfield soil, the low local Pb concentration and the low extractable Pb levels in South African soil in general, imply that soil Pb is unlikely the major source of Pb in WBV chicks, especially in birds with elevated blood Pb levels, i.e. > 20 µg/dL. Our results, when considered in the context of vulture feeding ecology and low Pb levels in non-scavenging birds in South Africa, imply the major source of elevated Pb levels in WBV chicks to be fragments of lead-based ammunition embedded in the carrion fed to them by their parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda van den Heever
- Conservation Division, BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Marlina A Elburg
- Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Linda Iaccheri
- Wits Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Grant Bybee
- School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hanneline A Smit-Robinson
- Conservation Division, BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Applied Behavioural Ecological & Ecosystem Research Unit (ABEERU), UNISA, Florida, South Africa
| | - Melissa A Whitecross
- Conservation Division, BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andrew E McKechnie
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Research Chair in Conservation Physiology, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
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15
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de la Parra S, González V, Solórzano Vives P, Curiel-Alegre S, Velasco-Arroyo B, Rad C, Barros R, Tamayo-Ramos JA, Rumbo C. Comparative toxicological assessment of three soils polluted with different levels of hydrocarbons and heavy metals using in vitro and in vivo approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120472. [PMID: 36272604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The biological effects induced by the pollutants present in soils, together with the chemical and physical characterizations, are good indicators to provide a general overview of their quality. However, the existence of studies where the toxicity associated to soils contaminated with mixtures of pollutants applying both in vitro and in vivo models are scarce. In this work, three soils (namely, Soil 001, Soil 002 and Soil 013) polluted with different concentrations of hydrocarbons and heavy metals were evaluated using different organisms representative of human (HepG2 human cell line) and environmental exposure (the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas putida and, for the in vivo evaluation, the annelid Enchytraeus crypticus). In vitro assays showed that the soluble fraction of the Soil 001, which presented the highest levels of heavy metals, represented a great impact in the viability of the HepG2 cells and S. cerevisiae, while organic extracts from Soils 002 and 013 caused a slight decrease in the viability of HepG2 cells. In addition, in vivo experiments showed that Soils 001 and 013 affected the survival and the reproduction of E. crypticus. Altogether, these results provide a general overview of the potential hazards associated to three specific contaminated sites in a variety of organisms, showing how different concentrations of similar pollutants affect them, and highlights the relevance of testing both organic and soluble extracts when in vitro safety assays of soils are performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra de la Parra
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Verónica González
- LEITAT Technological Center, c/Pallars 179-185, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Curiel-Alegre
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain; Research Group in Composting (UBUCOMP). Universidad de Burgos, Faculty of Sciences. Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n. 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Blanca Velasco-Arroyo
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Carlos Rad
- Research Group in Composting (UBUCOMP). Universidad de Burgos, Faculty of Sciences. Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n. 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Rocío Barros
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Tamayo-Ramos
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Carlos Rumbo
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain.
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16
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Tang Q, Zhang H, Zhao X, Miao C, Yang P, Zhou Z, Ji Q, Chen L. Speciation, bioaccessibility and human health risk assessment of chromium in solid wastes from an ultra-low emission coal-fired power plant, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120400. [PMID: 36228856 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) in solid wastes from ultra-low emission (ULE) coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) could engender adverse effects on environment and human health. Hence, solid waste samples containing bottom ash, fly ash, gypsum and sludge were collected from a typical ULE CFPP in China to study the distribution, speciation, bioaccessibility and human health risk of Cr. The results showed that Cr was depleted in gypsum, whereas significantly enriched in bottom ash, fly ash and sludge comparing with feed coal. The ratios of Cr(VI) to total Cr in solid wastes were relatively low, but the increase of flow fractions in Cr chemical binding forms implied the deterioration of environmental stability. Based on the in vitro simulated digestion methods of solubility bioavailability research consortium (SBRC) and physiologically based extraction test (PBET), the bioaccessibility of Cr in the gastric and intestinal phases reached the highest values in either gypsum or sludge. After incorporating bioaccessibility in human health risk assessment, the carcinogenic risk (CR) within acceptable limits of Cr in solid wastes to adults and children was concluded, with the non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) was all within the safety threshold. The Monte Carlo model was applied to evaluate the uncertainty analysis of human health risk assessment at 5% and 95% confidence interval, and the fitting results were consistent with the calculation results of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk for adults and children. This study is expected to provide insights for the integration of bioaccessibility into the health risk assessment of Cr in solid wastes from ULE CFPPs, thus is conducive to the disposal of solid wastes and human health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Huiming Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Chunhui Miao
- Anhui Xinli Power Technology Consulting Company with Limited Liability, State Grid Anhui Electric Power Corporation Research Institute, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Pengpeng Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zhongkang Zhou
- Anhui Xinli Power Technology Consulting Company with Limited Liability, State Grid Anhui Electric Power Corporation Research Institute, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Qiaozhen Ji
- Anhui Xinli Power Technology Consulting Company with Limited Liability, State Grid Anhui Electric Power Corporation Research Institute, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Lai Chen
- School of Business, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
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17
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Petrini R, Ghezzi L, Arrighi S, Genovesi L, Frassi C, Pandolfi L. Trace Elements in Soil and Urban Groundwater in an Area Impacted by Metallurgical Activity: Health Risk Assessment in the Historical Barga Municipality (Tuscany, Italy). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13419. [PMID: 36294000 PMCID: PMC9603774 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Trace elements were measured in soil and groundwater collected within the Fornaci di Barga urban area (Serchio River Valley, Tuscany, Italy), a territory that integrates natural assets with touristic vocation, impacted by long-lasting metallurgical activity. Epidemiological studies highlighted that the area surrounding the industrial plants is characterized by a persistent excess of diseases, attributed to heavy metal pollution. Soils were taken in school gardens, public parks, sport grounds and roadsides. The results indicate that Cu, Zn and Cd represent the main contaminants in surface soil, likely originated by deposition of airborne particulate matter from metallurgical activity. Risk assessment considering soil ingestion and dermal contact exposure routes revealed that the cadmium Hazard Quotient approaches unity for children, and the cadmium risk-based concentration obtained by combining exposure information with toxicity data is only slightly lower compared with the cadmium maximum concentration actually measured in soil. Groundwater does not show evidence of trace metal contamination, suggesting that the migration of contaminants from soil to subsurface is a slow process. However, assessment of the possible interconnections between shallow and deep-seated aquifers requires monitoring to be continued. The obtained results highlight the possible link between space clusters of diseases and metal concentration in soil.
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18
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Xia X, Xiang L, Tong Y, Shao F, Li B, Sun Y, Zhang H. Bioaccessibility of Metals in Soils at Typical Legacy Industrial Sites: In Vitro Evaluation Using Physiologically-Based Extraction. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 109:578-584. [PMID: 35107595 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment of soil metal pollution based on total metal contents might give overestimates by neglecting the bioaccessibility of the pollutants to soil biota. Physiologically-based extraction tests (PBET) are in vitro methods for evaluation of bioaccessibility of soil pollutants. A total of 27 soil samples collected from four types of legacy industrial site representing metal smelting, lead-acid battery factories, chemical plants and steel plants were analyzed for the bioaccessibility of six potentially toxic metals using a PBET method. The metal pollutants at the industrial sites depended on the former industrial processes and emissions. The highest proportions of gastric phase and intestinal phase in these soil samples were 43.9% for Cd and 27% for Cu, respectively. Factors affecting metal bioaccessibility included type of industry and soil properties. The soils at a lead-acid battery factory showed relatively high bioaccessibility of Pb, Zn and Cd and those at the steel plant showed relatively low metal bioaccessibility. Soil organic matter and clay contents were positively related to metal bioaccessibility but soil pH and CEC showed negative relationships. Further studies are recommended to determine the speciation of the bioaccessible metals in these soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xia
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation, School of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Lu Xiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation, School of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yazhi Tong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation, School of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Fanglei Shao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation, School of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Baochen Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation, School of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yefang Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation, School of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation, School of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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19
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Hiller E, Pilková Z, Filová L, Mihaljevič M, Špirová V, Jurkovič Ľ. Metal(loid) concentrations, bioaccessibility and stable lead isotopes in soils and vegetables from urban community gardens. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135499. [PMID: 35777541 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Community gardens are "green oases" of recent cities with many benefits for human society. From a human health perspective, these benefits can be damaged by chemical contamination of soil and cultivated vegetables. Using geochemical approaches, this study characterised (i) total metal(loid) concentrations in soils and two commonly grown vegetables in urban community gardens (Bratislava, Slovakia), (ii) gastrointestinal bioaccessibility using a modified physiologically based extraction test (PBET), and (iii) stable lead (Pb) isotopes in order to identify sources of metal(loid)s, solubilisation in the human body and migration of Pb from soil to vegetables. While some soils could be considered contaminated when compared to the Slovak legislation for agricultural soil, the bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s did not exceed 20% in the intestinal phase, with the exception of cadmium (Cd). Tomatoes and lettuce contained low total and bioaccessible concentrations of metal(loid)s, being safe for people who consume their own grown vegetables. There were differences in Pb isotope composition among bulk soils, vegetables and bioaccessible Pb, with less radiogenic Pb being preferentially mobilised. Statistical methods considering the compositional nature of the geochemical data and the enrichment factor (EF) distinguished well metal(loid)s of natural origin (As, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, V) from those with anthropogenic contributions. This research has shown the usefulness of integrating different methodologies to better understand the geochemistry of metal(loid)s in urban soils with their highly diversified sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Hiller
- Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Zuzana Pilková
- Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lenka Filová
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina 1, 842 48, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Mihaljevič
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Špirová
- Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľubomír Jurkovič
- Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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20
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Ma X, Xia D, Liu X, Liu H, Fan Y, Chen P, Yu Q. Application of magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal bioaccessibility to assessments of urban sandstorm contamination and health risks: Case studies from Dunhuang and Lanzhou, Northwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154801. [PMID: 35341853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Direct ingestion of sandstorm particles is an important pathway in human exposure to heavy metals. This study investigated the potential health risks of heavy metals transported in sandstorms from Dunhuang to Lanzhou in northwestern China using environmental magnetic parameters and metal bioaccessibilities in simulated gastric and intestinal tracts. The mean magnetic susceptibility of sandstorms in Lanzhou was 366.86 × 10-8 m3/kg, which was more than 5-fold higher than that of sandstorms in Dunhuang, indicating that these sandstorms continuously receive heavy metals with high magnetic mineral content along their pathways. Heavy metal concentrations in sandstorms were higher than background values and those in urban topsoil. Enrichment factors and pollution load indices showed that these heavy metals were derived from both natural and anthropogenic sources, with Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd being strongly influenced by anthropogenic sources. The bioaccessibilities of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb in the sandstorms of Lanzhou were very high, ranging from 22.69% (Cu) to 50.86% (Pb) for gastric phase, and 12.07% (Pb)-22.11% (Cd) for interstinal phase, with the significant reduction in χlf of the physiologically-based extraction testing (PBET) treated sandstorms. The magnetic minerals are significant correlation with the concentrations of heavy metals in sandstorm and effect the release of heavy metals during human digestion process. The overall ecological risk posed by heavy metals contained in sandstorms was relatively low; however, the risk was moderate to high at individual sites. Ingestion posed the highest carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for both adults and children, with the risk for children being higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental System (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dunsheng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental System (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xinying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental System (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental System (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yijiao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental System (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Peiyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental System (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental System (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
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21
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Source Apportionment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Urban-Agricultural-Aquacultural Soils near the Bohai Bay Coast, Using Land-Use Classification and Google Satellite Tracing. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14102436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal concentrations of Cd, As, Pb, Cu, Cr, and Hg were investigated for 86 soil samples in Jinzhou near the Bohai Sea in China, in order to identify what anthropological activities influenced their distribution levels. Ordinary cokriging (OCK) was utilized to map six heavy-metal distributions by incorporating their main environmental influencers. The resultant p values for the six OCK mapping models of 0–2.78% indicated good statistical significance of the models, and the relative mean absolute errors of 4.82–12.53% and relative root mean square errors of 6.23–18.21% indicated allowable predication precision for their concentrations. The contamination distributions by OCK mapping were then graded based on the standards of the China National Environmental Monitoring Center and the Chinese Environmental Protection Administration, which showed that Cu and As contaminations in parts of this area were over the natural level but not polluted, Cr contamination was omnipresent over the natural level in this area and even reached the polluted level in parts of this area. The graded contamination maps that were overlapped with land-use maps and Google satellite maps, as well as the verifications reported in literatures, enabled correlations of the different contamination levels of As, Cu, and Cr with human activities. Resultantly, it indicated that As and Cu contamination over the natural level may be related to agricultural planting and aquacultural activities along the coast of Bohai Bay, with the contaminants transported via watercourses; Cr contamination over the natural level may have been due to vehicle emissions; and, Cr pollution may have been from steel manufacturing and geochemical factories
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22
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Hyun J, Kim YJ, Kim A, Plante AF, Yoo G. Ecosystem services-based soil quality index tailored to the metropolitan environment for soil assessment and management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153301. [PMID: 35066052 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The soils in urban greenery provide essential ecosystem services. However, only a few studies have assessed urban soil quality based on a comprehensive view of ecosystem services and soil multi-functionality. In this study, we suggest an urban soil quality index (uSQI) to evaluate soil status in various spatial types of urban greenery. Our objectives are 1) to develop an uSQI incorporating a range of urban soil ecosystem services in metropolitan environments and 2) to test the efficacy of the developed uSQI by applying it to nine different sites. To fully consider ecosystem services provided by the urban soil, a DPSC (drivers and pressures, state, and changes) framework was constructed. Drivers and pressures are influencing factors that continuously alter the state of the urban greenery, eventually leading to changes in ecosystem services and soil functions. The six soil functions considered were physical stability and support, water storage and infiltration, habitat provision, organic matter stabilization, nutrient supply and retention, and pollutant immobilization and decomposition. These functions were measured using ten soil indicators which can be quantified: bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, litter-layer depth, mineral-associated organic matter, clay+silt content, fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity, cation exchange capacity, inorganic nitrogen concentration, pH, and concentrations of potentially toxic elements. The uSQI was calculated as the arithmetic mean of the scores of the six soil functions, obtained through the fuzzy logic functions. The uSQI successfully identified the low soil quality sites among nine urban greeneries with different spatial types (point, line, and polygon). In addition, we could examine the degraded soil function of each site and suggest a management guideline using our uSQI. Our novel index can help urban stakeholders evaluate and monitor the soil quality of urban greenery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junge Hyun
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jin Kim
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea; Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Kim
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Alain F Plante
- Department of Earth & Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gayoung Yoo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446701, Republic of Korea.
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Guillén MT, Delgado J, Gómez-Arias A, Nieto-Liñán JM, Castillo J. Bioaccessibility and human exposure to metals in urban soils (Huelva, SW Spain): evaluation by in vitro gastric extraction. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:1501-1519. [PMID: 33502680 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to assess the human health risk of heavy metals in the urban-peri-urban soils from Huelva Township. The soils present high concentrations of potentially toxic elements well beyond the regional screening soil concentration. A site-specific health risk assessment of exposure (oral ingestion, oral inhalation and dermal contact) was conducted according to the regulatory normative. To reduce the uncertainty derived from soil characteristics, bioaccessibility and predicted bioavailability data were included in the assessment. Thereby, in order to evaluate the oral bioaccessibility, a simulation of the gastric condition (pH and T) was applied dissolving the samples in a solution of HCl and 0.4 M glycine. Soils located in industrial areas present higher bioaccessibility than those associated with urban or other uses. The adjusted-relative bioaccessibility total carcinogenic risk for As exceeded the regulatory level in all samples (except samples 7 and 184) indicating that children are more vulnerable, while no detrimental health effects are expected for Pb (except in sample 76, a "greenway" recreational area). The adjusted hazard index for non-carcinogenic effects also overpassed the threshold values in practically all possible scenarios for an adult resident working in Huelva, as well as for a child living and playing in the urban/recreational areas. The main pollutant contributions were related to As and Pb. For this reason, the reported soils exceeding the regulatory levels should be classified as polluted and, therefore, this study should be helpful to initiate necessary soil management interventions to avoid the human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tulio Guillén
- Department of Geology, University of Huelva, Campus 'El Carmen', 21071, Huelva, Spain
| | - Joaquín Delgado
- Department of Physic, Chemist and Natural Systems, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. Utrera, km 1 - 41013, Seville, Spain.
| | - Alba Gómez-Arias
- Department of Geology, University of Huelva, Campus 'El Carmen', 21071, Huelva, Spain
- Institute for Groundwater Studies, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Dr, Park West, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | | | - Julio Castillo
- Institute for Groundwater Studies, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Dr, Park West, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
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Zuo TT, Luo FY, He HZ, Jin HY, Sun L, Xing SX, Li B, Gao F, Ma SC, He LC. Novel bioavailability-based risk assessment of Cd in earthworms and leeches utilizing in vitro digestion/Caco-2 and MDCK cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:26513-26523. [PMID: 34859344 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the oral bioavailability of cadmium (Cd) in earthworms and leeches was investigated through in vitro physiologically based extraction test (PBET) digestion/Caco2 and MDKC cell models. We are the first to create an innovative assessment strategy which has capacity to offer a more precise evaluation of Cd-associated health risks in traditional animal medicines (TAMs), by combinational usage of bioavailable Cd levels, the duration and frequency of the exposure to TAMs obtained by questionnaire data, as well as safety factor of TAMs. Our data showed that the percentage of bioavailability for Caco-2 cells in earthworms and leeches ranged from 3.29 to 14.17% and 4.32 to 12.61%, respectively. The percentage of bioavailability of MDCK cells in earthworms and leeches ranged from 4.83 to 15.74% and 6.53 to 15.04%, respectively. After adjusting by the bioavailability of Cd to target hazard quotient (THQ), excitingly, our findings manifested that the health risks induced by the ingestion of earthworms and leeches were acceptable in the clinic. Our key findings suggest that bioavailability characterization cannot be ruled out and health risks should be assessed on the basis of the bioavailable Cd levels rather than total levels. Our novel strategy provides insight into the bio-accumulation of Cd in organisms as well as a more realistic and accurate assessment of Cd-associated health risks in TAMs, with the main purpose of improving public health by scientifically using TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Fei-Ya Luo
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Huai-Zhen He
- School of Pharmacy, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hong-Yu Jin
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lei Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shu-Xia Xing
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Bo Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Fei Gao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuang-Cheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Lang-Chong He
- School of Pharmacy, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Famuyiwa AO, Davidson CM, Ande S, Oyeyiola AO. Potentially Toxic Elements in Urban Soils from Public-Access Areas in the Rapidly Growing Megacity of Lagos, Nigeria. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10040154. [PMID: 35448415 PMCID: PMC9025973 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization can lead to significant environmental contamination with potentially toxic elements (PTEs). This is of concern because PTEs are accumulative, persistent, and can have detrimental effects on human health. Urban soil samples were obtained from parks, ornamental gardens, roadsides, railway terminals and locations close to industrial estates and dumpsites within the Lagos metropolis. Chromium, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry following sample digestion with aqua regia and application of the BCR sequential extraction procedure. A wide range of analyte concentrations was found—Cr, 19−1830 mg/kg; Cu, 8−11,700 mg/kg; Fe, 7460−166,000 mg/kg; Mn, 135−6100 mg/kg; Ni, 4−1050 mg/kg; Pb, 10−4340 mg/kg; and Zn, 61−5620 mg/kg—with high levels in areas close to industrial plants and dumpsites. The proportions of analytes released in the first three steps of the sequential extraction were Fe (16%) < Cr (30%) < Ni (46%) < Mn (63%) < Cu (78%) < Zn (80%) < Pb (84%), indicating that there is considerable scope for PTE (re)mobilization. Human health risk assessment indicated non-carcinogenic risk for children and carcinogenic risk for both children and adults. Further monitoring of PTE in the Lagos urban environment is therefore recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimbola O. Famuyiwa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK; (A.O.F.); (S.A.)
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Christine M. Davidson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK; (A.O.F.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)141-548-2134
| | - Sesugh Ande
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK; (A.O.F.); (S.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
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26
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Assessment of Bioaccessibility and Health Risks of Toxic Metals in Roadside Dust of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Spatial variations in the bioaccessibility and health risks induced by chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) in roadside dust from different land-use areas, i.e., commercial areas (CA), planned residential areas (PRA), spontaneous residential areas (SRA) and urban green areas (UGA) in Dhaka city, Bangladesh, were investigated. An in vitro simple bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET) method, which allows the simulation of the gastric (GP) and intestinal phases (IP) of human digestion, was applied to evaluate bioaccessibility and human health risk, assessed using United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) modelling. The average bioaccessible concentration of Zn was the highest in both the gastric (74.4–244.5 µg/g) and intestinal phases (74.4–244.5 µg/g) in all the land-use areas except UGA. The bioaccessibility percentages of Co and Cu in the IP phase and As in the GP phase were >40% for all the land-use categories. Carcinogenic (Cr, Ni, As and Pb) and non-carcinogenic human health risks were evaluated for the ingestion pathway, in both children and adults. The results suggest that there were no non-carcinogenic risks for adults and children exposed to roadside dust toxic metals, but the risk levels of roadside dust toxic metals in some sampling areas were high. The carcinogenic risks of Cr in SRA (for children) and Ni in CA (for both adults and children), PRA (for children) and UGA (for children) were found to be within a tolerable range of 10−6 to 10−4.
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27
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Omeka ME, Igwe O, Unigwe CO. An integrated approach to the bioavailability, ecological, and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in soils within a barite mining area, SE Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:212. [PMID: 35195793 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring and assessment of soil quality are important in mining areas. In this study, indexical, spatiotemporal, and chemometric models were developed to monitor and assess the pollution level and health risk of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) within the Iyamitet-Okurumutet mine province, SE Nigeria. Surface soils were sampled within the mine area and analyzed for pH, cation exchange capacity, organic matter, and PTEs (Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn, Fe, Ba) following standard techniques. It was revealed that the soils are slightly acidic and the enrichment of PTEs except for Cd (4.08 mg/kg-1) was within recommended standards. Contamination factor, enrichment factor, and pollution index suggest that the soils are moderately polluted. Geospatial maps and ecological risk indices revealed that higher ecological risk imprints seem to increase towards the south-eastern parts of the area. Chemometric analysis revealed that PTE enrichment in the soil is majorly influenced by anthropogenic activities. Further, bioavailability/bioaccessibility risk assessment index (BRAI) and health risk assessment models were developed to quantify the bioavailable/human bioaccessible portion of elements in soils and the associated health risks. The BRAI ranged from high (3 ≥ 5) to very high (> 5) risk of human bioaccessibility; hence, greater amount of PTEs will be bioaccessible for absorption into the human gastrointestinal system than they would for plants uptake. The hazard index and lifetime cancer risk (LCR) revealed that most of the samples present high chronic cancer risks from dermal contact and ingestion for children and adults. The LCR values ranged between 1.0E-6 and 1.0E - 04, with the children population showing greater vulnerability to cancer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Omeka
- Department of Geology, University of Calabar, Cross River State, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Nigeria.
| | - Ogbonnaya Igwe
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Chinanu O Unigwe
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ebonyi State, Ikwo, Nigeria
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28
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Helser J, Vassilieva E, Cappuyns V. Environmental and human health risk assessment of sulfidic mine waste: Bioaccessibility, leaching and mineralogy. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127313. [PMID: 34597925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfidic mine waste can pose environmental and human health risks, especially when it contains high levels of mobile metal(loid)s. To assess the environmental and health risks of mine waste originating from three historic and active sulfidic Pb-, Zn- and/or Cu-mines in Europe, mineralogical and chemical characterizations were conducted in combination with in vitro bioaccessibility tests, sequential extractions and leaching tests. Results indicated that most samples contained highly elevated levels of metal(loid)s and key minerals consisting of pyrite, sphalerite and cerussite. The orally bioaccessible fraction varied amongst samples: Cd (13-100%), Zn (9-69%), Pb (4-67%), Cu (8-41%) and As (1-11%). Given these bioaccessible levels, the human health risk assessment indicated carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for most investigated samples in a worst-case exposure scenario. The leaching tests revealed a high mobility of metal(loid)s, especially Pb, posing potential environmental risks. The sequential extractions coupled with mineralogical analyses highlighted the highly mobile levels of Cd, Pb and Zn, posing environmental and health risks. Cerussite dissolved in the easily exchangeable fraction, releasing elevated levels of Pb, while pyrite never completely dissolved. In conclusion, the studied wastes pose environmental and health risks, but the high mobility of some elements also provides opportunities for the valorization of the waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Helser
- KU Leuven, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Research Center for Economics and Corporate Sustainability (CEDON), 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Elvira Vassilieva
- KU Leuven, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Valérie Cappuyns
- KU Leuven, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Research Center for Economics and Corporate Sustainability (CEDON), 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
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29
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Li H, Yuan B, Yan C, Lin Q, Wu J, Wang Q, Liu J, Lu H, Zhu H, Hong H. Release of sediment metals bound by glomalin related soil protein in waterfowls inhabiting mangrove patches. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118577. [PMID: 34848291 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) has received extensive attention due to its ability to immobilize metals in the environment. However, whether it can enter the food chain through digestion is still unclear. Mangroves occupy the transition zone between the sea and land, have important ecological functions. Mangroves suffer from fragmentation due to human activities and urbanization. A variety of waterfowls inhabit near the mangroves and ingest sediment settled on their food inadvertently or for grit; therefore, they are ideal for revealing GRSP's role in metal enrichment. In this study, we investigated the release of metals from mangrove surface sediments and GRSP through a physiologically based extraction test. The investigated metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) in sediments and those bound to GRSP would be mainly released in the gizzard phase. GRSP appeared to be an efficient carrier of Cu, Zn, Pb, and As from sediments to the waterfowls via direct sediment ingestion. For instance, 3.21% and 3.34% of sediment Cu were released in the gizzard and intestinal phases, respectively, meanwhile GRSP-bound Cu contributed 5.04% and 5.42% to this flux. The continuum of GRSP enrichment - complexation of GRSP and metals - biological accessibility of GRSP-bound metals, influenced by both direct and indirect effects from major nutrients (e.g., C, N, P, and S) and metal contents (e.g., Cu, Cd, Ni), controlled the release of GRSP-bound metals during simulated digestion. Overall, this study provides new insights into the potential risk of GRSP acting as a metal delivery vehicle in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyi Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chongling Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Qingxian Lin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Haoliang Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Heng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hualong Hong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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30
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Wei J, Li H, Liu J. Heavy metal pollution in the soil around municipal solid waste incinerators and its health risks in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111871. [PMID: 34390720 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In China, municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration (MSWI) has been increasing in recent years. However, little is known about how the operation of incinerators can affect levels of heavy metals (HMs) in nearby soils or about the possible associated health risks. It is necessary to understand the degree of enrichment of HMs and health risks to people living nearby. METHODS Previous studies (2002-2021) regarding soil HMs near MSW incinerators were collected, and a cluster and factor analysis was used to evaluate the accumulation trends and distribution characteritics of HMs. The soil contamination degrees and the consequent health risks were then assessed. RESULTS Cd (0.24 ± 0.16 mg kg-1) is typically accumulated in the topsoil near incinerators, and this is followed by Hg (0.13 ± 0.09 mg kg-1). Most of the health risk due to the total HMs is derived from dermal contact. Dermal contact with Cd and As contributes to more than 67% of the non-carcinogenic risk, while dermal contact with As contributes to more than 99% of the carcinogenic risk (CR). Furthermore, 81.43% of adult males and 76.85% of adult females suffer from CR levels greater than 10-4 due to dermal exposure to As. CONCLUSIONS Soils near incinerators indicated light pollution and moderate potential ecological risk, especially with regard to Cd and Hg contamination. Undeniably, there was no significant difference between the health risks from soil HMs near incinerators and from arable land at the national level. It is suggested to reduce the input quantity of HMs by taking advantage of the nationwide implementation of MSW classification and upgrading air pollution control devices for further HM emission reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiao Wei
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huan Li
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Hong Y, Chen Y, Shen R, Chen S, Xu G, Cheng H, Guo L, Wei Z, Yang J, Liu Y, Shi Z, Mouazen AM. Diagnosis of cadmium contamination in urban and suburban soils using visible-to-near-infrared spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118128. [PMID: 34530244 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have mostly focused on using visible-to-near-infrared spectral technique to quantitatively estimate soil cadmium (Cd) content, whereas little attention has been paid to identifying soil Cd contamination from a perspective of spectral classification. Here, we developed a framework to compare the potential of two spectral transformations (i.e., raw reflectance and continuum removal [CR]), three optimization strategies (i.e., full-spectrum, Boruta feature selection, and synthetic minority over-sampling technique [SMOTE]), and three classification algorithms (i.e., partial least squares discriminant analysis, random forest [RF], and support vector machine) for diagnosing soil Cd contamination. A total of 536 soil samples were collected from urban and suburban areas located in Wuhan City, China. Specifically, Boruta and SMOTE strategies were aimed at selecting the most informative predictors and obtaining balanced training datasets, respectively. Results indicated that soils contaminated by Cd induced decrease in spectral reflectance magnitude. Classification models developed after Boruta and SMOTE strategies out-performed to those from full-spectrum. A diagnose model combining CR preprocessing, SMOTE strategy, and RF algorithm achieved the highest validation accuracy for soil Cd (Kappa = 0.74). This study provides a theoretical reference for rapid identification of and monitoring of soil Cd contamination in urban and suburban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Hong
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China; Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Yiyun Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Ruili Shen
- Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Songchao Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information Technology Application, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Gang Xu
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hang Cheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Long Guo
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zushuai Wei
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Jian Yang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yaolin Liu
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Zhou Shi
- Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information Technology Application, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Abdul M Mouazen
- Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
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Liu B, Luo J, Jiang S, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Zhou S. Geochemical fractionation, bioavailability, and potential risk of heavy metals in sediments of the largest influent river into Chaohu Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118018. [PMID: 34438169 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the largest tributary flowing into Chaohu Lake, China, the Hangbu-Fengle River (HFR) has an important impact on the aquatic environment security of the lake. However, existing information on the potential risks of heavy metals (HMs) in HFR sediments was insufficient due to the lack of bioavailability data on HMs. Hence, geochemical fractionation, bioavailability, and potential risk of five HMs (Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in HFR sediments were investigated by the combined use of the diffusive gradient in thin-films (DGT), sequential extraction (BCR), as well as the physiologically based extraction test (PBET). The average contents of Cd and Zn in the HFR Basin were more than the background values in the sediments of Chaohu Lake. A large percentage of BCR-extracted exchangeable fraction was found in Cd (8.69%), Zn (8.12%), and Cu (8.05%), suggesting higher bioavailability. The PBET-extracted fractions of five HMs were all almost closely positively correlated with their BCR-extracted forms. The pH was an important factor affecting the bioavailability of HMs. The average DGT-measured contents of Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb were 28.07, 7.7, 3.69, 2.26, 0.5 μg/L, respectively. Only DGT-measured Cd significantly negatively correlated with Eh, indicating that Cd also had a high release risk under reducing conditions, similar to the risk assessment results. Our results could provide a reference for evaluating the potential bioavailabilities and ecological hazards of HMs in similar study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxiang Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China; Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550001, China.
| | - Jun Luo
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Shuo Jiang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yucheng Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xuesheng Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Shaoqi Zhou
- Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550001, China
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Avendaño MC, Palomeque ME, Roqué P, Lojo A, Garrido M. Spatiotemporal distribution and human health risk assessment of potential toxic species in soils of urban and surrounding crop fields from an agricultural area, Córdoba, Argentina. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:661. [PMID: 34535848 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal distribution of potentially toxic species was studied in the topsoil of parks, playgrounds, and surrounding crop fields of Marcos Juarez City in Córdoba province, Argentina. The content of available metals and of some pesticides used in the region was determined. The mean values of available metal concentrations in all samples, expressed in mg kg-1, were 7.99 ± 6.58, 0.89 ± 0.71, 0.35 ± 0.26, and 1.50 ± 1.40 for Pb, Cr, Cd, and Ni, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficients, coefficient of variation (%), and principal component analysis were used to explore whether variations in metal content were associated with anthropogenic factors. Agrochemicals such as lindane, chlorobenzilate, endosulfan, endrin, permethrin, and chlorpyrifos were found in crop field soil samples. In turn, chlorothalonil, chlordanes, methoxychlor, DDT, permethrin, and chlorpyrifos were detected in park and playground soil samples. The degree of pollution with possible effects on environmental health was evaluated using the Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI) and the modified degree of contamination (mCd). In some campaigns, the values obtained from crop fields ranged from low to high pollution levels during periods of agrochemical application. Noteworthy, in periods of low agrochemical application in crop fields, a high level of pollution was observed in parks and playgrounds. For children, the hazard index (HI) values were higher than the threshold value of 1, suggesting a potential health risk. This study provides valuable information regarding land management practices and highlights the importance of monitoring and implementing policies to reduce human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara C Avendaño
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de La Tierra (CICTERRA), FCEFyN, CONICET-UNC, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Miriam E Palomeque
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de La Tierra (CICTERRA), FCEFyN, CONICET-UNC, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Roqué
- Centro de Química Aplicada (CEQUIMAP), FCQ, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Lojo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de La Tierra (CICTERRA), FCEFyN, CONICET-UNC, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariano Garrido
- Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR), Departamento de Química, CONICET-UNS, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wang P, Xue J, Zhu Z. Comparison of heavy metal bioaccessibility between street dust and beach sediment: Particle size effect and environmental magnetism response. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:146081. [PMID: 33677293 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Direct ingestion of urban sediment particles represents an important pathway of human exposure to heavy metals. The effect of particle sizes on metal bioaccessibilities in human digestive system has not been fully understood. In this study, an in-vitro simulation experiment (PBET), along with environmental magnetic measurements, is conducted on two urban sediments (street dusts and beach sediments) with different particle sizes (Φ31.1 ± 7.36 μm for street dusts and Φ134 ± 21.1 μm for beach sediments) for the purposes of assessing the particle size effect on metal bioaccessibilities in simulated gastric and intestinal tracts, and exploring the environmental magnetism response to different digestion processes. For street dusts, the bioaccessibilities of heavy metals decrease significantly from gastric (12.1 (Cu) ~ 39.9% (Pb)) to intestinal phase (0.41 (Pb) ~ 2.08% (Cd)) due to an increase in digestive juice pH. However, for beach sediments, the metal bioaccessibilities in the intestinal phase is similar to, or even higher than, those in the gastric phase. These demonstrate that clay minerals and Fe/Mn oxides concentrated in fine particles play an important role in adsorbing and fixating heavy metals in neutral intestinal tract. Compared with those of the original samples, the χfd% values of the PBET treated street dusts decrease significantly, and the decreasing extents (Δχfd%) are positively correlated with the concentrations of the PBET extracted Fe (p < 0.05). However, a reverse trend is observed for the beach sediment samples. These findings suggest that the magnetic minerals formed during the digestion process might affect the metal bioaccessibilities in gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Junhui Xue
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Zongmin Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Geophagic clay around Uteh-Uzalla near Benin: mineral and trace elements compositions and possible health implications. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04565-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGeophagic clay consumption, which is an age-long cultural practice by humans and animals in many parts of the world, and particularly in Nigeria, may have long time health effects on the consumers. This is particularly so because of the relatively high concentration of harmful minerals and toxic elements. This study sought to determine the mineralogical and trace element compositions of geophagic clay in Uteh-Uzalla area, which is underlain by the Benin Formation of Oligocene to Miocene age, in order to evaluate the potential health risk associated with the consumption of the clay. Sixteen clay samples were collected from mine face profiles of an open pit, analysed for mineral and trace element compositions, using x-ray diffraction technique and ultra-trace inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) methods, respectively. The mean mineral concentration in % includes kaolinite, quartz and smectite (64.88, 19.98, and 9.54), respectively, among other minerals. And the mean concentrations in mg/kg for Cu (15.0), Pb (14.4), Zn (30.9), Co (8.9), Mn (39.4) and Th (10.5) among other elements were found in the clay. From the trace elements results when compared with health risk indices by Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry (ATSDR): Minimum Risk Level, recommended daily intake and estimated daily intake, it was found that the elements are far above the daily oral intake requirement. Also, considering the relatively low pH (acidic) values that were exhibited by the clays, harmful minerals and elements contained in the clay may be bioavailable in the internal system among those who are frequently involved in the consumption of the clay.
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Modifying Effect of Soil Properties on Bio-Accessibility of As and Pb from Human Ingestion of Contaminated Soil. GEOSCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences11030126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to soils contaminated with heavy metals can pose human health risk to children through ingestion of contaminated soil. Soil properties such as soil pH, reactive Fe and Al oxide content, clay content, soil organic matter (SOM), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) can reduce contaminant bio-accessibility and exposure. In vitro bio-accessibility (%IVBA) of As and Pb in 19 soils was determined using U.S. EPA Method 1340. Soil properties reduced the bio-accessibility of As by 17–96.5% and 1.3–38.9% for Pb. For both As and Pb, bio-accessibility decreased with increasing Al and Fe oxide content. Al oxides were found to be the primary driver of As and Pb bio-accessibility. Multiple regressions with AlOx, soil pH, %clay and/or FeOx predicted %IVBA As (p < 0.001). The multiple regression including log (FeOx + AlOx) and %clay explained 63% of the variability in %IVBA Pb (p < 0.01). Fe and Al oxides were found to be important drivers of As and Pb bio-accessibility, regardless of in vitro method. These findings suggested soil pH should be used in addition to reactive oxides to predict bio-accessible As. Risk-based adjustments using soil properties for exposure via incidental ingestion should be considered for soils contaminated with As and/or Pb.
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Al-Taani AA, Nazzal Y, Howari FM, Iqbal J, Bou Orm N, Xavier CM, Bărbulescu A, Sharma M, Dumitriu CS. Contamination Assessment of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soil, in the Liwa Area (UAE). TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9030053. [PMID: 33801890 PMCID: PMC8000652 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Liwa area is a primary food production area in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and has intensively been used for agriculture. This study investigates the pollution levels with heavy metals in agricultural soils from the Liwa area. Thirty-two soil samples were analyzed for Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cd, Co, and As. Results revealed that heavy metal levels varied in the ranges 220.02-311.21, 42.39-66.92, 43.43-71.55, 32.86-52.12, 10.29-21.70, 2.83-8.84, 0.46-0.69, 0.03-0.37 mg/kg for Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cd, Co, and As, respectively. All samples presented low As concentrations with an average of 0.01 mg/kg. The variations in bulk metal contents in the soil samples were related to multiple sources, including agrochemicals, atmospheric dust containing heavy metals, and traffic-related metals. Enrichment factor analysis indicates that Cd, Ni, Zn, and Cr were highly enriched in soils, and they could originate from non-crustal sources. Based on the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), the soil samples appeared uncontaminated with Mn, Cr, Zn, Pb, Co, As, Cu, uncontaminated to moderately contaminated with Ni and moderately contaminated with Cd. The contamination factors suggest low contamination, except for Ni, which showed moderate contamination. The average pollution load index (PLI) revealed unpolluted to low pollution of all soil samples. The ecological risk assessment (PERI) showed that all heavy metals posed a low risk, except for Cd which exhibited a high ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Al-Taani
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 144534, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.A.-T.); (Y.N.); (F.M.H.); (J.I.); (N.B.O.); (C.M.X.); (M.S.)
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Yousef Nazzal
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 144534, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.A.-T.); (Y.N.); (F.M.H.); (J.I.); (N.B.O.); (C.M.X.); (M.S.)
| | - Fares M. Howari
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 144534, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.A.-T.); (Y.N.); (F.M.H.); (J.I.); (N.B.O.); (C.M.X.); (M.S.)
| | - Jibran Iqbal
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 144534, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.A.-T.); (Y.N.); (F.M.H.); (J.I.); (N.B.O.); (C.M.X.); (M.S.)
| | - Nadine Bou Orm
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 144534, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.A.-T.); (Y.N.); (F.M.H.); (J.I.); (N.B.O.); (C.M.X.); (M.S.)
| | - Cijo Madathil Xavier
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 144534, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.A.-T.); (Y.N.); (F.M.H.); (J.I.); (N.B.O.); (C.M.X.); (M.S.)
| | - Alina Bărbulescu
- Transilvania University of Brasov, 5 Turnului Str., 500036 Brasov, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (C.-S.D.)
| | - Manish Sharma
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 144534, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.A.-T.); (Y.N.); (F.M.H.); (J.I.); (N.B.O.); (C.M.X.); (M.S.)
| | - Cristian-Stefan Dumitriu
- S.C. Utilnavorep S.A., 55 Aurel Vlaicu Bd., 900055 Constanta, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (C.-S.D.)
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Cowan N, Blair D, Malcolm H, Graham M. A survey of heavy metal contents of rural and urban roadside dusts: comparisons at low, medium and high traffic sites in Central Scotland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:7365-7378. [PMID: 33030690 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Roadside dust can contain particulates enriched with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) as a result of the degradation of mechanical vehicular parts, tyre wear and combustion processes. To assess the potential accumulation of these metals in roadside areas, a snapshot study was carried out, investigating metal content at rural and urban locations in central Scotland. Samples of road dust were collected at six sites representing low, medium and high traffic intensity at rural and urban locations. The samples were separated based on particle size and analysed for heavy metal content using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) after acid digestion. The metals analysed were aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). The rural area measurements were carried out in West Lothian, approximately 13 to 17 miles west of the city of Edinburgh (UK). The urban area measurements were carried out in the southern part of the Edinburgh city district (UK). Concentrations of Cu, Cr and Zn were found to correlate with traffic intensity, although only Cu and Zn concentrations exceed recommended EC directive 86/278/EEC guidelines for urban runoff materials. The metal concentrations of small particles (0.45-20 μm) were exceedingly high in both Cu and Zn at areas of high traffic intensity, indicating potential areas of concern regarding health impacts for pedestrians and cyclists who are exposed to roadside dust on a regular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Cowan
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0QB, UK.
- School of GeoSciences, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK.
| | - David Blair
- School of GeoSciences, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Heath Malcolm
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Margaret Graham
- School of GeoSciences, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
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Milićević T, Aničić Urošević M, Relić D, Jovanović G, Nikolić D, Vergel K, Popović A. Environmental pollution influence to soil-plant-air system in organic vineyard: bioavailability, environmental, and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:3361-3374. [PMID: 32914307 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed in organic vineyard to assess integrated pollution in soil-plant-air system by potentially toxic elements (PTE). Concentrations of 26 PTE were determined in soil, grapevine, and air biomonitors (moss bags) using ICP-OES and ICP-MS. Environmental implication assessment of soil did not show pollution by PTE, except for B in samples collected in the middle of grapevine season (July). Despite low total Cd concentrations in soil, it has the highest influence on increase of environmental risk. Based on biological accumulation concentration (BAC), grapevine is not hyperaccumulator of PTE from soil. Advanced classification algorithm, Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM), was applied to compare environmental implications in organic with conventional vineyards. PTE concentrations were significantly lower in organic than conventional grapevine. PTE concentrations were higher in the outer (leaf and petiole) than in the inner grapevine parts (skin, pulp, and seed). Some airborne elements have an influence on outer grapevine parts, especially on leaves (ratio factor-RF > 1). Moss bag technique testified about lower enrichment of airborne elements compared with the conventional vineyard and urban microenvironments. Environmental and health risk assessments confirmed that organic production is harmless for field workers and grape consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Milićević
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia.
| | - Mira Aničić Urošević
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia
| | - Dubravka Relić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Jovanović
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia
| | - Dragica Nikolić
- Institute of Meat, Hygiene and Technology, Kaćanskog 13, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Konstantin Vergel
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot Curie 6, Dubna, Russian Federation, 141980
| | - Aleksandar Popović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, Serbia
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Yang L, Di L, Sun F, Tian W, Huang B, Fan G. Bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of trace metals in soils of greenhouse vegetable production near the industrial areas of the Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30729-30740. [PMID: 32472512 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As a common environmental problem in China, trace metal accumulation and contamination in soils of greenhouse vegetable production (GVP) may pose significant health risk via oral ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact to vegetable farmers and children playing in greenhouse fields. Thus, bioaccessibility and health risk of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in GVP soils collected from 13 GVP farms or bases near industrial areas of the Yangtze River Delta, China, were investigated as a case study. The results suggested that both GVP and industrial discharges contributed a lot to accumulation or contamination especially of Zn and Cd in soil, which subsequently increased their bioaccessible concentrations. In addition, soil acidification caused by GVP also increased bioaccessible Cr and Ni concentrations in soil of the Anthrosols study area. However, the health risk assessment of metals in GVP soil through inhalation and oral ingestion considering metal bioaccessibility suggested no non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to both farmers and children. In contrast, there was potential carcinogenic risk within acceptable level posed by Cr in GVP soil through dermal contact to farmers and children. This indicates that both GVP and industrial activities had limited effect on health risk of trace metals in GVP soil via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. However, the carcinogenic risk posed by Cr, which mainly originated from natural sources, still cannot be negligible. Overall, the results will provide valuable information for decision-makers to develop reasonable strategies and guidelines for risk management of trace metals in GVP soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanqin Yang
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Di
- Zhenjiang Station of Farmland Quality Protection, Zhenjiang, 212009, People's Republic of China
| | - Feili Sun
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfei Tian
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Fan
- School of Sports Science, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, People's Republic of China.
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Yan Y, Chi HF, Liu JR, Hu GR, Yu RL, Huang HB, Lin CQ. Provenance and bioaccessibility of rare earth elements in atmospheric particles in areas impacted by the optoelectronic industry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114349. [PMID: 32244157 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are widely used in optoelectronic industries, and they can be emitted into the environment and may induce biological effects. In this study, we investigated the provenance and bioaccessibility of REEs in atmospheric particles (APs) collected from areas impacted by the optoelectronic industry. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values showed that Y, Eu, and Tb were much more enriched in the APs from the optoelectronic recycling sites than in those from the optoelectronic producing sites and were not enriched in the APs from the optoelectronic administrative sites and background sites. The characteristic parameters and the distribution patterns of REEs demonstrated that the AP samples from the recycling sites and producing sites showed remarkably positive Eu and Tb anomalies. According to the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, the optoelectronic industry was quantitatively determined to contribute 82.8% of Y, 86.5% of Eu, and 83.4% of Tb. Furthermore, an in vitro physiologically based extraction test (PBET) was performed to assess the bioaccessibility of REEs in the APs. The results showed that the bioaccessibility of all the REEs in the APs was below 50.0% in the human gastrointestinal tract, with higher values in the gastric phases than in the intestinal phases. In particular, extremely low gastric bioaccessibilities of Tb and Ce and relatively high gastric bioaccessibilities of Y and Eu were observed in the APs from the recycling sites and producing sites, which may due to the chemical composition of the compounds containing REEs that are used in the optoelectronic industry. In conclusion, our results provide additional information about the contribution and influence of the optoelectronic industry on the provenance and bioaccessibility of REEs in APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hai-Feng Chi
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jia-Rong Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Gong-Ren Hu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Rui-Lian Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Hua-Bin Huang
- Department of Science and Technology for Inspection, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Cheng-Qi Lin
- Department of Science and Technology for Inspection, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen, 361024, China
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Pelfrêne A, Sahmer K, Waterlot C, Glorennec P, Douay F, Le Bot B. Evaluation of single-extraction methods to estimate the oral bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s in soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138553. [PMID: 32334219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Incidental ingestion of polluted soil particles exposes the population to toxic metal(loid)s. To refine the methods of exposure and risk assessment, it is relevant to use bioaccessible concentrations of metal(loid)s determined via in vitro digestion methods. However, some validated methods are complex and costly, involving high technical skills and numerous reagents. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of four simple chemical extractions to mimic the bioaccessible fraction of As, Cd, and Pb in the gastric (G) and gastrointestinal (GI) phases obtained using the validated UBM (unified bioaccessibility method) test. Acetic acid (0.11 M), citric acid (0.11 M), EDTA (0.16 M), and hydrochloric acid (HCl, 0.65%) were separately tested in 201 soil samples with a wide range of physicochemical parameters and metal(loid)s concentrations. Significant linear relationships were observed with HCl, EDTA, and to a lesser extent with citric acid. For the cheaper HCl method, correlations with the UBM ranged from 0.91 to 0.99 for the G phase and from 0.72 to 0.97 for the GI phase. This test can be used at least as a first-tier screening to assess the oral bioaccessibility of As, Cd, and Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Pelfrêne
- Yncréa Hauts-de-France, ULR 4515, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Karin Sahmer
- Yncréa Hauts-de-France, ULR 4515, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Christophe Waterlot
- Yncréa Hauts-de-France, ULR 4515, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Francis Douay
- Yncréa Hauts-de-France, ULR 4515, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Zuo TT, Qu HR, Jin HY, Zhang L, Luo FY, Yu KZ, Gao F, Wang Q, Sun L, He HZ, Ma SC. Innovative health risk assessments of heavy metals based on bioaccessibility due to the consumption of traditional animal medicines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:22593-22603. [PMID: 32319064 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Few studies reported the extent of heavy metal accumulation in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Currently, oral bioaccessibility of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), and copper (Cu) present in traditional animal medicines was investigated with physiologically based extraction test-extracted in vitro model. We are the first to develop a health risk assessment strategy by combinational analysis of bioaccessible heavy metal levels to calculate target hazard quotient (THQ), target hazard index (THI) and cancer risk (CR), which has capacity to evaluate the heavy metal associated heath risk of traditional animal medicines. To precisely acquire a realistic risk assessment, questionnaire data was adopted to measure the frequency and duration of the exposure to traditional animal medicines, and the safety factor was highlighted as well. Our data revealed that the bioaccessibility of Hg was the lowest among the five heavy metals. After the adjustment with the bioaccessibility of each heavy metal to target hazard index (THI) values, excitingly, the results manifested that the consumption of traditional animal medicines might not exert an unacceptable health risk in a broad community. In addition, the CR values of As and Pb indicated that the risk of developing cancers was quite lower than their acceptable levels in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Zuo
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning Xi Road, Xi'an 710049, Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Hao-Ran Qu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hong-Yu Jin
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Fei-Ya Luo
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Kun-Zi Yu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Fei Gao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lei Sun
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning Xi Road, Xi'an 710049, Beijing, 100022, China.
| | - Huai-Zhen He
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning Xi Road, Xi'an 710049, Beijing, 100022, China.
| | - Shuang-Cheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Han Q, Wang M, Cao J, Gui C, Liu Y, He X, He Y, Liu Y. Health risk assessment and bioaccessibilities of heavy metals for children in soil and dust from urban parks and schools of Jiaozuo, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 191:110157. [PMID: 31954218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Urban parks and schools sever as the mainly activity areas for children, but risk assessment posed by heavy metals (HMs) from soil and dust in these area has rarely been investigated. In this study, six urban parks and seven schools in Jiaozuo, China, were taken as research objects to understand the contamination level and bioaccessibility of HMs from soil and dust in urban parks and schools. The results indicated that Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, As, Ni and Co from soil and dust were above the background values, especially Zn and Cd in dust, and As and Cd in soil. Serious Cd pollution was discovered, and respective Cd concentrations in soil and dust were 17.83 and 7.52 times the background value. Additionally, the average concentration and bioaccessibility of Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni and Co in dust were both higher than in soil. High concentration and high bioaccessibility of HMs in dust suggested that HMs contamination were serious and universal in Jiaozuo. The concentrations of most HMs were higher in the gastric phase, except for Cu and Cd which remained higher in the intestinal phase. Both in the gastric phase and intestinal phase, Mn, As and Cd in soil and dust both have high bioaccessibility which all exceed 10%. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks base on the total HMs for children (soil: 7.93, 1.96E-05; dust: 6.44, 3.58E-05) were greater than those for adults (soil: 6.35E-01, 1.32E-05; dust: 5.06E-01, 2.42E-05), and urban parks and schools posed high potential risk for children. Therefore, assessment the risk posed by HMs contamination of soil and dust in urban parks and schools is vital and urgent for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Han
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454003, China
| | - Mingshi Wang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454003, China.
| | - Jingli Cao
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454003, China
| | - Chenlu Gui
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454003, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454003, China
| | - Xiangdong He
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454003, China
| | - Yuchuan He
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454003, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454003, China
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45
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Du H, Yin N, Cai X, Wang P, Li Y, Fu Y, Sultana MS, Sun G, Cui Y. Lead bioaccessibility in farming and mining soils: The influence of soil properties, types and human gut microbiota. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:135227. [PMID: 31812419 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the risk assessment of Lead (Pb) in contaminated soils, 78 soil samples were collected from different locations in China and Pb bioaccessibility was assessed using the PBET (The Physiologically Based Extraction Test) method combined with SHIME (The Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem), and Pb bioaccessibility data from the PBET method on 88 soil samples that found in the literature were also used for the assessment. For all the soils, the mean Pb bioaccessibility was as follows: the gastric phase (31.25%) > colon phase (17.78%) > small intestinal phase (10.13%). The values of Pb bioaccessibility in most soils were lower than 60%, which is the typical default assumption for Pb (RBA, relatively bioavailability) by the US EPA. Mean Pb bioaccessibility (41.10% and 14.00% for gastric and small intestinal phases, respectively) in the present study was slightly higher than the values from the literature (24.80% and 8.68% for gastric and small intestinal phases, respectively) in the gastrointestinal tract. Mean Pb bioaccessibility was lower in acidic soil during the small intestinal phase, while the values for the alkaline soil were higher in the small intestinal and colon phases. In the gastric and small intestinal phases, mean Pb bioaccessibility in farming soils was slightly lower than it was in mining soils. However, the mean Pb bioaccessibility from farming soils was increased compared with mining soils in the colon phase given the action of human gut microbiota. Soil pH and type are important factors for predicting soil Pb bioaccessibility and health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Du
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Naiyi Yin
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Cai
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Fu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Mst Sharmin Sultana
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxin Sun
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshan Cui
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China.
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Cao P, Fujimori T, Juhasz A, Takaoka M, Oshita K. Bioaccessibility and human health risk assessment of metal(loid)s in soil from an e-waste open burning site in Agbogbloshie, Accra, Ghana. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124909. [PMID: 31550590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution and human health issues due to unrestricted electronic waste (e-waste) recycling activities have been reported at a number of locations. Among different e-waste recycling techniques, open burning of e-waste releases diverse metal(loid)s into the environment, which has aroused concern worldwide. In human health risk assessments (HHRAs), oral ingestion of soil can be a major route of exposure to many immobile soil contaminants. In vitro assays are currently being developed and validated to avoid overestimation of pollutants absorbed by the human body when calculating total pollutant concentrations in HHRAs. In this study, Cu, As, Cd, Sb, and Pb bioaccessibility in polluted soils (n = 10) from e-waste open burning sites at Agbogbloshie in Accra, Ghana, was assessed using an in vitro assay, the physiologically based extraction test. A bioaccessibility-corrected HHRA was then conducted to estimate the potential health risks to local inhabitants. The in vitro results (%) varied greatly among the different metal(loid)s (Cu: 1.3-60, As: 1.3-40, Cd: 4.2-67, Sb: 0.7-85, Pb: 4.1-57), and also showed marked variance between the gastric phase and small intestinal phase. The particle sizes of soil samples and chemical forms of metal(loid)s also influenced bioaccessibility values. Using these bioaccessibility values, both the hazard index and carcinogenic risk were calculated. The hazard index was above the threshold value (>1) for 5/10 samples, indicating a potential health risk to local inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqing Cao
- Department of Global Ecology, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujimori
- Department of Global Ecology, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan; Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Albert Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Masaki Takaoka
- Department of Global Ecology, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan; Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Oshita
- Department of Global Ecology, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan; Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
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47
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Janus A, Waterlot C, Douay F, Pelfrêne A. Ex situ evaluation of the effects of biochars on environmental and toxicological availabilities of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:1852-1869. [PMID: 31760614 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study experimented five biochars, one made from wood (400 °C, 12 h) and four made from miscanthus cultivated on contaminated soils (temperature 400/600 °C, duration 45/90 min). They were used as amendments at a 2% application rate on soil, cultivated or not cultivated with ryegrass, contaminated with (i) metals (Cd, Pb, and Zn), (ii) eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and (iii) a mix of metals and PAHs. The objectives were (i) to compare the effectiveness of the five biochars on soil parameters and pollutant availability and (ii) to determine the influence of soil multicontamination and ryegrass cultivation on biochar effectiveness. The results showed that biochar application did not necessarily lead to lower pollutant extractability and metal bioaccessibility. However, differences were highlighted between the biochars. The miscanthus biochars produced at 600 °C (BM600) showed higher effectiveness at decreasing metal extractability than the miscanthus biochars produced at 400 °C (BM400) due to its better sorption characteristics. In addition, ryegrass cultivation did not impact pollutant availability but modified metal bioaccessibility, especially for the soil amended with the BM600 and the woody biochar. Moreover, the presence of PAHs also negatively impacted the metal bioaccessibility in the soil amended with the BM600, and, on the contrary, positively impacted it in the soil amended with the BM400. Complementary studies are therefore necessary to understand the mechanisms involved, particularly in a context where soils requiring remediation operations are often multicontaminated and vegetated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Janus
- Laboratoire Génie Civil et géoEnvironnement (LGCgE), Yncréa Hauts-de-France, 48 boulevard Vauban, BP 41290, 59014, Lille cedex, France.
| | - Christophe Waterlot
- Laboratoire Génie Civil et géoEnvironnement (LGCgE), Yncréa Hauts-de-France, 48 boulevard Vauban, BP 41290, 59014, Lille cedex, France
| | - Francis Douay
- Laboratoire Génie Civil et géoEnvironnement (LGCgE), Yncréa Hauts-de-France, 48 boulevard Vauban, BP 41290, 59014, Lille cedex, France
| | - Aurélie Pelfrêne
- Laboratoire Génie Civil et géoEnvironnement (LGCgE), Yncréa Hauts-de-France, 48 boulevard Vauban, BP 41290, 59014, Lille cedex, France
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48
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Tian H, Wang Y, Xie J, Li H, Zhu Y. Effects of Soil Properties and Land Use Types on the Bioaccessibility of Cd, Pb, Cr, and Cu in Dongguan City, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 104:64-70. [PMID: 31696244 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine the potential heavy metal contamination in soil across Dongguan City, 124 soil samples from seven land use types were collected, four heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, and Cu) were analyzed. Total Cd, Cr, and Cu contents were significantly higher than the background values for Guangdong Province. Lead bioaccessibility in urban green land was lower than that in industrial and abandoned districts. The bioaccessibility of heavy metals was affected by total metal concentrations, soil properties, and land use types. The results showed that there was a negative correlation between the bioaccessibility of heavy metals (except for Cu) and their total concentrations. Soil pH and organic matter were the main factors affecting the bioaccessibility of Cd, Cr, Pb, and Cu in most land use types. Furthermore, sand, P, and clay also affected Pb, Cr, and Cu bioaccessibility. With the exception of the industrial zone periphery and urban green land, the bioaccessibility of heavy metals was mainly affected by clay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Tian
- School of Environment and Resources, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Yuzhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jingfang Xie
- School of Environment and Resources, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Hua Li
- School of Environment and Resources, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Yuen Zhu
- School of Environment and Resources, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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49
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Assessing trace-element mobility in Algeciras Bay (Spain) sediments by acid and complexing screening. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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50
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Environmental and Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Farmland Soils of Drinking Water Protection Areas and a Contaminated Paddy Field in Taiwan. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11195166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed heavy metal contents and their mobility, bioaccessibility, environmental risk, and health effects in the farmland soils of Drinking Water Source Quality Protection (DWSQP) areas contaminated by livestock manure and a paddy field contaminated by co-use of irrigation and drainage canals in Taiwan. The risk assessment code (RAC) and synthesis toxicity index (STI) for the soils were obtained. The potential health effects caused from soil direct ingestion by hand-to-mouth activity and dermal contact frequently occurring to farmers were further evaluated. The Cu, Zn, and Cr levels in DWSQP areas and the Changhwa (CH) paddy field exceeded the standards promulgated by Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (EPA). Nevertheless, RAC in DWSQP areas was in low risk levels. In contrast, RAC from Cu and Zn in CH paddy soils was in medium levels. Non-carcinogenic risks for farmers based on the total and bioaccessible metals in DWSQP areas and CH soils were all <1. However, carcinogenic risks based on bioaccessible Cr still exceeded 10−6 in several soils, indicating that the potential impacts on environmental and human health due to direct and indirect exposures to these contaminated soils should be concerned.
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