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Zhang Y, Chang F, Junaid M, Ju H, Qin Y, Yin L, Liu J, Zhang J, Diao X. Distribution, sources, ecological and human health risks of organic ultraviolet filters in coastal waters and beach deposits in Hainan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 359:124610. [PMID: 39053805 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) are extensively incorporated into both cosmetic items and industrial products and have been commonly found in water ecosystems. This study aims to examine the environmental levels, sources, ecological and human health risks of 14 commonly used OUVFs both in coastal water and beach deposit samples collected from the nearshore regions of Hainan Island and the South China Sea. This is first study highlighting the contamination of OUVFs in Hainan Island and utilizing economic and tourism data to confirm the potential source of OUVF pollution in costal aquatic and coastal ecosystem. Along the coastal tourist regions of Hainan Island, the median concentrations in coastal waters and beach deposits of these OUVFs fall within the range from 1.2 to 53.2 ng/L and 0.2-17.0 ng/g dw, respectively. In coastal water and beach deposit, the concentration of BP-3 was the highest, with median concentrations of 53.2 ng/L and 17.0 ng/g dw, respectively. Regarding human health risks, the daily intake of all 14 OUVFs through swimming was found to be 40-48 ng/kg/day. Ecological risk assessment indicates that BP-3 presents a medium risk for marine microalgae with a concurrent low risk for corals. The correlation analysis underscores a substantial interrelation of OUVFs in both coastal waters and beach deposits with various economic indicators, including annual rainfall, overnight tourists, total hotel rooms (unit), room occupancy rate, and sewage treatment capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China; College of Life Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Fengtong Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Hanye Ju
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China; College of Life Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Yongqiang Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China; College of Life Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Lianzheng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China; College of Life Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Jiliang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China; College of Life Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Xiaoping Diao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Yamahara S, Viyakarn V, Chavanich S, Bureekul S, Isobe A, Nakata H. Open dumping site as a point source of microplastics and plastic additives: A case study in Thailand. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174827. [PMID: 39047819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and plastic additive chemicals are emerging pollutants of great concerns around the world. Open dumping sites can be important sources of those pollutants in emerging countries, but little is known about their occurrence, distribution, transport pathway, and remediation approach. This study aimed to obtain the comprehensive dataset on plastic pollution in an open dumping site in Thailand, including (1) the polymer types and organic/inorganic plastic additives in plastic garbage, (2) horizontal distribution of MPs and plastic additives in the surface soil, (3) the effects of soil-capping treatment, and (4) the vertical transport. First, thirty-two plastic garbage collected from the dumping site were analyzed, and a total of 40 organic chemicals (mean: 1400,000 ng/g dw) and 7 heavy metals (mean: 2,030,000 ng/g dw) were identified. The burdens stored in the dumping site were estimated to reach to 3.3-18 tons for organic additives and 4.9-26 tons for heavy metals. In the surface soil analysis, 13 types of polymers in MPs, 20 elements, and 37 organic plastic additives were detected. The pollution levels were significantly higher near the dumping site than at control sites, indicating that the open dumping site is a point source of MPs and plastic additives. Interestingly, a significantly positive correlation was found between the concentrations of MPs and organic additives in soil. This suggests that MPs act as carriers of plastic-derived chemicals. Soil-capping treatment (including removal of some trash) drastically mitigated the contaminant levels in the surface soil, indicating this treatment is one of the effective approaches to control the horizontal distribution of MPs and plastic additives. However, soil core analyzes implied that the vertical transport is still continued even after soil-capping treatment. Our findings provided the comprehensive dataset to support for understanding plastic pollution in the open dumping site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Yamahara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Voranop Viyakarn
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Aquatic Resources Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, 254, Institute Building No. 3, 9th floor, Wang Mai Sub District Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Suchana Chavanich
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Aquatic Resources Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, 254, Institute Building No. 3, 9th floor, Wang Mai Sub District Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sujaree Bureekul
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Atsuhiko Isobe
- Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan; Center for Ocean Plastic Studies, Kyushu University, CU Research Building, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Haruhiko Nakata
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
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Hrabáková K, Hložek T, Bosáková Z, Tůma P. Hydrophobic eutectic solvents for surface water treatment with a focus on benzophenone type UV filters. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 280:116528. [PMID: 38820821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Effective removal of organic UV filters from aquatic environmental compartments and swimming waters is very important because these substances are hazardous to humans and wildlife at low concentrations and act as endocrine disruptors. Therefore, the aim of the present article is to determine the extraction efficiencies of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) for the selected UV filters based on benzophenone structure (benzophenone, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2,2´,4,4´-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2,2´-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 4-methacryloxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone) from aqueous matrices. For this purpose, six HDESs based on dl-menthol in combination with caprylic, decanoic and lauric acid are prepared and compared with referent terpene solvents such as terpineol and linalool. The effect of various parameters such as HDES composition, volume ratio, frequency and shaking time are studied. The highest extraction efficiency is shown by HDES of menthol:caprylic acid (1:1) composition at the aqueous:organic phase volume ratio of 1:1, shaking frequency of 1500 rpm and shaking time of 15 min. The achieved extraction efficiencies are higher than 99.6 % for all benzophenones studied in the purification of stagnant pond water, swimming pool water and river water samples. After a simple and fast sample treatment, the residual levels of benzophenones in the waters are controlled by a newly developed sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method with LOQs in the range of 0.7 - 5.0 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Hrabáková
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Albertov 6, Prague 2 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hložek
- Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hygiene, Ruská 87, Prague 10 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bosáková
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Albertov 6, Prague 2 128 43, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Tůma
- Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hygiene, Ruská 87, Prague 10 100 00, Czech Republic.
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Ajibola AS, Reich M, Kümmerer K. Determination and risk assessment of UV filters and benzotriazole UV stabilizers in wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant in Lüneburg, Germany. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:725. [PMID: 38990243 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12853-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
UV filters and benzotriazole UV stabilizers are considered emerging contaminants in the environment. LC-MS/MS and GC-MS methods, involving a single solid phase extraction protocol, were developed and validated to determine eight UV filters and seven UV stabilizers, respectively in wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Lüneburg, Germany. The LC-MS/MS method exhibited extraction recoveries of ≥ 71% at six different fortification levels with limits of detection (LODs) range of 0.02 ng mL-1 - 0.09 ng mL-1. Extraction recoveries of 47 to 119% at six different fortification levels were obtained for the GC-MS method with LODs range of 0.01 - 0.09 ng mL-1. Among the UV filters, the highest mean concentration was determined for octocrylene (OCR) in influent (3.49 ng mL-1) while the highest mean concentration was measured for 2-hydroxy-4-octyloxybenzophenone (UV 531) in influent (0.44 ng mL-1) among the UV stabilizers. Potential risk to aquatic organisms was assessed by the risk quotient approach. Only OCR presented a high risk to aquatic invertebrates whereas 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS) posed high risks to algae. Benzotriazole UV stabilizers presented negligible risks to aquatic invertebrates and fish. This work reports the detection of rarely studied 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and UV 531 in WWTP influent and effluent. The occurrence and risk assessment of target benzotriazole UV stabilizers in wastewater from a German WWTP was demonstrated for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinranti S Ajibola
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany.
- Analytical/Environmental Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Marco Reich
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany.
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Mao W, Jin H, Guo R, Mao K. Presence of benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers in human urine. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 260:119556. [PMID: 38969313 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Health exposure to benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) may pose diverse toxic impacts on health. Presently, the occurrence of BUVSs in human urine remains inadequately understood. This study analyzed 13 kinds of BUVSs in human urine (n = 182) from the general Chinese adult participants. Totally, nine BUVSs were measurable in these human urine samples. Among the detected BUVSs, 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-p-cresol (UV-P) was the most predominant BUVS in the human urine, with the mean concentration of 1.6 μg/g creatinine (
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang, 324000, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, PR China; Innovation Research Center of Advanced Environmental Technology, Eco-Industrial Innovation Institute ZJUT, Quzhou, Zhejiang, 324400, PR China
| | - Ruyue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, PR China
| | - Kaili Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang, 324000, PR China.
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Lu Z, De Silva AO, Spencer C, Tetreault GR, de Solla SR, Muir DCG. Distribution and trophodynamics of substituted diphenylamine antioxidants and benzotriazole UV stabilizers in a freshwater ecosystem and the adjacent riparian environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:1031-1041. [PMID: 38770740 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00193a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Substituted diphenylamine antioxidants (SDPAs) and benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BZT-UVs) are industrial additives of emerging environmental concern. However, little is known about their environmental fate and bioaccumulation. This study investigated the concentrations of SDPAs and BZT-UVs in the water, sediment and biota samples in the freshwater ecosystem and adjacent riparian environment using Hamilton Harbour in the Great Lakes of North America as a study site. The bioaccumulation factors and trophodynamics of these contaminants were studied using field-collected samples. Eight target SDPAs and two BZT-UVs (2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol (UV234) and 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV328)) were frequently detected in the sediment, water and biota samples. UV328 showed significantly greater concentrations in water (0.28-2.8 ng L-1) and sediment (8.3-48 ng g-1, dry weight) than other target contaminants, implying greater contamination of UV328 in Hamilton Harbour. SDPAs exhibited trophic dilution in species living in the water, whereas UV234 was biomagnified in the same samples. No clear trophodynamic trend was found for UV328 for water-respiring species. Air-breathing invertebrates had higher concentrations of both SDPAs and BZT-UVs than water-respiring invertebrates, and biomagnification was observed particularly for adult dragonflies. These results suggest that the trophodynamics of SDPAs and BZT-UVs vary depending on whether the food web is terrestrial or aquatic. Future research should investigate the occurrence and partitioning of SDPAs and BZT-UVs in the air-water interface and evaluate the toxicities of these contaminants in air-breathing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lu
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), 310, allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada.
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Christine Spencer
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Gerald R Tetreault
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Shane R de Solla
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada.
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Chen Y, Guo R, Liao K, Yu W, Wu P, Jin H. Discovery of novel benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers in surface water. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 257:121709. [PMID: 38728781 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The comprehensive understanding of the occurrence of benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BZT-UVs) in environmental surface water is imperative due to their widespread application and potential aquatic toxicity. We conducted an analysis of 13 traditional BZT-UVs in surface water samples collected from Taihu Lake (TL, n = 23) and Qiantang River (QR, n = 22) in China. The results revealed that 5‑chloro-2-(3,5-di-tertbutyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazole (UV-327) was consistently the predominant BZT-UV in water samples from TL (mean 16 ng/L; detection frequency 96 %) and QR (14 ng/L; 91 %). Furthermore, we developed a characteristic fragment ion-based strategy to screen and identify unknown BZT-UVs in collected surface water, utilizing a high-resolution mass spectrometer. A total of seven novel BZT-UVs were discovered in water samples, and their chemical structures were proposed. Four of these novel BZT-UVs were further confirmed with standards provided by industrial manufacturers. Semi-quantitative analysis revealed that among discovered novel BZT-UVs, 2-(2‑hydroxy-3‑tert‑butyl‑5-methylphenyl)-benzotriazole was consistently the predominant novel BZT-UV in TL (mean 4.1 ng/L, detection frequency 70 %) and QR (2.8 ng/L, 77 %) water. In TL water, the second predominant novel BZT-UV was 2-(3-allyl-2‑hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole (mean 3.9 ng/L,
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Ruyue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Kaizhen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Wenfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China.
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Amankwah BK, Šauer P, Grabicová K, von der Ohe PC, Ayıkol NS, Kocour Kroupová H. Organic UV filters: Occurrence, risks and (anti-)progestogenic activities in samples from the Czech aquatic environment and their bioaccumulation in fish. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134338. [PMID: 38643577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence, environmental risks and contribution of organic UV filters to detected (anti-)progestogenic activities were examined in samples of wastewater treatment plant influents and effluents, various surface waters and fish from the Czech Republic. Of the 20 targeted UV filters, 15 were detected in the WWTP influent samples, 11 in the effluents, and 13 in the surface water samples. Benzophenone-3, benzophenone-4, and phenyl benzimidazole sulfonic acid (PBSA) were found in all water samples. Octocrylene, UV-327 and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor exceeded the risk quotient of 1 at some sites. In the anti-progestogenic CALUX assay, 10 out of the 20 targeted UV filters were active. Anti-progestogenic activities reaching up to 7.7 ng/L, 3.8 ng/L, and 4.5 ng/L mifepristone equivalents were detected in influents, effluents, and surface waters, respectively. UV filters were responsible for up to 37 % of anti-progestogenic activities in influents. Anti-progestogenic activities were also measured in fish tissues from the control pond and Podroužek (pond with the highest number of detected UV filters) and ranged from 2.2 to 9.5 and 1.9 to 8.6 ng/g dw mifepristone equivalents, respectively. However, only benzophenone was found in fish, but it does not display anti-progestogenic activity and thus could not explain the observed activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Kyei Amankwah
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Šauer
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Grabicová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Peter C von der Ohe
- UBA - German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Platz 1, D-06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Nurhan Sultan Ayıkol
- Ankara University, Graduate School of Health Science, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Turkiye
| | - Hana Kocour Kroupová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
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9
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Akinboye AJ, Kim K, Park J, Kim YS, Lee JG. Contamination of ultraviolet absorbers in food: toxicity, analytical methods, occurrence and risk assessments. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1805-1824. [PMID: 38752111 PMCID: PMC11091012 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-024-01566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) absorbers are chemical substances that are widely used as defenses against the damaging effects of solar radiations. UV absorbers, despite their benefits, are categorized as emerging pollutants because they have been demonstrated to be mutagenic, toxic, pseudo-persistent, bio-accumulative, and to have strong estrogenic effects. Because of their common use in personal care products, they continue to enter the environment. Several food samples, particularly those derived from aquatic sources, have been found to be contaminated with these compounds. Toxic effects on aquatic life, such as metabolic imbalance and developmental toxicity, result from the continued presence of UV absorbers in aquatic bodies. In addition, the degree of exposure to these pollutants in foods should be examined because there are certain risks associated with their consumption by humans. Therefore, this review focuses on the toxicity, analytical techniques, occurrence, and risk assessments of UV absorbers found in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo J. Akinboye
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01811 Korea
| | - Kiyun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01811 Korea
| | - Junhyeong Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01811 Korea
| | - Young-Suk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Women University, Seodammum-Gu, Seoul, 03760 Korea
| | - Joon-Goo Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01811 Korea
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Breakell T, Kowalski I, Foerster Y, Kramer R, Erdmann M, Berking C, Heppt MV. Ultraviolet Filters: Dissecting Current Facts and Myths. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2986. [PMID: 38792526 PMCID: PMC11121922 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is a global and increasingly prevalent issue, causing significant individual and economic damage. UV filters in sunscreens play a major role in mitigating the risks that solar ultraviolet ra-diation poses to the human organism. While empirically effective, multiple adverse effects of these compounds are discussed in the media and in scientific research. UV filters are blamed for the dis-ruption of endocrine processes and vitamin D synthesis, damaging effects on the environment, induction of acne and neurotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Some of these allegations are based on scientific facts while others are simply arbitrary. This is especially dangerous considering the risks of exposing unprotected skin to the sun. In summary, UV filters approved by the respective governing bodies are safe for human use and their proven skin cancer-preventing properties make them in-dispensable for sensible sun protection habits. Nonetheless, compounds like octocrylene and ben-zophenone-3 that are linked to the harming of marine ecosystems could be omitted from skin care regimens in favor of the myriad of non-toxic UV filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Breakell
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Isabel Kowalski
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yannick Foerster
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University (TU) Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Rafaela Kramer
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Erdmann
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus V. Heppt
- Department of Dermatology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (I.K.); (Y.F.); (R.K.); (M.E.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN) and CCC Alliance WERA, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Pizzini S, Giubilato E, Morabito E, Barbaro E, Bonetto A, Calgaro L, Feltracco M, Semenzin E, Vecchiato M, Zangrando R, Gambaro A, Marcomini A. Contaminants of emerging concern in water and sediment of the Venice Lagoon, Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 249:118401. [PMID: 38331156 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates for the first time the contamination of water and sediment of the Venice Lagoon by twenty Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs): three hormones, six pharmaceutical compounds (diclofenac and five antibiotics, three of which are macrolides), nine pesticides (methiocarb, oxadiazon, metaflumizone, triallate, and five neonicotinoids), one antioxidant (BHT), and one UV filter (EHMC). Water and sediment samples were collected in seven sites in four seasons, with the aim of investigating the occurrence, distribution, and possible emission sources of the selected CECs in the studied transitional environment. The most frequently detected contaminants in water were neonicotinoid insecticides (with a frequency of quantification of single contaminants ranging from 73% to 92%), and EHMC (detected in the 77% of samples), followed by BHT (42%), diclofenac (39%), and clarithromycin (35%). In sediment the highest quantification frequencies were those of BHT (54%), estrogens (ranging from 35% to 65%), and azithromycin (46%). Although this baseline study does not highlight seasonal or spatial trends, results suggested that two of the major emission sources of CECs in the Venice Lagoon could be tributary rivers from its drainage basin and treated wastewater, due to the limited removal rates of some CECs in WWTPs. These preliminary results call for further investigations to better map priority emission sources and improve the understanding of CECs environmental behavior, with the final aim of drawing up a site-specific Watch List of CECs for the Venice Lagoon and support the design of more comprehensive monitoring plans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pizzini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-IRBIM), Largo Fiera della Pesca, 2, 60125, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Elisa Giubilato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy.
| | - Elisa Morabito
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy.
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy.
| | - Alessandro Bonetto
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy.
| | - Loris Calgaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy.
| | - Matteo Feltracco
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy.
| | - Elena Semenzin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy.
| | - Marco Vecchiato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy.
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy.
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy.
| | - Antonio Marcomini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice Mestre (VE), Italy.
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12
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Ebert KE, Griem P, Weiss T, Brüning T, Hayen H, Koch HM, Bury D. Toxicokinetics of homosalate in humans after dermal application: applicability of oral-route data for exposure assessment by human biomonitoring. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1383-1398. [PMID: 38485782 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03704-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Homosalate (HMS) is a UV filter used in sunscreens and personal care products as a mixture of cis- and trans-isomers. Systemic absorption after sunscreen use has been demonstrated in humans, and concerns have been raised about possible endocrine activity of HMS, making a general population exposure assessment desirable. In a previous study, it was shown that the oral bioavailability of cis-HMS (cHMS) is lower than that of trans-HMS (tHMS) by a factor of 10, calling for a separate evaluation of both isomers in exposure and risk assessment. The aim of the current study is the investigation of HMS toxicokinetics after dermal exposure. Four volunteers applied a commercial sunscreen containing 10% HMS to their whole body under regular-use conditions (18-40 mg HMS (kg bw)-1). Parent HMS isomers and hydroxylated and carboxylic acid metabolites were quantified using authentic standards and isotope dilution analysis. Further metabolites were investigated semi-quantitatively. Elimination was delayed and slower compared to the oral route, and terminal elimination half-times were around 24 h. After dermal exposure, the bioavailability of cHMS was a factor of 2 lower than that of tHMS. However, metabolite ratios in relation to the respective parent isomer were very similar to the oral route, supporting the applicability of the oral-route urinary excretion fractions for dermal-route exposure assessments. Exemplary calculations of intake doses showed margins of safety between 11 and 92 (depending on the approach) after single whole-body sunscreen application. Human biomonitoring can reliably quantify oral and dermal HMS exposures and support the monitoring of exposure reduction measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina E Ebert
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter Griem
- Symrise AG, Mühlenfeldstrasse 1, 37603, Holzminden, Germany
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
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13
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García-Márquez MG, Rodríguez-Castañeda JC, Agawin NSR. Effects of the sunscreen ultraviolet filter oxybenzone (benzophenone-3) on the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile and its associated N 2 fixers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170751. [PMID: 38336058 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Oxybenzone/benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is one of the most detrimental organic ultraviolet filters for marine biota, leading to legislative measures banning its presence in commercial sunscreen formulations of several countries. It remains poorly explored how this contaminant is currently threatening the persistence of critical ecosystems for conservation in the Mediterranean, such as Posidonia oceanica meadows, but it is essential for promoting sustainable coastal tourism. Our investigation aimed to determine the effects of BP-3 on P. oceanica under a short-term laboratory setup, recreating summer conditions while testing three environmentally relevant concentrations for Mallorca, Spain (minimum: 53.6 ng L-1, maximum: 557.5 ng L-1 and increased: 1115 ng L-1) and a control (0 ng L-1). Primary productivity was unaffected by the treatments, however, a reduction in leaf chlorophyll content and nitrogen fixation activity associated with rhizomes was evidenced under BP-3 addition. This may be related with oxidative damage, as reactive oxygen species production and catalase activity in P. oceanica leaves were the highest even at minimum BP-3 concentrations. Alkaline phosphatase rates showed inverted trends between old leaves and rhizomes, being enhanced in the former under BP-3 addition and reduced in the latter. These results are of great relevance for the future management of P. oceanica meadows, elucidating that even minimum concentrations of BP-3 reported in coastal waters of Mallorca can induce elevated levels of oxidative stress in the seagrass, that lead to impairments in its photosynthetic pigments production and supply of essential nutrients through belowground tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nona S R Agawin
- Marine Ecology and Systematics (MarES), Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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14
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Struk-Sokołowska J, Faszczewska A, Kotowska U, Mielcarek A. Comparison of benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVs) removal from wastewater after subsequent stages of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treatment process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169813. [PMID: 38184258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The research focused on benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVs) which are commonly used compounds despite being found dangerous, e.g. promoting breast cancer cell proliferation, damaging vital organs such as hearts, brains livers and kidneys. The aim of the study was to analyse the efficiency and removal rate of BUVs from wastewater depending on the quantity of tested compounds and SBR anaerobic-aerobic conditions. The study was conducted in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs - 17 L) with real flocculent activated sludge (8 L) and model wastewater (5 L) containing UV-326, UV-327, UV-328, UV-329 and UV-P from 50 to 600 μg∙L-1. The SBR were operated in 390 cycles of 7 h and 10 min over 130 days. The similarity of the technological parameters of the treatment process to those used in a real wastewater treatment plant was maintained. Efficiency removal of individual BUVs was strictly dependent on the dose of compounds introduced into wastewater and ranged from 68.2 to 97 %. Removal of UV-329 occurred with lowest efficiency (from 68.2 to 85.2 %) while UV-326 was most efficiently removed from the wastewater (from 94.1 to 97 %). UV-329 was removed from wastewater with the lowest (0.0968-0.9524 μg∙L-1∙min-1) average removal rate while UV-327 with the highest (0.16-1.3357 μg∙L-1∙min-1), irrespective of BUVs dose in the influent. Secondary release of BUVs into the wastewater occurred in SBR during the settling phase and was dependent on the type and concentration of the BUVs in the raw wastewater. This occurrence was noted for UV-326 ≥ 100; UV-327 = 600; UV-328 ≥ 200; UV-329 ≥ 50 and UV-P ≥ 100 μg∙L-1. The settling phase needs to be shortened to the required minimum. This is an important conclusion for WWTPs in regards to SBR cycle duration and technological parameters of the treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Struk-Sokołowska
- Białystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Wiejska 45A, 15-351 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Alicja Faszczewska
- Białystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Wiejska 45A, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
| | - Urszula Kotowska
- University of Bialystok, Faculty of Chemistry, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Artur Mielcarek
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Geoengineering, Warszawska 117a, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
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15
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Raza Y, Mertens E, Zink L, Lu Z, Doering JA, Wiseman S. Embryonic Exposure to the Benzotriazole Ultraviolet Stabilizer 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol Decreases Fertility of Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:385-397. [PMID: 37975561 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) are emerging contaminants of concern. They are added to a variety of products, including building materials, personal care products, paints, and plastics, to prevent degradation caused by ultraviolet (UV) light. Despite widespread occurrence in aquatic environments, little is known regarding the effects of BUVSs on aquatic organisms. The aim of the present study was to characterize the effects of exposure to 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol (UV-P) on the reproductive success of zebrafish (Danio rerio) following embryonic exposure. Embryos were exposed, by use of microinjection, to UV-P at <1.5 (control), 2.77, and 24.25 ng/g egg, and reared until sexual maturity, when reproductive performance was assessed, following which molecular and biochemical endpoints were analyzed. Exposure to UV-P did not have a significant effect on fecundity. However, there was a significant effect on fertilization success. Using UV-P-exposed males and females, fertility was decreased by 8.75% in the low treatment group and by 15.02% in the high treatment group relative to control. In a reproduction assay with UV-P-exposed males and control females, fertility was decreased by 11.47% in the high treatment group relative to the control. Embryonic exposure to UV-P might have perturbed male sex steroid synthesis as indicated by small changes in blood plasma concentrations of 17β-estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone, and small statistically nonsignificant decreases in mRNA abundances of cyp19a1a, cyp11c1, and hsd17b3. In addition, decreased transcript abundances of genes involved in spermatogenesis, such as nanos2 and dazl, were observed. Decreases in later stages of sperm development were observed, suggesting that embryonic exposure to UV-P impaired spematogenesis, resulting in decreased sperm quantity. The present study is the first to demonstrate latent effects of BUVSs, specifically on fish reproduction. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:385-397. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Emily Mertens
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lauren Zink
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zhe Lu
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Jon A Doering
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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16
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Tran-Lam TT, Quan TC, Bui MQ, Dao YH, Le GT. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in Vietnamese marine fish: Occurrence, distribution, and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168305. [PMID: 37935261 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The release of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) into the aquatic environment, specifically the oceans, is increasing, leading to adverse effects on the marine ecosystem. Using optimized QuEChERS extraction methods, the study created the first contamination profiles of 44 EDCs, including organic ultraviolet compounds, pharmaceutically active compounds, hormones, and phthalate esters, in 114 fish muscle samples from five species collected along the Vietnamese coast. The study found that largehead hairtail exhibited the highest total EDCs at 208.3 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw), while Indian catfish displayed the lowest concentration at 105.5 ng g-1 lw. Besides, the study observed notable variations in the total EDCs across distinct fish species. This study hypothesized that the marine economic characteristics of each research location have a significant role in shaping the pollution profile of EDCs found in fish specimens taken from the corresponding area. As a result, a notable disparity in the composition of organic ultraviolet compounds has been observed among the three regions of North, Central, and South Vietnam (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.05). Despite these findings, EDC-contaminated fish did not pose any health risks to Vietnam's coastal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Thien Tran-Lam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam; Institute of Mechanics and Applied Informatics, VAST, 291 Dien Bien Phu, Ward 7, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Viet Nam
| | - Thuy Cam Quan
- Viet Tri University of Industry, 9 Tien Son, Tien Cat, Viet Tri, Phu Tho 75000, Viet Nam
| | - Minh Quang Bui
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Yen Hai Dao
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam.
| | - Giang Truong Le
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
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17
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Johnson H, Dubiel J, Collins CH, Eriksson ANM, Lu Z, Doering JA, Wiseman S. Assessing the Toxicity of Benzotriazole Ultraviolet Stabilizers to Fishes: Insights into Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Effects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:110-120. [PMID: 38112502 PMCID: PMC10785820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) are chemicals used to mitigate UV-induced damage to manufactured goods. Their presence in aquatic environments and biota raises concerns, as certain BUVSs activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which is linked to adverse effects in fish. However, potencies of BUVSs as AhR agonists and species sensitivities to AhR activation are poorly understood. This study evaluated the toxicity of three BUVSs using embryotoxicity assays. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed to BUVSs by microinjection suffered dose-dependent increases in mortality, with LD50 values of 4772, 11 608, and 56 292 ng/g-egg for UV-P, UV-9, and UV-090, respectively. The potencies and species sensitivities to AhR2 activation by BUVSs were assessed using a luciferase reporter gene assay with COS-7 cells transfected with the AhR2 of zebrafish and eight other fishes. The rank order of potency for activation of the AhR2 from all nine species was UV-P > UV-9 > UV-090. However, AhR2s among species differed in sensitivities to activation by up to 100-fold. An approximate reversed rank order of species sensitivity was observed compared to the rank order of sensitivity to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo[p]dioxin, the prototypical AhR agonist. Despite this, a pre-existing quantitative adverse outcome pathway linking AhR activation to embryo lethality could predict embryotoxicities of BUVSs in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter
M. Johnson
- Department
of Biological Science, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Justin Dubiel
- Department
of Biological Science, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Cameron H. Collins
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast and Environmental, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Andreas N. M. Eriksson
- Department
of Biological Science, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Zhe Lu
- Institut
des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec
à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Jon A. Doering
- Department
of Biological Science, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast and Environmental, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Department
of Biological Science, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
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18
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Khare A, Jadhao P, Vaidya AN, Kumar AR. Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BUVs) as an emerging contaminant of concern: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:121370-121392. [PMID: 37996596 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BUVs) are a group of industrial chemicals used in various consumer products and industrial applications. Due to its large-scale production and use, BUVs have been detected in all environmental matrices. Humans are exposed to BUVs from environmental media, food, personal care products (PCPs), and consumer products. As a result, BUVs are detected in human breast milk, attracting researchers and regulatory bodies worldwide. BUVs such as UV-328 exhibit the characteristics of persistent organic pollutants (POPs); hence, it has been recently listed under Stockholm Convention POP list. The current review focuses on the occurrence of BUVs in the environment with emphasis on persistency, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT). Scarcity of scientific data on BUVs' properties, environmental occurrence, exposure levels, and effects on organisms poses significant challenges to the policymakers and regulatory bodies in adopting management strategies. The need for a science-based integrated framework for risk assessment and management of BUVs is recommended. Considering the potential threat of BUVs to human health and the environment, it is recommended that BUVs should be taken as a subject of priority research. Studies on the degradation and transformation route of BUVs need to be explored for the sound management of BUVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Khare
- Chemical and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pradip Jadhao
- Chemical and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Atul Narayan Vaidya
- Chemical and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Asirvatham Ramesh Kumar
- Chemical and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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19
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Lam TK, Law JCF, Leung KSY. Hazardous radical-coupled transformation products of benzophenone-3 formed during manganese dioxide treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:166481. [PMID: 37611723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Radical-coupled transformation products (TPs) have been identified as the byproducts of various transformation processes, including both natural attenuation and artificial treatments, of phenolic micropollutants. Benzophenone-3 (BP-3), an organic UV filter of emerging concern, has been previously reported with ubiquitous occurrence in the natural environment and water bodies. Current research has demonstrated how TPs are formed from BP-3 when it is treated with manganese oxide (MnO2). The ecological and toxicological risks of these TPs have also been assessed. Polymerization of BP-3 through radical coupling was observed as the major pathway by which BP-3 is transformed when treated with MnO2. These radical-coupled TPs haven't shown further degradation after formation, suggesting their potential persistence once occurred in the environment. In silico experiments predict the radical-coupled TPs will increase in mobility, persistence and ecotoxicity. If true, they also represent an ever-increasing threat to the environment, ecosystems and, most immediately, aquatic living organisms. In addition, radical-coupled TPs produced by MnO2 transformation of BP-3 have shown escalated estrogenic activity compared to the parent compound. This suggests that radical coupling amplifies the toxicological impacts of parent compound. These results provide strong evidence that radical-coupled TPs with larger molecular sizes are having potential adverse impacts on the ecosystem and biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz-Ki Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - Japhet Cheuk-Fung Law
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, P. R. China.
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20
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Wang B, Jin Y, Li J, Yang F, Lu H, Zhou J, Liu S, Shen Z, Yu X, Yuan T. Exploring environmental obesogenous effects of organic ultraviolet filters on children from a case-control study. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139883. [PMID: 37672813 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been globally recognized that obesity has become a major public health concern, especially childhood obesity. There is limited information, however, regarding the exposure risk of organic ultraviolet (UV) filters, a kind of emerging contaminant, on childhood obesity. This study would be made on 284 obese and 220 non-obese Chinese children with eight organic UV filters at urinary levels. The eight organic UV filters, including 2-Ethylhexyl 4-aminobenzoate (PABA-E), octisalate (EHS), homosalate (HMS), 2-Ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), amiloxate (IAMC), octocrylene (OC) and 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) were identified in urine samples with detection rates ranged from 35.32% to 100%, among which PABA-E, HMS, IAMC and OC were firstly detected in children' s urine. And the urinary UV filters concentration was associated with genders, living sites, guardian education levels, household income, and dietary factors. Urinary EHMC concentrations and childhood obesity were positively associated for girls [Adjusted OR = 2.642 (95% CI: 1.019, 6.853)], while OC concentrations and childhood obesity were negatively associated for girls [Adjusted OR = 0.022 (95% CI: 0.001, 0.817)]. The results suggest that EHMC exposure may be an environmental obesogen for girls. Moreover, two statistical models were used separately to evaluate the impact of UV filter mixtures on childhood obesity, including the Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model and the quantile g-computation (qgcomp) model. The negative association between UV filter mixtures and childhood obesity was proposed from both BKMR and qgcomp models. Further experimental and epidemiological studies are called upon to discern the individual and mixture impacts of organic UV filters on childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beili Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yihui Jin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinyang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shijian Liu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Zhemin Shen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaodan Yu
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Vuckovic D, MacDonald JA, Lin D, Mendez M, Miller E, Mitch WA. Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and ultraviolet filters in wastewater discharges to San Francisco Bay as drivers of ecotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122432. [PMID: 37611792 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Research in the United States evaluating ecotoxic risk to receiving waters posed by contaminants occurring in wastewater discharges typically has focused on measurements of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), with limited evaluations of UV filters and phenylpyrazole and neonicotinoid pesticides. In this study, concentrations of 5 representative pharmaceuticals, 11 pesticides or pesticide degradation products, and 5 ultraviolet filters were measured in 24 h composite samples of six wastewater discharges representing ∼70% of the total wastewater discharged to San Francisco Bay during the summer and fall of 2021. No significant difference was observed between concentrations measured on weekdays vs. weekends. A hydrodynamic model of San Francisco Bay was used to estimate annual average dilution factors associated with different subembayments. With and without considering dilution effects, Risk Quotients were calculated using the 90th percentile of measured concentrations in wastewater effluents and threshold concentrations associated with ecotoxicity. Risk Quotients were highest for the neonicotinoid pesticide, imidacloprid, and exceeded ecotoxicity thresholds in the lower South Bay by a factor of 2.4, even when considering dilution. Compared to commonly measured pharmaceuticals, Risk Quotients for imidacloprid were higher than those for carbamazepine, trimethoprim and diclofenac, and comparable to those for propranolol and metoprolol. Risk Quotients for the pesticide, fipronil, and the UV filter, oxybenzone, were higher than for carbamazepine. The results highlight the need to incorporate pesticides and UV filters with high Risk Quotients into studies in the United States evaluating ecotoxic risk associated with contaminants in municipal wastewater discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djordje Vuckovic
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Jessica A MacDonald
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Diana Lin
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave., Richmond, CA, 94804, United States
| | - Miguel Mendez
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave., Richmond, CA, 94804, United States
| | - Ezra Miller
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave., Richmond, CA, 94804, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.
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Marcin S, Aleksander A. Acute toxicity assessment of nine organic UV filters using a set of biotests. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:649-667. [PMID: 37779587 PMCID: PMC10541396 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UV filters in environmental compartments are a source of concern related to their ecotoxicological effects. However, little is known about UV filters' toxicity, particularly those released into the environment as mixtures. Acute toxicity of nine organic UV filters benzophenone-1, benzophenone-2, benzophenone-3, 4-methoxy benzylidene camphor, octocrylene, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, homosalate, and butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane was determined. UV filter solutions were tested as single, binary, and ternary mixtures of various compositions. Single solutions were tested using a set of bio tests, including tests on saline crustaceans (Artemia franciscana), freshwater crustaceans (Daphnia magna), marine bacteria (Aliivibrio fischeri), and freshwater plants (Lemna minor). The tests represent different stages of the trophic chain, and hence their overall results could be used to risk assessment concerning various water reservoirs. The toxicity of binary and ternary mixtures was analyzed using the standardized Microtox® method. Generally, organic UV filters were classified as acutely toxic. Octocrylene was the most toxic for Arthemia franciscana (LC50 = 0.55 mg L-1) and Daphnia magna (EC50 = 2.66-3.67 mg L-1). The most toxic against freshwater plants were homosalate (IC50 = 1.46 mg L-1) and octocrylene (IC50 = 1.95 mg L-1). Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EC50 = 1.38-2.16 mg L-1) was the most toxic for marine bacteria. The least toxic for crustaceans and plants were benzophenone-1 (EC50 = 6.15-46.78 mg L-1) and benzophenone-2 (EC50 = 14.15-54.30 mg L-1), while 4-methoxy benzylidene camphor was the least toxic for marine bacteria (EC50 = 12.97-15.44 mg L-1). Individual species differ in their sensitivity to the tested organic UV filters. An assessment of the toxicity of mixtures indicates high and acute toxicity to marine bacteria after exposition to a binary mixture of benzophenone-2 with octocrylene, 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, or homosalate. The toxicity of mixtures was lower than single solutions predicting antagonistic interaction between chemicals. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Stec Marcin
- Environmental Chemistry Research Unit, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, 22a Arciszewskiego Str., 76-200 Słupsk, Poland
| | - Astel Aleksander
- Environmental Chemistry Research Unit, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, 22a Arciszewskiego Str., 76-200 Słupsk, Poland
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23
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Carve M, Singh N, Askeland M, Allinson G, Shimeta J. Salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction combined with LC-MS/MS for the simultaneous determination of seven organic UV filters in environmental water samples: method development and application. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:104870-104885. [PMID: 37710061 PMCID: PMC10567945 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV filters (OUVFs), the active ingredient in sunscreens, are of environmental concern due to reported ecotoxicological effects in aquatic biota. Determining the environmental concentrations of these chemicals is essential for understanding their fate and potential environmental risk. Salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) coupled with liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed for simultaneous extraction, separation, and quantification of seven OUVFs (2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2,2',4,4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, butyl-methoxy-dibenzoyl methane, octocrylene, octyl methoxycinnamate, and oxybenzone). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 11 to 45 ng/L and practical quantification limits (PQLs) from 33 to 135 ng/L. Method trueness, evaluated in terms of recovery, was 69-127%. Inter-day and intra-day variability was < 6% RSD. The coefficients of determination were > 0.97. The method was applied to river and seawater samples collected at 19 sites in and near Port Phillip Bay, Australia, and temporal variation in OUVF concentrations was studied at two sites. Concentrations of OUVF were detected at 10 sites; concentrations of individual OUVFs were 51-7968 ng/L, and the maximum total OUVF concentration detected at a site was 8431 ng/L. Recreational activity and water residence time at the site contributed to OUVF's environmental presence and persistence. The benefits of the SALLE-LC-MS/MS method include its simple operation, good selectivity, precision over a wide linear range, and that obtained extracts can be directly injected into the LC-MS/MS, overall making it an attractive method for the determination of these OUVFs in environmental water matrices. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of OUVFs in Port Phillip Bay, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Carve
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Navneet Singh
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ADE Consulting Group, Williamstown North, VIC, 3016, Australia
| | | | - Graeme Allinson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeff Shimeta
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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24
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Yao Z, Li B, Li C. Distribution properties of ultraviolet absorbents in different species of biodegradable plastics. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:1453-1459. [PMID: 36950979 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231159842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) in the environment have been of increasing concern because of their potential toxicity. However, data on UVAs in the biodegradable plastics are still limited. In this work, we determined the concentrations of 13 UVAs in 6 different types of biodegradable plastic products from Beijing, China, by an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and found the total concentrations in the range of 37.21-1,138,526 ng g-1. These target UVAs, BP (benzophenone), BP-3, BP-12, UV-328, UV-234, UV-326, UV-329, UV-360 and UV-P are prevalent in the plastic bags, garbage bags, food packaging bags, plastic lunch boxes and tableware, product packing bags and mulch films, except for BP-1, UV-320, UV-327 and UV-PS. This finding showed that the total concentrations of the 13 UVAs in biodegradable mulch films (mean: 1,138,527 ng g-1) were several orders of magnitude higher than those in the other 5 categories of samples (mean: 37.21-186.9 ng g-1). And the UV-328 and BP-1 were the most important components of UVAs in the biodegradable mulch films, with the levels ranging of 726,568-1,062,687 ng g-1 and 317,470-506,178 ng g-1, respectively. As the majority of UVAs were detected in biodegradable plastics, the potential risk of UVAs exposure may exist in the environment with the large-scale use of biodegradable plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Yao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingru Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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25
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Shan P, Lin J, Zhai Y, Dong S, How ZT, Qin R. Transformation and toxicity studies of UV filter diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate in the swimming pools. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163498. [PMID: 37068670 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB), an ultraviolet (UV) filter, can be found in sunscreens and other personal care products and thus can be introduced into swimming pools through the swimmers. In outdoor pools, DHHB will inevitably interact with free chlorine and sunlight. Therefore, the mechanism of solar‑chlorine chemical transformation of DHHB, as well as the environmental risk, were investigated in this work. In chlorinated with solar (Cl + solar) process, free chlorine was the dominant contributor to 85% of the DHHB degradation, while hydroxyl radicals and reactive chlorine species contributed only 15% because of low free radical generation and fast DHHB and free chlorine reaction rates. Scavenging matrices, such as Cl-, NH4+, and dissolved organic matter (DOM), inhibited the degradation of DHHB in the Cl + solar process, while Br-, HCO3-, NO3-, and urea promoted DHHB degradation. DHHB degradation was inhibited in tap water swimming pool samples, while it was enhanced in seawater pool samples by the Cl + solar process. Seven transformation by-products (TBPs) including mono-, dichlorinated, dealkylate, and monochloro-hydroxylated TBPs were identified. Three degradation pathways, chlorine substitution, chlorine and hydroxyl substitution, and dealkylation were proposed for DHHB transformation in the Cl + solar process. Both Quantitative structure-activity relationship and Aliivibrio fischeri toxicity tests demonstrated increased toxicity for the chlorinated TBPs. A risk assessment of the DHHB and its TBPs suggested that both DHHB and its chlorinated TBPs pose a significant health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panduo Shan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Jiayi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Yanbo Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Shuai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Marine Drugs of Haikou, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Zuo Tong How
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Rui Qin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China.
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Zhang L, Shen L, Huang Y, Cui S, Zhao Q, Zhang C, Zhuang S, Jiang G. Embryonic Exposure to UV-328 Impairs the Cell Cycle in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) by Inhibiting the p38 MAPK/p53/Gadd45a Signaling Pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37384941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The benzotriazole UV stabilizer UV-328 is well known for its potent antioxidative properties; however, there are concerns about how it may affect signaling nodes and lead to negative consequences. This study identified the key signaling cascades involved in oxidative stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae and evaluated the cell cycle arrests and associated developmental alternations. Exposure to UV-328 at 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, and 4.00 μg/L downregulated gene expression associated with oxidative stress (cat, gpx, gst, and sod) and apoptosis (caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-8, and caspase-9) at 3 days postfertilization (dpf). The transcriptome aberration in zebrafish with disrupted p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades was validated based on decreased mRNA expressions of p38 MAPK (0.36-fold), p53 (0.33-fold), and growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 45 α (Gadd45a) (0.52-fold) after a 3- and 14-day exposure alongside a correspondingly decreased protein expression. The percentage of cells in the Gap 1 (G1) phase increased from 69.60% to a maximum of 77.07% (p < 0.05) in the 3 dpf embryos. UV-328 inhibited the p38 MAPK/p53/Gadd45a regulatory circuit but promoted G1 phase cell cycle arrest, abnormally accelerating the embryo hatching and heart rate. This study provided mechanistic insights that enrich the risk profiles of UV-328.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Lilai Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yizhou Huang
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shixuan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, 2700 Bay Area Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77058, United States
| | - Shulin Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Ma J, Wang Z, Qin C, Wang T, Hu X, Ling W. Safety of benzophenone-type UV filters: A mini review focusing on carcinogenicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 326:138455. [PMID: 36944403 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Consumer products containing benzophenone-type ultraviolet (UV) filters (BPs) have been widely accepted by the public, resulting in the widely existence of various BPs in the human body and environment. In recent years, more and more evidences show that BPs are endocrine disruptors. In view of the continuous exposure risk of BPs and their endocrine disrupting characteristics, the carcinogenicity of BPs and their effects on reproduction and development are of particular concern. However, due to the wide varieties of BPs and the scattered toxicity studies on BPs, people have a limited understanding on the safety of BPs. Therefore, this paper systematically reviews the carcinogenicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity of BPs in order to expand people's knowledge on the health risks of BPs and screen for more safe BPs. Although existing toxicological studies are insufficient, it can be determined that BPs have different potentials for carcinogenicity, and reproductive and developmental toxicity. Among those BPs, 2-hydroxyl-4-methoxyl benzophenone needs to be used with caution due to its adverse effects on cancer cell proliferation and migration, reproductive ability, sex differentiation, neurodevelopment, and so on. It is worth noting that functional group substitutions significantly affect the interaction between BPs and biomolecules such as DNA, cancer cells, and seminal fluid, resulting in different levels of toxicity. In short, it is very necessary to evaluate the carcinogenicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity of BPs, which is of great significance for establishing reasonable BPs content standards in cosmetics, water quality treatment standards for BPs, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Ma
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zeming Wang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chao Qin
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaojie Hu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wanting Ling
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Stoffmonographie für Octisalat (Octylsalicylat, Ethylhexylsalicylat, EHS) – HBM-Werte für die Metaboliten 5OH-EHS und 5cx-EPS im Urin von Erwachsenen und Kindern. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2023; 66:580-590. [PMID: 37145328 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-023-03697-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
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29
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Pei J, Hu J, Zhang R, Liu N, Yu W, Yan A, Han M, Liu H, Huang X, Yu K. Occurrence, bioaccumulation and ecological risk of organic ultraviolet absorbers in multiple coastal and offshore coral communities of the South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161611. [PMID: 36646224 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of organic ultraviolet absorbers (OUVAs) in coral reef regions has aroused widespread concern. This study focused on the occurrence, distribution, bioaccumulation and ecological risk of ten OUVAs in both coastal and offshore coral reef regions in the South China Sea. While the Σ10OUVAs was 85 % lower in the offshore seawater (15.1 ng/L) than in the coastal seawater (102.1 ng/L), the Σ10OUVAs was 21 % lower in the offshore corals (1.82 μg/g dry weight (dw)) than in the coastal corals (2.31 μg/g dw). This difference was speculated to relate to the high intensity of human activities in the coastal regions. Moreover, the offshore corals showed higher bioaccumulative capability toward OUVAs (log bioaccumulation factors (BAFs): 1.22-5.07) than the coastal corals (log BAFs: 0.17-4.38), which was presumably the influence of varied physiological status under different environmental conditions. The results of the ecological risk assessment showed that BP-3 resulted in 73 % of coastal corals and 20 % of offshore corals at a risk of bleaching. Therefore, the usage and discharge of BP-3 should be managed and controlled by the countries adjacent to the South China Sea for the protection of coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Pei
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Junjie Hu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China.
| | - Nai Liu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wenfeng Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Annan Yan
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Minwei Han
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Huanxin Liu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xueyong Huang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Kefu Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China.
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30
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Zhang J, Chen H, Tong T, Liu R, Yan S, Liang X, Martyniuk CJ, Zha J. Comparative toxicogenomics of benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers at environmental concentrations in Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea): Insight into molecular networks and behavior. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130811. [PMID: 36669413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) are widespread emerging pollutants, which can pose exposure risks to benthic organisms. However, the toxicity and mechanisms of BUVSs congeners in benthic clams are far from elucidated. In this study, Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) were exposed to one of UV-234, UV-326, UV-329, or UV-P at environmentally relevant levels (0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L) for 21 days. Filtration rate (FR) was increased in clams exposed to all BUVSs and there were notable histopathologic changes, including irregular digestive lumen, lipid droplet vacuolation, and degraded epithelial cells. To determine the molecular underpinnings following BUVSs exposure, the transcriptome responses in digestive glands were compared. Differentially expressed genes shared among BUVSs treatments were associated with focal adhesion, TNF-α/NF-κB proinflammatory pathways, and apoptosis. Following this, biochemical analysis of biomarkers related to apoptosis were conducted to further validate response. Exposure to BUVSs inhibited anti-oxidant enzyme activity and induced oxidative stress. Heat shock proteins were also triggered with exposure, and there was an induction of caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity. Molecular responses were not identical in the digestive gland of C. fluminea when comparing responses to BUVSs; nevertheless conserved mechanism (impairment of the oxidative defense system, immune system disruption, and induction of apoptosis) among BUVSs congeners was noted. This study provides novel insight into the toxicity and hazards of BUVSs in benthic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Tianheng Tong
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Ruimin Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Saihong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xuefang Liang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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31
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Fischer C, Göen T. Development and Validation of a DLLME-GC-MS-MS Method for the Determination of Benzotriazole UV Stabilizer UV-327 and Its Metabolites in Human Blood. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:136-146. [PMID: 35861396 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
2-(5-Chloro-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-(tert-butyl)phenol (UV-327) is used as an ultraviolet (UV) absorber in plastic materials and coatings. To investigate its metabolism and to assess human exposure, analytical methods are necessary for the determination of UV-327 and its metabolites in human biological specimens. The method thus presented targets the determination of UV-327 and several of its predicted metabolites in blood using protein precipitation, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and derivatization. The trimethylsilylated analytes and internal standards are separated by gas chromatography and analyzed with tandem mass spectrometry. The DLLME procedure was optimized with respect to the type and volume of disperser and extraction solvents, the pH value of the sample solution and the addition of salt. During method development, an effective ex vivo lactone/hydroxyl carboxylic acid interconversion was observed for two metabolites, each containing a carboxyl group adjacent to the phenolic hydroxyl group. The analytes resulting from interconversion enabled a more sensitive and reliable determination of the metabolites compared to their native structures. Method validation revealed limits of detection between 0.02 and 0.36 µg/L. The mean relative recovery rates ranged from 91% to 118%. Precision and repeatability were demonstrated by relative standard deviations in the range of 0.6-14.2% and 1.1-13.7%, respectively. The presently described procedure enables the sensitive and robust analysis of UV-327 and its metabolites in human blood and allows the elucidation of the human UV-327 metabolism as well as the assessment of exposure in potentially exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Fischer
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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32
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Guo Z, Kodikara D, Albi LS, Hatano Y, Chen G, Yoshimura C, Wang J. Photodegradation of organic micropollutants in aquatic environment: Importance, factors and processes. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 231:118236. [PMID: 36682233 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions widely occur in the aquatic environment and play fundamental roles in aquatic ecosystems. In particular, solar-induced photodegradation is efficient for many organic micropollutants (OMPs), especially those that cannot undergo hydrolysis or biodegradation, and thus can mitigate chemical pollution. Recent reports indicate that photodegradation may play a more important role than biodegradation in many OMP transformations in the aquatic environment. Photodegradation can be influenced by the water matrix such as pH, inorganic ions, and dissolved organic matter (DOM). The effect of the water matrix such as DOM on photodegradation is complex, and new insights concerning the disparate effects of DOM have recently been reported. In addition, the photodegradation process is also influenced by physical factors such as latitude, water depth, and temporal variations in sunlight as these factors determine the light conditions. However, it remains challenging to gain an overview of the importance of photodegradation in the aquatic environment because the reactions involved are diverse and complex. Therefore, this review provides a concise summary of the importance of photodegradation and the major processes related to the photodegradation of OMPs, with particular attention given to recent progress on the major reactions of DOM. In addition, major knowledge gaps in this field of environmental photochemistry are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Dilini Kodikara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Luthfia Shofi Albi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yuta Hatano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yoshimura
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Jieqiong Wang
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
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Recent trends in the determination of organic UV filters by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in environmental samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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Cahova J, Blahova J, Mares J, Hodkovicova N, Sauer P, Kroupova HK, Svobodova Z. Octinoxate as a potential thyroid hormone disruptor - A combination of in vivo and in vitro data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159074. [PMID: 36181807 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet filters are commonly used in various cosmetic products. Due to their huge consumption ultraviolet filters become a part of the environment. Octinoxate is a commonly used ultraviolet filter that is widely detected in the aquatic environment. In our study, we investigated whether this ultraviolet filter is able to disrupt thyroid hormone regulation after six weeks of exposure in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Thyroid hormones play crucial role in development and regulation of the organism and its disruption could cause the whole-body imbalance. Our study includes a compilation of in vivo and in vitro tests. The results of the in vivo experiment revealed a significant increase in thyroxine hormone in plasma for the highest tested dose of octinoxate (i.e. 395.6 μg/kg). We examined selected tissues (liver and cranial kidney) to determine the mRNA expression of genes involved in thyroid hormones regulation. The analysis confirmed downregulation of deiodinase 2 mRNA expression for the highest tested dose (i.e. 395.6 μg/kg) and downregulation of paired box 8 mRNA for medium (96 μg/kg) and the highest octinoxate dose (395.6 μg/kg.) only in cranial kidney. In vitro analysis indicated that octinoxate does not elicit (anti-)thyroid activity via thrβ and does not behave as a transthyretin ligand. Based on our results, octinoxate has a potential to act as a thyroid hormone disruptor, but further research required to better understand the entire regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Cahova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Blahova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Mares
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Hodkovicova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Sauer
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kocour Kroupova
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Svobodova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
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Shen X, Hu W, Xu C, Xu C, Wan Y, Hu J. Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizer UV-234 promotes foam cell formation in RAW264.7 macrophages. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120560. [PMID: 36328287 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) have been reported to induce inflammatory responses which may promote cholesterol accumulation and to downregulate the expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis; hence, we speculated whether BUVSs promote foam cell formation, which plays a key role in all stages of atherosclerosis. Herein, we used high-content imaging to screen all available BUVSs; of all the 17 candidates, 6 of them could promote foam cell formation at 10 μM. Further analyses showed that one BUVS UV-234 markedly increased the foam cell staining intensity by 15.0%-55.9% in the 0.5-10 μM exposure groups in a dose-dependent manner. Cholesterol influx was markedly enhanced by 21.0%-24.5% in the 5-10 μM exposure groups and cholesterol efflux was downregulated by 21.2%-59.3% in the 0.5-10 μM exposure groups, indicating that cholesterol efflux may play a major role in foam formation considering cholesterol efflux was downregulated at a relatively low concentration. Gene expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 which regulate the cholesterol efflux were also decreased at 0.5-10 μM. The degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) via the ubiquitin-proteasome system was observed at 0.5-10 μM, probably contributing to the downregulated expression of the genes encoding liver X receptors (LXR) α/β and their targets, ABCA1 and ABCG1. Thus, our study revealed that BUVSs frequently detected in the environment can promote foam cell formation in macrophages, contributing to the risk of atherosclerosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Shen
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxin Hu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenke Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wan
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Hu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
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36
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Sun X, Yang Q, Jing M, Jia X, Tian L, Tao J. Environmentally relevant concentrations of organic (benzophenone-3) and inorganic (titanium dioxide nanoparticles) UV filters co-exposure induced neurodevelopmental toxicity in zebrafish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114343. [PMID: 36508829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
UV filters, widely used in personal care products, are ubiquitous environmental pollutants detected and pose a significant public health concern. Benzophenone-3 (BP3) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) are the predominant organic and inorganic UV filters in environmental media. However, few studies have explored the combined developmental neurotoxic (DNT) effects and the underlying mechanisms when co-exposed to BP3 and nano-TiO2. In the present study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of BP3 (10 μg/L), nano-TiO2 (100 μg/L), and mixtures starting from 6 h post fertilization (hpf), respectively. Developmental indicators and motor behaviors were investigated at various developmental stages. Our results showed that BP3 alone or co-exposed with nano-TiO2 increased spontaneous movement at 24 hpf, co-exposure decreased touch response at 30 hpf and hatching rate at 60 hpf. Consistent with these motor deficits, co-exposure to BP3 and nano-TiO2 inhibited relative axon length of primary motor neuron during the early developmental stages, disturbed the expression of axonal growth-related genes at 30 and 48 hpf, increased cell apoptosis on the head region and mRNA levels of apoptosis-related genes, and also increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in zebrafish, suggesting the functional relevance of structural changes. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that BP3 alone or in combination with nano-TiO2 at environmentally relevant concentrations induced evident neurotoxic effects on the developing embryos in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Sun
- School of Public Health, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qinyuan Yang
- School of Public Health, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Min Jing
- School of Public Health, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xinrui Jia
- School of Public Health, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Linxuan Tian
- School of Public Health, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Junyan Tao
- School of Public Health, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Burns EE, Roush KS, Csiszar SA, Davies IA. Freshwater Environmental Risk Assessment of Down-the-Drain Octinoxate Emissions in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:3116-3124. [PMID: 36148933 PMCID: PMC9828718 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are used in a variety of cosmetic and personal care products (CPCPs), including sunscreens, due to their ability to absorb solar radiation. These UV filters can be washed down the drain through bathing, cleansing, or the laundering of clothing, therefore UV filters can enter the freshwater environment via wastewater treatment plant effluent, and so a freshwater risk assessment is necessary to establish the environmentally safe use of these important CPCP ingredients. In the present study, an environmental safety assessment for a UV filter of regulatory concern, octinoxate, was conducted. An established risk assessment framework designed specifically for CPCPs released to the freshwater environment in the United States was used for the assessment. A distribution of predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) representative of conditions across the region was calculated using the spatially resolved probabilistic exposure model iSTREEM. A review of available hazard data was conducted to derive a predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). The safety assessment was conducted by comparing the PEC distribution to the PNEC. A substantial margin of safety was found between the 90th percentile PEC, which is representative of the reasonable worst-case environmental exposure, and the PNEC. Owing to this finding of negligible risk, further refinement of the risk assessment through the generation of experimental data or refinement of conservative assumptions is not prioritized. These results are critical for demonstrating the environmental safety of UV filters in the US freshwater environment and will help guide future work. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:3116-3124. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Burns
- Personal Care Products CouncilWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | | | | | - Iain A. Davies
- Personal Care Products CouncilWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
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38
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Ebert KE, Griem P, Weiss T, Brüning T, Hayen H, Koch HM, Bury D. Diastereoselective metabolism of homomenthyl salicylate (homosalate): Identification of relevant human exposure biomarkers. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107637. [PMID: 36423396 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Homosalate (HMS) is a salicylate UV filter broadly used in sunscreens and personal care products. The aim of this study was the collection of human toxicokinetic data on HMS as a tool for risk assessment. For this purpose, metabolism and urinary excretion after a single oral HMS dose (98.2-149.1 µg (kg body weight)-1) were investigated in four volunteers (two male, two female). As commercial products generally contain a mixture of cis- and trans-HMS, both cis-rich and trans-rich isomer mixtures were studied to investigate possible differences in metabolism. Initial metabolite screening tentatively identified six oxidative metabolite subgroups, of which hydroxylated and carboxylic acid metabolites were studied in more detail. Unchanged parent HMS and the previously identified HMS metabolites 5-((2-hydroxybenzoyl)oxy)-3,3-dimethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid (HMS-CA) and 3-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (3OH-HMS), respectively, were quantified separately as cis- and trans-isomers via authentic standards by isotope dilution analysis. In addition, further alkyl-hydroxylated and carboxylic acid metabolites were investigated semi-quantitatively. Peak concentrations in urine were reached 1.5-6.3 h post-dose and more than 80 % of each of the quantitatively investigated metabolites (and at least 70 % of the semi-quantitatively investigated metabolites) was excreted within the first 24 h. Plasma and urine data indicated that oral bioavailability of cis-HMS was one order of magnitude below that of trans-HMS. Furthermore, the mean total urinary excretion fraction (Fue) for the metabolites derived from trans-HMS (6.4 %) was two orders of magnitude higher than for the metabolites derived from cis-HMS (0.045 %). Our data proves diastereoselectivity in toxicokinetics of cis- and trans-HMS, emphasizing the necessity to address isomer ratios in future studies including HMS exposure and risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina E Ebert
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Peter Griem
- Symrise AG, Mühlenfeldstraße 1, 37603 Holzminden, Germany.
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
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Lyu Y, Li G, He Y, Li Y, Tang Z. Occurrence and distribution of organic ultraviolet absorbents in soils and plants from a typical industrial area in South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157383. [PMID: 35843326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) have attracted increasing concern due to their ubiquity, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity. However, available information on their occurrence and transfer in terrestrial environment is still extremely insufficient. In this study, we investigated twelve UVAs in the soils and five terrestrial plant species from a typical industrial area in South China, and found their total concentrations were 5.87-76.1 (median 13.1) and 17.9-269 (median 82.9) ng/g dry weight, respectively. Homosalate was dominant in soils while benzophenone and octrizole were predominant in plants, likely due to their complex sources and bioaccumulation preferences. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were further evaluated based on the ratios of UVA concentrations in plants and soils. The observed BAFs of UVAs were compound and species-specific, and most of them were much >1.0, indicating the chemicals could be transferred from soils to plants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of organic UVAs in field soil-plant systems, providing information that may improve our understanding of the bioaccumulability of these chemicals in terrestrial environment and the associated risks. More studies are needed to investigate the transfer and bioaccumulation of such chemicals in soils and terrestrial biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Guanghui Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yonghong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
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40
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Provencher J, Malaisé F, Mallory ML, Braune BM, Pirie-Dominix L, Lu Z. 44-Year Retrospective Analysis of Ultraviolet Absorbents and Industrial Antioxidants in Seabird Eggs from the Canadian Arctic (1975 to 2019). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14562-14573. [PMID: 36198135 PMCID: PMC9583603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) absorbents and industrial antioxidants are contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), but little is known about their distribution in Arctic wildlife, as well as how these contaminants vary over time, across regions, and between species. We used archived egg samples to examine the temporal patterns of 26 UV absorbents and industrial antioxidants in three seabird species (black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla, thick-billed murres Uria lomvia, northern fulmars Fulmarus glacialis) sampled in Arctic Canada between 1975 and 2019. Various synthetic phenolic antioxidants, aromatic secondary amines, benzotriazole UV stabilizers, and organic UV filters were detected in the seabird eggs. Overall, kittiwakes had higher levels of several UV absorbents and industrial antioxidants. Most target contaminants reached their peak concentrations at different points during the 44-year study period or did not vary significantly over time. None of these contaminant concentrations have increased in recent years. The antioxidant 2-6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) was the most frequently detected contaminant in seabird eggs, and its level significantly declined over the course of the study period in kittiwake eggs but did not change in the eggs of murres and fulmars. Future research should examine the effects of these CECs on the health of avian species, the sources, and exposure pathways of these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer
F. Provencher
- Ecotoxicology
and Wildlife Health Division, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Florentine Malaisé
- Institut
des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université
du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Mark L. Mallory
- Department
of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Birgit M. Braune
- Ecotoxicology
and Wildlife Health Division, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Lisa Pirie-Dominix
- Canadian
Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate
Change Canada, Iqaluit, Nunavut X0A 0H0, Canada
| | - Zhe Lu
- Institut
des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université
du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
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41
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Fenni F, Sunyer-Caldú A, Ben Mansour H, Diaz-Cruz MS. Contaminants of emerging concern in marine areas: First evidence of UV filters and paraben preservatives in seawater and sediment on the eastern coast of Tunisia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119749. [PMID: 35820572 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UV filters (UVFs) and paraben preservatives (PBs) are widely used components in many personal care products. However, there has been a rising concern for their endocrine-disrupting effects on wildlife once they reach aquatic ecosystems via recreative activities and wastewater treatment plants effluents. This study addresses UVFs and PBs occurrence in seawater and sediment impacted by tourism and sewage discharges along the coast of Mahdia, center East Tunisia. Samples of water and sediment were collected for 6 months from 3 coastal areas. Among the 14 investigated UVFs, 8 were detected in seawater and 4 were found in sediment. All PBs were present in seawater and only methylparaben (MePB) was detected in sediment. Benzophenone-3 (oxybenzone, BP3), benzocaine (EtPABA), and MePB were present in all water samples with concentrations in the ranges 16.4-66.9, 7.3-37.7, and 17.6-222 ng/L, respectively. However, the highest value, 1420 ng/L, corresponded to octinoxate (EHMC). In sediments, avobenzone (AVO), 4-methyl benzylidene camphor (4MBC), EHMC, 5-methyl-1-H-benzotriazole (MeBZT), and MePB were detected at concentrations within the range 1.1-17.6 ng/g dw, being MePB the most frequently detected (89%). MePB and MBZT presented the highest sediment-water partition coefficients and MePB also showed a positive correlation with total suspended solids' water content. Overall, pollutants concentrations remained rather constant along the sampling period, showing little seasonal variation. This study constitutes the first monitoring of UVFs and PBs on the Tunisian coastline and provides occurrence data for reference in further surveys in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdaws Fenni
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to the Environment-APAE UR17ES32, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia "ISSAT", University of Monastir, 5100 Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - Adrià Sunyer-Caldú
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to the Environment-APAE UR17ES32, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia "ISSAT", University of Monastir, 5100 Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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42
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Cuccaro A, Freitas R, De Marchi L, Oliva M, Pretti C. UV-filters in marine environments: a review of research trends, meta-analysis, and ecotoxicological impacts of 4-methylbenzylidene-camphor and benzophenone-3 on marine invertebrate communities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:64370-64391. [PMID: 35852751 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The potential adverse effects of UV-filter pollution in marine environments have been the focus of research in recent years. This systematic review aims to determine the extent of this emerging problem, both quantitatively and qualitatively, combining temporal and science mapping analyses to explore the development of the field of UV-filters in the marine environment (from 1990 to 2021), and to outline new research frontiers. The temporal trend analysis revealed an exponential growth of published studies over the last decade (70% since 2016), confirming the emerging role of this topic in environmental science. The meta-analysis determined that 4-methylbenzylidene-camphor (4-MBC) and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) are top-priority environmental pollutants due to their increasing usage and, in turn, a frequent occurrence in marine ecosystems. This meta-analysis determined the focus on these two contaminants for this review. A critical discussion of the applications, regulatory aspects, and environmental occurrences of these selected compounds was provided. The present study also focused on the most recent (2015-2021) field and laboratory studies investigating the ecotoxicological impacts of 4-MBC and BP-3 on marine invertebrates. This review highlights the need for more research efforts to fill the knowledge gaps on the realistic effects these compounds may have when considered individually, in combination, or as subsequent exposures. Overall, this review aims to establish guidelines for further studies to understand the effect of UV-filters on marine ecosystems and marine invertebrate communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cuccaro
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128, Leghorn, Italy.
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128, Leghorn, Italy
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128, Leghorn, Italy
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci", 57128, Leghorn, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
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43
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Song J, Kim C, Na J, Sivri N, Samanta P, Jung J. Transgenerational effects of polyethylene microplastic fragments containing benzophenone-3 additive in Daphnia magna. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129225. [PMID: 35739745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Maternal exposure to microplastics (MPs) plays an important role in the fitness of unexposed progeny. In this study, the transgenerational effects of polyethylene MP fragments (17.35 ± 5.50 µm) containing benzophenone-3 (BP-3; 2.85 ± 0.16% w/w) on chronic toxicity (21 d) in Daphnia magna were investigated across four generations. Only D. magna in the F0 generation was exposed to MP fragments, MP/BP-3 fragments, and BP-3 leachate to identify the transgenerational effect in the F3 generation. The mortality of D. magna induced by MP and MP/BP-3 fragments was recovered in the F3 generation, but somatic growth and reproduction significantly decreased compared to the control. Additionally, reproduction of D. magna exposed to BP-3 leachate significantly decreased in the F3 generation. These findings confirmed the transgenerational effects of MP fragment and BP-3 additive on D. magna. Particularly, the adverse effect on D. magna reproduction seemed to be cumulative across four generations for MP/BP-3 fragments, while it was an acclimation trend for BP-3 leachate. However, there was no significant difference in global DNA methylation in D. magna across four generations, thus requiring a gene-specific DNA methylation study to identify different epigenetic transgenerational inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Song
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhae Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joorim Na
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Nüket Sivri
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34320, Turkey
| | - Palas Samanta
- Department of Environmental Science, Sukanta Mahavidyalaya, University of North Bengal, West Bengal, India
| | - Jinho Jung
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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44
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Zhao D, Bekele TG, Zhao H. Effect of copper on bioconcentration of benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113121. [PMID: 35288158 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) have received increasing attention as emerging contaminants. However, most of the existing relevant studies focused on the adverse ecological effect of BUVSs under their single exposure, information about the bioconcentration potential of BUVSs and their joint exposure with heavy metals remains scarce. In this study, we investigated the bioconcentration kinetics of 6 frequently reported BUVSs in four main tissues of common carp under different Cu concentration. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and half-lives (t1/2) in the fish tissues ranged from 5.73 (UV-PS in kidney) to 1076 (UV-327 in liver), and 2.19 (UV-PS in kidney) to 31.5 (UV-320 in liver) days, respectively. Under the effect of Cu, an increase in BCF values was observed, which is mainly due to the decreased depuration rate (k2). These results indicated that BUVSs accumulated in fish and that Cu can affect the bioconcentration of BUVSs. This study provides important insight into the co-exposure of heavy metal and BUVSs, contributing to the perfection of BUVSs risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Tadiyose Girma Bekele
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China; Department of Natural Resource Management, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, 21, Ethiopia
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China.
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45
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Ka Y, Ji K. Waterborne exposure to avobenzone and octinoxate induces thyroid endocrine disruption in wild-type and thrαa -/- zebrafish larvae. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:948-955. [PMID: 35622199 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02555-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Avobenzone and octinoxate are frequently used as organic ultraviolet filters, and these chemicals are widely detected in water. This study evaluated the potential of avobenzone and octinoxate to disrupt thyroid endocrine system in wild-type and thyroid hormone receptor alpha a knockout (thrαa-/-) zebrafish embryo/larvae. Following a 120 h exposure to various concentrations of avobenzone and octinoxate, larvae mortality and developmental toxicity in wild-type and thrαa-/- fish were assessed. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels as well as transcriptional levels of ten genes associated with the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were measured in wild-type fish. Significantly lower larvae survival rate in thrαa-/- fish exposed to ≥3 μM avobenzone and octinoxate suggests that the thyroid hormone receptor plays a crucial role in the toxic effects of avobenzone and octinoxate. A significant increase in the deio2 gene level in avobenzone-exposed zebrafish supports the result of an increased ratio of T3 to T4. Significant decrease of T4 level with upregulation of trh, tshβ, and tshr genes indicates feedback in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to maintain hormonal homeostasis. Our observation indicates that exposure to avobenzone and octinoxate affects the thyroid hormone receptor and the feedback mechanisms of the HPT axis. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Ka
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea.
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46
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Jin Y, Yuan T, Li J, Shen Z, Tian Y. Occurrence, health risk assessment and water quality criteria derivation of six personal care products (PCPs) in Huangpu River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:577. [PMID: 35819530 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10271-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Personal care products (PCPs) have shown adverse health effects on humans. However, their health risk associated with fish consumption and relevant water quality criteria are still not well documented. This study investigated the occurrence and health risk of six PCPs (triclosan, bisphenol-A, and four commonly used organic ultraviolet (UV) filters, i.e., homosalate (HMS), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), oxybenzone (BP-3), and octocrylene (OC)). River water and three trophic levels of fish species were collected from Huangpu River in Shanghai. The concentration range of the six PCPs were 1.48-89.76 ng/L in water and 0.40-10.75 ng/g dry weight in fish. Estimated daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) of the PCPs indicated that consuming these fish would not pose non-carcinogenic risks. The maximum allowable fish consumption rates ranged from 85 to 1760 and 155 to 3230 meals per month for children and adults, respectively. As to the four organic UV filters, it is the first time to report the fish consumption advisories. Finally, the human health ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) values of HMS, 4-MBC, BP-3, OC, TCS, and BPA (i.e., 0.1218, 0.7311, 0.3494, 0.0477, 235.8, and 154.7 μg/L, respectively) were proposed, and they can serve as a valuable technical reference for global development and revision of aquatic environmental quality standards for these emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Jin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jiafan Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhemin Shen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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47
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Fujita KK, Doering JA, Stock E, Lu Z, Montina T, Wiseman S. Effects of dietary 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol (UV-P) exposure on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) in a short-term reproduction assay. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 248:106206. [PMID: 35635984 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BZT-UVs) are added to various products to prevent damage caused by UV light and have emerged as contaminants of concern. Although BZT-UVs are detected in aquatic biota globally, few studies have assessed their potential toxic effects. The objective of the present study was to assess effects of 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol (UV-P) on reproductive success of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) in a standard 21-day reproduction assay. Japanese medaka were exposed to dietary UV-P at concentrations of 0, 36, 158, and 634 ng UV-P/g food, for a total of 28 days which included 7 days of exposure prior to the start of the 21-day reproduction assay. No significant effect on egg production or fertilization success was observed. Abundances of transcripts of erα, vtgI, cyp1a, or cyp3a4 were not significantly different in livers from male or female fish exposed to UV-P. However, abundances of transcripts of cyp11a and cyp19a were significantly lower in gonads from female fish. There was a trend of increasing concentrations of E2 and a non-significant increase of T in the 634 ng/g treatment in plasma from female fish exposed to UV-P. Concentrations of 11-KT were unchanged in plasma from males exposed to UV-P. These responses suggest weak perturbation of steroidogenesis, consistent with an antiandrogenic mode of action. However, this perturbation was insufficient to impair reproductive performance. Metabolomics analysis of female livers suggests altered concentrations of various metabolites and biological pathways, including glutathione metabolism, suggesting that UV-P might cause responses related to oxidative stress or phase II metabolism. However, metabolomics revealed no obvious mechanism of toxicity. Overall, results of this study indicate that dietary exposure to UV-P up to 634 ng/g food does not significantly impact reproductive performance of Japanese medaka but impacts on steroidogenesis could indicate a potential mechanism of toxicity which might lead to reproductive impairment in more sensitive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaden K Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Jon A Doering
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Eric Stock
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Zhe Lu
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Tony Montina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada; Southern Alberta Genome Sciences Centre, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada; Water Institute for Sustainable Environments, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada; Intersectoral Centre for Endocrine Disruptor Analysis (ICEDA), Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Québec City, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada.
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48
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Fagervold SK, Lebaron P. Evaluation of the degradation capacity of WWTP sludge enrichment cultures towards several organic UV filters and the isolation of octocrylene-degrading microorganisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154013. [PMID: 35189223 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV filters are present in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) due to the use of these compounds in many personal care products (PCPs) and their subsequent release into the wastewater system from showering/bathing. Once in the wastewater system, organic UV filters generally partition into the solid phase but might also undergo other processes, such as degradation by microorganisms. To further understand the fate of organic UV filters in WWTPs, the degradation of 7 UV filters by WWTP sludge was investigated The UV filters 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (ES), homosalate (HS), butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BM) and octocrylene (OC) were degraded after 20-60 days. The rest of the filters tested, namely, bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (BEMT), methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol (MBBT) and diethylhexyl butamido triazone (DBT), did not degrade even after 120 days of incubation. The microbial community from the microcosms degrading ES, HS, OC and BM was transferred every 30 days into new microcosms to enrich for microorganisms capable of utilizing the individual UV filters for growth. The enrichment cultures continued to degrade throughout 20 transfers. The microbial community was clearly different between the enrichments degrading ES, HS, OC and BM, meaning that the microbial community was strongly influenced by the UV filter present. Furthermore, several strains were isolated from OC-degrading cultures and two of these strains, Gordonia sp. strain OC_S5 and Sphingopyxis sp. strain OC_4D, degraded OC with and without other carbon sources present. These experiments show that several organic UV filters can be degraded by a specific set of microorganisms. The lack of degradation observed for BEMT, MBBT and DBT is probably due to limited bioavailability. Indeed, this is the first biodegradation study of these filters, in addition to being the first description of ES and HS degradation in microcosm experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Fagervold
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France.
| | - P Lebaron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France
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49
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Carstensen L, Beil S, Börnick H, Stolte S. Structure-related endocrine-disrupting potential of environmental transformation products of benzophenone-type UV filters: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128495. [PMID: 35739676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-type UV filters (BPs) represent a very diverse group of chemicals that are used across a range of industrial sectors around the world. They are found within different environmental compartments (e.g. surface water, groundwater, wastewater, sediments and biota) at concentrations ranging from ng/L to mg/L. Some are known as endocrine disruptors and are currently within the scope of international regulations. A structural alert for high potential of endocrine disrupting activity was assigned to 11 BP derivatives. Due to the widespread use, distribution and disruptive effects of some BPs, knowledge of their elimination pathways is required. This review demonstrates that biodegradation and photolytic decomposition are the major elimination processes for BP-type UV filters in the environment. Under aerobic conditions, transformation pathways have only been reported for BP, BP-3 and BP-4, which are also the most common derivatives. Primary biodegradation mainly results in the formation of hydroxylated BPs, which exhibit a structure-related increase in endocrine activity when compared to their parent substances. By combining 76 literature-based transformation products (TPs) with in silico results relating to their receptor activity, it is demonstrated that 32 TPs may retain activity and that further knowledge of the degradation of BPs in the environment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lale Carstensen
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Beil
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hilmar Börnick
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Stolte
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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50
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Castilloux A, Houde M, Gendron A, De Silva A, Soubaneh YD, Lu Z. Distribution and Fate of Ultraviolet Absorbents and Industrial Antioxidants in the St. Lawrence River, Quebec, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5009-5019. [PMID: 35395156 PMCID: PMC9022226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) and industrial antioxidants (IAs) are contaminants of emerging concern. In this study, we investigated the distribution and partitioning of these contaminants in surface water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediment, and various tissues of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) and northern pike (Esox lucius) from the St. Lawrence River (SLR), Quebec, Canada. Results indicated that 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (BHTQ) was the dominant contaminant in the dissolved phase of the surface water, with median concentrations of 43, 15, and 123 ng/L for three sampling sites, respectively. Surface water collected downstream of a major city showed higher levels of various UVAs, BHTQ, and diphenylamine compared to the upstream, suggesting the influence of the urban activities on the contamination of these emerging contaminants in the SLR. SPM showed greater sorption capacities of most target contaminants compared to those of the sediment. Different contamination profiles were found in lake sturgeon and northern pike, implying that the accumulation of UVAs and IAs in fish depends on their feeding behavior. The field-based tissue-specific bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for frequently detected contaminants (log BAF 1.5-4.2) were generally comparable to or lower than the Estimation Program Interface modeling results (1.4-5.0), indicating that some of these contaminants may be less bioaccumulative than previously expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigaëlle
Dalpé Castilloux
- Institut
des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université
du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Magali Houde
- Aquatic
Contaminants Research Division, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Montréal, Québec H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Andrée Gendron
- Aquatic
Contaminants Research Division, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Montréal, Québec H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Amila De Silva
- Aquatic
Contaminants Research Division, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Youssouf Djibril Soubaneh
- Département
de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Zhe Lu
- Institut
des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université
du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
- Tel: +1-418-723-1986. ext.
1174. Fax: 1-418-724-1842
| |
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