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Feng X, Qiu F, Zheng L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang M, Xia H, Tang B, Yan C, Liang R. Exposure to volatile organic compounds and mortality in US adults: A population-based prospective cohort study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172512. [PMID: 38636853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous in both indoor and outdoor environments. Evidence on the associations of individual and joint VOC exposure with all-cause and cause-specific mortality is limited. Measurements of 15 urinary VOC metabolites were available to estimate exposure to 12 VOCs in the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2006 and 2011-2018. The environment risk score (ERS) was calculated using LASSO regression to reflect joint exposure to VOCs. Follow-up data on death were obtained from the NHANES Public-Use Linked Mortality File through December 31, 2019. Cox proportional hazard models and restricted cubic spline models were applied to evaluate the associations of individual and joint VOC exposures with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Population attributable fractions were calculated to assess the death burden attributable to VOC exposure. During a median follow-up of 6.17 years, 734 (8.34 %) deaths occurred among 8799 adults. Urinary metabolites of acrolein, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, and ethylbenzene/styrene were significantly associated with all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), respiratory disease (RD), and cancer mortality in a linear dose-response manner. Linear and robust dose-response relationships were also observed between ERS and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Each 1-unit increase in ERS was associated with a 33.6 %, 39.1 %, 109.8 %, and 67.8 % increase for all-cause, CVD, RD, and cancer mortality risk, respectively. Moreover, joint exposure to VOCs contributed to 17.95 % of all-cause deaths, 13.49 % of CVD deaths, 35.65 % of RD deaths, and 33.85 % of cancer deaths. Individual and joint exposure to VOCs may enhance the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Reducing exposure to VOCs may alleviate the all-cause and cause-specific death burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Feng
- Department of Medical Records Statistics, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ling Zheng
- Department of Medical Records Statistics, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Medical Records Statistics, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, China
| | - Yuji Wang
- Department of Medical Records Statistics, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Medical Records Statistics, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, China
| | - Han Xia
- Department of Medical Records Statistics, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, China
| | - Bingrong Tang
- Department of Medical Records Statistics, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, China
| | - Chunxiang Yan
- Department of Medical Records Statistics, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, China.
| | - Ruyi Liang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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Wang J, Ma Y, Tang L, Li D, Xie J, Sun Y, Tian Y. Long-Term Exposure to Low Concentrations of Ambient Benzene and Mortality in a National English Cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2024; 209:987-994. [PMID: 38128545 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202308-1440oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Benzene affects human health through environmental exposure in addition to occupational contact. However, few studies have examined the associations between long-term exposure to low concentrations of ambient benzene and mortality risks in nonoccupational settings.Methods: This prospective cohort study consists of 393,042 participants without stroke, myocardial infarction, or cancer at baseline from the UK Biobank. Annual average concentrations of benzene for each year during follow-up were measured using air dispersion models. The main outcomes were all-cause mortality and mortality from specific causes. Cox proportional-hazards models with time-varying exposure measurements were used to estimate the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality risks. Restricted cubic spline models were used to estimate exposure-response relationships.Measurements and Main Results: With each interquartile range increase in the average annual concentration of benzene, the adjusted hazard ratios of mortality risk from all causes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and respiratory disease were 1.26 (95% CI, 1.24-1.27), 1.24 (95% CI, 1.21-1.28), 1.27 (95% CI, 1.25-1.29), and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.20-1.30), respectively. The monotonically increasing exposure-response curves showed no threshold and plateau within the observed concentration range. Furthermore, the effect of benzene exposure on mortality persisted across different subgroups and was somewhat stronger in younger and White people (P for interaction < 0.05).Conclusions: Long-term exposure to low concentrations of ambient benzene significantly increases mortality risk in the general population. Ambient benzene represents a potential threat to public health, and further investigations are needed to support timely pollution regulation and health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating)
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, and
| | - Yudiyang Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating)
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, and
| | - Linxi Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating)
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, and
| | - Dankang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating)
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, and
| | - Junqing Xie
- Center for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, The Botnar Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaohua Tian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating)
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, and
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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3
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Chiavarini M, Rosignoli P, Sorbara B, Giacchetta I, Fabiani R. Benzene Exposure and Lung Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:205. [PMID: 38397694 PMCID: PMC10887806 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a leading cause of death with nearly 1.8 million deaths estimated worldwide in 2020. Although benzene is classified as a human carcinogen (Group 1) on the basis of its association with acute myeloid/non-lymphocytic leukaemia, there is still limited evidence that it may influence lung cancer risk. This study examined the potential link between benzene exposure and risk of lung cancer using a systematic review of epidemiological studies and meta-analysis. We searched through PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases up to 10 February 2023 to identify all articles on the association between benzene exposure and lung cancer (incidence or prevalence) and/or mortality. We extracted the risk estimates of the highest and the lowest reported categories of benzene exposure and conducted a meta-analysis using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity and publication bias were analysed using an I2 test and funnel plots asymmetry, respectively. Twenty-one studies were included in the final analysis, with a total of 10,750 lung cancer cases and 2899 lung cancer deaths. Overall, risk estimates of lung cancer prevalence and mortality in association with benzene exposure were 1.20 (n = 14; 95% CI 1.05-1.37) and 1.15 (n = 13; 95% CI 1.02-1.30), respectively. In all cases, heterogeneity was quite large, while no significant publication bias was observed. When only studies that adjusted for smoking habit were selected, the risk for lung cancer increased by up to 34% (n = 9; 95% CI 1.10-1.64). Our data, which show a strong association between benzene exposure and lung cancer risk, may have important public health implications. However, further studies are needed to identify the lung cancer risk associated with benzene exposure considering different smoking conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Chiavarini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Rosignoli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (P.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Beatrice Sorbara
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (P.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Irene Giacchetta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Public Heath, School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Roberto Fabiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
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4
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Miao G, Wang Y, Wang B, Yu H, Liu J, Pan R, Zhou C, Ning J, Zheng Y, Zhang R, Jin X. Multi-omics analysis reveals hepatic lipid metabolism profiles and serum lipid biomarkers upon indoor relevant VOC exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108221. [PMID: 37742460 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
As a widespread indoor air pollutant, volatile organic compound (VOC) caused various adverse health effects, especial the damage to liver, which has become a growing public concern. However, the current toxic data are intrinsically restricted in the single or major VOC species. Limited knowledge is available regarding toxic effects, biomarkers and underlying mechanisms of real indoor VOC-caused liver damage. Herein, an indoor relevant VOC exposure model was established to evaluate the hepatic adverse outcomes. Machine learning and multi-omics approaches, including liver lipidomic, serum lipidomic and liver transcriptomic, were utilized to uncover the characteristics of liver damage, serum lipid biomarkers, and involved mechanism stimulated by VOC exposure. The result showed that indoor relevant VOC led to the abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism, mainly manifested as a decrease in triacylglycerol (TG) and its precursor substance diacylglycerol (DG), which could be contributed to the occurrence of hepatic adverse outcomes. In terms of serum lipid biomarkers, five lipid biomarkers in serum were uncovered using machine learning to reflect the hepatic lipid disorders induced by VOC. Multi-omics approaches revealed that the upregulated Dgkq disturbed the interconversion of DG and phosphatidic acid (PA), leading to a TG downregulation. The in-depth analysis revealed that VOC down-regulated FoxO transcription factor, contributing to the upregulation of Dgkq. Hence, this study can provide valuable insights into the understanding of liver damage caused by indoor relevant VOC exposure model VOC exposure, from the perspective of multi-omics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Miao
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baoqiang Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongyan Yu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruonan Pan
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chengying Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Ning
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Xiaoting Jin
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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5
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Boogaard H, Samoli E, Patton AP, Atkinson RW, Brook JR, Chang HH, Hoffmann B, Kutlar Joss M, Sagiv SK, Smargiassi A, Szpiro AA, Vienneau D, Weuve J, Lurmann FW, Forastiere F, Hoek G. Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and non-accidental mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 176:107916. [PMID: 37210806 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health effects of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) continue to be of important public health interest across the globe. Following its 2010 review, the Health Effects Institute appointed a new expert Panel to systematically evaluate the epidemiological evidence regarding the associations between long-term exposure to TRAP and selected health outcomes. This paper describes the main findings of the systematic review on non-accidental mortality. METHODS The Panel used a systematic approach to conduct the review. An extensive search was conducted of literature published between 1980 and 2019. A new exposure framework was developed to determine whether a study was sufficiently specific to TRAP, which included studies beyond the near-roadway environment. We performed random-effects meta-analysis when at least three estimates were available of an association between a specific exposure and outcome. We evaluated confidence in the evidence using a modified Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) approach, supplemented with a broader narrative synthesis. RESULTS Thirty-six cohort studies were included. Virtually all studies adjusted for a large number of individual and area-level covariates-including smoking, body mass index, and individual and area-level socioeconomic status-and were judged at a low or moderate risk for bias. Most studies were conducted in North America and Europe, and a few were based in Asia and Australia. The meta-analytic summary estimates for nitrogen dioxide, elemental carbon and fine particulate matter-pollutants with more than 10 studies-were 1.04 (95% CI 1.01, 1.06), 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) and 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) per 10, 1 and 5 µg/m3, respectively. Effect estimates are interpreted as the relative risk of mortality when the exposure differs with the selected increment. The confidence in the evidence for these pollutants was judged as high, because of upgrades for monotonic exposure-response and consistency across populations. The consistent findings across geographical regions, exposure assessment methods and confounder adjustment resulted in a high confidence rating using a narrative approach as well. CONCLUSIONS The overall confidence in the evidence for a positive association between long-term exposure to TRAP and non-accidental mortality was high.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Boogaard
- Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - E Samoli
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - A P Patton
- Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - R W Atkinson
- Population Health Research Institute, St. George's University of London, United Kingdom
| | - J R Brook
- Occupational and Environmental Health Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - H H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - B Hoffmann
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Kutlar Joss
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwill, Switzerland; University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - S K Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - A Smargiassi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A A Szpiro
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - D Vienneau
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwill, Switzerland; University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Weuve
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - F W Lurmann
- Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, CA, United States
| | - F Forastiere
- Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - G Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Netherlands
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Liu N, Bu Z, Liu W, Kan H, Zhao Z, Deng F, Huang C, Zhao B, Zeng X, Sun Y, Qian H, Mo J, Sun C, Guo J, Zheng X, Weschler LB, Zhang Y. Indoor exposure levels and risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in residences, schools, and offices in China from 2000 to 2021: A systematic review. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13091. [PMID: 36168233 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed rapid urbanization and economic growth accompanied by severe indoor air pollution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in China. However, indoor VOC pollution across China has not been well characterized and documented. This study is a systematic review of field measurements of eight target VOCs (benzene, toluene, xylenes, acetaldehyde, p-dichlorobenzene, butadiene, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene) in residences, offices, and schools in China from 2000 to 2021. The results show that indoor pollution of benzene, toluene, and xylenes has been more serious in China than in other countries. Spatiotemporal distribution shows lower indoor VOC levels in east and south-east regions and a declining trend from 2000 to 2021. Moving into a dwelling more than 1 year after decoration and improving ventilation could significantly reduce exposure to indoor VOCs. Reducing benzene exposure is urgently needed because it is associated with greater health risks (4.5 × 10-4 for lifetime cancer risk and 8.3 for hazard quotient) than any other VOCs. The present study enriches the database of indoor VOC levels and provides scientific evidence for improving national indoor air quality standards as well as estimating the attributable disease burden caused by VOCs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningrui Liu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Deng
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangang Zeng
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Guo
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
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Liu N, Bu Z, Liu W, Kan H, Zhao Z, Deng F, Huang C, Zhao B, Zeng X, Sun Y, Qian H, Mo J, Sun C, Guo J, Zheng X, Weschler LB, Zhang Y. Health effects of exposure to indoor volatile organic compounds from 1980 to 2017: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13038. [PMID: 35622720 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) indoors is thought to be associated with several adverse health effects. However, we still lack concentration-response (C-R) relationships between VOC levels in civil buildings and various health outcomes. For this paper, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to summarize related associations and C-R relationships. Four databases were searched to collect all relevant studies published between January 1980 and December 2017. A total of 39 studies were identified in the systematic review, and 32 of these were included in the meta-analysis. We found that the pooled relative risk (RR) for leukemia was 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01-1.05) per 1 μg/m3 increase of benzene and 1.25 (95%CI: 1.14-1.37) per 0.1 μg/m3 increase of butadiene. The pooled RRs for asthma were 1.08 (95% CI: 1.02-1.14), 1.02 (95% CI: 1.00-1.04), and 1.04 (95% CI: 1.02-1.06) per 1 μg/m3 increase of benzene, toluene, and p-dichlorobenzene, respectively. The pooled RR for low birth weight was 1.12 (95% CI: 1.05-1.19) per 1 μg/m3 increase of benzene. Our findings provide robust evidence for associations between benzene and leukemia, asthma, and low birth weight, as well as for health effects of some other VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningrui Liu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Deng
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangang Zeng
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Guo
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
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8
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Byun G, Kim H, Kim SY, Kim SS, Oh H, Lee JT. Validity evaluation of indirect adjustment method for multiple unmeasured confounders: A simulation and empirical study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111992. [PMID: 34487697 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An indirect adjustment method was developed to control for unmeasured confounders in a large administrative cohort study. A previous study that proposed the indirect adjustment method assessed the validity of the method by simulations but did not consider the direction of bias and scenarios with multiple missing confounders. In this study, we evaluated the direction and the magnitude of bias of the indirect adjustment method with multiple correlated unmeasured confounders using simulation and empirical datasets. METHODS A simulation study was conducted to compare the bias of the indirect adjustment by varying the number of confounders, magnitude of correlation between confounders, and the number of adjustment variables. An empirical study was conducted by applying the indirect adjustment method to the association between PM10 and mortality using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey linked Cause of Death data for 2007-2016. RESULTS The simulations of the present study demonstrated that 1) when a confounder is positively associated with both exposure and outcome, indirect adjustment might bias the effect size downward; 2) the magnitude of bias might depend on the correlation between unmeasured confounders; and 3) indirect adjustment for multiple missing confounders at once could result in a higher bias than that for some of the missing confounders. Empirical analyses also showed consistent results, but the bias of indirectly adjusted effect estimates was sometimes larger than that of unadjusted effect estimates. CONCLUSIONS The indirect adjustment method is a promising technique to reduce the bias from unmeasured confounding; however, it should be implemented carefully, particularly when there are multiple correlated unmeasured confounders of the same direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garam Byun
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Environment and Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Kim
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Sup Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; School of Health Policy and Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hannah Oh
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; School of Health Policy and Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Tae Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; School of Health Policy and Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Environmental exposure to volatile organic compounds is associated with endothelial injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 437:115877. [PMID: 35045333 PMCID: PMC10045232 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are airborne toxicants abundant in outdoor and indoor air. High levels of VOCs are also present at various Superfund and other hazardous waste sites; however, little is known about the cardiovascular effects of VOCs. We hypothesized that ambient exposure to VOCs exacerbate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk by depleting circulating angiogenic cells (CACs). APPROACH AND RESULTS In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 603 participants with low-to-high CVD risk and measured 15 subpopulations of CACs by flow cytometry and 16 urinary metabolites of 12 VOCs by LC/MS/MS. Associations between CAC and VOC metabolite levels were examined using generalized linear models in the total sample, and separately in non-smokers. In single pollutant models, metabolites of ethylbenzene/styrene and xylene, were negatively associated with CAC levels in both the total sample, and in non-smokers. The metabolite of acrylonitrile was negatively associated with CD45dim/CD146+/CD34+/AC133+ cells and CD45+/CD146+/AC133+, and the toluene metabolite with AC133+ cells. In analysis of non-smokers (n = 375), multipollutant models showed a negative association with metabolites of ethylbenzene/styrene, benzene, and xylene with CD45dim/CD146+/CD34+ cells, independent of other VOC metabolite levels. Cumulative VOC risk score showed a strong negative association with CD45dim/CD146+/CD34+ cells, suggesting that total VOC exposure has a cumulative effect on pro-angiogenic cells. We found a non-linear relationship for benzene, which showed an increase in CAC levels at low, but depletion at higher levels of exposure. Sex and race, hypertension, and diabetes significantly modified VOC associated CAC depletion. CONCLUSION Low-level ambient exposure to VOCs is associated with CAC depletion, which could compromise endothelial repair and angiogenesis, and exacerbate CVD risk.
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10
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Zhao N, Pinault L, Toyib O, Vanos J, Tjepkema M, Cakmak S. Long-term ozone exposure and mortality from neurological diseases in Canada. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106817. [PMID: 34385046 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing interest in the health effects of air pollution. However, the relationships between ozone exposure and mortality attributable to neurological diseases remain unclear. OBJECTIVES To assess associations of long-term exposure to ozone with death from Parkinson's disease, dementia, stroke, and multiple sclerosis. METHODS Our analyses were based on the 2001 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort. Census participants were linked with vital statistics records through 2016, resulting in a cohort of 3.5 million adults/51,045,700 person-years, with 8,500/51,300/43,300/1,300 deaths from Parkinson's/dementia/stroke/multiple sclerosis, respectively. Ten-year average ozone concentrations estimated by chemical transport models and adjusted by ground measurements were assigned to subjects based on postal codes. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for deaths from the four neurological diseases, adjusting for eight common demographic and socioeconomic factors, seven environmental indexes, and six contextual covariates. RESULTS The fully adjusted HRs for Parkinson's, dementia, stroke, and multiple sclerosis mortalities related to one interquartile range increase in ozone (10.1 ppb), were 1.09 (95% confidence interval 1.04-1.14), 1.08 (1.06-1.10), 1.06 (1.04-1.09), and 1.35 (1.20-1.51), respectively. The covariates did not influence significance of the ozone-mortality associations, except airshed (i.e., broad region of Canada). During the period of 2001-2016, 5.66%/5.01%/ 3.77%/19.11% of deaths from Parkinson's/dementia/stroke/multiple sclerosis, respectively, were attributable to ozone exposure. CONCLUSIONS We found positive associations between ozone exposure and mortality due to Parkinson's, dementia, stroke, and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naizhuo Zhao
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lauren Pinault
- Health Stataistics Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Olaniyan Toyib
- Health Stataistics Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Vanos
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Tjepkema
- Health Stataistics Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sabit Cakmak
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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11
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Malovichko MV, Abplanalp WT, McFall SA, Taylor BS, Wickramasinghe NS, Sithu ID, Zelko IN, Uchida S, Hill BG, Sutaria SR, Nantz MH, Bhatnagar A, Conklin DJ, O'Toole TE, Srivastava S. Subclinical markers of cardiovascular toxicity of benzene inhalation in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 431:115742. [PMID: 34624356 PMCID: PMC8647905 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Benzene is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant. Recent population-based studies suggest that benzene exposure is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. However, it is unclear whether benzene exposure by itself is sufficient to induce cardiovascular toxicity. We examined the effects of benzene inhalation (50 ppm, 6 h/day, 5 days/week, 6 weeks) or HEPA-filtered air exposure on the biomarkers of cardiovascular toxicity in male C57BL/6J mice. Benzene inhalation significantly increased the biomarkers of endothelial activation and injury including endothelial microparticles, activated endothelial microparticles, endothelial progenitor cell microparticles, lung endothelial microparticles, and activated lung and endothelial microparticles while having no effect on circulating levels of endothelial adhesion molecules, endothelial selectins, and biomarkers of angiogenesis. To understand how benzene may induce endothelial injury, we exposed human aortic endothelial cells to benzene metabolites. Of the metabolites tested, trans,trans-mucondialdehyde (10 μM, 18h) was the most toxic. It induced caspases-3, -7 and -9 (intrinsic pathway) activation and enhanced microparticle formation by 2.4-fold. Levels of platelet-leukocyte aggregates, platelet macroparticles, and a proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were also significantly elevated in the blood of the benzene-exposed mice. We also found that benzene exposure increased the transcription of genes associated with endothelial cell and platelet activation in the liver; and induced inflammatory genes and suppressed cytochrome P450s in the lungs and the liver. Together, these data suggest that benzene exposure induces endothelial injury, enhances platelet activation and inflammatory processes; and circulatory levels of endothelial cell and platelet-derived microparticles and platelet-leukocyte aggregates are excellent biomarkers of cardiovascular toxicity of benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Malovichko
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; American Heart Association-Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Wesley T Abplanalp
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Samantha A McFall
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Breandon S Taylor
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Nalinie S Wickramasinghe
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; American Heart Association-Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Israel D Sithu
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; American Heart Association-Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Igor N Zelko
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; American Heart Association-Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Shizuka Uchida
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Bradford G Hill
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Saurin R Sutaria
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Michael H Nantz
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; American Heart Association-Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Daniel J Conklin
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; American Heart Association-Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Timothy E O'Toole
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; American Heart Association-Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; American Heart Association-Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America.
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12
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Zelko IN, Dassanayaka S, Malovichko MV, Howard CM, Garrett LF, Uchida S, Brittian KR, Conklin DJ, Jones SP, Srivastava S. Chronic Benzene Exposure Aggravates Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction. Toxicol Sci 2021; 185:64-76. [PMID: 34718823 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzene is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant abundant in household products, petrochemicals and cigarette smoke. Benzene is a well-known carcinogen in humans and experimental animals; however, little is known about the cardiovascular toxicity of benzene. Recent population-based studies indicate that benzene exposure is associated with an increased risk for heart failure. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether benzene exposure is sufficient to induce and/or exacerbate heart failure. We examined the effects of benzene (50 ppm, 6 h/day, 5 days/week, 6 weeks) or HEPA-filtered air exposure on transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced pressure overload in male C57BL/6J mice. Our data show that benzene exposure had no effect on cardiac function in the Sham group; however, it significantly compromised cardiac function as depicted by a significant decrease in fractional shortening and ejection fraction, as compared with TAC/Air-exposed mice. RNA-seq analysis of the cardiac tissue from the TAC/benzene-exposed mice showed a significant increase in several genes associated with adhesion molecules, cell-cell adhesion, inflammation, and stress response. In particular, neutrophils were implicated in our unbiased analyses. Indeed, immunofluorescence studies showed that TAC/benzene exposure promotes infiltration of CD11b+/S100A8+/myeloperoxidase+-positive neutrophils in the hearts by 3-fold. In vitro, the benzene metabolites, hydroquinone and catechol, induced the expression of P-selectin in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells by 5-fold and increased the adhesion of neutrophils to these endothelial cells by 1.5-2.0-fold. Benzene metabolite-induced adhesion of neutrophils to the endothelial cells was attenuated by anti-P-selectin antibody. Together, these data suggest that benzene exacerbates heart failure by promoting endothelial activation and neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor N Zelko
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center.,Diabetes and Obesity Center.,Envirome Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Sujith Dassanayaka
- Diabetes and Obesity Center.,Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Marina V Malovichko
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center.,Diabetes and Obesity Center.,Envirome Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Caitlin M Howard
- Diabetes and Obesity Center.,Envirome Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Lauren F Garrett
- Diabetes and Obesity Center.,Envirome Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Shizuka Uchida
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Copenhagen SV, Denmark
| | - Kenneth R Brittian
- Diabetes and Obesity Center.,Envirome Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Daniel J Conklin
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center.,Diabetes and Obesity Center.,Envirome Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Steven P Jones
- Diabetes and Obesity Center.,Envirome Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center.,Diabetes and Obesity Center.,Envirome Institute.,Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
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13
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Shairsingh KK, Brook JR, Mihele CM, Evans GJ. Characterizing long-term NO 2 concentration surfaces across a large metropolitan area through spatiotemporal land use regression modelling of mobile measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:111010. [PMID: 33716024 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A spatiotemporal land use regression (LUR) model optimized to predict nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations obtained from on-road, mobile measurements collected in 2015-16 was independently evaluated using concentrations observed at multiple sites across Toronto, Canada, obtained more than ten years earlier. This spatiotemporal LUR modelling approach improves upon estimates of historical NO2 concentrations derived from the previously used method of back-extrapolation. The optimal spatiotemporal LUR model (R2 = 0.71 for prediction of NO2 data in 2002 and 2004) uses daily average NO2 concentrations observed at multiple long-term monitoring sites and hourly average wind speed recorded at a single site, along with spatial predictors based on geographical information system data, to estimate NO2 levels for time periods outside of those used for model development. While the model tended to underestimate samplers located close to the roadway, it showed great accuracy when estimating samplers located beyond 100 m which are probably more relevant for exposure at residences. This study shows that spatiotemporal LUR models developed from strategic, multi-day (30 days in 3 different months) mobile measurements can enhance LUR model's ability to estimate long-term, intra-urban NO2 patterns. Furthermore, the mobile sampling strategy enabled this new LUR model to cover a larger domain of Toronto and outlying suburban communities, thereby increasing the potential population for future epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerolyn K Shairsingh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey R Brook
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada.
| | - Cristian M Mihele
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, North York, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Greg J Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
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14
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McGraw KE, Riggs DW, Rai S, Navas-Acien A, Xie Z, Lorkiewicz P, Lynch J, Zafar N, Krishnasamy S, Taylor KC, Conklin DJ, DeFilippis AP, Srivastava S, Bhatnagar A. Exposure to volatile organic compounds - acrolein, 1,3-butadiene, and crotonaldehyde - is associated with vascular dysfunction. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110903. [PMID: 33636185 PMCID: PMC8119348 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Exposure to air pollution, specifically particulate matter of diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), is a well-established risk factor for CVD. However, the contribution of gaseous pollutant exposure to CVD risk is less clear. OBJECTIVE To examine the vascular effects of exposure to individual volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and mixtures of VOCs. METHODS We measured urinary metabolites of acrolein (CEMA and 3HPMA), 1,3-butadiene (DHBMA and MHBMA3), and crotonaldehyde (HPMMA) in 346 nonsmokers with varying levels of CVD risk. On the day of enrollment, we measured blood pressure (BP), reactive hyperemia index (RHI - a measure of endothelial function), and urinary levels of catecholamines and their metabolites. We used generalized linear models for evaluating the association between individual VOC metabolites and BP, RHI, and catecholamines, and we used Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) to assess exposure to VOC metabolite mixtures and BP. RESULTS We found that the levels of 3HPMA were positively associated with systolic BP (0.98 mmHg per interquartile range (IQR) of 3HPMA; CI: 0.06, 1.91; P = 0.04). Stratified analysis revealed an increased association with systolic BP in Black participants despite lower levels of urinary 3HPMA. This association was independent of PM2.5 exposure and BP medications. BKMR analysis confirmed that 3HPMA was the major metabolite associated with higher BP in the presence of other metabolites. We also found that 3HPMA and DHBMA were associated with decreased endothelial function. For each IQR of 3HPMA or DHBMA, there was a -4.4% (CI: -7.2, -0.0; P = 0.03) and a -3.9% (CI: -9.4, -0.0; P = 0.04) difference in RHI, respectively. Although in the entire cohort the levels of several urinary VOC metabolites were weakly associated with urinary catecholamines and their metabolites, in Black participants, DHBMA levels showed strong associations with urinary norepinephrine and normetanephrine levels. DISCUSSION Exposure to acrolein and 1,3-butadiene is associated with endothelial dysfunction and may contribute to elevated risk of hypertension in participants with increased sympathetic tone, particularly in Black individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn E McGraw
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Superfund Research Center, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, USA
| | - Daniel W Riggs
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Superfund Research Center, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, USA
| | - Shesh Rai
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Superfund Research Center, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, USA; Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, 485 E Gray Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, USA; Department of Environmental Health Science, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Zhengzhi Xie
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Superfund Research Center, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Pawel Lorkiewicz
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Superfund Research Center, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jordan Lynch
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Superfund Research Center, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Nagma Zafar
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Sathya Krishnasamy
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Kira C Taylor
- University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, USA
| | - Daniel J Conklin
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Superfund Research Center, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Andrew P DeFilippis
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Superfund Research Center, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Superfund Research Center, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Superfund Research Center, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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15
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Han K, Ran Z, Wang X, Wu Q, Zhan N, Yi Z, Jin T. Traffic-related organic and inorganic air pollution and risk of development of childhood asthma: A meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110493. [PMID: 33217436 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of early childhood exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) on the development of asthma remains unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify potential associations between TRAP (fine particulate matter, PM2.5; nitrogen dioxide, NO2; Benzene and total volatile organic pollutants, TVOCs) and childhood asthma by integrating the results from previous studies. Elsevier, LISTA (EBSCO) and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant studies. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between traffic-related air pollutants and health effects were recovered from individual studies and summary effect estimates (meta-OR) were generated in Review Manager 5.3. Twenty-seven studies were included in the meta-analysis and the results showed that TRAP increased the risk of asthma among children: PM2.5 (meta-OR = 1.07, 95% CI:1.00-1.13), NO2 (meta-OR = 1.11, 95% CI:1.06-1.17), Benzene (meta-OR: 1.21, 95% CI:1.13-1.29) and TVOC (meta-OR:1.06, 95% CI: 1.03-1.10). Sensitivity analyses supported these findings. In addition, regional analysis showed that ORs of inorganic TRAP (PM2.5 and NO2) on the risk of childhood asthma were significantly higher in Asia than those in Europe and North America. Subsequent research should focus on the association between organic pollutants in TRAP and childhood asthma. Furthermore, the disentanglement between TRAP and other pollutant sources may be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Zheng Ran
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Xiuyan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Institute of Social Science Survey, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Naiyan Zhan
- College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, PR China
| | - Zhongqin Yi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Taosheng Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
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16
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Buteau S, Shekarrizfard M, Hatzopolou M, Gamache P, Liu L, Smargiassi A. Air pollution from industries and asthma onset in childhood: A population-based birth cohort study using dispersion modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109180. [PMID: 32278153 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite evidence that ambient air pollution may play a role in the development of asthma, little is known about the potential contribution of industrial emissions. OBJECTIVE We used a population-based birth cohort to investigate the association between asthma onset in childhood and residential exposure to industrial emissions, estimated from atmospheric dispersion modeling. METHODS The study population comprised all children born in the province of Quebec, Canada, 2002-2011. Asthma onset were ascertained from health administrative databases with validated algorithms. We used atmospheric dispersion modeling to develop time-varying annual mean concentration of ambient PM2.5, NO2 and SO2 at participants' residence from industries. For each pollutant, we assessed the association between industrial emissions exposure and childhood asthma onset using Cox proportional hazard model, adjusted for sex, material and social deprivation and calendar year. Sensitivity analysis included adjusting for long-term regional and traffic-related ambient PM2.5 and NO2, and assessing potential confounding by unmeasured secondhand smoke. RESULTS The cohort included 722,667 children and 66,559 incident cases of asthma. For all pollutants, we found a non-linear association between childhood asthma onset and residential ambient air pollutant concentration from industries, with stronger effects at lower concentrations. A change from 25th to the 75th percentile in the mean annual ambient concentration of PM2.5 (0.13 μg/m3), NO2 (1.0 μg/m3) and SO2 (1.6 μg/m3) from industrial emissions was associated with a 19% (95% CI: 17-20%), 21% (95% CI: 19-23%) and 23% (95% CI: 21-24%) increase in the risk of asthma onset in children, respectively. For PM2.5 and NO2, associations were persisting after adjustments for long-term regional PM2.5 and traffic-related NO2 ambient concentration. CONCLUSION Residential exposure to industrial emissions estimated from dispersion modeling was associated with asthma onset in childhood. Importantly, associations were stronger at lower concentrations and independent from those of other sources, thus adding up to the burden of regional and traffic-related air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Buteau
- Institut National de Sante Publique du Quebec (INSPQ), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maryam Shekarrizfard
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianne Hatzopolou
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippe Gamache
- Institut National de Sante Publique du Quebec (INSPQ), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ling Liu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Canada
| | - Audrey Smargiassi
- Institut National de Sante Publique du Quebec (INSPQ), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; University of Montreal, Public Health Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Yeager R, Riggs DW, DeJarnett N, Srivastava S, Lorkiewicz P, Xie Z, Krivokhizhina T, Keith RJ, Srivastava S, Browning MHEM, Zafar N, Krishnasamy S, DeFilippis A, Turner J, Rai SN, Bhatnagar A. Association between residential greenness and exposure to volatile organic compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135435. [PMID: 31865083 PMCID: PMC7294698 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Residential proximity to vegetation and plants is associated with many health benefits, including reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and mental stress. Although the mechanisms by which proximity to greenness affects health remain unclear, plants have been shown to remove particulate air pollution. However, the association between residential-area vegetation and exposure to volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) has not been investigated. We recruited a cohort of 213 non-smoking individuals and estimated peak, cumulative, and contemporaneous greenery using satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) near their residence. We found that the urinary metabolites of exposure to VOCs - acrolein, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, benzene, 1-bromopropane, propylene oxide were inversely associated (7-31% lower) with 0.1 higher peak NDVI values within 100 m radius of the participants' home. These associations were significant at radii ranging from 25 to 300 m. Strongest associations were observed within a 200 m radius, where VOC metabolites were 22% lower per 0.1 unit higher NDVI. Of the 18 measured urinary metabolites, 7 were positively associated with variation of greenness within a 200 m radius of homes. The percent of tree canopy and street trees around participants' residence were less strongly associated with metabolite levels. The associations between urinary VOC metabolites and residential NDVI values were stronger in winter than in summer, and in participants who were more educated, White, and those who lived close to areas of high traffic. These findings suggest high levels of residential greenness are associated with lower VOC exposure, particularly in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Yeager
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Louisville, 485 E Gray St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Daniel W Riggs
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, 485 E Gray St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Natasha DeJarnett
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Louisville, 485 E Gray St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Shweta Srivastava
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Pawel Lorkiewicz
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Zhengzhi Xie
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Tatiana Krivokhizhina
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Rachel J Keith
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Matthew H E M Browning
- Department of Recreation, Sport and Tourism, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 104 George Huff Hall, 1206 S 4th St., Champaign, IL 1820, United States
| | - Nagma Zafar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, 411 E Chestnut St., Louisville KY, 40202, United States
| | - Sathya Krishnasamy
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, University of Louisville, 550 South Jackson Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Andrew DeFilippis
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, 401 E. Chestnut St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Jay Turner
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1100, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Shesh N Rai
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, 485 E Gray St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Department of Recreation, Sport and Tourism, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 104 George Huff Hall, 1206 S 4th St., Champaign, IL 1820, United States; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Facility, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 529 S Jackson St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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Chen RY, Ho KF, Hong GB, Chuang KJ. Houseplant, indoor air pollution, and cardiovascular effects among elderly subjects in Taipei, Taiwan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135770. [PMID: 31972932 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have documented the linkage between houseplant usage and indoor air quality (IAQ) improvement. However, the effect of houseplant on the association between indoor air quality and cardiovascular health is still unknown. We recruited 100 elderly subjects from 100 houses with (50) or without houseplants (50) in Taipei and conducted six 24-hour house visits for each elderly subject between 2015 and 2016. The particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), total volatile compounds (TVOCs), heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were continuously measured in each house visit. The association between indoor air pollution, BP and HR was investigated by mixed-effects. We found that the elderly subjects in houses without houseplants were exposed to higher indoor PM2.5 and TVOCs levels compared to the elderly subjects' exposures in houses with houseplants. Also, the elderly subjects' HR, systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were higher in houses without houseplants than those in houses with houseplants. Moreover, high indoor air pollution levels were associated with elevated BP and HR, especially among subjects in houses without houseplants. Accordingly, we concluded that indoor air pollution was associated with cardiovascular effects. Houseplant could improve IAQ and cardiovascular health among elderly subjects in Taipei, Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Yu Chen
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gui-Bing Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jen Chuang
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Erickson AC, Brauer M, Christidis T, Pinault L, Crouse DL, van Donkelaar A, Weichenthal S, Pappin A, Tjepkema M, Martin RV, Brook JR, Hystad P, Burnett RT. Evaluation of a method to indirectly adjust for unmeasured covariates in the association between fine particulate matter and mortality. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 175:108-116. [PMID: 31108354 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indirect adjustment via partitioned regression is a promising technique to control for unmeasured confounding in large epidemiological studies. The method uses a representative ancillary dataset to estimate the association between variables missing in a primary dataset with the complete set of variables of the ancillary dataset to produce an adjusted risk estimate for the variable in question. The objective of this paper is threefold: 1) evaluate the method for non-linear survival models, 2) formalize an empirical process to evaluate the suitability of the required ancillary matching dataset, and 3) test modifications to the method to incorporate time-varying exposure data, and proportional weighting of datasets. METHODS We used the association between fine particle air pollution (PM2.5) with mortality in the 2001 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC, N = 2.4 million, 10-years follow-up) as our primary dataset, and the 2001 cycle of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS, N = 80,630) as the ancillary matching dataset that contained confounding risk factor information not available in CanCHEC (e.g., smoking). The main evaluation process used a gold-standard approach wherein two variables (education and income) available in both datasets were excluded, indirectly adjusted for, and compared to true models with education and income included to assess the amount of bias correction. An internal validation for objective 1 used only CanCHEC data, whereas an external validation for objective 2 replaced CanCHEC with the CCHS. The two proposed modifications were applied as part of the validation tests, as well as in a final indirect adjustment of four missing risk factor variables (smoking, alcohol use, diet, and exercise) in which adjustment direction and magnitude was compared to models using an equivalent longitudinal cohort with direct adjustment for the same variables. RESULTS At baseline (2001) both cohorts had very similar PM2.5 distributions across population characteristics, although levels for CCHS participants were consistently 1.8-2.0 μg/m3 lower. Applying sample-weighting largely corrected for this discrepancy. The internal validation tests showed minimal downward bias in PM2.5 mortality hazard ratios of 0.4-0.6% using a static exposure, and 1.7-3% when a time-varying exposure was used. The external validation of the CCHS as the ancillary dataset showed slight upward bias of -0.7 to -1.1% and downward bias of 1.3-2.3% using the static and time-varying approaches respectively. CONCLUSIONS The CCHS was found to be fairly well representative of CanCHEC and its use in Canada for indirect adjustment is warranted. Indirect adjustment methods can be used with survival models to correct hazard ratio point estimates and standard errors in models missing key covariates when a representative matching dataset is available. The results of this formal evaluation should encourage other cohorts to assess the suitability of ancillary datasets for the application of the indirect adjustment methodology to address potential residual confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders C Erickson
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Brauer
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Tanya Christidis
- Health Analysis Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Pinault
- Health Analysis Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel L Crouse
- University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Amanda Pappin
- Health Analysis Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Tjepkema
- Health Analysis Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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20
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McKenzie LM, Crooks J, Peel JL, Blair BD, Brindley S, Allshouse WB, Malin S, Adgate JL. Relationships between indicators of cardiovascular disease and intensity of oil and natural gas activity in Northeastern Colorado. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 170:56-64. [PMID: 30557692 PMCID: PMC6360130 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oil and natural gas (O&G) extraction emits pollutants that are associated with cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality in the United States. OBJECTIVE We evaluated associations between intensity of O&G activity and cardiovascular disease indicators. METHODS Between October 2015 and May 2016, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 97 adults living in Northeastern Colorado. For each participant, we collected 1-3 measurements of augmentation index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)- 1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). We modelled the intensity of O&G activity by weighting O&G well counts within 16 km of a participant's home by intensity and distance. We used linear models accounting for repeated measures within person to evaluate associations. RESULTS Adjusted mean augmentation index differed by 6.0% (95% CI: 0.6, 11.4%) and 5.1% (95%CI: -0.1, 10.4%) between high and medium, respectively, and low exposure tertiles. The greatest mean IL-1β, and α-TNF plasma concentrations were observed for participants in the highest exposure tertile. IL-6 and IL-8 results were consistent with a null result. For participants not taking prescription medications, the adjusted mean SBP differed by 6 and 1 mm Hg (95% CIs: 0.1, 13 mm Hg and -6, 8 mm Hg) between the high and medium, respectively, and low exposure tertiles. DBP results were similar. For participants taking prescription medications, SBP and DBP results were consistent with a null result. CONCLUSIONS Despite limitations, our results support associations between O&G activity and augmentation index, SBP, DBP, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Our study was not able to elucidate possible mechanisms or environmental stressors, such as air pollution and noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M McKenzie
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - James Crooks
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer L Peel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Benjamin D Blair
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephen Brindley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - William B Allshouse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie Malin
- Department of Sociology & Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - John L Adgate
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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Shairsingh KK, Jeong CH, Evans GJ. Transboundary and traffic influences on air pollution across two Caribbean islands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:1105-1110. [PMID: 30759550 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient air pollution has been linked to adverse health outcomes ranging from asthma to premature mortality. However, little to no information exists on the exposure of residents and visitors in the Caribbean islands. While a few previous studies have quantified levels of PM10 (particulate matter <10 μm) from Sahara dust in Trinidad, our study focussed on a local source of air pollution, traffic emissions. Mass concentrations of black carbon (BC) and PM2.5 (PM <2.5 μm) were measured at ten locations across the islands of Trinidad and Tobago over a three-week period. PM2.5 concentrations were observed to be heavily influenced by air masses showing origins from the Sahara Desert (31%), North America (26%) and Atlantic Ocean (42%), which resulted in similar average concentrations between the two islands. Average concentrations of BC were five times higher in Trinidad than Tobago (2.0 vs 0.43 μg/m3). In addition, BC in Trinidad was three times higher near than away from major roads (2.21 vs. 0.72 μg/m3), with concentrations reaching levels comparable to those near highways in large Metropolitan cities. The elevated BC concentrations observed in this study suggests that significant exposure to diesel exhaust is occurring in Trinidad, with significant contributions from traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerolyn K Shairsingh
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E5, Canada.
| | - Cheol-Heon Jeong
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E5, Canada
| | - Greg J Evans
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E5, Canada
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Zhao Q, Wang Q, Li Y, Ning P, Tian S. Influence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on pulmonary surfactant monolayers at air-water interface: Implication for the pulmonary health. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Exposure to Ambient Ultrafine Particles and Nitrogen Dioxide and Incident Hypertension and Diabetes. Epidemiology 2019; 29:323-332. [PMID: 29319630 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies reported that long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution may increase the incidence of hypertension and diabetes. However, little is known about the associations of ultrafine particles (≤0.1 μm in diameter) with these two conditions. METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort study to investigate the associations between exposures to ultrafine particles and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and the incidence of diabetes and hypertension. Our study population included all Canadian-born residents aged 30 to 100 years who lived in the City of Toronto, Canada, from 1996 to 2012. Outcomes were ascertained using validated province-wide databases. We estimated annual concentrations of ultrafine particles and NO2 using land-use regression models and assigned these estimates to participants' annual postal code addresses during the follow-up period. Using random-effects Cox proportional hazards models, we calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for ultrafine particles and NO2, adjusted for individual- and neighborhood-level covariates. We considered both single- and multipollutant models. RESULTS Each interquartile change in exposure to ultrafine particles was associated with increased risk of incident hypertension (HR = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.04) and diabetes (HR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.05, 1.08) after adjusting for all covariates. These results remained unaltered with further control for fine particulate matter (≤2.5 μm; PM2.5) and NO2. Similarly, NO2 was positively associated with incident diabetes (HR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.05, 1.07) after controlling for ultrafine particles and PM2.5. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to traffic-related air pollution including ultrafine particles and NO2 may increase the risk for incident hypertension and diabetes. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B337.
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Buteau S, Doucet M, Tétreault LF, Gamache P, Fournier M, Brand A, Kosatsky T, Smargiassi A. A population-based birth cohort study of the association between childhood-onset asthma and exposure to industrial air pollutant emissions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:23-30. [PMID: 30172232 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of the association between air pollution and asthma onset have mostly focused on urban and traffic-related air pollution. We investigated the associations between exposure to industrial emissions and childhood-onset asthma in a population-based birth cohort in Quebec, Canada, 2002-2011. METHODS The cohort was built from administrative health databases. We developed separately for PM2.5 and SO2 different metrics representing children's time-varying residential exposure to industrial emissions: 1) yearly number of tons of air pollutant emitted by industries located within 2.5 km of the residence; 2) distance to the nearest "major emitter" (≥100 tons) of either PM2.5 and SO2 within 7.5 km of the residence, and; 3) tons of air pollutant emitted by the nearest "major emitter" within 7.5 km, weighted by the inverse of the distance and the percentage of time that the residence was downwind. To handle the large number of zeros (i.e., children unexposed) we decomposed the exposure variable into two covariates simultaneously included in the regression model: a binary indicator of exposure and a continuous exposure variable centered at the mean value among exposed children. We performed Cox models using age as the time axis, adjusted for gender, material and social deprivation and calendar year. We indirectly adjusted for unmeasured secondhand smoke. RESULTS The cohort included 722,667 children and 66,559 incident cases of asthma. Across the different exposure metrics, mean percentage changes in the risk of asthma onset in children exposed to the mean relative to those unexposed ranged from 4.5% (95% CI: 2.8, 6.3%) to 10.6% (95% CI: 6.2, 15.2%) for PM2.5 and, from 1.1% (95% CI: -0.1, 3.3%) to 8.9% (95% CI: 7.1, 11.1%) for SO2. Indirect adjustment for secondhand smoke did not substantially affect the associations. In children exposed, the risk of asthma onset increased with the magnitude of the exposure for all metrics, except the distance to the nearest major emitter of SO2. CONCLUSIONS In this population-based birth cohort, residential exposure to industrial air pollutant emissions was associated with childhood-onset asthma. Additional studies with improved models for estimating exposure to industrial point-sources are needed to further support the observed associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Buteau
- Institut national de sante publique du Quebec (INSPQ), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariève Doucet
- Institut national de sante publique du Quebec (INSPQ), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Philippe Gamache
- Institut national de sante publique du Quebec (INSPQ), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Fournier
- Montreal's Public Health Department, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Allan Brand
- Institut national de sante publique du Quebec (INSPQ), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tom Kosatsky
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Audrey Smargiassi
- Institut national de sante publique du Quebec (INSPQ), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; University of Montreal, Public Health Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Vergara-Fernández A, Revah S, Moreno-Casas P, Scott F. Biofiltration of volatile organic compounds using fungi and its conceptual and mathematical modeling. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1079-1093. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Buteau S, Goldberg MS, Burnett RT, Gasparrini A, Valois MF, Brophy JM, Crouse DL, Hatzopoulou M. Associations between ambient air pollution and daily mortality in a cohort of congestive heart failure: Case-crossover and nested case-control analyses using a distributed lag nonlinear model. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 113:313-324. [PMID: 29361317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with congestive heart failure may be at higher risk of the acute effects related to daily fluctuations in ambient air pollution. To meet some of the limitations of previous studies using grouped-analysis, we developed a cohort study of persons with congestive heart failure to estimate whether daily non-accidental mortality were associated with spatially-resolved, daily exposures to ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3), and whether these associations were modified according to a series of indicators potentially reflecting complications or worsening of health. METHODS We constructed the cohort from the linkage of administrative health databases. Daily exposure was assigned from different methods we developed previously to predict spatially-resolved, time-dependent concentrations of ambient NO2 (all year) and O3 (warm season) at participants' residences. We performed two distinct types of analyses: a case-crossover that contrasts the same person at different times, and a nested case-control that contrasts different persons at similar times. We modelled the effects of air pollution and weather (case-crossover only) on mortality using distributed lag nonlinear models over lags 0 to 3 days. We developed from administrative health data a series of indicators that may reflect the underlying construct of "declining health", and used interactions between these indicators and the cross-basis function for air pollutant to assess potential effect modification. RESULTS The magnitude of the cumulative as well as the lag-specific estimates of association differed in many instances according to the metric of exposure. Using the back-extrapolation method, which is our preferred exposure model, we found for the case-crossover design a cumulative mean percentage changes (MPC) in daily mortality per interquartile increment in NO2 (8.8 ppb) of 3.0% (95% CI: -0.4, 6.6%) and for O3 (16.5 ppb) 3.5% (95% CI: -4.5, 12.1). For O3 there was strong confounding by weather (unadjusted MPC = 7.1%; 95% CI: 1.7, 12.7%). For the nested case-control approach the cumulative MPC for NO2 in daily mortality was 2.9% (95% CI: -0.9, 6.9%) and for O3 7.3% (95% CI: 3.0, 11.9%). We found evidence of effect modification between daily mortality and cumulative NO2 and O3 according to the prescribed dose of furosemide in the nested case-control analysis, but not in the case-crossover analysis. CONCLUSIONS Mortality in congestive heart failure was associated with exposure to daily ambient NO2 and O3 predicted from a back-extrapolation method using a land use regression model from dense sampling surveys. The methods used to assess exposure can have considerable influence on the estimated acute health effects of the two air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Buteau
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institut national de sante publique du Quebec (INSPQ), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Mark S Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Research Institute of the McGill University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Antonio Gasparrini
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-France Valois
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Research Institute of the McGill University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - James M Brophy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dan L Crouse
- Department of Sociology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; New Brunswick Institute for Research, Data, and Training, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Marianne Hatzopoulou
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Chen H, Kwong JC, Copes R, Hystad P, van Donkelaar A, Tu K, Brook JR, Goldberg MS, Martin RV, Murray BJ, Wilton AS, Kopp A, Burnett RT. Exposure to ambient air pollution and the incidence of dementia: A population-based cohort study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 108:271-277. [PMID: 28917207 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emerging studies have implicated air pollution in the neurodegenerative processes. Less is known about the influence of air pollution, especially at the relatively low levels, on developing dementia. We conducted a population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada, where the concentrations of pollutants are among the lowest in the world, to assess whether air pollution exposure is associated with incident dementia. METHODS The study population comprised all Ontario residents who, on 1 April 2001, were 55-85years old, Canadian-born, and free of physician-diagnosed dementia (~2.1 million individuals). Follow-up extended until 2013. We used population-based health administrative databases with a validated algorithm to ascertain incident diagnosis of dementia as well as prevalent cases. Using satellite observations, land-use regression model, and an optimal interpolation method, we derived long-term average exposure to fine particulate matter (≤2.5μm in diameter) (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3), respectively at the subjects' historical residences based on a population-based registry. We used multilevel spatial random-effects Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for individual and contextual factors, such as diabetes, brain injury, and neighborhood income. We conducted various sensitivity analyses, such as lagging exposure up to 10years and considering a negative control outcome for which no (or weaker) association with air pollution is expected. RESULTS We identified 257,816 incident cases of dementia in 2001-2013. We found a positive association between PM2.5 and dementia incidence, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.04 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.05) for every interquartile-range increase in exposure to PM2.5. Similarly, NO2 was associated with increased incidence of dementia (HR=1.10; 95% CI: 1.08-1.12). No association was found for O3. These associations were robust to all sensitivity analyses examined. These estimates translate to 6.1% of dementia cases (or 15,813 cases) attributable to PM2.5 and NO2, based on the observed distribution of exposure relative to the lowest quartile in concentrations in this cohort. DISCUSSION In this large cohort, exposure to air pollution, even at the relative low levels, was associated with higher dementia incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey C Kwong
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ray Copes
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Karen Tu
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto Western Hospital Family Health Team, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Brook
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark S Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brian J Murray
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew S Wilton
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Kopp
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Hoffman E, Guernsey JR, Walker TR, Kim JS, Sherren K, Andreou P. Pilot study investigating ambient air toxics emissions near a Canadian kraft pulp and paper facility in Pictou County, Nova Scotia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:20685-20698. [PMID: 28712086 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Air toxics are airborne pollutants known or suspected to cause cancer or other serious health effects, including certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), prioritized by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). While several EPA-designated air toxics are monitored at a subset of Canadian National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS) sites, Canada has no specific "air toxics" control priorities. Although pulp and paper (P&P) mills are major industrial emitters of air pollutants, few studies quantified the spectrum of air quality exposures. Moreover, most NAPS monitoring sites are in urban centers; in contrast, rural NAPS sites are sparse with few exposure risk records. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate prioritized air toxic ambient VOC concentrations using NAPS hourly emissions data from a rural Pictou, Nova Scotia Kraft P&P town to document concentration levels, and to determine whether these concentrations correlated with wind direction at the NAPS site (located southwest of the mill). Publicly accessible Environment and Climate Change Canada data (VOC concentrations [Granton NAPS ID: 31201] and local meteorological conditions [Caribou Point]) were examined using temporal (2006-2013) and spatial analytic methods. Results revealed several VOCs (1,3-butadiene, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride) routinely exceeded EPA air toxics-associated cancer risk thresholds. 1,3-Butadiene and tetrachloroethylene were significantly higher (p < 0.05) when prevailing wind direction blew from the northeast and the mill towards the NAPS site. Conversely, when prevailing winds originated from the southwest towards the mill, higher median VOC air toxics concentrations at the NAPS site, except carbon tetrachloride, were not observed. Despite study limitations, this is one of few investigations documenting elevated concentrations of certain VOCs air toxics to be associated with P&P emissions in a community. Findings support the need for more research on the extent to which air toxics emissions exist in P&P towns and contribute to poor health in nearby communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Hoffman
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Judith R Guernsey
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kate Sherren
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Pantelis Andreou
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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To T, Zhu J, Larsen K, Simatovic J, Feldman L, Ryckman K, Gershon A, Lougheed MD, Licskai C, Chen H, Villeneuve PJ, Crighton E, Su Y, Sadatsafavi M, Williams D, Carlsten C. Progression from Asthma to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Is Air Pollution a Risk Factor? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 194:429-38. [PMID: 26950751 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201510-1932oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Individuals with asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap syndrome (ACOS), have more rapid decline in lung function, more frequent exacerbations, and poorer quality of life than those with asthma or COPD alone. Air pollution exposure is a known risk factor for asthma and COPD; however, its role in ACOS is not as well understood. OBJECTIVES To determine if individuals with asthma exposed to higher levels of air pollution have an increased risk of ACOS. METHODS Individuals who resided in Ontario, Canada, aged 18 years or older in 1996 with incident asthma between 1996 and 2009 who participated in the Canadian Community Health Survey were identified and followed until 2014 to determine the development of ACOS. Data on exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) were obtained from fixed monitoring sites. Associations between air pollutants and ACOS were evaluated using Cox regression models. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of the 6,040 adults with incident asthma who completed the Canadian Community Health Survey, 630 were identified as ACOS cases. Compared with those without ACOS, the ACOS population had later onset of asthma, higher proportion of mortality, and more frequent emergency department visits before COPD diagnosis. The adjusted hazard ratios of ACOS and cumulative exposures to PM2.5 (per 10 μg/m(3)) and O3 (per 10 ppb) were 2.78 (95% confidence interval, 1.62-4.78) and 1.31 (95% confidence interval, 0.71-2.39), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Individuals exposed to higher levels of air pollution had nearly threefold greater odds of developing ACOS. Minimizing exposure to high levels of air pollution may decrease the risk of ACOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa To
- 1 Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,3 Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,4 Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation and
| | - Jingqin Zhu
- 1 Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristian Larsen
- 1 Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,4 Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation and.,5 Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Simatovic
- 1 Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Feldman
- 1 Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,3 Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kandace Ryckman
- 1 Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,3 Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Gershon
- 1 Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,4 Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation and.,6 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Diane Lougheed
- 2 Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,7 Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Licskai
- 8 Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong Chen
- 2 Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,3 Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,9 Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul J Villeneuve
- 3 Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,10 CHAIM Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Crighton
- 2 Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,11 Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yushan Su
- 12 Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Mohsen Sadatsafavi
- 13 Institute for Heart and Lung Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Devon Williams
- 1 Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- 13 Institute for Heart and Lung Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Dutta T, Kim KH, Uchimiya M, Kumar P, Das S, Bhattacharya SS, Szulejko J. The micro-environmental impact of volatile organic compound emissions from large-scale assemblies of people in a confined space. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:304-312. [PMID: 27522568 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale assemblies of people in a confined space can exert significant impacts on the local air chemistry due to human emissions of volatile organics. Variations of air-quality in such small scale can be studied by quantifying fingerprint volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as acetone, toluene, and isoprene produced during concerts, movie screenings, and sport events (like the Olympics and the World Cup). This review summarizes the extent of VOC accumulation resulting from a large population in a confined area or in a small open area during sporting and other recreational activities. Apart from VOCs emitted directly from human bodies (e.g., perspiration and exhaled breath), those released indirectly from other related sources (e.g., smoking, waste disposal, discharge of food-waste, and use of personal-care products) are also discussed. Although direct and indirect emissions of VOCs from human may constitute <1% of the global atmospheric VOCs budget, unique spatiotemporal variations in VOCs species within a confined space can have unforeseen impacts on the local atmosphere to lead to acute human exposure to harmful pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Dutta
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
| | - Minori Uchimiya
- USDA-ARS Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA 70124, United States
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 11016, India
| | - Subhasish Das
- Soil & Agro-Bioengineering Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam 784028, India
| | - Satya Sundar Bhattacharya
- Soil & Agro-Bioengineering Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam 784028, India
| | - Jan Szulejko
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea
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Su JG, Meng YY, Pickett M, Seto E, Ritz B, Jerrett M. Identification of Effects of Regulatory Actions on Air Quality in Goods Movement Corridors in California. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8687-96. [PMID: 27380254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have assessed the impact of regulatory actions on air quality improvement through a comprehensive monitoring effort. In this study, we designed saturation sampling of nitrogen oxides (NOX) for the counties of Los Angeles and Alameda (San Francisco Bay) before (2003-2007) and after (2008-2013) implementation of goods movement actions in California. We further separated the research regions into three location categories, including goods movement corridors (GMCs), nongoods movement corridors (NGMCs), and control areas (CTRLs). Linear mixed models were developed to identify whether reductions in NOX were greater in GMCs than in other areas, after controlling for potential confounding, including weather conditions (e.g., wind speed and temperature) and season of sampling. We also considered factors that might confound the relationship, including traffic and cargo volumes that may have changed due to economic downturn impacts. Compared to the pre-policy period, we found reductions of average pollutant concentrations for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and NOX in GMCs of 6.4 and 21.7 ppb. The reductions were smaller in NGMCs (5.9 and 16.3 ppb, respectively) and in CTRLs (4.6 and 12.1 ppb, respectively). After controlling for potential confounding from weather conditions, season of sampling, and the economic downturn in 2008, the linear mixed models demonstrated that reductions in NO2 and NOX were significantly greater in GMCs compared to reductions observed in CTRLs; there were no statistically significant differences between NGMCs and CTRLs. These results indicate that policies regulating goods movement are achieving the desired outcome of improving air quality for the state, particularly in goods movement corridors where most disadvantaged communities live.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Su
- 50 University Hall, Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720-7360, United States
| | - Ying-Ying Meng
- Center for Health Policy Research, University of California-Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095-7143, United States
| | - Melissa Pickett
- Center for Health Policy Research, University of California-Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095-7143, United States
| | - Edmund Seto
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, United States
| | - Beate Ritz
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California-Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, United States
| | - Michael Jerrett
- 50 University Hall, Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720-7360, United States
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California-Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, United States
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Porada E, Szyszkowicz M. UNMIX Methods Applied to Characterize Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds in Toronto, Ontario. TOXICS 2016; 4:E11. [PMID: 29051416 PMCID: PMC5606629 DOI: 10.3390/toxics4020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNMIX, a sensor modeling routine from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), was used to model volatile organic compound (VOC) receptors in four urban sites in Toronto, Ontario. VOC ambient concentration data acquired in 2000-2009 for 175 VOC species in four air quality monitoring stations were analyzed. UNMIX, by performing multiple modeling attempts upon varying VOC menus-while rejecting the results that were not reliable-allowed for discriminating sources by their most consistent chemical characteristics. The method assessed occurrences of VOCs in sources typical of the urban environment (traffic, evaporative emissions of fuels, banks of fugitive inert gases), industrial point sources (plastic-, polymer-, and metalworking manufactures), and in secondary sources (releases from water, sediments, and contaminated urban soil). The remote sensing and robust modeling used here produces chemical profiles of putative VOC sources that, if combined with known environmental fates of VOCs, can be used to assign physical sources' shares of VOCs emissions into the atmosphere. This in turn provides a means of assessing the impact of environmental policies on one hand, and industrial activities on the other hand, on VOC air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeniusz Porada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Québec at Outaouais, Gatineau, QB J8X 3X7, Canada.
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Bentayeb M, Wagner V, Stempfelet M, Zins M, Goldberg M, Pascal M, Larrieu S, Beaudeau P, Cassadou S, Eilstein D, Filleul L, Le Tertre A, Medina S, Pascal L, Prouvost H, Quénel P, Zeghnoun A, Lefranc A. Association between long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality in France: A 25-year follow-up study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:5-14. [PMID: 26298834 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long-term exposure to air pollution (AP) has been shown to have an impact on mortality in numerous countries, but since 2005 no data exists for France. OBJECTIVES We analyzed the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality at the individual level in a large French cohort followed from 1989 to 2013. METHODS The study sample consisted of 20,327 adults working at the French national electricity and gas company EDF-GDF. Annual exposure to PM10, PM10–2.5, PM2.5, NO2, O3, SO2, and benzene was assessed for the place of residence of participants using a chemistry-transport model and taking residential history into account. Hazard ratios were estimated using a Cox proportional-hazards regression model, adjusted for selected individual and contextual risk factors. Hazard ratios were computed for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in air pollutant concentrations. RESULTS The cohort recorded 1967 non-accidental deaths. Long-term exposures to b aseline PM2.5, PM10-25, NO2 and benzene were associated with an increase in non-accidental mortality (Hazard Ratio, HR = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.20 per 5.9 μg/m3, PM10-25; HR=1.09; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.15 per 2.2 μg/m3, NO2: HR=1.14; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.31 per 19.3 μg/m3 and benzene: HR=1.10; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.22 per 1.7 μg/m3).The strongest association was found for PM10: HR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.25 per 7.8 μg/m3. PM10, PM10-25 and SO2 were associated with non-accidental mortality when using time varying exposure. No significant associations were observed between air pollution and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality. CONCLUSION Long-term exposure to fine particles, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and benzene is associated with an increased risk of non-accidental mortality in France. Our results strengthen existing evidence that outdoor air pollution is a significant environmental risk factor for mortality. Due to the limited sample size and the nature of our study (occupational), further investigations are needed in France with a larger representative population sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Bentayeb
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France.
| | - Verene Wagner
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Morgane Stempfelet
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Marie Zins
- Inserm, Population-based Epidemiologic Cohorts Unit, UMS 011, Villejuif, France; Versailles St-Quentin University, UMS 011, F-94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Marcel Goldberg
- Inserm, Population-based Epidemiologic Cohorts Unit, UMS 011, Villejuif, France; Versailles St-Quentin University, UMS 011, F-94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Mathilde Pascal
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Sophie Larrieu
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Pascal Beaudeau
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Sylvie Cassadou
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Daniel Eilstein
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Laurent Filleul
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Alain Le Tertre
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Sylvia Medina
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Laurence Pascal
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Helene Prouvost
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Philippe Quénel
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France; School of Public Health (EHESP/SPC) - IRSET Inserm UMR 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Abdelkrim Zeghnoun
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Agnes Lefranc
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France
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Crouse DL, Peters PA, Hystad P, Brook JR, van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Villeneuve PJ, Jerrett M, Goldberg MS, Pope CA, Brauer M, Brook RD, Robichaud A, Menard R, Burnett RT. Ambient PM2.5, O₃, and NO₂ Exposures and Associations with Mortality over 16 Years of Follow-Up in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:1180-6. [PMID: 26528712 PMCID: PMC4629747 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies examining the associations between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and mortality have considered multiple pollutants when assessing changes in exposure due to residential mobility during follow-up. OBJECTIVE We investigated associations between cause-specific mortality and ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter (≤ 2.5 μm; PM2.5), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a national cohort of about 2.5 million Canadians. METHODS We assigned estimates of annual concentrations of these pollutants to the residential postal codes of subjects for each year during 16 years of follow-up. Historical tax data allowed us to track subjects' residential postal code annually. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for each pollutant separately and adjusted for the other pollutants. We also estimated the product of the three HRs as a measure of the cumulative association with mortality for several causes of death for an increment of the mean minus the 5th percentile of each pollutant: 5.0 μg/m3 for PM2.5, 9.5 ppb for O3, and 8.1 ppb for NO2. RESULTS PM2.5, O3, and NO2 were associated with nonaccidental and cause-specific mortality in single-pollutant models. Exposure to PM2.5 alone was not sufficient to fully characterize the toxicity of the atmospheric mix or to fully explain the risk of mortality associated with exposure to ambient pollution. Assuming additive associations, the estimated HR for nonaccidental mortality corresponding to a change in exposure from the mean to the 5th percentile for all three pollutants together was 1.075 (95% CI: 1.067, 1.084). Accounting for residential mobility had only a limited impact on the association between mortality and PM2.5 and O3, but increased associations with NO2. CONCLUSIONS In this large, national-level cohort, we found positive associations between several common causes of death and exposure to PM2.5, O3, and NO2. CITATION Crouse DL, Peters PA, Hystad P, Brook JR, van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Villeneuve PJ, Jerrett M, Goldberg MS, Pope CA III, Brauer M, Brook RD, Robichaud A, Menard R, Burnett RT. 2015. Ambient PM2.5, O3, and NO2 exposures and associations with mortality over 16 years of follow-up in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC). Environ Health Perspect 123:1180-1186; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409276.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan L Crouse
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Hart JE, Spiegelman D, Beelen R, Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Schouten LJ, van den Brandt P. Long-Term Ambient Residential Traffic-Related Exposures and Measurement Error-Adjusted Risk of Incident Lung Cancer in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:860-6. [PMID: 25816363 PMCID: PMC4559954 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) recently declared air pollution carcinogenic to humans. However, no study of air pollution and lung cancer to date has incorporated adjustment for exposure measurement error, and few have examined specific histological subtypes. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to assess the association of air pollution and incident lung cancer in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer and the impact of measurement error on these associations. METHODS The cohort was followed from 1986 through 2003, and 3,355 incident cases were identified. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals, for long-term exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black smoke (BS), PM2.5 (particulate matter with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm), and measures of roadway proximity and traffic volume, adjusted for potential confounders. Information from a previous validation study was used to correct the effect estimates for measurement error. RESULTS We observed elevated risks of incident lung cancer with exposure to BS [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.32, per 10 μg/m3], NO2 (HR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.54, per 30 μg/m3), PM2.5 (HR = 1.17; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.47, per 10 μg/m3), and with measures of traffic at the baseline address. The exposures were positively associated with all lung cancer subtypes. After adjustment for measurement error, the HRs increased and the 95% CIs widened [HR = 1.19 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.39) for BS and HR = 1.37 (95% CI: 0.86, 2.17) for PM2.5]. CONCLUSIONS These findings add support to a growing body of literature on the effects of air pollution on lung cancer. In addition, they highlight variation in measurement error by pollutant and support the implementation of measurement error corrections when possible. CITATION Hart JE, Spiegelman D, Beelen R, Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Schouten LJ, van den Brandt P. 2015. Long-term ambient residential traffic-related exposures and measurement error-adjusted risk of incident lung cancer in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer. Environ Health Perspect 123:860-866; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408762.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime E Hart
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Männistö T, Mendola P, Grantz KL, Leishear K, Sundaram R, Sherman S, Ying Q, Liu D. Acute and recent air pollution exposure and cardiovascular events at labour and delivery. Heart 2015; 101:1491-8. [PMID: 26105036 PMCID: PMC5575746 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-307366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the relationship between acute air pollution exposure and cardiovascular events during labour/delivery. METHODS The Consortium on Safe Labor (2002-2008), an observational US cohort with 223,502 singleton deliveries provided electronic medical records. Air pollution exposure was estimated by modified Community Multiscale Air Quality models. Cardiovascular events (cardiac failure/arrest, stroke, myocardial infarcts and other events) were recorded in the hospital discharge records for 687 pregnancies (0.3%). Logistic regression with generalised estimating equations estimated the relationship between cardiovascular events and daily air pollutant levels for delivery day and the 7 days preceding delivery. RESULTS Increased odds of cardiovascular events were observed for each IQR increase in exposure to nitric oxides at 5 and 6 days prior to delivery (OR=1.17, 99% CI 1.04 to 1.30 and OR=1.15, 1.03 to 1.28, respectively). High exposure to toxic air pollution species such as ethylbenzene (OR=1.50, 1.08 to 2.09), m-xylene (OR=1.54, 1.11 to 2.13), o-xylene (OR=1.51, 1.09 to 2.09), p-xylene (OR=1.43, 1.03 to 1.99) and toluene (OR=1.42, 1.02 to 1.97) at 5 days prior to delivery were also associated with cardiovascular events. Decreased odds of events were observed with exposure to ozone. CONCLUSIONS Air pollution in the days prior to delivery, especially nitrogen oxides and some toxic air pollution species, was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events during the labour/delivery admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuija Männistö
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pauline Mendola
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine Laughon Grantz
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kira Leishear
- Glotech Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
- US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Rajeshwari Sundaram
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Danping Liu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Crouse DL, Peters PA, Villeneuve PJ, Proux MO, Shin HH, Goldberg MS, Johnson M, Wheeler AJ, Allen RW, Atari DO, Jerrett M, Brauer M, Brook JR, Cakmak S, Burnett RT. Within- and between-city contrasts in nitrogen dioxide and mortality in 10 Canadian cities; a subset of the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC). JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:482-9. [PMID: 25605445 PMCID: PMC4542139 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The independent and joint effects of within- and between-city contrasts in air pollution on mortality have been investigated rarely. To examine the differential effects of between- versus within-city contrasts in pollution exposure, we used both ambient measurements and land use regression models to assess associations with mortality and exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) among ~735,600 adults in 10 of the largest Canadian cities. We estimated exposure contrasts partitioned into within- and between-city contrasts, and the sum of these as overall exposures, for every year from 1984 to 2006. Residential histories allowed us to follow subjects annually during the study period. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) adjusted for many personal and contextual variables. In fully-adjusted, random-effects models, we found positive associations between overall NO2 exposures and mortality from non-accidental causes (HR per 5 p.p.b.: 1.05; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.07), cardiovascular disease (HR per 5 p.p.b.: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.01-1.06), ischaemic heart disease (HR per 5 p.p.b.: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02-1.08) and respiratory disease (HR per 5 p.p.b.: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.99-1.08), but not from cerebrovascular disease (HR per 5 p.p.b.: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.96-1.06). We found that most of these associations were determined by within-city contrasts, as opposed to by between-city contrasts in NO2. Our results suggest that variation in NO2 concentrations within a city may represent a more toxic mixture of pollution than variation between cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan L Crouse
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada. Tel.: +613 941 5161. Fax: +613 941 3883. E-mail:
| | - Paul A Peters
- Health Analysis Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Sociology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Paul J Villeneuve
- Institute of Health Science, Technology and Policy, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Hwashin H Shin
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark S Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Markey Johnson
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda J Wheeler
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan W Allen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dominic Odwa Atari
- Faculty of Arts & Science, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Jerrett
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Brook
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabit Cakmak
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard T Burnett
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Männistö T, Mendola P, Liu D, Leishear K, Sherman S, Laughon SK. Acute air pollution exposure and blood pressure at delivery among women with and without hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:58-72. [PMID: 24795401 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic air pollution exposure increases risk for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, but the effect of acute air pollution exposure on blood pressure during pregnancy is less well known. METHODS We studied 151,276 singleton term deliveries from the Consortium on Safe Labor (2002-2008) with clinical blood pressure measured at admission to labor/delivery and diagnoses of hypertensive disorders collected from electronic medical records and hospital discharge summaries. Air pollution exposures were estimated for the admission hour and the 4 hours preceding admission using a modified version of the Community Multiscale Air Quality models and observed air monitoring data. Blood pressure was categorized as normal; high normal; and mild, moderate, or severe hypertension based on pregnancy cut points. Adjusted ordinal logistic regression estimated the odds of women having a higher admission blood pressure category as a function of air pollutant, hypertensive disorders, and their interaction effect. RESULTS Odds of high blood pressure at admission to labor/delivery were increased in normotensive women after exposure to nitrogen oxides (by 0.2%/5 units), sulfur dioxide (by 0.3%/1 unit), carbon monoxide and several air toxics (by 3%-4%/high exposure). The effects were often similar or stronger among women with gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Exposure to particulate matter <10 μm increased odds of high blood pressure in women with preeclampsia by 3%/5 units. CONCLUSIONS Air pollution can influence admission blood pressure in term deliveries and may increase likelihood of preeclampsia screening at delivery admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuija Männistö
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Pauline Mendola
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland;
| | - Danping Liu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | | | - S Katherine Laughon
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
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Puett RC, Hart JE, Yanosky JD, Spiegelman D, Wang M, Fisher JA, Hong B, Laden F. Particulate matter air pollution exposure, distance to road, and incident lung cancer in the nurses' health study cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:926-32. [PMID: 24911062 PMCID: PMC4154215 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A body of literature has suggested an elevated risk of lung cancer associated with particulate matter and traffic-related pollutants. OBJECTIVE We examined the relation of lung cancer incidence with long-term residential exposures to ambient particulate matter and residential distance to roadway, as a proxy for traffic-related exposures. METHODS For participants in the Nurses' Health Study, a nationwide prospective cohort of women, we estimated 72-month average exposures to PM2.5, PM2.5-10, and PM10 and residential distance to road. Follow-up for incident cases of lung cancer occurred from 1994 through 2010. Cox proportional hazards models were adjusted for potential confounders. Effect modification by smoking status was examined. RESULTS During 1,510,027 person-years, 2,155 incident cases of lung cancer were observed among 103,650 participants. In fully adjusted models, a 10-μg/m3 increase in 72-month average PM10 [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.14], PM2.5 (HR = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.25), or PM2.5-10 (HR = 1.05; 95% CI: 0.92, 1.20) was positively associated with lung cancer. When the cohort was restricted to never-smokers and to former smokers who had quit at least 10 years before, the associations appeared to increase and were strongest for PM2.5 (PM10: HR = 1.15; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.32; PM2.5: HR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.77; PM2.5-10: HR = 1.11; 95% CI: 0.90, 1.37). RESULTS were most elevated when restricted to the most prevalent subtype, adenocarcinomas. Risks with roadway proximity were less consistent. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support those from other studies indicating increased risk of incident lung cancer associated with ambient PM exposures, especially among never- and long-term former smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin C Puett
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Villeneuve PJ, Jerrett M, Brenner D, Su J, Chen H, McLaughlin JR. A case-control study of long-term exposure to ambient volatile organic compounds and lung cancer in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 179:443-51. [PMID: 24287467 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated associations between nonoccupational exposure to ambient volatile organic compounds and lung cancer. We conducted a case-control study of 445 incident lung cancers and 948 controls (523 hospital, 425 general population) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, between 1997 and 2002. Participants provided information on several risk factors, including tobacco use, secondhand exposure to cigarette smoke, obesity, and family history of cancer. Exposure to benzene, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen dioxide was estimated using land-use regression models. Exposures were linked to residential addresses to estimate exposure at the time of interview, 10 years before interview, and across past residences (time-weighted average). Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios. Analyses involving the population-based controls found that an interquartile-range increase in the time-weighted average benzene concentration (0.15 µg/m(3)) across previous residences was associated with lung cancer (odds ratio = 1.84, 95% confidence interval: 1.26, 2.68). Similarly, an interquartile-range increase in the time-weighted average nitrogen dioxide concentration (4.8 ppb) yielded an odds ratio of 1.59 (95% confidence interval: 1.19, 2.12). Our study suggests that long-term exposure to ambient volatile organic compounds and nitrogen dioxide at relatively low concentrations is associated with lung cancer. Further work is needed to evaluate joint relationships between these pollutants, smoking, and lung cancer.
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Subramanian SV, Chen JT, Rehkopf DH, Waterman PD, Krieger N. Comparing individual- and area-based socioeconomic measures for the surveillance of health disparities: A multilevel analysis of Massachusetts births, 1989-1991. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 146:92-9. [PMID: 26745732 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The absence of individual-level socioeconomic information in most US health surveillance data necessitates using area-based socioeconomic measures (ABSMs) to monitor health inequalities. Using the 1989-1991 birth weight data from Massachusetts, the authors compared estimates of health disparities detected with census tract- and block group-level ABSMs pertaining to poverty and education, as well as parental education, both independently and together. In separate models, adjusted for infant's sex, mother's age, and parents' race/ethnicity, worst-off categories of census tract ABSMs and parental education had a comparable birth weight deficit of approximately 70 g. Similar results were observed for low birth weight (<2,500 g), with worst-off categories of census tract ABSMs and parental education having an odds ratio of approximately 1.37 (p < 0.001). In mutually adjusted models for birth weight and low birth weight, census tract ABSMs still detected an effect estimate nearly 50% of that detected by parental education. Additionally, census tract ABSMs detected socioeconomic gradients in birth weight among births to mothers aged less than 25 years, an age group in which educational attainment is unlikely to be completed. These results suggest that aptly chosen ABSMs can be used to monitor socioeconomic inequalities in health. The risk, if any, in the absence of individual-level socioeconomic information is a conservative estimate of socioeconomic inequalities in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Subramanian
- Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115-6096, USA.
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