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Ekechukwu C, Chatzirodou A, Beaumont H, Eyo E, Staddon C. Enhancing solids deposit prediction in gully pots with explainable hybrid models: A review. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 89:1891-1912. [PMID: 38678398 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2024.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Urban flooding has made it necessary to gain a better understanding of how well gully pots perform when overwhelmed by solids deposition due to various climatic and anthropogenic variables. This study investigates solids deposition in gully pots through the review of eight models, comprising four deterministic models, two hybrid models, a statistical model, and a conceptual model, representing a wide spectrum of solid depositional processes. Traditional models understand and manage the impact of climatic and anthropogenic variables on solid deposition but they are prone to uncertainties due to inadequate handling of complex and non-linear variables, restricted applicability, inflexibility and data bias. Hybrid models which integrate traditional models with data-driven approaches have proved to improve predictions and guarantee the development of uncertainty-proof models. Despite their effectiveness, hybrid models lack explainability. Hence, this study presents the significance of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) tools in addressing the challenges associated with hybrid models. Finally, crossovers between various models and a representative workflow for the approach to solids deposition modelling in gully pots is suggested. The paper concludes that the application of explainable hybrid modeling can serve as a valuable tool for gully pot management as it can address key limitations present in existing models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinedu Ekechukwu
- School of Engineering, College of Arts, Technology and Environment, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK E-mail:
| | - Antonia Chatzirodou
- School of Engineering, College of Arts, Technology and Environment, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Hazel Beaumont
- School of Engineering, College of Arts, Technology and Environment, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Eyo Eyo
- School of Engineering, College of Arts, Technology and Environment, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Chad Staddon
- School of Architecture and Environment, College of Arts, Technology and Environment, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
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Wang M, Xu X, Han Q, Lin X, Yuan H, Wang M, Jiang F, Wang W. Assessment of source-oriented health risk associated with the oral ingestion of heavy metals in dust within an iron/steel smelting-affected area of the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:117101. [PMID: 37689335 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) from iron/steel smelting activities pose notable risks to human health, especially to those living around industrial facilities of North China Plain, the base of China's steel production. In this study, 78 outdoor windowsill dust samples were collected around a large-scale iron/steel smelter with more than 65 years of production history in the western North China Plain. Nine HMs were analysed to comprehensively assess the health risks by integrating Monte Carlo simulation, oral bioaccessibility, and source apportionment. Results showed serious pollution with Cd, Pb, and Zn based on their geo-accumulation index values and concentrations. Four potential sources including industrial sources (49.85%), traffic sources (21.78%), natural sources (20.58%), and coal combustion (7.79%) were quantitatively identified by multivariate statistical analysis. The oral bioaccessibilities of HMs determined by the physiologically based extraction test ranged from 0.02% to 65.16%. Zn, Mn, Cd, and Pb had higher bioaccessibilities than other HMs. After incorporating oral bioavailability adjustments, noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were significantly reduced, especially for adults. The mean hazard index (HI) for children and adults was below the safety threshold (1.0), whereas the mean of the total carcinogenic risk (TCR) based on HM bioaccessibilities in the gastric phase remained above the acceptable level (1.0E-06) (children: 5.20E-06; adults: 1.16E-06). Traffic sources warranted increased concern as it substantially increased TCR. Cd was identified as the priority pollution in iron/steel smelting areas. Assessing source-oriented health risks associated with oral ingestion exposure can guide the management and control of HM contamination within iron/steel smelting-affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingya Wang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, 454003, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Xiaohang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 550081, Guiyang, China; Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Colleage of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 550081, Guiyang, China.
| | - Xihuang Lin
- Analysis and Test Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Haijun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 550081, Guiyang, China
| | - Mingshi Wang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, 454003, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Fengcheng Jiang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, 454003, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Wenju Wang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, 454003, Jiaozuo, China
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Simpson IM, Schwartz JS, Hathaway JM, Winston RJ. Environmental regulations in the United States lead to improvements in untreated stormwater quality over four decades. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 243:120386. [PMID: 37494741 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Identifying sources of pollutants in watersheds is critical to accurately predicting stormwater quality. Many existing software used to model stormwater quality rely on decades-old data sets which may not represent current runoff quality in the United States. Because of environmental regulations promulgated at the federal level over previous decades, there is a need to understand long-term trends (and potential shifts) in runoff quality to better parameterize models. Pollutant event mean concentrations (EMCs) from the National Stormwater Quality Database (NSQD) were combined with those from recent sources to understand if untreated stormwater quality has changed over the past 40 years. A significant decreasing monotonic trend (i.e., continually decreasing in a nonuniform fashion) was observed for total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total copper (Cu), total lead (Pb), and total zinc (Zn) in the resultant database, suggesting that runoff quality has become less polluted with time. Median EMCs decreased from 99.2 to 42 mg/L, 0.34 to 0.26 mg/L, 1.27 to 1.03 mg/L, 40 to 6.8 µg/L, 110 to 3.7 µg/L, and 375 to 53.3 µg/L for TSS, TP, TN, Cu, Pb, and Zn, respectively, from the 1980s to the 2010s. These significant reductions often aligned temporally with advancements in clean manufacturing, amendments of the Clean Air Act, and other source control efforts which impact pollutant bioavailability and atmospheric deposition. Results suggest environmental regulations not specifically targeting stormwater management have had a positive impact on stormwater quality and that temporal fluctuations should be considered in modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Simpson
- Tennessee Water Resources Research Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 600 Henley Street Suite 311, Knoxville, TN 37902, United States.
| | - John S Schwartz
- Tennessee Water Resources Research Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 600 Henley Street Suite 311, Knoxville, TN 37902, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 851 Neyland Dr., Knoxville, TN 37916, United States
| | - Jon M Hathaway
- Tennessee Water Resources Research Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 600 Henley Street Suite 311, Knoxville, TN 37902, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 851 Neyland Dr., Knoxville, TN 37916, United States
| | - Ryan J Winston
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2070 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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Simpson IM, Winston RJ, Dorsey JD. Monitoring the effects of urban and forested land uses on runoff quality: Implications for improved stormwater management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160827. [PMID: 36509280 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Urban stormwater is a substantial source of non-point source pollution. Despite considerable monitoring efforts, little is known about stormwater quality in certain geographic regions. These spatial gaps induce uncertainty when extrapolating data and reduce model calibration capabilities, thereby limiting pollutant load reduction strategies. In this study, stormwater quality was monitored from 15 watersheds to characterize pollutant event mean concentrations (EMCs) and loads as a function of urban and forested (i.e., surrogates for pre-development) land use and land covers (LULCs) and rainfall patterns from a geographic region where these data are sparse. Residential and heavy industrial, heavy industrial, and industrial and commercial LULCs, respectively, were the primary generators of nutrients, total suspended solids (TSS), and heavy metals. Increased rainfall intensities (average and peak) significantly increased the EMCs of all particulate bound pollutants. Pollutant loads increased with rainfall depth and, in general, did not follow the same LULC trends as EMCs, suggesting loads were influenced substantially by watershed hydrologic responses. Mean annual urban loads of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, TSS, and zinc (Zn) ranged from 0.4 (low density residential [LDR]) to 1.5 (heavy industrial), 3.2 (single family residential [SFR]) to 11.5 (heavy industrial), 122.6 (SFR) to 1219.9 (heavy industrial), and 0.1 (LDR) to 0.7 (commercial) kg/ha/yr, respectively. Annual urban loads of TSS were 3.5 to 34 and - 1.5 to 6.8-fold greater than annual loads from forested and agricultural watersheds, respectively. Mean annual loads of heavy metals from urban LULCs were substantially greater than loads produced by forested and agricultural watersheds (e.g., 8.6 to 92 and 6.8 to 73-fold greater, respectively, for Zn), while loads of nutrients were generally similar between urban and agricultural watersheds. Findings herein suggest non-point source pollution will continue to threaten surface water quality as land is developed; results can help guide the development of cost-efficient stormwater management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Simpson
- Tennessee Water Resources Research Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 600 Henley Street Suite 311, Knoxville, TN 37902, USA; Formerly with Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Ryan J Winston
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2070 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jay D Dorsey
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Han Q, Wang M, Xu X, Li M, Liu Y, Zhang C, Li S, Wang M. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in road dust from the fourth-tier industrial city in central China based on Monte Carlo simulation and bioaccessibility. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114627. [PMID: 36791504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Health risks caused by heavy metal (HM) exposure in road dust has attracted extensive attention, but few studies have focused on the health risks of residents living in small- and medium-sized cities with rapid industrialization and urbanization. Thus, 140 road dust samples were collected across Anyang, a typical fourth-tier industrial city in central China, which were analysed for 10 different HMs (Mn, Zn, Pb, V, Cr, As, Cd, Ni, Cu and Co). Monte Carlo simulation and bioaccessibility were used to quantify the health risks of heavy metals comprehensively in road dust. Results revealed a remarkable accumulation of Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu. According to the Geo-accumulation index and potential ecological risk index, Cd was priority control pollutant. Moreover, 55.0% of the road dust samples reached heavily polluted level, and 52.86% of the samples were at high ecological risk levels. These results illustrated that HM contamination was serious and universal in the road dust of Anyang. The occurrences of HMs were allocated to traffic emissions, natural sources, industrial activities and agricultural activities with contribution rates of 35.4%, 6.0%, 41.6% and 17.0%, respectively. Except for Zn in the gastric phase, all other HMs had relatively low bioaccessibilities in the gastrointestinal system, usually less than 20%. The bioaccessibilities of most HMs were higher in the gastric phase, except for Cr, Ni and Cu, which remained higher in the intestinal phase. The non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk were remarkably reduced when considering the HM bioaccessibilities in the gastrointestinal system, especially for adults. The outcomes of this paper are valuable for understanding HM contamination in road dust and highlight the importance of risk assessment for populations living in the fourth- and fifth-tier cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 550081 Guiyang, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, 454003 Jiaozuo, China
| | - Mingya Wang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, 454003 Jiaozuo, China
| | - Xiaohang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 550081 Guiyang, China; Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Colleage of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Mengfei Li
- Anyang Iron and Steel Group Co. LTD, 455000 Anyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, 454003 Jiaozuo, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, 454003 Jiaozuo, China
| | - Shehong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 550081 Guiyang, China.
| | - Mingshi Wang
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, 454003 Jiaozuo, China.
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Charters FJ, O'Sullivan AD, Cochrane TA. Influences of zinc loads in urban catchment runoff: Roof type, land use type, climate and management strategies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 322:116076. [PMID: 36041305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of ecotoxic dissolved metals from metallic roofs into urban waterways is a global issue. Identifying the specific origin of dissolved metals is critical to enabling appropriate stormwater management approaches that can provide the intended outcome of cleaner urban waterways. An event load pollutant model, Modelled Estimates of Discharges for Urban Stormwater Assessments (MEDUSA2.0), was used to predict the zinc load contributed from individual roof surfaces, under a wide range of rainfall conditions. Zinc was chosen as the pollutant of most concern given the extensive area of zinc-based roof surfaces, and the prevalence and mobility of zinc within urban waterways. The model categorized each roof by surface material and condition, and was run for individual rain events across multiple years to illustrate the influences on zinc loads from both surface type and rainfall conditions. Scenarios of future management were also assessed through the model to compare their benefits in terms of load reductions against the current baseline loadings. To understand how the load prediction and scenario modelling can provide valuable guidance for stormwater management decision-makers, the model was applied to a large urban catchment in Christchurch, New Zealand. Seven representative subcatchments of the varying proportions of industrial, commercial and residential land use type were also modelled to compare zinc loads generated. Results showed that an individual catchment's composition of roof types was the main driver of zinc load generation rather than the catchment's land use type. The modelled management scenarios demonstrated that reductions of 30% zinc could be achieved by changing only 4-13% of a subcatchment's unpainted zinc-based roof surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances J Charters
- Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Aisling D O'Sullivan
- Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Thomas A Cochrane
- Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
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Pérez-Fortes AP, Giudici H. A recent overview of the effect of road surface properties on road safety, environment, and how to monitor them. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:65993-66009. [PMID: 35907073 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Road pavements are exposed to traffic loading and external deterioration agents which both can compromise tire-pavement interactions, posing a threat to road safety. The surface wear generates crushed pavement materials or tire rubber wear particles which, combined with other contaminants, negatively impact the environment. In fact, these particles may remain on the road surface; adhere to tires; become airborne; or drain by rainfall to roadsides, waterways, lakes, and even open oceans. Therefore, the presence of road contaminants on road infrastructure pavements is a concern for both road safety and the environment. Although the condition of pavement, traffic intensity, airborne dust emissions, and roadside environments are significantly monitored by road practitioners, especially in urban areas, there is still a need to better evaluate the pollutants remaining on road surfaces. It is known that particles smaller than 40 μm can be trapped within micro-asperities and remain on road surfaces, while particles of larger sizes can be transported by rainfall. However, it is difficult to mobilize particles with sizes larger than 105 μm by storm water runoffs, which tend to remain on road surfaces. Hence, not only rainfall characteristics are responsible of particle's kinetics, but also particle's size and road surface roughness are important. Therefore, this paper presents an overview of road safety and environmental concerns around contaminants, highlighting the importance of the road surface characteristics in their behavior. Finally, the current methods to measure road surface characteristics and their application for environmental and safety issues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patricia Pérez-Fortes
- Department of Civil Engineering: Construction, Civil Engineering School, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/ Profesor Aranguren, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Faisal M, Wu Z, Wang H, Lin X, Hussain Z, Azam MI. Potential Heavy Metals Pollution Contribution from Wash-Off of Urban Road-Dust. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070397. [PMID: 35878302 PMCID: PMC9319572 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Based on the different particle sizes of street dust, the potential pollution load of heavy metals from dry and wet atmospheric deposition to surface runoff in different functional areas of Zhengzhou city was estimated by using the rain-scour heavy metal index model. Compared to the EA, IA, and CA areas, RA and PA have a higher potential contribution to heavy metal runoff pollution from Road deposited sediments (RDS) than the other watersheds. Zhengzhou utilized the RDS index model to calculate pollution loads in various areas around Zhengzhou (EA, IA, CA, PA, and RA). In the different land-use areas, the RDS indices for pollutant load (RDSindex,load) and pollutant strength (RDSindex,strength) varied greatly, and the RDS index strength values increased. RDSindex,load fell in the following order: IA > RA > PA > EA. Because the RDS index incorporates RDS characteristics such as the amount of RDS, grain sizes present, RDS mobility, and associated metals, the RDSindex,load and RDSindex,strength results did not merely match variability in the amounts of RDS found or metal concentrations in the RDS in various land-use areas. Metal’s presence in the dust is a direct health risk for humans and warrants immediate and effective pollution control and prevention measures in the city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faisal
- College of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (M.F.); (Z.W.); (H.W.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zening Wu
- College of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (M.F.); (Z.W.); (H.W.); (Z.H.)
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Water Resource and Environment, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huiliang Wang
- College of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (M.F.); (Z.W.); (H.W.); (Z.H.)
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Water Resource and Environment, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoying Lin
- College of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (M.F.); (Z.W.); (H.W.); (Z.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zafar Hussain
- College of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (M.F.); (Z.W.); (H.W.); (Z.H.)
- Water Resources Section, Ministry of Planning, Development & Special Initiatives, Islamabad 44020, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Azam
- Hydropower and Water Resources Section, Zeeruk International (PVT), Islamabad 44020, Pakistan;
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Revitt DM, Ellis JB, Gilbert N, Bryden J, Lundy L. Development and application of an innovative approach to predicting pollutant concentrations in highway runoff. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153815. [PMID: 35182646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recognising the challenges and limitations of current methodologies to predict highway runoff concentrations, this paper presents a novel approach based on the derivation of pollutant emission factors for twelve different types of vehicle. Published emission factor data and properties of differing vehicles types are combined with annual average daily traffic volume (AADT), highway characteristics and rainfall data to determine the pollutant distributions associated with differing highway and traffic types. In this paper, the method is applied to 126 sections of highway in the Greater London Borough of Enfield (United Kingdom; UK) and results are comparable with values reported in the literature. The approach is used to identify the level of AADT predicted to result in an exceedance of environmental quality standards (EQS), with results suggesting that runoff from highways experiencing AADT values as low as 5000 may require treatment prior to discharge to receiving waters. Future scenario analyses indicate that the impact of progressively replacing petrol and diesel vehicles with electric vehicles will have negligible impact on concentrations of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and total suspended solids discharging from highway environments. The approach enables identification and ranking of urban highways in terms of their pollution runoff potential and provides an important support to users in prioritising locations for the installation of sustainable drainage options in order to protect receiving water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Michael Revitt
- Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - J Bryan Ellis
- Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | | | - John Bryden
- Thames 21, Bow Locks, Navigation Road, London E3 3JY, UK
| | - Lian Lundy
- Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK.
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Ma T, Luo H, Huang K, Tao X, Sun J, Lu G. Hierarchical health risk assessment and influence factors of an ecological post-restoration oil shale mining area based on metal bioavailability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153480. [PMID: 35093346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The environmental problems caused by mining are continuous and multifaceted, in order to help manage and plan restored mining areas, the bioavailability of metals is an effective tool for measuring the potential risks to human health. This study analyzes the geochemical fractions of eight metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) to compare their bioavailability and establishes a Hierarchical health risk (HHR) model to assess the human health risks of the mine area after restoration. The results indicated that children have the highest non-carcinogenic risks exposed through ingestion (HI-ingestion) due to their special behaviors; HI-dermal may be enriched in the body; and HI-inhalation is lowest, as it is related to soil particle size. Affected by local economic development, environmental climate, soil type, and mining, the carcinogenic risk of exposure through the skin (CR-dermal) for adults significantly exceeds the acceptable safety level (ASL). The spatial distribution shows that the harm of mining to human health is a continuous process. There was still a significant CR for adults after remediation, and the HI of tailings exposure was more serious. The Classification and Regression Tree (CART) model of metal bioavailability was developed by integrating the extrinsic and intrinsic factors of metals to explore the effects of different factors on metal bioavailability and predict. The results showed that the bioavailability of metals was a dynamic process that combined land use, the distance to traffic roads, physicochemical properties of soil, and geochemical fractions of metal, and that it affects human health both directly and indirectly. Due to the fragility and sensitivity of the ecosystem after the mining area is restored, it may face greater environmental health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Ma
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hanjin Luo
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kaibo Huang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xueqin Tao
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemcial Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Guining Lu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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11
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Mazurkiewicz K, Jeż-Walkowiak J, Michałkiewicz M. Physicochemical and microbiological quality of rainwater harvested in underground retention tanks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152701. [PMID: 34973316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A study was made of the physicochemical properties (among others: pH, temperature, conductivity, hardness, chlorides, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, manganese, iron) and microbiological quality (coliform, psychrophilic and mesophilic microorganisms) of rainwater harvested from the roofs of three large buildings and from a parking lot, stored in three large underground tanks (with storage volume from 60 m3 to ca. 200 m3), including the variability of the quality. The underground tanks were located in the city of Poznań, and were characterized by different parameters, rainwater sources, rainwater treatment processes, and types of rainwater use. Samples of rainwater harvested in these tanks were collected from March 2019 to February 2020. Physicochemical and microbiological laboratory analyses were performed to determine selected parameters which have an impact on potential treatment and disinfection methods. The results obtained underwent statistical analysis. The laboratory tests showed that the physicochemical quality of rainwater collected in the three underground tanks met the Polish and EU requirements for drinking water standards. The main problem concerns microbiological quality: the number of coliform bacteria reached a value of 19,300 CFU/100 mL, the number of psychrophilic bacteria was over 264,000 CFU/1 mL, and the number of mesophilic bacteria was over 100,000 CFU/1 mL. Also the variability of microbiological quality was very high for all tanks. Analysis of the calcium carbonate equilibrium showed that the harvested water had corrosive properties. The treatment of the investigated rainwater for potable purposes should focus mainly on biological and chemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Mazurkiewicz
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Building Installations, Poznań University of Technology, Plac Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 5, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Joanna Jeż-Walkowiak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Building Installations, Poznań University of Technology, Plac Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 5, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Michałkiewicz
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Building Installations, Poznań University of Technology, Plac Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 5, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
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12
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Assessment of Pollution Sources and Contribution in Urban Dust Using Metal Concentrations and Multi-Isotope Ratios (13C, 207/206Pb) in a Complex Industrial Port Area, Korea. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12070840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The metal concentrations and isotopic compositions (13C, 207/206Pb) of urban dust, topsoil, and PM10 samples were analyzed in a residential area near Donghae port, Korea, which is surrounded by various types of industrial factories and raw material stockpiled on empty land, to determine the contributions of the main pollution sources (i.e., Mn ore, Zn ore, cement, coal, coke, and topsoil). The metal concentrations of urban dust in the port and residential area were approximately 85~112 times higher (EF > 100) in comparison with the control area (EF < 2), especially the Mn and Zn ions, indicating they were mainly derived from anthropogenic source. These ions have been accumulating in urban dust for decades; furthermore, the concentration of PM10 is seven times higher than that of the control area, which means that contamination is even present. The isotopic (13C, 207/206Pb) values of the pollution sources were highly different, depending on the characteristics of each source: cement (−19.6‰, 0.8594‰), Zn ore (−24.3‰, 0.9175‰), coal (−23.6‰, 0.8369‰), coke (−27.0‰, 0.8739‰), Mn ore (−24.9‰, 0.9117‰), soil (−25.2‰, 0.7743‰). As a result of the evaluated contributions of pollution source on urban dust through the Iso-source and SIAR models using stable isotope ratios (13C, 207/206Pb), we found that the largest contribution of Mn (20.4%) and Zn (20.3%) ions are derived from industrial factories and ore stockpiles on empty land (Mn and Zn). It is suggested that there is a significant influence of dust scattered by wind from raw material stockpiles, which are stacked near ports or factories. Therefore, there is evidence to support the idea that port activities affect the air quality of residence areas in a city. Our results may indicate that metal concentrations and their stable isotope compositions can predict environmental changes and act as a powerful tool to trace the past and present pollution history in complex contexts associated with peri-urban regions.
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Adsorption of Metals to Particles in Urban Stormwater Runoff—Does Size Really Matter? WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13030309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The parameter total suspended solids (TSS) is often used to evaluate the need for stormwater treatment or to assess the effectiveness of treatment measures. The purpose of this study is to analyze the value and the limitations of this approach using metals as an example. They are of major concern due to their accumulating effects in the environment. Data of a monitoring campaign at a stormwater treatment facility is evaluated. TSS, organic matter and the associated metals (Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) were analyzed in four different particle size fractions (<63 µm, 63–125 µm, 125–250 µm, and 250–2000 µm). While the highest event meant concentrations for all metals were found in the smallest fraction, a rather uniform particulate bound metal concentration (mass of metal per mass of particulate matter) over the first three particle size fractions was detected. Total metal loads correlated well with TSS even better with TSS < 63 µm. However, the removal efficiency in terms of the reduction of the total metal load was not reflected sufficiently by the TSS or TSS < 63 µm removal efficiency.
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14
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Wang Q, Zhang Q, Wang XC, Huang J, Ge Y. Impacts of key factors on heavy metal accumulation in urban road-deposited sediments (RDS): Implications for RDS management. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127786. [PMID: 32758928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of the impacts of key influential factors on RDS related heavy metal (HM) contamination is crucial for developing effective RDS management strategies to support the stormwater pollution mitigation. In this paper, three factors (i.e. traffic condition, slope of road and antecedent dry period) were considered to investigate their influences on the accumulation of RDS and adsorbed HMs. Positive correlations between truck and Zn/Ni content in RDS, car and Cu/Pb content in fine RDS, as well as bus and Cu content in coarse RDS were observed. Relative to sloping stretches, RDS from level stretches generally presented finer size distributions and aggravated HM contamination in fine fractions. Moreover, the fine RDS and adsorbed HMs increased significantly with the accumulation of RDS. Based on these findings, optimized RDS management strategies were proposed to enhance the removal of washable RDS in pollution hotspots. For example, tandem sweeping technologies, performing high efficiency in capturing fine particles, are suggested to be employed during the steady period of RDS accumulation, in order to reduce fine RDS effectively. The outcomes of this study provide useful reference for the source control of stormwater runoff pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Key Lab of Organic Polymer Photoelectric Materials, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi'an, 710123, Shaanxi, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Qionghua Zhang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Jieguang Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yuan Ge
- Key Lab of Organic Polymer Photoelectric Materials, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi'an, 710123, Shaanxi, China
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15
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Wang Q, Zhang Q, Wang XC, Ge Y. Size distributions and heavy metal pollution of urban road-deposited sediments (RDS) related to traffic types. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:34199-34210. [PMID: 32557049 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the particles attached on the surfaces of coarse (> 150 μm) road-deposited sediments (RDS), which are potential contributors of stormwater pollution. Therefore, the size distributions and heavy metal (including Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Ni) pollution of RDS were evaluated taking these attached particles into consideration. Moreover, the relationships of RDS contamination with traffic types were further discussed. The results showed that < 22, 22-38.5, 38.5-150, > 150 μm RDS and attached particles accounted for 2.1 ± 1.8%, 8.5 ± 5.7%, 50.7 ± 6.8%, 38.6 ± 8.3%, and 2.0 ± 1.2% of total RDS mass, respectively. The size distributions of attached particles were comparable to that of representative stormwater particles, suggesting their great potential to contribute stormwater particles by desorption. The Zn pollution of attached particles was remarkable, which was significantly higher than that of both fine (< 150 μm) and coarse (> 150 μm) RDS. The Cu and Pb pollution were comparable to that of fine RDS, which were significantly higher than that of coarse RDS. Conversely, the Cr and Ni pollution were comparable to that of coarse RDS, which were significantly lower than that of fine RDS. Traffic types were found to be closely related with RDS contamination, and thus are indicative of specific RDS pollution. For example, electrombile in old residential area is indicative of abnormal Pb pollution due to past emissions of leaded gasoline; lorry is indicative of remarkable Zn pollution of > 22 μm RDS due to abrasion of tires and metallic substances. Accordingly, traffic type is accessible to identify the typical pollutants in RDS to promote effective RDS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Key Lab of Organic Polymer Photoelectric Materials, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi'an, 710123, Shaanxi, China
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Qionghua Zhang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Yuan Ge
- Key Lab of Organic Polymer Photoelectric Materials, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi'an, 710123, Shaanxi, China
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16
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Hong N, Guan Y, Yang B, Zhong J, Zhu P, Ok YS, Hou D, Tsang DCW, Guan Y, Liu A. Quantitative source tracking of heavy metals contained in urban road deposited sediments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 393:122362. [PMID: 32114133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Source tracking for heavy metals contained in road deposited sediments (RDS) is essential for pollution control and human health risk management. Previous studies on tracking sources for heavy metals have mostly been qualitative or semi-quantitative. This study quantitatively assessed the relative contributions of eight sources to five typical heavy metals in the urban environment using a chemical mass-balance based stochastic method. The results indicated that tire wear contributed the most masses to RDS (33 ± 26 %) while brake lining dusts contributed the least. Urban soil, tire wear, and brake lining dusts contributed the most to Pb (41 ± 32 %), Zn (28 ± 25 %), and Cu (59 ± 30 %), respectively, while gasoline engine exhaust was the main source of both Cr (29 ± 28 %) and Ni (20 ± 23 %). The outcomes also showed that tire wear and diesel engine exhaust have higher potential to threaten human health risk because they generate high amounts of heavy metals with high bioaccessibility. The research results can also provide a quantitative guidance for taking remediation actions of heavy metal control on urban road surfaces and measuring the effectiveness of those actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Hong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingjie Guan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Panfeng Zhu
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for Urban Water Cycle and Water Environment Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
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17
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Wang J, Huang JJ, Li J. Characterization of the pollutant build-up processes and concentration/mass load in road deposited sediments over a long dry period. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 718:137282. [PMID: 32086087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trace metals and nutrients attached on road deposited sediments (RDS) are the main source of non-point pollution to urban waterbodies causing ecological degradation and eutrophication problems. Mathematical models of the pollutant build-up process on road surfaces can be used to develop remediation measures. However, there was lack of research on the pollutant build-up process of various sized particles during a long dry period. This research investigated the build-up behaviors of specific pollutants in size-fractioned particles during 41 antecedent dry-weather days (ADDs), which was the longest build-up period ever studied. This research revealed that the pollution concentration exhibited a mono-growth behavior, while the pollutant mass followed a cyclic behavior during the study period. The time to peak and the build-up cycle of various pollutant mass were all highly associated with the particle characteristics, and the mass and concentration levels of pollutants in various sized particles were different. Furthermore, two important phenomena were found in this study: the bioavailability of phosphorus as well as the enrichment factors of metals all increased along with time during the build-up process. These findings provide new insights in non-point source pollution build-up and improve the water quality modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jinhui Jeanne Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - James Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Department of Civil Engineering, Ryerson University, M5B 2K3, Canada
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18
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Wang Z, Hua P, Dai H, Li R, Xi B, Gui D, Zhang J, Krebs P. Influence of surface properties and antecedent environmental conditions on particulate-associated metals in surface runoff. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 2:100017. [PMID: 36160919 PMCID: PMC9488065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2020.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Particulate-associated trace metals have been regarded as an important pollution source for urban surface runoff. Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and total solids (TS) washed off two different surfaces (low-elevated facade and road surfaces) under two kinds of antecedent environmental conditions (dry and snow-melting) were determined in this study. Wet-vacuuming sweeping (WVS) and surface washing (SW) methods, representing the maximum pollution potential and common rainfall-induced wash-off condition respectively, were used to collect the particulate matters. The result shows that the wash-off concentrations of trace metals were found in the order of Cd (2.28 ± 2.08 μg/l) < Pb (435.85 ± 412.61 μg/l) < Cu (0.93 ± 0.61 mg/l) < Zn (2.52 ± 2.30 mg/l). The snow-melting process had a considerable influence on the wash-off concentrations of the trace metals on both road and facade surfaces. It reduced >38% and >79% of metals and TS concentrations in the facade surface and road surface runoff respectively. The wash-off concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn on the road surface 45-780% higher than those on the facade surfaces. The sensitivity analysis based on the Bayesian network indicates that the wash-off concentrations of metals were mainly dependent on the antecedent environmental conditions or the surface properties while the sampling methods had a minor influence. Therefore, to accurately model the pollutant migration in the surface runoff requires an improving method considering different surfaces and antecedent environment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pei Hua
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Dai
- Institute of Groundwater and Earth Sciences, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Dongwei Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Groundwater and Earth Sciences, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Peter Krebs
- Institute of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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19
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Jha P, Banerjee S, Bhuyan P, Sudarshan M, Dewanji A. Elemental distribution in urban sediments of small waterbodies and its implications: a case study from Kolkata, India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:461-482. [PMID: 31471689 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of elemental pollution in sediments of freshwater bodies are of particular concern in rapidly urbanizing cities of the developing world and have been extensively studied in rivers and lakes. The current study is an attempt to highlight the importance of smaller waterbodies, which happen to form a natural network in cities, for assessing the contamination status of sediments. The distribution of elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, S, Si, Ti, Ba, Mn, Sr, V, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in sediments of 15 ponds and 6 canals was studied to understand the overall pollution status and the associated ecological risk to aquatic organisms. Geochemical indices revealed Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn to be the principal elements of concern. The mean concentration of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn was 308, 174, 76.9 and 446 mg kg-1, respectively. Ecological risk assessment revealed that Cr in 86% sites, Ni in 52% sites, Cu and Zn in 28% sites and Pb in 10% sites were associated with possible ecological toxicity. The findings suggest that multielemental concentration in sediments of ponds and canals could effectively distinguish between pristine and polluted sites and suitably identify the main elements of concern to support cost-efficient waste management solutions customized to both the sites and elements of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Jha
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B.T. Road, Kolkata, 700108, India
| | - Shamayita Banerjee
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, LB-8, Sector III, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, 700098, India
| | - Prajamitra Bhuyan
- Applied Statistics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B.T. Road, Kolkata, 700108, India
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, England, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, England, UK
| | - Mathummal Sudarshan
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, LB-8, Sector III, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, 700098, India
| | - Anjana Dewanji
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B.T. Road, Kolkata, 700108, India.
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Wang J, Huang JJ, Li J. A study of the road sediment build-up process over a long dry period in a megacity of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133788. [PMID: 31445237 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The build-up of urban road deposited sediments is the key to study the quality of stormwater and the associated receiving waterbody in urban catchments. In the past, many sediment build-up field studies were conducted between 7 and 20days. It is generally assumed that the cumulative amount of pollutants reaches equilibrium and be represented as a mono-growth curve such as the power function. However, the dry period between two rain events in many areas in Northern China may be much longer than 20days, especially for spring and fall seasons. This research was conducted for 41days during a long dry period in 2017 in Tianjin, a megacity of China. The variability of the road sediment build-up process and the intrinsic and extrinsic factors which influence the process variability were investigated. It has been found that the normally used mono-growth curve (such as the power function) may be suitable for the short-term build-up process in area with less interference (sparse human activity area, R2>0.6). The double-bell shaped curve (sin function) fits better for the 41-day study, a longer period build-up study (R2>0.9). An "unexpected" phenomenon at which the particulate load was rapidly decreased in the first three sampling days was observed. This remarkable phenomenon can undoubtedly be well represented by the sin function instead of the power function. Compared to the power function, the goodness of fit of the sin function is increased by 30%-130%. Particle size, as an important characteristic affecting the behavior of particles, was considered in the build-up model. This research may bring people's attention to study the long-term road sediment build-up process and their impacts on the receiving water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Jinhui Jeanne Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
| | - James Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China; Department of Civil Engineering, Ryerson University, M5B 2K3, Canada
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21
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Wang Z, Hua P, Li R, Bai Y, Fan G, Wang P, Hu BX, Zhang J, Krebs P. Concentration decline in response to source shift of trace metals in Elbe River, Germany: A long-term trend analysis during 1998-2016. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:511-519. [PMID: 31026698 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring spatial and temporal chemical status of water bodies is crucial to assist environmental policy, identify the chemical fingerprints, and further reduce the source orientated pollutants. Elbe River is one of the major rivers affected by anthropogenic activities in vicinity countries. This study assessed the spatiotemporal changes in response to source shift of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the suspended particulate matter (SPM) at upstream, midstream, and downstream of the Elbe River reach in Saxony state, Germany. The average contents of trace metals in SPM was found in the order of Zn (676 mg/kg) » Pb (79 mg/kg) > Cu (74 mg/kg) > Ni (48 mg/kg) » Cd (3.2 mg/kg). According to the Mann-Kendall trend test, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn showed significant declines over 1998-2016. The results of source apportionment indicate industrial, urban, natural, and historical mining sources influencing the metal contents in the Elbe River of Saxony. The contributions of industrial and urban pollution decreased by 58.2% from 1998 to 2007 to 2008-2016. The contribution of the natural source was steady over the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Groundwater and Earth Sciences, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pei Hua
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruifei Li
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yun Bai
- National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, 400067, Chongqing, China
| | - Gongduan Fan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Groundwater and Earth Sciences, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bill X Hu
- Institute of Groundwater and Earth Sciences, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Groundwater and Earth Sciences, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Peter Krebs
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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Zhang J, Li R, Zhang X, Ding C, Hua P. Traffic contribution to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road dust: A source apportionment analysis under different antecedent dry-weather periods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:996-1005. [PMID: 30678023 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Road dust (RD) and its adsorbed pollutants have been regarded as a leading source of diffuse stormwater pollution. Therefore, a source-oriented mitigation strategy of pollutants in RD is important for an integrated stormwater management. In this study, a total of 66 RD samples were collected from 22 asphalt roads with five traffic load categories under different antecedent dry-weather periods (ADPs) in the city of Dresden, Germany. The surface loads (0.1-30.91 μg m-2) and solid-phase concentrations (0.95-27.83 μg g-1) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in RD were determined. The results show that the Σ16PAHs contents decreased with increasing distance from the city center to the city border. One-way ANOVA indicated that surface load was significantly dominated by ADPs and solid-phase concentration was statistically traffic-load dependent. According to the positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model, gasoline- and diesel-powered engine emissions always accounted for the highest proportions of total PAH contents. However, with an increasing ADP, the PAHs contents attributed to the incineration and tire debris became evident. The source-specific risks posed by PAHs were further estimated by the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) analysis. Traffic contributed to the majority of the carcinogenic substances. Moreover, the hazard quotient (HQ) and mean hazard quotient (MHQ) for the ecological risk assessment suggest that PAHs in RD had a 21% probability of being toxic to benthic organisms and aquatic environments. CAPSULE: Σ16PAH content decreased with an increasing distance from the city center to border, and an increasing number of PAH sources was identified with an increasing residual time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Institute of Groundwater and Earth Sciences, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ruifei Li
- Institute of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- College of Construct Engineering, Jilin University, 130012 Changchun, China
| | - Changfeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, China
| | - Pei Hua
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, 510006 Guangzhou, China.
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23
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Hong N, Zhu P, Liu A, Zhao X, Guan Y. Using an innovative flag element ratio approach to tracking potential sources of heavy metals on urban road surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:410-417. [PMID: 30212796 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals deposited on urban road surfaces can be washed-off by stormwater runoff, undermining stormwater reuse safety due to their high toxicity to ecological and human health. Heavy metals on urban road surfaces come from diverse sources and tracking these sources is essential to effectively manage stormwater and hence its reuse safety. This research study developed an innovative approach to tracking sources of heavy metals using data collected in Shenzhen, China. This approach developed was based on a "flag element ratio" theory, where each source generally corresponds to a specific ratio of targeted pollutants to the flag element. It is noted that Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn on urban roads were 19.05 mg/kg to 152.01 mg/kg, 25.66 mg/kg to 310.75 mg/kg, 15.61 mg/kg to 220.35 mg/kg, 10.65 mg/kg to 100.28 mg/kg, and 138.14 mg/kg to 1047.05 mg/kg, respectively. Gasoline emission was the main source for Cr, Ni and Pb, while braking wear and tyre wear were the major sources of Cu and Zn, respectively. Furthermore, the rankings of sources of each heavy metal in terms of their contributions were obtained by using this approach. Vehicle exhaust was found as the main contributor for all the heavy metals on urban road surfaces. This highlighted that vehicle exhaust should be seriously considered in terms of controlling heavy metal pollution on urban road surfaces and hence resulting urban road stormwater runoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Hong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Panfeng Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, 518060, Shenzhen, China; Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Centre for Urban Water Cycle and Water Environment Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
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24
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Hong N, Liu A, Zhu P, Zhao X, Guan Y, Yang M, Wang H. Modelling benzene series pollutants (BTEX) build-up loads on urban roads and their human health risks: Implications for stormwater reuse safety. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 164:234-242. [PMID: 30118957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzene series compounds (BTEX) are toxic pollutants primarily generated by traffic activities in an urban environment. BTEX pollutants can be deposited (build-up) on urban road surfaces during dry periods and then washed-off into stormwater runoff. Since BTEX pollutants can pose high human health risks, they can undermine stormwater reuse safety after they enter stormwater runoff. In this study, the BTEX pollutants build-up loads on urban road surfaces were investigated in Shenzhen, China. An artificial neural network (ANN) approach and two conventional regression modelling approaches were compared in terms of estimating BTEX build-up loads based on land use related parameters. It was found that the ANN approach had a better performance than the two regression modelling approaches. Additionally, the spatial distribution maps and human health risk map of BTEX pollutants build-up created using the ANN approach can provide a robust visualization platform to identify 'hot-spot' areas. These areas have a potential to generate highly BTEX polluted stormwater runoff and hence be inappropriate to be reused. These research outcomes are expected to provide an effective approach for ensuring stormwater reuse safety and a useful guidance for decision-making for stormwater management and water environment protection related urban planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Hong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, 518060 Shenzhen, China; Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Panfeng Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- Research Center of Environmental Engineering and Management, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment,Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences,Beijing 100012, China
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25
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Liu A, Ma Y, Gunawardena JMA, Egodawatta P, Ayoko GA, Goonetilleke A. Heavy metals transport pathways: The importance of atmospheric pollution contributing to stormwater pollution. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 164:696-703. [PMID: 30172206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pollution has become a serious issue in the urban water environment as stormwater runoff transports a range of pollutants to receiving water bodies, undermining water quality and posing human and ecosystem health risks. Commonly, the primary focus of stormwater quality research is on the role of pollutants directly accumulating at the ground phase. However, atmospheric phase can also exert a significant impact on stormwater quality through atmospheric deposition. Unfortunately, only limited research has focused on the linkage between atmospheric and ground phases in relation to urban stormwater quality. The study discussed in this paper characterised the four primary transport pathways, atmospheric build-up (AB), atmospheric deposition (AD) and road surface build-up (BU) and wash-off (WO) in relation to heavy metals, which is a key urban stormwater pollutant. The research outcomes confirmed the direct linkage between atmospheric phase and ground phase and in turn the significance of atmospheric heavy metals as a contributing source to stormwater runoff pollution. Zn was the most dominant heavy metal in all four pathways. For the AB pathway, atmospheric heavy metal pollution on weekdays is more serious than weekends. For the AD pathway, dry atmospheric deposition of heavy metals is positively correlated to dry days, whilst wet (bulk) deposition is related to rainfall depth. For the BU pathway, heavy-duty vehicle traffic volume was found to be the most important source. For the WO pathway, industrial and commercial areas tend to produce higher heavy metal concentrations in stormwater runoff than residential areas. The study results will contribute to the creation of effective urban stormwater pollution mitigation strategies and thereby enhancing the quality of the urban water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China; Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yukun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China
| | | | - Prasanna Egodawatta
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia
| | - Godwin A Ayoko
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia
| | - Ashantha Goonetilleke
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia
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26
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Jayarathne A, Egodawatta P, Ayoko GA, Goonetilleke A. Assessment of ecological and human health risks of metals in urban road dust based on geochemical fractionation and potential bioavailability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:1609-1619. [PMID: 29699705 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Metals are one of the primary pollutants in the urban environment that pose adverse ecological and human health impacts. Therefore, the accurate quantification of the risk posed by metals is essential for developing effective risk management strategies to safeguard the urban environment. This study assessed the ecological and human health risks of six metals, commonly present in road dust by improving the original risk indices based on their potential bioavailability characteristics. The bioavailability of metals was determined by considering their distribution between the different geochemical phases of exchangeable, reducible, oxidisable and residual. The results of the modified risk analysis indicated that the road dust poses a low ecological risk in most of the study sites. According to the present situation, the non-cancer risk of individual metals for both, children and adults followed the decreasing trend of Pb > Cu > Cr > Zn > Ni > Cd. This study also found that depending on the particle size ranges, the potential of multiple metals being able to cause non-cancer health risk was low at most study sites. In terms of cancer health risk, Cr present at most of the study sites was found to be within the cancer threshold limit, even though the Cr content and the bioavailable fractions were relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayomi Jayarathne
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Prasanna Egodawatta
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Godwin A Ayoko
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Ashantha Goonetilleke
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
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27
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Weerasundara L, Magana-Arachchi DN, Ziyath AM, Goonetilleke A, Vithanage M. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in atmospheric deposition in a congested city environment in a developing country: Kandy City, Sri Lanka. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 220:198-206. [PMID: 29778956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This research study which was undertaken in a congested city environment in a developing country provides a robust approach for the assessment and management of human health risk associated with atmospheric heavy metals. The case study area was Kandy City, which is the second largest city in Sri Lanka and bears the characteristics of a typical city in the developing world such as the urban footprint, high population density and traffic congestion. Atmospheric deposition samples were collected on a weekly basis and analyzed for nine heavy metals common to urban environments, namely, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. Health risk was assessed using hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI), while the cancer risk was evaluated based on life time daily cancer risk. Al and Fe were found to be in relatively high concentrations due to the influence of both, natural and anthropogenic sources. High Zn loads were attributed to vehicular emissions and the wide use of Zn coated building materials. Contamination factor and geo-accumulation index showed that currently, Al and Fe are at uncontaminated levels and other metals are in the range of uncontaminated to contaminated levels, but with the potential to exacerbate in the long-term. The health risk assessment showed that the influence of the three exposure pathways were in the order of ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation. The HQ and HI values for children for the nine heavy metals were higher than that for adults, indicating that children may be subjected to potentially higher health risk than adults. The study methodology and outcomes provide fundamental knowledge to regulatory authorities to determine appropriate mitigation measures in relation to HM pollution in city environments in the developing world, where to-date only very limited research has been undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshika Weerasundara
- Environmental Chemodynamics Project, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - D N Magana-Arachchi
- Molecular Biology and Human Diseases Project, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
| | - Abdul M Ziyath
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ashantha Goonetilleke
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka; School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia.
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28
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Liu A, Wijesiri B, Hong N, Zhu P, Egodawatta P, Goonetilleke A. Understanding re-distribution of road deposited particle-bound pollutants using a Bayesian Network (BN) approach. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 355:56-64. [PMID: 29772376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Road deposited pollutants (build-up) are continuously re-distributed by external factors such as traffic and wind turbulence, influencing stormwater runoff quality. However, current stormwater quality modelling approaches do not account for the re-distribution of pollutants. This undermines the accuracy of stormwater quality predictions, constraining the design of effective stormwater treatment measures. This study, using over 1000 data points, developed a Bayesian Network modelling approach to investigate the re-distribution of pollutant build-up on urban road surfaces. BTEX, which are a group of highly toxic pollutants, was the case study pollutants. Build-up sampling was undertaken in Shenzhen, China, using a dry and wet vacuuming method. The research outcomes confirmed that the vehicle type and particle size significantly influence the re-distribution of particle-bound BTEX. Compared to heavy-duty traffic in commercial areas, light-duty traffic dominates the re-distribution of particles of all size ranges. In industrial areas, heavy-duty traffic re-distributes particles >75 μm, and light-duty traffic re-distributes particles <75 μm. In residential areas, light-duty traffic re-distributes particles >300 μm and <75 μm and heavy-duty traffic re-distributes particles in the 300-150 μm range. The study results provide important insights to improve stormwater quality modelling and the interpretation of modelling outcomes, contributing to safeguard the urban water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Buddhi Wijesiri
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia; School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Nian Hong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Panfeng Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Prasanna Egodawatta
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia
| | - Ashantha Goonetilleke
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia
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29
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Jayarathne A, Egodawatta P, Ayoko GA, Goonetilleke A. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors which influence metal adsorption to road dust. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:236-242. [PMID: 29128772 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption behaviour of metals deposited on road surfaces is a complex process and influenced by a range of factors common to the urban environment. However, all factors do not have the same level of importance. It is therefore important to identify the most crucial factors for accurate stormwater quality predictions and to implement effective stormwater pollution mitigation measures. Accordingly, this study investigated the extrinsic and intrinsic factors in terms of their degree of influence on the adsorption of individual metal cations to particulates. The variability associated with the adsorption of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni to road dust was found to be influenced by changes to the antecedent dry days and land use characteristics. The initial dry days after a storm event exerts a significant influence on adsorption compared to the later dry days in all land uses. In terms of the intrinsic physico-chemical properties of road dust, the parameters that influence the adsorption process differ in terms of the type of metal cation and particle size fractions of solids. Based on the influential parameters identified, the bioavailability characteristics of Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni in <150μm size fraction of road dust and potential stormwater quality impacts can be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayomi Jayarathne
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Prasanna Egodawatta
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Godwin A Ayoko
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Ashantha Goonetilleke
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane 4001, Queensland, Australia.
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30
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Al Ali S, Bonhomme C, Dubois P, Chebbo G. Investigation of the wash-off process using an innovative portable rainfall simulator allowing continuous monitoring of flow and turbidity at the urban surface outlet. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:17-26. [PMID: 28732293 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of appropriate models, based on an in-depth understanding of the wash-off process, is essential to accurately estimating pollutant loads transported by stormwater, thereby minimizing environmental contamination. To this end, we developed an innovative rainfall simulator, which simulated an intense rainfall (120mm/h) and permitted the acquisition of runoff samples as well as the in situ monitoring of continuous flow and turbidity dynamics. Relationships between deposited sediments and total suspended solids in simulated runoff were thus investigated on two different types of surfaces within the Paris region in terms of loads and particle size distribution. Results demonstrate the occurrence of first flush phenomenon on the sidewalks even under constant flow. Results also show that the highest fraction conveyed by runoff consisted of fine (<16μm) and medium-sized (<100μm) particles, whose detachment was more favorable from smooth surfaces than from rougher ones. In terms of stormwater quality modelling, results suggest that the integration of a wash-off fraction based on both particle size and rainfall intensity could be an entrance for a better prediction of stormwater pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saja Al Ali
- LEESU, MA 102, Ecole des Ponts, AgroParisTech, UPEC, UPE, Champs-sur-Marne, France; Université Libanaise, Ecole Doctorale de Sciences et Technologies, Campus Universitaire de Rafic Hariri, Hadath, Lebanon.
| | - Céline Bonhomme
- LEESU, MA 102, Ecole des Ponts, AgroParisTech, UPEC, UPE, Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - Philippe Dubois
- LEESU, MA 102, Ecole des Ponts, AgroParisTech, UPEC, UPE, Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - Ghassan Chebbo
- LEESU, MA 102, Ecole des Ponts, AgroParisTech, UPEC, UPE, Champs-sur-Marne, France; Faculty of Engineering III, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
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31
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Hong N, Zhu P, Liu A. Modelling heavy metals build-up on urban road surfaces for effective stormwater reuse strategy implementation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:821-828. [PMID: 28866423 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Urban road stormwater is an alternative water resource to mitigate water shortage issues in the worldwide. Heavy metals deposited (build-up) on urban road surface can enter road stormwater runoff, undermining stormwater reuse safety. As heavy metal build-up loads perform high variabilities in terms of spatial distribution and is strongly influenced by surrounding land uses, it is essential to develop an approach to identify hot-spots where stormwater runoff could include high heavy metal concentrations and hence cannot be reused if it is not properly treated. This study developed a robust modelling approach to estimating heavy metal build-up loads on urban roads using land use fractions (representing percentages of land uses within a given area) by an artificial neural network (ANN) model technique. Based on the modelling results, a series of heavy metal load spatial distribution maps and a comprehensive ecological risk map were generated. These maps provided a visualization platform to identify priority areas where the stormwater can be safely reused. Additionally, these maps can be utilized as an urban land use planning tool in the context of effective stormwater reuse strategy implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Hong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Panfeng Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, 518060 Shenzhen, China; Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.
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32
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Zafra C, Temprano J, Suárez J. A simplified method for determining potential heavy metal loads washed-off by stormwater runoff from road-deposited sediments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:260-270. [PMID: 28554117 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A simplified method is proposed for determining the potential load of heavy metals (HMs) derived from the wash-off caused by surface runoff on road-deposited sediment (RDS). The method consists of three phases: (i) characterization of RDS load wash-off, (ii) assessment of HM load in dry weather, and (iii) application of a wash-off equation. Two processes were included in the wash-off equation: HM transport (solid fraction) and HM leaching (dissolved fraction). The average wash-off of HMs ranges from 16.6 to 46.3%, relative to the total mass of HMs associated with dry-weather RDS (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, Fe, Mn, Co, and Ba). Cd, Mn, and Zn presented the highest wash-off in the areas studied. The size fraction below 250μm contributed an average of 86.7% of potential HM load washed-off from RDS. Based on the phenomena included in the wash-off equation, it was observed the following order of precedence: transport of RDS<250μm, leaching of RDS<250μm, and leaching of RDS≥250μm. Solid and dissolved fractions contributed 70.7 and 29.3% of the potential HM load washed-off by runoff from RDS, respectively. The proposed method serves as a management tool for road HM pollution during rain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Zafra
- Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Francisco José de Caldas District University, Avda. Circunvalar Venado de Oro, E-111711 Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
| | - Javier Temprano
- Environmental Engineering Group (GIA), Departamento de Ciencias y Técnicas del Agua y del Medio Ambiente, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Caminos, C. y P., University of Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros s/n, E-39005 Santander, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Suárez
- Grupo de Enxeñaría da Auga e do Medio Ambiente (GEAMA), Universidade da Coruña (UdC), Campus de Elviña, s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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33
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Jayarathne A, Egodawatta P, Ayoko GA, Goonetilleke A. Geochemical phase and particle size relationships of metals in urban road dust. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:218-226. [PMID: 28654879 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of the processes that metals undergo during dry weather periods whilst deposited on urban surfaces and their environmental significance is essential to predict the potential influence of metals on stormwater quality in order to develop appropriate stormwater pollution mitigation measures. However, very limited research has been undertaken in this area. Accordingly, this study investigated the geochemical phase and particle size relationships of seven metals which are commonly associated with urban road dust, using sequential extraction in order to assess their mobility characteristics. Metals in the sequentially extracted fractions of exchangeable, reducible, oxidisable and residual were found to follow a similar trend for different land uses even though they had variable accumulation loads. The high affinity of Cd and Zn for exchangeable reactions in both, bulk and size-fractionated solid samples confirmed their high mobility, while the significant enrichment of Ni and Cr in the stable residual fraction indicated a low risk of mobility. The study results also confirmed the availability of Cu, Pb and Mn in both, stable and mobile fractions. The fine fraction of solids (<150 μm) and antecedent dry days can be highlighted as important parameters when determining the fate of metals associated with urban road dust. The outcomes from this study are expected to contribute to the development of effective stormwater pollution mitigation strategies by taking into consideration the metal-particulate relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayomi Jayarathne
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Prasanna Egodawatta
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Godwin A Ayoko
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Ashantha Goonetilleke
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
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Li Y, Song N, Yu Y, Yang Z, Shen Z. Characteristics of PAHs in street dust of Beijing and the annual wash-off load using an improved load calculation method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:328-336. [PMID: 28043705 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A significant amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed in street dust ends up in runoff. Accordingly, evaluating the content, possible wash-off load and constituent risks associated with street dust is critical for urban runoff usage. Based on the PAH concentrations examined in this study, different risk assessment methods were applied and the differences among results were analyzed. An improved PAH wash-off calculation method was established and the annual PAH wash-off load was obtained. In addition, emission sources were diagnosed based on isomer ratios and PMF methods. The overall mean ΣPAHs (sum of 16 individual PAHs) concentration in the street dust was 3.70μg/g, with the highest mean concentrations found for main roads (5.18μg/g). Adjacent anthropogenic activities had a greater effect on pollution characteristics of street dust than land use types. The toxic risk order was park (0.64μg/g)>main road (0.57μg/g)>residence (0.32μg/g)>street (0.29μg/g)>commerce (0.23μg/g), while that of the ecological risk index was main road (1278)>street (920)>residence (904)>commerce (713)>park (195). Although the park sites had a high level of toxic risk, they showed low ecological risk because they had less dust mass per unit area, indicating a great difference in the risk evaluation results and the difference methods. Using different values for different magnitudes of the antecedent dry days, rainfall event amounts, and dust mass fraction of different size ranges, the average wash-off load of ΣPAHs from street dust was calculated to be 23kg per year in Beijing from 2000 to 2014 with an improved wash-off load calculation method. The main sources of PAHs in the street dust of Beijing's center were identified as gasoline emissions, diesel emissions, coal combustion and unburned petroleum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Ningning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Zhao B, Liu A, Wu G, Li D, Guan Y. Characterization of heavy metal desorption from road-deposited sediment under acid rain scenarios. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 51:284-293. [PMID: 28115140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Road-deposited sediments (RDS) on urban impervious surfaces are important carriers of heavy metals. Dissolved heavy metals that come from RDS influenced by acid rain, are more harmful to urban receiving water than particulate parts. RDS and its associated heavy metals were investigated at typical functional areas, including industrial, commercial and residential sites, in Guangdong, Southern China, which was an acid rain sensitive area. Total and dissolved heavy metals in five particle size fractions were analyzed using a shaking method under acid rain scenarios. Investigated heavy metals showed no difference in the proportion of dissolved fraction in the solution under different acid rain pHs above 3.0, regardless of land use. Dissolved loading of heavy metals related to organic carbon content were different in runoff from main traffic roads of three land use types. Coarse particles (>150μm) that could be efficiently removed by conventional street sweepers, accounted for 55.1%-47.1% of the total dissolved metal loading in runoff with pH3.0-5.6. The obtained findings provided a significant scientific basis to understand heavy metal release and influence of RDS grain-size distribution and land use in dissolved heavy metal pollution affected by acid rain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guangxue Wu
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518500, Guangdong, China
| | - Dunzhu Li
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518500, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518500, Guangdong, China.
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36
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Wijesiri B, Egodawatta P, McGree J, Goonetilleke A. Understanding the uncertainty associated with particle-bound pollutant build-up and wash-off: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 101:582-596. [PMID: 27314555 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of stormwater quality is essential for developing effective pollution mitigation strategies. The use of models incorporating simplified mathematical replications of pollutant processes is the common practice for determining stormwater quality. However, an inherent process uncertainty arises due to the intrinsic variability associated with pollutant processes, which has neither been comprehensively understood, nor well accounted for in uncertainty assessment of stormwater quality modelling. This review provides the context for defining and quantifying the uncertainty associated with pollutant build-up and wash-off on urban impervious surfaces based on the hypothesis that particle size is predominant in influencing process variability. Critical analysis of published research literature brings scientific evidence together in order to establish the fact that particle size changes with time, and different sized particles exhibit distinct behaviour during build-up and wash-off, resulting in process variability. Analysis of the different adsorption behaviour of particles confirmed that the variations in pollutant load and composition are influenced by particle size. Particle behaviour and variations in pollutant load and composition are related due to the strong affinity of pollutants such as heavy metals and hydrocarbons for specific particle size ranges. As such, the temporal variation in particle size is identified as the key to establishing a basis for assessing build-up and wash-off process uncertainty. Therefore, accounting for pollutant build-up and wash-off process variability, which is influenced by particle size, would facilitate the assessment of the uncertainty associated with modelling outcomes. Furthermore, the review identified fundamental knowledge gaps where further research is needed in relation to: (1) the aggregation of particles suspended in the atmosphere during build-up; (2) particle re-suspension during wash-off; (3) pollutant re-adsorption by different particle size fractions; and (4) development of evidence-based techniques for assessing uncertainty; and (5) methods for translating the knowledge acquired from the investigation of process mechanisms at small scale into catchment scale for stormwater quality modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddhi Wijesiri
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Prasanna Egodawatta
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - James McGree
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Ashantha Goonetilleke
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
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37
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Mummullage S, Egodawatta P, Ayoko GA, Goonetilleke A. Sources of hydrocarbons in urban road dust: Identification, quantification and prediction. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:80-85. [PMID: 27239691 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Among urban stormwater pollutants, hydrocarbons are a significant environmental concern due to their toxicity and relatively stable chemical structure. This study focused on the identification of hydrocarbon contributing sources to urban road dust and approaches for the quantification of pollutant loads to enhance the design of source control measures. The study confirmed the validity of the use of mathematical techniques of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) for source identification and principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS) receptor model for pollutant load quantification. Study outcomes identified non-combusted lubrication oils, non-combusted diesel fuels and tyre and asphalt wear as the three most critical urban hydrocarbon sources. The site specific variabilities of contributions from sources were replicated using three mathematical models. The models employed predictor variables of daily traffic volume (DTV), road surface texture depth (TD), slope of the road section (SLP), effective population (EPOP) and effective impervious fraction (EIF), which can be considered as the five governing parameters of pollutant generation, deposition and redistribution. Models were developed such that they can be applicable in determining hydrocarbon contributions from urban sites enabling effective design of source control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandya Mummullage
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), G.P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Prasanna Egodawatta
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), G.P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Godwin A Ayoko
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), G.P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Ashantha Goonetilleke
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), G.P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
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38
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Zhao H, Chen X, Hao S, Jiang Y, Zhao J, Zou C, Xie W. Is the wash-off process of road-deposited sediment source limited or transport limited? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 563-564:62-70. [PMID: 27135567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An in-depth understanding of the road-deposited sediments (RDS) wash-off process is essential to estimation of urban surface runoff pollution load and to designing methods to minimize the adverse impacts on the receiving waters. There are two debatable RDS wash-off views: source limited and transport limited. The RDS build-up and wash-off process was characterized to explore what determines the wash-off process to be source limited or transport limited based on twelve RDS sampling activities on an urban road in Beijing. The results showed that two natural rain events (2.0mm and 23.2mm) reduced the total RDS mass by 30%-40%, and that finer particles (<105μm) contributed 60%-80% of the wash-off load. Both single- and multi-rain events caused the RDS particle grain size to become coarser, while dry days made the RDS particle grain size finer. These findings indicated that the bulk RDS particles wash-off tends to be transport limited, but that finer particles tend to be source limited. To further explore and confirm the results of the field experiment, a total of 40 simulated rain events were designed to observe the RDS wash-off with different particle size fractions. The finer particles have a higher wash-off percentage (Fw) than the coarser particles, and the Fw values provide a good view to characterize the wash-off process. The key conclusions drawn from the combined field and simulated experiments data are: (i) Finer and coarser particle wash-off processes tend to be source limited and transport limited, respectively. (ii) The source and transport limited processes occur during the initial period (the first flush) and later periods, respectively. (iii) The smaller and larger rain events tend to be transport limited and source limited, respectively. Overall, the wash-off process is generally a combination of source and transport limited processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Xuefei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shaonan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Zhenjiang Urban Planning and Design Institute, Zhenjiang 212132, China
| | - Changliang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenxia Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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39
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Liu L, Liu A, Li Y, Zhang L, Zhang G, Guan Y. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with road deposited solid and their ecological risk: Implications for road stormwater reuse. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 563-564:190-198. [PMID: 27135582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reusing stormwater is becoming popular worldwide. However, urban road stormwater commonly contains toxic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which could undermine reuse safety. This study investigated pollution level of PAHs and their composition build-up on urban roads in a typical megacity in South China. The potential ecological risk posed by PAHs associated with road deposited solid (RDS) was also assessed. Results showed that ecological risk levels varied based on different land use types, which could be significantly influenced by the composition of PAHs and characteristics of RDS. A higher percentage of high-ring PAHs, such as more than four rings, could pose higher ecological risk and are more likely to undermine stormwater reuse safety. Additionally, the degree of traffic congestion rather than traffic volume was found to exert a more significant influence on the generation of high-ring PAH generation. Therefore, stormwater from more congested roads might need proper treatment (particularly for removing high-ring PAHs) before reuse or could be suitable for purposes requiring low-water-quality. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to adequate stormwater reuse strategy development and to enhance the safety of urban road stormwater reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yang Li
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixun Zhang
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Guijuan Zhang
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
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40
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Yu Y, Li Y, Li B, Shen Z, Stenstrom MK. Metal enrichment and lead isotope analysis for source apportionment in the urban dust and rural surface soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:764-772. [PMID: 27376990 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To understand the metal accumulation in the environment and identify its sources, 29 different metal contents and lead (Pb) isotope ratios were determined for 40 urban dust samples, 36 surface soil samples, and one river sediment sample collected in the municipality of Beijing, China. Results showed that cadmium, copper (Cu), mercury, Pb, antimony (Sb), and zinc demonstrated to be the typical urban contaminants and mostly influenced by the adjacent human activities with higher content to background ratios and SD values. Among the 29 metal elements investigated, Cu and Sb were found to be the most distinct elements that were highly affected by the developing level and congestion status of the cities with much higher contents in dust in more developed and congested cities. There was a relatively wider range of Pb isotope ratios of country surface soil than those of urban dust. The results of source identification based on Pb isotope ratios showed that coal combustion was the first largest Pb source and vehicle exhaust was the second largest source. The sum of them accounted for 74.6% mass proportion of overall Pb pollution on average. The surface soil sample collected at an iron mine had the highest (204)Pb/(206)Pb, (207)Pb/(206)Pb, and (208)Pb/(206)Pb ratios indicating ore had much higher ratios than other sources. The fine particle subsamples had higher (204)Pb/(206)Pb, (207)Pb/(206)Pb, and (208)Pb/(206)Pb ratios than the coarse particle subsamples indicating more anthropogenic sources of coal combustion and vehicle exhaust for fine particles and more background influence for coarse particles. These results help with pinpointing the major Pb sources and applying suitable measures for the target sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yingxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Ben Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Michael K Stenstrom
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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41
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Liu L, Liu A, Li D, Zhang L, Guan Y. Characterizing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon build-up processes on urban road surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:185-193. [PMID: 27086074 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reliable prediction models are essential for modeling pollutant build-up processes on urban road surfaces. Based on successive samplings of road deposited sediments (RDS), this study presents empirical models for mathematical replication of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) build-up processes on urban road surfaces. The contaminant build-up behavior was modeled using saturation functions, which are commonly applied in US EPA's Stormwater Management Model (SWMM). Accurate fitting results were achieved in three typical urban land use types, and the applicability of the models was confirmed based on their acceptable relative prediction errors. The fitting results showed high variability in PAH saturation value and build-up rate among different land use types. Results of multivariate data and temporal-based analyses suggested that the quantity and property of RDS significantly influenced PAH build-up. Furthermore, pollution sources, traffic parameters, road surface conditions, and sweeping frequency could synthetically impact the RDS build-up and RDS property change processes. Thus, changes in these parameters could be the main reason for variations in PAH build-up in different urban land use types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dunzhu Li
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lixun Zhang
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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42
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Liu A, Gunawardana C, Gunawardena J, Egodawatta P, Ayoko GA, Goonetilleke A. Taxonomy of factors which influence heavy metal build-up on urban road surfaces. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 310:20-29. [PMID: 26897571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals build-up on urban road surfaces is a complex process and influenced by a diverse range of factors. Although numerous research studies have been conducted in the area of heavy metals build-up, limited research has been undertaken to rank these factors in terms of their influence on the build-up process. This results in limitations in the identification of the most critical factor/s for accurately estimating heavy metal loads and for designing effective stormwater treatment measures. The research study undertook an in-depth analysis of the factors which influence heavy metals build-up based on data generated from a number of different geographical locations around the world. Traffic volume was found to be the highest ranked factor in terms of influencing heavy metals build-up while land use was ranked the second. Proximity to arterial roads, antecedent dry days and road surface roughness has a relatively lower ranking. Furthermore, the study outcomes advances the conceptual understanding of heavy metals build-up based on the finding that with increasing traffic volume, total heavy metal build-up load increases while the variability decreases. The outcomes from this research study are expected to contribute to more accurate estimation of heavy metals build-up loads leading to more effective stormwater treatment design.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chandima Gunawardana
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, 20400 Sri Lanka
| | | | - Prasanna Egodawatta
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia
| | - Godwin A Ayoko
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia
| | - Ashantha Goonetilleke
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia
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43
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Ziyath AM, Egodawatta P, Goonetilleke A. Build-up of toxic metals on the impervious surfaces of a commercial seaport. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 127:193-198. [PMID: 26866754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the context of increasing threats to the sensitive marine ecosystem by toxic metals, this study investigated the metal build-up on impervious surfaces specific to commercial seaports. The knowledge generated from this study will contribute to managing toxic metal pollution of the marine ecosystem. The study found that inter-modal operations and main access roadway had the highest loads followed by container storage and vehicle marshalling sites, while the quay line and short term storage areas had the lowest. Additionally, it was found that Cr, Al, Pb, Cu and Zn were predominantly attached to solids, while significant amount of Cu, Pb and Zn were found as nutrient complexes. As such, treatment options based on solids retention can be effective for some metal species, while ineffective for other species. Furthermore, Cu and Zn are more likely to become bioavailable in seawater due to their strong association with nutrients. Mathematical models to replicate the metal build-up process were also developed using experimental design approach and partial least squares regression. The models for Cr and Pb were found to be reliable, while those for Al, Zn and Cu were relatively less reliable, but could be employed for preliminary investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul M Ziyath
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Prasanna Egodawatta
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Ashantha Goonetilleke
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
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44
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Charters FJ, Cochrane TA, O'Sullivan AD. Untreated runoff quality from roof and road surfaces in a low intensity rainfall climate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:265-272. [PMID: 26820930 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sediment and heavy metals in stormwater runoff are key pollutants of urban waterways, and their presence in stormwater is driven by climatic factors such as rainfall intensity. This study describes the total suspended solids (TSS) and heavy metal concentrations found in runoff from four different urban surfaces within a residential/institutional catchment, in a climate where rainfall is typically of low intensity (<5.1mm·h(-1)). The results were compared to untreated runoff quality from a compilation of international studies. The road runoff had the highest TSS concentrations, while copper and galvanized roof runoff had the highest copper and zinc concentrations, respectively. Pollutant concentrations were found to be significantly different between surfaces; quantification and prediction of pollutant contributions from urban surfaces should thus take account of the different surface materials, instead of being aggregated into more generalized categories such as land use. The TSS and heavy metal concentrations were found to be at the low to medium end of ranges observed internationally, except for total copper and zinc concentrations generated by dissolution of copper and galvanized roofing material respectively; these concentrations were at least as high as those reported internationally. TSS wash-off from the roofs was seen to be a source-limited process, where all available TSS is washed off during the rain event despite the low intensity rainfall, whereas both road TSS and heavy metals wash-off from roof and road surfaces appeared to all be transport-limited and therefore some carryover of pollutants occurs between rain events. A first flush effect was seen from most surfaces for TSS, but not for heavy metals. This study demonstrates that in low intensity rainfall climates, quantification of untreated runoff quality from key individual surface types in a catchment are needed to enable development of targeted and appropriately sized stormwater treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances J Charters
- Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Thomas A Cochrane
- Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Aisling D O'Sullivan
- Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
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Shen Z, Liu J, Aini G, Gong Y. A comparative study of the grain-size distribution of surface dust and stormwater runoff quality on typical urban roads and roofs in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:2693-704. [PMID: 26438368 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of pollutants on impervious surfaces is a serious problem associated with rapid urbanization, which results in non-point-source pollution. Characterizing the build-up and wash-off processes of pollutants in urban catchments is essential for urban planners. In this paper, the spatial variation and particle-size distributions of five heavy metals and two nutrients in surface dust were analyzed, and the runoff water first-flush effect (FF30) and event-mean concentrations (EMCs) of 10 common constituents were characterized. The relationships between runoff variables and stormwater characteristics were examined from three typical urban impervious surfaces in Beijing, China. Dust on road surfaces with smaller grain sizes had higher pollutant concentrations, whereas concentrations of Mn, Zn, Fe, and TP in roof surface dust increased with grain size. Particles with grain sizes of 38-74 and 125-300 μm contributed most to the total pollutant load in roads, while particles with the smallest grain sizes (<38 μm) contributed most on roofs (23.46-41.71 %). Event-mean concentrations (EMCs) and FF30 values for most runoff pollutants tended to be higher on roofs than on roads. The maximum intensity (I max) and the antecedent dry days (ADD) were critical parameters for EMCs in roads, while ADD was the only dominant parameter for EMCs on our studied roof. The rainfall intensity (RI) and maximum intensity (I max) were found to be the parameters with the strongest correlation to the first-flush effect on both roads and roofs. Significant correlations of total suspended solids (TSS) concentration in runoff with grain-size fractions of surface dust indicated that coarser particles (74-300 μm) are most likely to contribute to the solid-phase pollutants, and finer particles (<38 μm) are likely the main source of dissolved pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Guzhanuer Aini
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongwei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
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Zhang J, Hua P, Krebs P. The build-up dynamic and chemical fractionation of Cu, Zn and Cd in road-deposited sediment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 532:723-32. [PMID: 26119386 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the build-up dynamics of heavy metals on impervious urban surfaces with different antecedent dry-weather periods (ADPs) and land-use types. Solid-phase concentration (mg/kg), surface load (mg/m(2)), and chemical fractionation of Zn, Cu and Cd in bulk- and size-fractionated road-deposited sediment were determined. The inherent correlations among particle size distribution, ADP, land use, and chemical fractionation were analysed by hierarchical cluster analysis. Results show a clear build-up phenomenon of Cu and Zn at a city commercial centre and a highway area. Cd had complex build-up patterns. With regard to chemical fractionation, Zn and Cd could pose higher risks than Cu to aquatic biota after a longer ADP. Special attention should be paid to the significant risk in a rural area because of the high proportion of exchangeable chemical fractionation in terms of the unstable Cd component. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicates that ADP had a strong influence on build-up processes of sediments and associated metals. The metal contents were very dependent on the particle size distribution. However, the chemical fractionation of metals was dependent to a lesser extent on the land-use type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Institute of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Pei Hua
- Chair of Water Supply Engineering, Institute of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Peter Krebs
- Institute of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Wijesiri B, Egodawatta P, McGree J, Goonetilleke A. Process variability of pollutant build-up on urban road surfaces. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 518-519:434-440. [PMID: 25777949 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the pollutant build-up process is a key requirement for developing stormwater pollution mitigation strategies. In this context, process variability is a concept which needs to be understood in-depth. Analysis of particulate build-up on three road surfaces in an urban catchment confirmed that particles <150 μm and >150 μm have characteristically different build-up patterns, and these patterns are consistent over different field conditions. Three theoretical build-up patterns were developed based on the size-fractionated particulate build-up patterns, and these patterns explain the variability in particle behavior and the variation in particle-bound pollutant load and composition over the antecedent dry period. Behavioral variability of particles <150 μm was found to exert the most significant influence on the build-up process variability. As characterization of process variability is particularly important in stormwater quality modeling, it is recommended that the influence of behavioral variability of particles <150 μm on pollutant build-up should be specifically addressed. This would eliminate model deficiencies in the replication of the build-up process and facilitate the accounting of the inherent process uncertainty, and thereby enhance the water quality predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddhi Wijesiri
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001 Queensland, Australia.
| | - Prasanna Egodawatta
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001 Queensland, Australia.
| | - James McGree
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001 Queensland, Australia.
| | - Ashantha Goonetilleke
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001 Queensland, Australia.
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Liu A, Liu L, Li D, Guan Y. Characterizing heavy metal build-up on urban road surfaces: implication for stormwater reuse. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 515-516:20-9. [PMID: 25687783 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater reuse is increasingly popular in the worldwide. In terms of urban road stormwater, it commonly contains toxic pollutants such as heavy metals, which could undermine the reuse safety. The research study investigated heavy metal build-up characteristics on urban roads in a typical megacity of South China. The research outcomes show the high variability in heavy metal build-up loads among different urban road sites. The degree of traffic congestion and road surface roughness was found to exert a more significant influence on heavy metal build-up rather than traffic volume. Due to relatively higher heavy metal loads, stormwater from roads with more congested traffic conditions or rougher surfaces might be suitable for low-water-quality required activities while the stormwater from by-pass road sections could be appropriate for relatively high-water-quality required purposes since the stormwater could be relatively less polluted. Based on the research outcomes, a decision-making process for heavy metals based urban road stormwater reuse was proposed. The new finding highlights the importance to undertaking a "fit-for-purpose" road stormwater reuse strategy. Additionally, the research results can also contribute to enhancing stormwater reuse safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Liu
- Research Centre of Environmental Engineering and Management, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, People's Republic of China; Cooperative Research and Education Centre for Environmental Technology, Kyoto University-Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Liu
- Research Centre of Environmental Engineering and Management, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Dunzhu Li
- Research Centre of Environmental Engineering and Management, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- Research Centre of Environmental Engineering and Management, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang J, Hua P, Krebs P. The chemical fractionation and potential source identification of Cu, Zn and Cd on urban watershed. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2015; 72:1428-1436. [PMID: 26465315 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study showcases the chemical fractionation and primary source identification of Cu, Zn and Cd in road-deposited sediment. Results show that Zn and Cd were identified as easily mobilised and biologically available metals that pose high risks to the receiving aquatic environments. However, Cu was released in substantial amounts only under relatively extreme conditions. With the assistance of principal component analysis and chemical fractionation, two primary contributors to heavy metals in road-deposited sediment were tentatively identified as vehicle-related sources (especially, auto brake pad erosion for Cu and tyre debris for Zn) and atmospheric deposition (especially for Cd).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Institute of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pei Hua
- Chair of Water Supply Engineering, Institute of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany E-mail:
| | - Peter Krebs
- Institute of Urban Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Revitt DM, Lundy L, Coulon F, Fairley M. The sources, impact and management of car park runoff pollution: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 146:552-567. [PMID: 25214073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Traffic emissions contribute significantly to the build-up of diffuse pollution loads on urban surfaces with their subsequent mobilisation and direct discharge posing problems for receiving water quality. This review focuses on the impact and mitigation of solids, metals, nutrients and organic pollutants in the runoff deriving from car parks. Variabilities in the discharged pollutant levels and in the potentials for pollutant mitigation complicate an impact assessment of car park runoff. The different available stormwater best management practices and proprietary devices are reported to be capable of reductions of between 20% and almost 100% for both suspended solids and a range of metals. This review contributes to prioritising the treatment options which can achieve the appropriate pollutant reductions whilst conforming to the site requirements of a typical car park. By applying different treatment scenarios to the runoff from a hypothetical car park, it is shown that optimal performance, in terms of ecological benefits for the receiving water, can be achieved using a treatment train incorporating permeable paving and bioretention systems. The review identifies existing research gaps and emphasises the pertinent management practices as well as design issues which are relevant to the mitigation of car park pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Michael Revitt
- Urban Pollution Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK.
| | - Lian Lundy
- Urban Pollution Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Frédéric Coulon
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Martin Fairley
- ACO Technologies, Hitchin Road, Shefford, Bedfordshire SG17 5TE, UK
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