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Xiao K, Li X, Xu N, Wang X, Hao L, Bao H, Zhang L, Shi Y, Cai Y. Carry-over rate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to raw milk and human exposure risks in different regions of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173902. [PMID: 38871322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The widespread presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in various environmental matrices and their adverse health effects have gained worldwide attention. Therefore, numerous studies have focused on human exposure to PFAS through different pathways, such as fish and drinking water, and little attention has been paid to milk consumption. This study aimed to explore the transfer of PFAS by investigating the occurrence of PFAS in cow feed, drinking water, and raw milk from 20 regions of China and to assess the risk of human exposure to PFAS from raw milk. In total, 13, 15, and 7 PFAS were detected in cow feed, drinking water, and raw milk with total concentrations (∑PFAS) of 5.59 ± 2.91 ng/g (mean ± standard deviation), 11.91 ± 23.12 ng/L, and 0.15 ± 0.13 ng/mL, respectively. Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) was dominant with a concentration of 2.28 ± 1.75 ng/g, approximately 40.7 % of ∑PFAS in feed. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) were the dominant compounds found in drinking water at 4.80 ± 14.37 and 3.01 ± 6.06 ng/L, respectively. Additionally, PFOA (0.08 ± 0.09 ng/mL) was the most significant compound in raw milk, contributing 51.5 % of ∑PFAS. Moreover, the results of the carry-over rate (COR) were as follows: perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS, 29.58 %) > PFOA (15.78 %) > perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS, 9.45 %). According to the reference dose (RfD) established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2018, there is a potential toxicological hazard of PFOA exposure for preschool children through milk consumption. Notably, the health risk from PFOS for 1-year-old children in Central China exceeded that observed for humans in other regions and age groups. Our results showed that PFOS and PFOA were more likely to accumulate in cows and to be constantly transferred to milk, thus increasing the human health risk, especially in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiting Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nu Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Lili Hao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Huihui Bao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Xing Z, Wang G, Liu S, Chen H, Dong X, Wang H, Liu Y. Legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in agricultural soils affected by fluorochemical manufacturing facilities, North China: Occurrence, region-specific distribution, substitution trend and source appointment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134770. [PMID: 38838522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Accompanied with restriction of legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), numbers of emerging PFASs are widely detected in the environment. However, information on environmental occurrences and behaviors of emerging PFASs were scarce in agricultural soils. In this study, the spatial distributions, sources, substitution trends and ecological risk assessment of 31 legacy and emerging PFASs were investigated in 69 agricultural soils from Fuxin, North China. The 26 out of 31 PFASs were detected with concentrations of 57.36 - 1271.06 pg/g dry weight. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) were predominant in legacy and emerging PFASs, respectively. Based on principal component and dual carbon-nitrogen stable isotope analysis, atmosphere, fluorochemical activities and river irrigation were main sources of PFASs. Substitution trends indicated HFPO-DA and short chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (C4 - C7) as main alternatives of PFOA, and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA) and sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) as major substitutes to perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). The calculated risk quotient values (< 0.006) only indicated potential low ecological risk of 7 target PFASs in agricultural soils. The results of this study broadened out the information of PFAS contamination in agricultural soils, which were significant for PFAS supervision in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziao Xing
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, PR China
| | - Guoguang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, PR China.
| | - Shuaihao Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, PR China
| | - Haiyue Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, PR China
| | - Xu Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, PR China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, PR China
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Yang H, Zhao Y, Chai L, Ma F, Yu J, Xiao KQ, Gu Q. Bio-accumulation and health risk assessments of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in wheat grains. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124351. [PMID: 38878812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been widely detected in various food, which has attracted worldwide concern. However, the factors influencing the transfer and bio-accumulation of PFASs from soils to wheat in normal farmland, is still ambiguous. We investigated the PFASs accumulation in agricultural soils and grains from 10 cites, China, and evaluated the health risks of PFASs via wheat consumption. Our results show that ∑PFASs in soils range from 0.34 μg/kg to 1.59 μg/kg with PFOA and PFOS dominating, whilst ∑PFASs in wheats range from 2.74 to 6.01 μg/kg with PFOA, PFBA and PFHxS dominating. The lower pH conditions and high total organic carbon (TOC) could result in the higher accumulation of PFASs in soils and subsequently in wheat grains, whilst the bioaccumulation factors of PFASs increase with increasing pH conditions but not with TOC. The estimated daily intake (EDI) values of PFBA, PFOA, and PFHxS are relatively high, but data supports that ingesting wheat grains does not result in any potential risk to the human beings. Our studies provided more information about PFASs accumulation in wheat grains, and help us understand the current potential risks of PFASs in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100020, China; Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123100, Liaoning, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - LiNa Chai
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - FuJun Ma
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - JianLong Yu
- Waters Technologies (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Qing Xiao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - QingBao Gu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100020, China.
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Li Y, Zhi Y, Weed R, Broome SW, Knappe DRU, Duckworth OW. Commercial compost amendments inhibit the bioavailability and plant uptake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in soil-porewater-lettuce systems. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108615. [PMID: 38582061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Compost is widely used in agriculture as fertilizer while providing a practical option for solid municipal waste disposal. However, compost may also contain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), potentially impacting soils and leading to PFAS entry into food chains and ultimately human exposure risks via dietary intake. This study examined how compost affects the bioavailability and uptake of eight PFAS (two ethers, three fluorotelomer sulfonates, and three perfluorosulfonates) by lettuce (Lactuca sativa) grown in commercial organic compost-amended, PFAS spiked soils. After 50 days of greenhouse experiment, PFAS uptake by lettuce decreased (by up to 90.5 %) with the increasing compost amendment ratios (0-20 %, w/w), consistent with their decreased porewater concentrations (by 30.7-86.3 %) in compost-amended soils. Decreased bioavailability of PFAS was evidenced by the increased in-situ soil-porewater distribution coefficients (Kd) (by factors of 1.5-7.0) with increasing compost additions. Significant negative (or positive) correlations (R2 ≥ 0.55) were observed between plant bioaccumulation (or Kd) and soil organic carbon content, suggesting that compost amendment inhibited plant uptake of PFAS mainly by increasing soil organic carbon and enhancing PFAS sorption. However, short-chain PFAS alternatives (e.g., perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic acid (PFMOAA)) were effectively translocated to shoots with translocation factors > 2.9, increasing their risks of contamination in leafy vegetables. Our findings underscore the necessity for comprehensive risk assessment of compost-borne PFAS when using commercial compost products in agricultural lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States.
| | - Yue Zhi
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States; Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Rebecca Weed
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
| | - Stephen W Broome
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
| | - Detlef R U Knappe
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
| | - Owen W Duckworth
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
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Liu S, Duan L, Shi F, Filippelli GM, Naidu R. Concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in vegetables from Sydney and Newcastle, Australia. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38545920 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in 53 fruit and vegetable samples collected from a local wholesale and retail market in Sydney and a local supermarket in Newcastle. As there is limited information about PFAS levels in vegetables on the market, this study aimed to fill this gap and assess potential risks for humans through consumption of these vegetables. METHODS QuEChERS extraction - a solid-phase extraction method, a portmanteau word formed from 'quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe' - followed by enhanced matrix removal-lipid cleaning and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis were used to detect 30 PFASs in vegetables. RESULTS PFOA was detected in 7 out of the 53 samples, with concentrations of 0.038-1.996 ng g-1 fresh weight; PFOS was detected in 2 samples only, with concentrations ranging from 0.132 to 0.911 ng g-1 fresh weight. PFHxS was not detected in any sample in this study. PFOA and PFOS concentrations measured in vegetables in this study constituted daily intake of 2.03 ng kg-1 body weight (BW) and 1.98 ng kg-1 BW, respectively, according to recommended daily vegetable intake and BW data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The most sensitive population group is girls of 4-8 years of age. These estimated exposure levels represent up to 1.3% of the tolerable daily intake for PFOA (160 ng kg-1 BW) and 9.9% for PFOS (20 ng kg-1 BW) according to Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Consumption of the vegetables from the study locations poses a marginal risk to human health. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Liu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Feng Shi
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabriel M Filippelli
- Department of Earth Science, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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Battisti I, Trentin AR, Franzolin E, Nicoletto C, Masi A, Renella G. Uptake and distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances by grafted tomato plants cultivated in a contaminated site in northern Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170032. [PMID: 38220022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly persistent and mobile pollutants raising alarming concerns due to their capability to accumulate in living organisms and exert toxic effects on human health. We studied the accumulation of different PFAS in the leaves and fruits of tomato plants grown on a PFAS-polluted soil in North-East Italy. Tomato plants were grafted with different rootstocks characterized by different vigor, and irrigated with PFAS-polluted groundwater. Leaves and fruits of the first and sixth truss were analyzed at full plant maturity. All tomato varieties accumulated PFAS in leaves and fruits, with the highest concentrations detected in the most vigorous rootstock and reflecting the PFAS concentration profile of the irrigation water. PFAS with a chain length from 4 to 8 C atoms and with carboxylic and sulfonic functional groups were detected in plant leaves, whereas only carboxylic C4, C5, and C6 PFAS were detected in tomato fruits. A general trend of decreasing PFAS concentrations in fruits upon increasing height of the plant trusses was observed. Calculation of the target hazard quotient (THQ) showed increasing values depending on the plant vigor. The hazard index (HI) values showed values slightly higher than 1 for the most vigorous plants, indicating potential risks to human health associated with the consumption of contaminated tomato fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Battisti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Trentin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy
| | - Emma Franzolin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy
| | - Carlo Nicoletto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy
| | - Antonio Masi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Renella
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy
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Huang W, Focker M, van Dongen KCW, van der Fels-Klerx HJ. Factors influencing the fate of chemical food safety hazards in the terrestrial circular primary food production system-A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13324. [PMID: 38517020 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Food safety is recognized as a major hurdle in the transition toward circular food production systems due to the potential reintroduction and accumulation of chemical contaminants in these food systems. Effectively managing these hazardous contaminants in a risk-based manner requires quantitative insights into the factors influencing the presence and fate of contaminants in the entire circular food chain. A systematic literature review was performed to gain an up-to-date overview of the known factors and their influence on the transfer and accumulation of contaminants. This review focused on the terrestrial circular primary food production system, including the pathways between waste- or byproduct-based fertilizers, soil, crops, animal feed, and farmed animals. This review revealed an imbalance in research regarding the different pathways: studies on the soil-to-crop pathway were most abundant. The factors identified can be categorized as compound-related (intrinsic) factors, such as hydrophobicity, molecular weight, and chain length, and extrinsic factors, such as soil organic matter and carbon, pH, milk yield of cows, crop age, and biomass. Quantitative data on the influence of the identified factors were limited. Most studies quantified the influence of individual factors, whereas only a few studies quantified the combined effect of multiple factors. By providing a holistic insight into the influential factors and the quantification of their influence on the fate of contaminants, this review contributes to the improvement of food safety management for chemical hazards when transitioning to a circular food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Huang
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marlous Focker
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja C W van Dongen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H J van der Fels-Klerx
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Greger M, Landberg T. Removal of PFAS from water by aquatic plants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119895. [PMID: 38159312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
We have found that aquatic plants can reduce the content of perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) within a short period of time. The aim of this study was to determine the variation in the uptake of PFAS from contaminated water by various wetland plant species, investigate the effect of biomass on PFAS removal, and determine whether laccases and peroxidases are involved in the removal and degradation of PFAS. Seventeen emergent and one submerged wetland plant species were screened for PFAS uptake from highly contaminated lake water. The screening showed that Eriophorum angustifolium, Carex rostrata, and Elodea canadensis accumulated the highest levels of all PFAS. These species were thereafter used to investigate the effect of biomass on PFAS removal from water and for the enzyme studies. The results showed that the greater the biomass per volume, the greater the PFAS removal effect. The plant-based removal of PFAS from water is mainly due to plant absorption, although degradation also occurs. In the beginning, most of the PFAS accumulated in the roots; over time, more was translocated to the shoots, resulting in a higher concentration in the shoots than in the roots. Most PFAS degradation occurred in the water; the metabolites were thereafter taken up by the plants and were accumulated in the roots and shoots. Both peroxidases and laccases were able to degrade PFAS. We conclude that wetland plants can be used for the purification of PFAS-contaminated water. For effective purification, a high biomass per volume of water is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Greger
- Department of Ecology, Environment, and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tommy Landberg
- Department of Ecology, Environment, and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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Rico CM, Wagner DC, Ofoegbu PC, Kirwa NJ, Clubb P, Coates K, Zenobio JE, Adeleye AS. Toxicity assessment of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) on a spontaneous plant, velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), via metabolomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167894. [PMID: 37866594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous plants often play important ecological roles in terrestrial environments, but impacts of contaminants on spontaneous plants are seldom investigated. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) are ubiquitous in rural and urban soils. In this study, we assessed the effects of PFOS on a spontaneous plant, velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), using endpoints such as plant growth, stress defense, PFOS uptake, and elemental and metabolite profile. We observed stunted growth in plants grown in PFOS-contaminated soils, with PFOS accumulating in their shoots by up to 3000 times more than the control plants. The other endpoints (decreased chlorophyll a synthesis, elevated oxidative stress, reduced shoot Mg concentration, and reduced biomass production) also explained the stunted growth of velvetleaf exposed to elevated PFOS concentrations. We found that 56 metabolites involved in 13 metabolic pathways were dysregulated. The synthesis of important antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, hydroxycinnamic acids (coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, and sinapic acids), and tocopherols decreased, resulting in loss of plant's defense to stress. PFOS also reduced the levels of growth-related and stress-coping metabolites including squalene, serotonin, noradrenalin, putrescine, and indole-3-propionic acid, which further corroborated the restricted growth of velvetleaf exposed to elevated PFOS. These findings provide insights on phytotoxicity of PFOS to velvetleaf, a resilient terrestrial spontaneous plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyren M Rico
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA.
| | - Dane C Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Polycarp C Ofoegbu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Naum J Kirwa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Preston Clubb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Kameron Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA; Willard High School, 515 E Jackson St., Willard, MO 65781, USA
| | - Jenny E Zenobio
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA
| | - Adeyemi S Adeleye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA
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Li Z, Zhi Y, Li W, Lei J, Huang Z, Li H, Qian S. Bioaccumulation Characteristics of Typical Perfluoroalkyl Compounds in Alfalfa Under Salt Stress. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 112:24. [PMID: 38180582 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Medicago sativa, commonly known as alfalfa, is widely distributed worldwide, known for its strong stress resistance and well-developed root system, making it an important plant in ecological restoration research. To investigate the absorption and transport characteristics of alfalfa for typical perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) under salt stress, a 30-day indoor greenhouse experiment was conducted. The results showed that alfalfa exhibited varying degrees of absorption and transport for the selected PFAS. The highest BCF (Bioconcentration Factor) for shoot tissue reached 725.4 (for PFBA), and the highest TF (Translocation Factor) reached 53.8 (for PFPeA). Different PFAS compounds exhibited distinct bioaccumulation behaviors, with short-chain PFAS more readily entering the plant's root system and being transported upwards, while long-chain PFAS tended to adsorb to the surface of the root system. Furthermore, salt stress did not significantly affect the uptake of PFAS by alfalfa. This suggests that alfalfa is salt-tolerant and holds great potential for ecological restoration in short-chain PFAS-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yue Zhi
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Jiamin Lei
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Haoran Li
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Shenhua Qian
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
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11
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Baqar M, Saleem R, Zhao M, Zhao L, Cheng Z, Chen H, Yao Y, Sun H. Combustion of high-calorific industrial waste in conventional brick kilns: An emerging source of PFAS emissions to agricultural soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167612. [PMID: 37804982 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The brick kilns in the South Asian region are widely documented to partially combust high-calorific waste components of synthetic-industrial origin, which contain hazardous constituents, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Correspondingly, these establishments are necessarily built on agricultural land to easily acquire clay by excavating soil horizons, thus making cultivation soils vulnerable to PFAS contaminations. In this pioneering study, the occurrence, distribution profile, traceability and human health risk exposure to forty-four legacy and novel PFAS homologues, including two ultrashort-chain (C2-C3) PFAS, were investigated in agricultural soils around thirty-two conventional brick kilns across three districts of Pakistan. ⅀44PFAS concentrations ranged from 14.3 to 465 ng/g (median: 28.2 ng/g), which were 2 to 70 folds higher than those in background soils, and slightly higher than those reported in agricultural soils in the global literature. The highest occurrence was observed for PFAS alternatives, i.e., 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTSA) (40 %) and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) (4.5 %). A significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) was observed among the concentrations of short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (C4-C7) and novel PFOS substitutes, implying their origin from common sources. Furthermore, ultrashort-chain and short-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCA) (89 %) and perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSA) (63 %) dominated over long-chain's PFCA (11 %) and PFSA (37 %), respectively. The estimated daily intake to children exposed in surrounding inhabited communities, at 95th percentile concentrations was found to be approaching the European tolerable daily intake limit of 0.63 ng/kg bw/day. Therefore, the brick manufacturing industry is identified as a novel source of PFAS in the adjacent environment and for residents. This suggests the need for further investigations to elucidate the origin of emerging contaminants in the waste streams of the region to safeguard ecological integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujtaba Baqar
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rimsha Saleem
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Maosen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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12
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Che J, Xu C, Song X, Ding X, Ali M, Chen H. Bioaccumulation of PFASs in cabbage collected near a landfill site in China: Laboratory and field investigations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167578. [PMID: 37797761 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies found that the bioaccumulation of PFASs in vegetables poses potential risks to the health of residents in local areas near landfills in China. Therefore, our study investigated the uptake of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their accumulation and distribution in cabbage roots, stems, and leaves under both field and laboratory hydroponic conditions. It was found that the sum of concentration of 15 PFASs (designated as Σ15PFASs) in roots, stems, and leaves ranged from 24.8 to 365 ng/g, 49.2 to 204 ng/g, 11.9 to 115 ng/g, respectively, in the order of roots > stems > leaves, which were generally higher than the range in soil samples (6.07-63.91 ng/g). The dominant compounds in cabbage were PFBA and PFDA in field and hydroponic samples, respectively. The hydroponic experimental results revealed that the sum concentration of 10 PFASs (designated as Σ10PFASs) was the highest in roots, and PFDA was the dominant compound in different cabbage fractions. Bioconcentration factors of short-chain PFBA, PFPeA, and PFBS in hydroponics followed the trend of leaves > stems > roots, indicating that they were readily transported from roots to stems, and then to leaves, with the majority stored in leaves at abundance levels of 53 %, 71 %, and 60 %, respectively. Additionally, the much higher concentration factor for 6:2 FTS in leaves suggested a higher potential health risk than PFOS in terms of dietary consumption of cabbage leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilu Che
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Sichuan Tianshengyuan Environmental Services Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Eco-Environmental Research, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Mukhtiar Ali
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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13
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Yang Z, Shojaei M, Guelfo JL. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in grocery store foods: method optimization, occurrence, and exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:2015-2030. [PMID: 37796493 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00268c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is poorly understood. Evaluating PFAS in food is complicated by the need to evaluate varied matrices and a lack of a standard, matrix-specific sample extraction methods. Prior food studies implemented universal rather than matrix-specific extraction approaches, which may yield false negatives and an underestimation of PFAS dietary exposure if methods are not suitable to all matrices. Here the objectives were to screen and optimize PFAS extraction methods for plants, tissues, and dairy; apply optimized extraction methods to a grocery store food survey; and compare estimated exposure to published reference doses (RfDs). Optimized, matrix-specific extractions generally yielded internal standard recoveries of 50-150% and matrix spike recoveries of 70-130%. The frequency of PFAS detection in grocery store foods (16 of 22 products) was higher than in previous work. PFAS were detected at concentrations of 10 ng kgdw-1 (perfluorobutane sulfonate; washed green beans and perfluorohexanoic acid; unwashed tomato) to 2680 ng kgdw-1 (perfluorohexane sulfonate; radish). Concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in carrots, lettuce, radish, and canned green beans yielded median exposure intake (EI) values of 0.016-0.240 ng per kgbw-day, which exceeded the EPA RfD (0.0015 ng per kgbw-day). Washing reduced radish PFOA concentrations below detection, but EIs at the reporting limit still exceeded the RfD. The combination of improved data quality and greater frequency of PFAS detection vs. prior studies plus EI > RfD for some PFAS suggests a need for matrix-specific extractions and analysis of PFAS in additional grocery store foods from broader geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Marzieh Shojaei
- Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer L Guelfo
- Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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14
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Groffen T, Kuijper N, Oden S, Willems T, Bervoets L, Prinsen E. Growth Hormones in Broad Bean ( Vicia faba L.) and Radish ( Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus L.) Are Associated with Accumulated Concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl Substances. TOXICS 2023; 11:922. [PMID: 37999574 PMCID: PMC10674852 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we grew radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus L.) and broad beans (Vicia faba L.) in a greenhouse on soils spiked with a mixture of 15 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and investigated the association between accumulated ∑PFAS concentrations, growth, and hormone levels. Short-chained PFASs dominated aboveground tissues, whereas long-chained PFASs were most abundant in the plant roots. Our results showed that the presence or absence of exodermal Casparian strips, as well as the hydrophobicity and anion exchange capacities of PFASs, could explain the translocation of PFASs within plants. Significant associations found between accumulated PFAS concentrations and levels of gibberellins (GA1 and GA15), methionine, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) imply potential effects of PFASs on plant development and growth. This study provides the first evidence of associations between PFAS accumulation in plants and growth hormone levels, possibly leading to growth reduction of the apical dome and effects on the cell cycle in pericycle cells and methionine metabolism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimo Groffen
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (N.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Niels Kuijper
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (N.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Sevgi Oden
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRes), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.O.); (T.W.); (E.P.)
| | - Tim Willems
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRes), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.O.); (T.W.); (E.P.)
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (N.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Els Prinsen
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRes), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.O.); (T.W.); (E.P.)
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15
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Nassazzi W, Wu TC, Jass J, Lai FY, Ahrens L. Phytoextraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and the influence of supplements on the performance of short-rotation crops. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122038. [PMID: 37321315 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic compounds threatening water quality and food safety worldwide. Phytoremediation is a nature-based, cost-effective, and scalable solution with high potential for treating PFAS-contaminated sites. However, there is a large knowledge gap regarding choice of plant species and methods to enhance performance. This study assessed the PFAS phytoextraction potential of sunflower (Helianthus annuus), mustard (Brassica juncea), and industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) in a greenhouse experiment, using inorganic fertilizer and a microbial mixture as supplements. PFAS concentrations were measured using UPLC-MS/MS, and bioconcentration factors for different plant tissues and removal efficiency were determined. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) accumulation was 0.4-360 times higher than that of perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid (PFSA) homologues of similar perfluorocarbon chain length. Inorganic fertilizer significantly (p < 0.001) reduced PFAS concentration in all plant tissues, whereas the microbial mixture tested did not affect PFAS concentration. PFAS uptake ranged from 0.2 to 33% per crop cycle. Overall, the potential number of crop cycles required for removal of 90% of individual PFAS ranged from six (PFPeA) to 232 (PFOA) using sunflower, 15 (PFPeA) to 466 (PFOS) using mustard and nine (PFPeA) to 420 (PFOS) using Hemp. In this study, the percentage of PFAS removal by plants was determined, and an estimation of the time required for PFAS phytoextraction was determined for the first time. This information is important for practical phytoremediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Nassazzi
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Tien-Chi Wu
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jana Jass
- The Life Science Center - Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Broadbent E, Gravesen C, Choi YJ, Lee L, Wilson PC, Judy JD. Effects of drinking water treatment residual amendments to biosolids on plant uptake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2023:10.1002/jeq2.20511. [PMID: 37682019 PMCID: PMC10920399 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water treatment residuals (DWTRs), solid by-products of drinking water treatment, are dominated by calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), or aluminum (Al), depending on the coagulant used. DWTRs are often landfilled, but current research is exploring options for beneficial reuse. Previous studies have shown that Al- and Fe-rich materials have potential to reduce the mobility of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Here, we investigated how amending biosolids with 5% wt/wt DWTRs affected plant bioavailable PFAS in two different simulated scenarios: (1) agricultural scenario with Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) grown in soil amended with an agronomically relevant rate of DWTR-amended biosolids (0.9% w/w, resulting in 0.045% w/w DWTR in the biosolids-amended soil) and (2) mine reclamation scenario examining PFAS uptake by Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) grown in soil that received DWTR-amended biosolids amendment at a rate consistent with the mine remediation (13% w/w, resulting in 0.65% w/w DWTR in the biosolids-amended soil). Amending biosolids with Ca-DWTR significantly reduced perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) uptake in ryegrass and perfluorohexanoic acid uptake in tomatoes, possibly due to DWTR-induced pH elevation, while Fe-DWTR amendment reduced PFBA bioaccumulation in ryegrass. The Al-DWTR did not induce a significant reduction in accumulated PFAS compared to controls. Although the reasons for this finding are unclear, the relatively low PFAS concentrations in the biosolids and relatively high Al content in the biosolids and soil may be partially responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Broadbent
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Caleb Gravesen
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Youn Jeong Choi
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Linda Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Ecological Sciences & Engineering Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Patrick C. Wilson
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Judy
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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17
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Karamat A, Tehrani R, Foster GD, Van Aken B. Plant responses to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a molecular perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2023; 26:219-227. [PMID: 37462666 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2232874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) constitute a large class of toxic manmade compounds that have been used in many industrial and household products. Dispersion of PFAS in the environment has raised concerns because of their persistence and toxicity for living organisms. Both terrestrial and aquatic plants have been shown to take up PFAS from contaminated soil and groundwater, and to accumulate these compounds inside their tissues. Although PFAS generally exert a low toxicity on plants at environmentally relevant concentrations, they frequently impact biomass growth and photosynthetic activity at higher levels. Uptake, translocation, and toxicity of PFAS in plants have been well covered in literature. Although less attention has been given to the molecular mechanisms underlying the plant response to PFAS, recent studies based on -omics approaches indicate that PFAS affects the plant metabolism even a low concentration. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the effects of PFAS on plants at the molecular level. Results from recent transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics studies show that low levels of PFAS induce oxidative stress and affect multiple plant functions and processes, including photosynthesis and energy metabolism. These potentially harmful effects trigger activation of defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Karamat
- Environmental Science & Policies, George Mason University, Fairfax, United States
| | - Rouzbeh Tehrani
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Gregory D Foster
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, United States
| | - Benoit Van Aken
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, United States
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18
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He Q, Yan Z, Qian S, Xiong T, Grieger KD, Wang X, Liu C, Zhi Y. Phytoextraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by weeds: Effect of PFAS physicochemical properties and plant physiological traits. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131492. [PMID: 37121031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytoextraction is a promising technology that uses plants to remediate contaminated soil. However, its feasibility for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and the impact of PFAS properties and plant traits on phytoextraction efficacy remains unknown. In this study, we conducted greenhouse experiment and evaluated the potential of weeds for phytoextraction of PFAS from soil and assessed the effects of PFAS properties and plant traits on PFAS uptake via systematic correlation analyses and electron probe microanalyzer with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FE-EPMA-EDS) imaging. The results showed that 1) phytoextraction can remove 0.04%- 41.4%wt of PFAS from soil, with extracted PFAS primarily stored in plant shoots; 2) Weeds preferentially extracted short-chain PFAS over long-chain homologues from soil. 3) PFAS molecular size and hydrophilicity determined plant uptake behavior, while plant morphological traits, particularly root protein and lipid content, influenced PFAS accumulation and translocation. Although plants with thin roots and small leaf areas exhibited greater PFAS uptake and storage ability, the impact of PFAS physicochemical properties was more significant. 4) Finally, short-chain PFAS were transported quickly upwards in the plant, while uptake of long-chain PFOS was restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Zheng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shenhua Qian
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Tiantian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Khara D Grieger
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; North Carolina Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Caihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yue Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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19
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Scearce AE, Goossen CP, Schattman RE, Mallory EB, MaCrae JD. Linking drivers of plant per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) uptake to agricultural land management decisions. Biointerphases 2023; 18:040801. [PMID: 37410498 DOI: 10.1116/6.0002772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Widespread contamination of the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) in agricultural areas is largely attributed to the application of sewage sludge in which the PFAS can be concentrated. This creates a pathway for these contaminants to enter the food chain and, by extension, causes human health and economic concerns. One barrier to managing land with PFAS contamination is the variation in reported plant uptake levels across studies. A review of the literature suggests that the variation in plant uptake is influenced by a host of factors including the composition of PFAS chemicals, soil conditions, and plant physiology. Factors include (1) the chemical components of the PFAS such as the end group and chain length; (2) drivers of soil sorption such as the presence of soil organic matter (SOM), multivalent cation concentration, pH, soil type, and micropore volume; and (3) crop physiological features such as fine root area, percentage of mature roots, and leaf blade area. The wide range of driving factors highlights a need for research to elucidate these mechanisms through additional experiments as well as collect more data to support refined models capable of predicting PFAS uptake in a range of cropping systems. A conceptual framework presented here links drivers of plant PFAS uptake found in the literature to phytomanagement approaches such as modified agriculture or phytoremediation to provide decision support to land managers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Scearce
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469
| | - Caleb P Goossen
- Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association, Unity, Maine 04988
| | | | - Ellen B Mallory
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469
- University of Maine Cooperative Extension, Orono, Maine 04469
| | - Jean D MaCrae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469
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20
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Davis MJB, Evich MG, Goodrow SM, Washington JW. Environmental Fate of Cl-PFPECAs: Accumulation of Novel and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Compounds in Real-World Vegetation and Subsoils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:8994-9004. [PMID: 37290100 PMCID: PMC10366621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are globally distributed and potentially toxic compounds. We report accumulation of chloroperfluoropolyethercarboxylates (Cl-PFPECAs) and perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) in vegetation and subsoils in New Jersey. Lower molecular weight Cl-PFPECAs, containing 7-10 fluorinated carbons, and PFCAs containing 3-6 fluorinated carbons were enriched in vegetation relative to surface soils. Subsoils were dominated by lower molecular weight Cl-PFPECAs, a divergence from surface soils. Contrastingly, PFCA homologue profiles in subsoils were similar to surface soils, likely reflecting temporal-use patterns. Accumulation factors (AFs) for vegetation and subsoils decreased with increasing CF2, 6-13 for vegetation and 8-13 in subsoils. In vegetation, for PFCAs having CF2 = 3-6, AFs diminished with increasing CF2 as a more sensitive function than for longer chains. Considering that PFAS manufacturing has transitioned from long-chain chemistry to short-chain, this elevated vegetative accumulation of short-chain PFAS suggests the potential for unanticipated PFAS exposure levels globally in human and/or wildlife populations. This inverse relationship between AFs and CF2-count in terrestrial vegetation is opposite the positive relationship reported in aquatic vegetation suggesting aquatic food webs may be preferentially enriched in long-chain PFAS. AFs normalized to soil-water concentrations increased with chain length for CF2 = 6-13 in vegetation but remained inversely related to chain length for CF2 = 3-6, reflecting a fundamental change in vegetation affinity for short chains compared to long.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J B Davis
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Marina G Evich
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Sandra M Goodrow
- Division of Science & Research, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, New Jersey 08625, United States
| | - John W Washington
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
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21
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Lv L, Liu B, Zhang B, Yu Y, Gao L, Ding L. A systematic review on distribution, sources and sorption of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in soil and their plant uptake. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116156. [PMID: 37196690 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are ubiquitous in environment, which have attracted increasing concerns in recent years. This study collected the data on PFAAs concentrations in 1042 soil samples from 15 countries and comprehensively reviewed the spatial distribution, sources, sorption mechanisms of PFAAs in soil and their plant uptake. PFAAs are widely detected in soils from many countries worldwide and their distribution is related to the emission of the fluorine-containing organic industry. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are found to be the predominant PFAAs in soil. Industrial emission is the main source of PFAAs contributing 49.9% of the total concentrations of PFAAs (Ʃ PFAAs) in soil, followed by activated sludge treated by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (19.9%) and irrigation of effluents from WWTPs, usage of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFFs) and leaching of leachate from landfill (30.2%). The adsorption of PFAAs by soil is mainly influenced by soil pH, ionic strength, soil organic matter and minerals. The concentrations of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in soil are negatively correlated with the length of carbon chain, log Kow, and log Koc. The carbon chain lengths of PFAAs are negatively correlated with the root-soil concentration factors (RCFs) and shoot-soil concentration factors (SCFs). The uptake of PFAAs by plant is influenced by physicochemical properties of PFAAs, plant physiology and soil environment. Further studies should be conducted to make up the inadequacy of existing knowledge on the behavior and fate of PFAAs in soil-plant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyang Lv
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China.
| | - Bimi Zhang
- Food and Drug Engineering Institute, Jilin Province Economic Management Cadre College, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Lei Gao
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Lingjie Ding
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
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Groffen T, Oden S, Claeijs N, Willems T, Schoenaers S, Vissenberg K, Bervoets L, Eens M, Prinsen E. Accumulation and effects of perfluoroalkyl substances in Arabidopsis thaliana in a temperature-dependent manner: an in vitro study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:68732-68742. [PMID: 37131002 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of long-chained per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with their short-chained homologues may have an impact on the accumulation in plants. The extent to which PFAS are absorbed by plants may differ among species and may depend on environmental factors, including temperature. The effect of an increased temperature on root uptake and translocation of PFAS in plants has been poorly studied. In addition, very few studies have examined toxicity of environmentally realistic PFAS concentrations to plants. Here, we investigated the bioaccumulation and tissue-distribution of fifteen PFAS in Arabidopsis thaliana L. grown in vitro at two different temperatures. Additionally, we examined the combined effects of temperature and PFAS accumulation on plant growth. Short-chained PFAS mainly accumulated in the leaves. The perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) concentrations in roots and leaves, and the relative contribution of PFCAs to the ΣPFAS concentrations increased with carbon chain length regardless of temperature, with the exception of perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA). An increased uptake of PFAS in leaves and roots at higher temperatures was observed for PFAS containing either eight or nine carbon atoms and could hence potentially result in higher risks for human intake. Leaf:root ratios of PFCAs followed a U-shaped pattern with carbon chain length, which is attributed to both hydrophobicity and anion exchange. Overall, no combined effects of realistic PFAS concentrations and temperature on the growth of A. thaliana were observed. PFAS exposure positively affected early root growth rates and root hair lengths, indicating a potential effect on factors involved in root hair morphogenesis. However, this effect on root growth rate became negligible later on in the exposure, and solely a temperature effect was observed after 6 days. Temperature also affected the leaf surface area. The underlying mechanisms on how PFAS stimulates root hair growth require further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimo Groffen
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Sevgi Oden
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Naomi Claeijs
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Willems
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sébastjen Schoenaers
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- Plant Biochemistry & Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Stavromenos PC 71410, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Els Prinsen
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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Qian S, Lu H, Xiong T, Zhi Y, Munoz G, Zhang C, Li Z, Liu C, Li W, Wang X, He Q. Bioaccumulation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Ferns: Effect of PFAS Molecular Structure and Plant Root Characteristics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4443-4453. [PMID: 36848373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study assessed the bioaccumulation potential of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in ferns and linked root uptake behaviors to root characteristics and PFAS molecular structure. Tissue and subcellular-level behavioral differences between alternative and legacy PFAS were compared via an electron probe microanalyzer with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EPMA-EDS) and differential centrifugation. Our results show that ferns can accumulate PFAS from water, immobilize them in roots, and store them in harvestable tissue. The PFAS loading in roots was dominated by PFOS; however, a substantial amount of associated PFOS could be rinsed off by methanol. Correlation analyses indicated that root length, surface and project area, surface area per unit length of the root system, and molecular size and hydrophobicity of PFAS were the most significant factors affecting the magnitude of root uptake and upward translocation. EPMA-EDS images together with exposure experiments suggested that long-chain hydrophobic compounds tend to be adsorbed and retained on the root epidermis, while short-chain compounds are absorbed and quickly translocated upward. Our findings demonstrated the feasibility of using ferns in phytostabilization and phytoextraction initiatives of PFAS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenhua Qian
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hongying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Tiantian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yue Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Chuhui Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Zhengwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Caihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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24
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Yamazaki E, Eun H, Taniyasu S, Sakamoto T, Hanari N, Inui H, Wu R, Lin H, Lam PKS, Falandysz J, Yamashita N. Residue Distribution and Daily Exposure of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Indica and Japonica Rice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4208-4218. [PMID: 36848881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have excellent chemical stability but have adverse environmental impacts of concern. Furthermore, bioaccumulation of PFAS in rice varieties─which is the essential staple food crop in Asia─has not been verified. Therefore, we cultivated Indica (Kasalath) and Japonica rice (Koshihikari) in the same Andosol (volcanic ash soil) paddy field and analyzed the air, rainwater, irrigated water, soil, and rice plants for 32 PFAS residues, throughout the cultivation to human consumption. During the rice cultivation period, the cultivation environment in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) constituted perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), with minimal perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs). Furthermore, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) migrates at a PM > 10 to drop in a cultivation field and was conducive to leakage and accumulation of PFCAs in air particles in the field environment. Moreover, precipitation was a sources of irrigation water contamination, and cultivated soil with a high carbon content could capture PFSAs and PFCAs (over C10). There were no major differences in residual PFAS trends in the rice varieties, but the distribution of PFAS in the growing soil, air, and rainwater differed. The edible white rice part was mainly affected by irrigation water in both varieties. Monte Carlo simulations of daily exposure assessments of PFOS, PFOA, and perfluorononanic acid showed similar results for Indians consuming Indica rice and Japanese consuming Japonica rice. The results indicate that the ultratrace PFAS residue concentrations and their daily exposure were not cultivar-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Yamazaki
- Research Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NMIJ/AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
| | - Heesoo Eun
- Research Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Sachi Taniyasu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sakamoto
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Hanari
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NMIJ/AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Inui
- Response to Environmental Materials, Division of Signal Responses, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Rongben Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Huiju Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego Street, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Nobuyoshi Yamashita
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
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25
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Kavusi E, Shahi Khalaf Ansar B, Ebrahimi S, Sharma R, Ghoreishi SS, Nobaharan K, Abdoli S, Dehghanian Z, Asgari Lajayer B, Senapathi V, Price GW, Astatkie T. Critical review on phytoremediation of polyfluoroalkyl substances from environmental matrices: Need for global concern. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114844. [PMID: 36403653 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of emerging organic contaminants that are impervious to standard physicochemical treatments. The widespread use of PFAS poses serious environmental issues. PFAS pollution of soils and water has become a significant issue due to the harmful effects of these chemicals both on the environment and public health. Owing to their complex chemical structures and interaction with soil and water, PFAS are difficult to remove from the environment. Traditional soil remediation procedures have not been successful in reducing or removing them from the environment. Therefore, this review focuses on new phytoremediation techniques for PFAS contamination of soils and water. The bioaccumulation and dispersion of PFAS inside plant compartments has shown great potential for phytoremediation, which is a promising and unique technology that is realistic, cost-effective, and may be employed as a wide scale in situ remediation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Kavusi
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behnaz Shahi Khalaf Ansar
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira Ebrahimi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ritika Sharma
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Seyede Shideh Ghoreishi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sima Abdoli
- Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Dehghanian
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behnam Asgari Lajayer
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - G W Price
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
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26
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Maddela NR, Ramakrishnan B, Dueñas-Rivadeneira AA, Venkateswarlu K, Megharaj M. Chemicals/materials of emerging concern in farmlands: sources, crop uptake and potential human health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:2217-2236. [PMID: 36444949 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00322h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Certain chemicals/materials that are contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) have been widely detected in water bodies and terrestrial systems worldwide while other CECs occur at undetectable concentrations. The primary sources of CECs in farmlands are agricultural inputs, such as wastewater, biosolids, sewage sludge, and agricultural mulching films. The percent increase in cropland area during 1950-2016 was 30 and the rise in land use for food crops during 1960-2018 was 100-500%, implying that there could be a significant CEC burden in farmlands in the future. In fact, the alarming concentrations (μg kg-1) of certain CECs such as PBDEs, PAEs, and PFOS that occur in farmlands are 383, 35 400 and 483, respectively. Also, metal nanoparticles are reported even at the mg kg-1 level. Chronic root accumulation followed by translocation of CECs into plants results in their detectable concentrations in the final plant produce. Thus, there is a continuous flow of CECs from farmlands to agricultural produce, causing a serious threat to the terrestrial food chain. Consequently, CECs find their way to the human body directly through CEC-laden plant produce or indirectly via the meat of grazing animals. Thus, human health could be at the most critical risk since several CECs have been shown to cause cancers, disruption of endocrine and cognitive systems, maternal-foetal transfer, neurotoxicity, and genotoxicity. Overall, this comprehensive review provides updated information on contamination of chemicals/materials of concern in farmlands globally, sources for their entry, uptake by crop plants, and their likely impact on the terrestrial food chain and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Raju Maddela
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador
| | | | - Alex Alberto Dueñas-Rivadeneira
- Departamento de Procesos Agroindustriales, Facultad de Ciencias Zootécnicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Av. Urbina y Che Guevara, Portoviejo, Ecuador
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu 515003, India
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), and Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
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27
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Sun L, Zhang P, Liu F, Ju Q, Xu J. Molecular and genetic analyses revealed the phytotoxicity of perfluorobutane sulfonate. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107646. [PMID: 36410239 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) has oily and hydrophobic characteristics similar to those of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), which is an environmental organic pollutant and has gradually become the main substitute for PFOS in industry. Several studies have revealed the potential toxicity of PFBS in animals. PFBS can be taken up and accumulate in plants; however, whether and how PFBS affects plant growth remain largely unclear. A low concentration of PFBS did not affect plant growth, indicating that it had higher environmental safety than other perfluorinated compounds; however, a high concentration of PFBS (>1 mM) markedly inhibited primary root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Subsequently, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying plant growth mediated by high concentrations of PFBS. First, a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis revealed that PFBS altered the expression of genes associated with phytohormone signaling pathways. Combining physio-biochemical and genetic analyses, we next demonstrated that PFBS reduced the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA), and disrupted the two signaling pathways in plants, finally inhibiting root growth. Moreover, a high concentration of PFBS also inhibited photosynthesis by comprehensively repressing the expression of genes related to the Calvin cycle and the photosynthetic apparatus. Such an understanding is helpful for elucidating the phytotoxicity of PFBS and provides a new strategy for toxicology research on organic pollutants in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Sun
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Qiong Ju
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Jin Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China.
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28
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Wang W, Yuan S, Kwon JH. Insight into the uptake and translocation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in hydroponically grown lettuce. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:85454-85464. [PMID: 35799002 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in agricultural soils has raised concerns regarding the health risks associated with the consumption of PFAS-contaminated agricultural products. The present study investigated the uptake and translocation of nine PFASs in lettuce using a hydroponic setting. During the uptake experiments, long-chain PFASs (≥ C8) exhibited greater accumulations in lettuce roots, while short-chain PFASs (≤ C7) manifested preferential transport to the shoots. The average root concentration factors of PFASs were positively correlated with their log Kow values. A significantly negative relationship was found between the average translocation factors of PFASs and their molecular volume. Sorption of long-chain PFASs by lettuce roots was enhanced after heating the roots to increase the cell membrane permeability. The accumulation of perfluorododecanoic acid increased significantly in shoots of lettuce plants without roots as compared to whole lettuce plants. Results of the present study indicate that sorption to root surface tissues and efficiency in passing through the root Casparian strip are two important factors that affect the uptake and distribution of PFASs within plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Wang
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Shu Yuan
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, 080301, China
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
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29
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Nassazzi W, Lai FY, Ahrens L. A novel method for extraction, clean-up and analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in different plant matrices using LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1212:123514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Liu Y, Bahar MM, Samarasinghe SVAC, Qi F, Carles S, Richmond WR, Dong Z, Naidu R. Ecological risk assessment for perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) in soil using species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129667. [PMID: 36104899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) is one of the persistent organic pollutants that has been recommended to be listed in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention. It has gained increasing attention in recent years due to its toxic effects. The guideline values of PFHxS are commonly associated with PFOS in various countries and regulatory agencies. In this study, multispecies bioassays were conducted to determine the ecological toxic effects of PFHxS, including plants, soil invertebrates, and soil microorganisms, which indicated the EC10/NOEC values ranged from 2.9 to 250 mg/kg. Where possible, logistic models were used to calculate the EC30 values for various endpoints. The species sensitivity distributions were employed to estimate the ecological investigation levels for PFHxS contamination in soils using toxicity results from literature and this study. The calculation using EC10/NOEC values from both literature and this study indicated a most conservative HC5 as 1.0 mg/kg (hazardous concentration for 5 % of the species being impacted). However, utilisation of EC30 values derived from this study resulted in a much higher HC5 for PFHxS in contaminated soils (13.0 mg/kg) which is at the higher end of the existing guideline values for PFOS for protecting ecological systems. The results obtained in this study can be useful in risk assessment processes to minimize any uncertainty using combined values with PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Liu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Md Mezbaul Bahar
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - S V A Chamila Samarasinghe
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Fangjie Qi
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | | | - William R Richmond
- Department of Water and Environmental Regulation, Government of Western Australia, 8 Davidson Terrace, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijging 100191, China.
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Wu JY, Ding FG, Shen ZW, Hua ZL, Gu L. Linking microbiomes with per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in soil ecosystems: Microbial community assembly, stability, and trophic phylosymbiosis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135403. [PMID: 35750225 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbiomes are vital in promoting nutrient cycling and plant growth in soil ecosystems. However, microbiomes face adverse effects from multiple persistent pollutants, including per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). PFASs threaten the fertility and health of soil ecosystems, yet the response of microbial community stability and trophic transfer efficiencies to PFASs is still poorly understood. This study explored the spatial patterns of PFASs in topsoil environments from the West Taihu Lake Basin of China and links their presence to soil microbial community stability at compositional and functional levels. Our results revealed that PFBA (13.87%), PFTrDA (11.63%), PFDoA (11.02%), PFOA (10.99%), and PFOS (10.39%) contributed the most to the spatial occurrence of PFASs. Soil properties, including salinity (14.47%), uniformity (9.68%), dissolved inorganic carbon (8.62%), and clay content (8.18%), affected PFASs distribution the most. In soil microbiomes, eukaryotic taxa had wider niche breadths and stronger community stability than prokaryotes when exposed to PFASs (p < 0.05). The presence of PFBA and PFHpA inhibited the functional stability of archaeal and bacterial communities (p < 0.05). PFBA and PFPeA reduced the structural stability of heterotrophic bacteria and Myxobacteria, respectively (p < 0.05). Based on null modeling, PFPeA significantly regulated the assembly processes of most microbial sub-communities (p < 0.01). The trophic transferring efficiencies of autotrophic bacteria to metazoan organisms were directly stimulated by PFASs (p < 0.05), and the potential trophic transferring efficiencies of methanogenic archaea to protozoa were inhibited by PFASs (p < 0.05). This study highlighted the potential contributions of PFASs to soil microbial community stability and food webs during ecological soil management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu, 210098, China
| | - Fu-Ge Ding
- CCCC SDC Jiangsu Communications Construction Engineering Company, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Shen
- CCCC SDC Jiangsu Communications Construction Engineering Company, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Zu-Lin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu, 210098, China
| | - Li Gu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu, 210098, China.
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Qi Y, Cao H, Pan W, Wang C, Liang Y. The role of dissolved organic matter during Per- and Polyfluorinated Substance (PFAS) adsorption, degradation, and plant uptake: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129139. [PMID: 35605500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The negative effects of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on the environment and health have recently attracted much attention. This article reviews the influence of soil- and water-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the environmental fate of PFAS. In addition to being co-adsorped with PFAS to increase the adsorption capacity, DOM competes with PFAS for adsorption sites on the surface of the material, thereby reducing the removal rate of PFAS or increasing water solubility, which facilitates desorption of PFAS in the soil. It can quench some active species and inhibit the degradation of PFAS. In contrast, before DOM in water self-degrades, DOM has a greater promoting effect on the degradation of PFAS because DOM can complex with iron, iodine, among others, and act as an electron shuttle to enhance electron transfer. In soil aggregates, DOM can prevent microorganisms from being poisoned by direct exposure to PFAS. In addition, DOM increases the desorption of PFAS in plant root soil, affecting its bioavailability. In general, DOM plays a bidirectional role in adsorption, degradation, and plant uptake of PFAS, which depends on the types and functional groups of DOM. It is necessary to enhance the positive role of DOM in reducing the environmental risks posed by PFAS. In future, attention should be paid to the DOM-induced reduction of PFAS and development of a green and efficient continuous defluorination technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Qi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huimin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weijie Pan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Cuiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yanna Liang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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Ambaye TG, Vaccari M, Prasad S, Rtimi S. Recent progress and challenges on the removal of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from contaminated soil and water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:58405-58428. [PMID: 35754080 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, due to an increase in urbanization and industrialization around the world, a large volume of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) containing materials such as aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), protective coatings, landfill leachates, and wastewater are produced. Most of the polluted wastewaters are left untreated and discharged into the environment, which causes high environmental risks, a threat to human beings, and hampered socioeconomic growth. Developing sustainable alternatives for removing PFAS from contaminated soil and water has attracted more attention from policymakers and scientists worldwide under various conditions. This paper reviews the recent emerging technologies for the degradation or sorption of PFAS to treat contaminated soil and water. It highlights the mechanisms involved in removing these persistent contaminants at a molecular level. Recent advances in developing nanostructured and advanced reduction remediation materials, challenges, and perspectives in the future are also discussed. Among the variety of nanomaterials, modified nano-sized iron oxides are the best sorbents materials due to their specific surface area and photogenerated holes and appear extremely promising in the remediation of PFAS from contaminated soil and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teklit Gebregiorgis Ambaye
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mentore Vaccari
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Shiv Prasad
- Division of Environment Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Sami Rtimi
- Global Institute for Water, Environment and Health, CH-1201, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Yao Y, Lan Z, Zhu H, Xu J, Sun H. Foliar uptake overweighs root uptake for 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.): A closed exposure chamber study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154660. [PMID: 35307431 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) are a kind of volatile monomers that can be released from FTOH-based products and their ubiquitous occurrence raises concerns for their plant uptake. To study plant uptake pathway, translocation, and transformation characteristics of 8:2 FTOH, ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was selected as a model plant for 8:2 FTOH exposure via air and/or soil uptake for 4 weeks in custom-built closed exposure chambers. The bio-degradation of spiked 8:2 FTOH in the soil led to the production of C6-C8 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and other intermediates, and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the main product (54.9%-88.9%). In the ryegrass, foliar uptake of 8:2 FTOH contributed 78.1% ± 3.4% to the total shoot accumulation while PFOA in shoot was mainly from root uptake of PFOA and the further biotransformation of other unmonitored intermediates biodegraded from 8:2 FTOH in the soil (83.7% ± 7.3%). The results in this study provides the first laboratory evidences that foliar uptake of airborne 8:2 FTOH can be a major pathway over root uptake and its subsequent biotransformation contribute to the burden of PFCA accumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhonghui Lan
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiayao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Melo TM, Schauerte M, Bluhm A, Slaný M, Paller M, Bolan N, Bosch J, Fritzsche A, Rinklebe J. Ecotoxicological effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and of a new PFAS adsorbing organoclay to immobilize PFAS in soils on earthworms and plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 433:128771. [PMID: 35366444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel adsorptive organoclay (Intraplex A®) was developed for the in situ immobilization of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the vadose zone. We provide the first evaluation of the effects of Intraplex A® on earthworms and plants in a PFAS-contaminated soil. Ecotoxicological tests were carried out on control soil with and without Intraplex A® (C + I and C, respectively) and PFAS-contaminated soil with and without Intraplex A® (PFAS + I and PFAS, respectively). We investigated the acute ecotoxicological effects of PFAS and Intraplex A® on the growth, reproduction and survival of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and on plant growth (oat - Avena sativa and turnip - Brassica rapa L. silvestris). Earthworm lethality was 7.6 lower in PFAS + I than in PFAS soil. Earthworms avoided 100% C + I and PFAS + I soils, and reduced earthworms' reproduction was observed in both these soils. For both plant species, the PFAS + I soil yielded less fresh and dry shoot biomass than the PFAS soil, while root growth remained unaffected (all tests: p < 0.05). Soils with Intraplex A® had some negative effects on plants and earthworms, which must be balanced with its benefits as an in situ PFAS adsorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Medeiros Melo
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, Wuppertal 42285, Germany.
| | - Marina Schauerte
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, Wuppertal 42285, Germany.
| | - Annika Bluhm
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, Wuppertal 42285, Germany.
| | - Michal Slaný
- Institue of Inorgnanic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 36, Slovakia; Institute of Construction and Architecture, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 03, Slovakia.
| | - Michael Paller
- Aquatic Biology Consultants, Inc., 35 Bungalow Ct., Aiken, SC 29803, USA.
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The UWA Institute of Agriculture, M079, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Julian Bosch
- Intrapore GmbH, Katernberger Str. 107, Essen 45327, Germany.
| | | | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, Wuppertal 42285, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Guangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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36
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The Phytomanagement of PFAS-Contaminated Land. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116817. [PMID: 35682401 PMCID: PMC9180636 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Globally, several hundred thousand hectares of both agricultural and urban land have become contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). PFAS compounds are resistant to degradation and are mobile in soil compared to other common contaminants. Many compounds have KD values (matrix/solution concentration quotients) of <10. PFAS compounds endanger the health of humans and ecosystems by leaching into groundwater, exposure via dust, and, to a lesser extent, through plant uptake. This review aims to determine the feasibility of phytomanagement, the use of plants, and the use of soil conditioners to minimize environmental risk whilst also providing an economic return in the management of PFAS-contaminated land. For most sites, PFAS combinations render phytoextraction, the use of plants to remove PFAS from soil, inviable. In contrast, low Bioaccumulation Coefficients (BAC; plant and soil concentration quotients) timber species or native vegetation may be usefully employed for phytomanagement to limit human/food chain exposure to PFAS. Even with a low BAC, PFAS uptake by crop plants may still exceed food safety standards, and therefore, edible crop plants should be avoided. Despite this limitation, phytomanagement may be the only economically viable option to manage most of this land. Plant species and soil amendments should be chosen with the goal of reducing water flux through the soil, as well as increasing the hydrophobic components in soil that may bind the C-F-dominated tails of PFAS compounds. Soil conditioners such as biochar, with significant hydrophobic components, may mitigate the leaching of PFAS into receiving waters. Future work should focus on the interactions of PFAS with soil microbiota; secondary metabolites such as glomalin may immobilize PFAS in soil.
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Assessment of Bioactive Surfactant Levels in Selected Cereal Products. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12105242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are bioactive surfactants that are widespread in the environment and living organisms. This study presents measurements of PFAS in selected food of plant origin that are part of the healthy eating pyramid, including bread, rolls, flour, bran, buckwheat, millet, rice, and noodles. A simple and reliable analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of seven perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and three perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs) in cereal-based products. Out of the 10 PFASs, 5 PFASs were detected at levels above LOQ. The most frequently detected compound was perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which was quantified in 65.2% of samples, while none of the others were present in more than 40.0% of tested products. Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) was the predominant PFAS in cereal-based products, and its maximum measured concentration was 202.85 ng/g for wheat bran. The soil–root–shoot interactions in relation to PFAS transfer to the above-ground parts of plants and PFAS’s ability to interfere with proteins are most likely the sources of these compounds in commonly consumed cereal products. As PFBA contributes greatly to total PFAS concentration, this food group should be included in future dietary exposure assessments.
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Translocation, bioaccumulation, and distribution of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in plants. iScience 2022; 25:104061. [PMID: 35345465 PMCID: PMC8957016 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent in the environment and have been detected in a variety of plants such as vegetables, cereals, and fruits. Increasing evidence shows that plants are at a risk of being adversely affected by PFASs. This review concludes that PFASs are predominantly absorbed by roots from sources in the soil; besides, the review also discusses several factors such as soil properties and the species of PFASs and plants. In addition, following uptake by root, long-chain PFASs (C ≥ 7 for PFCA and C ≥ 6 for PFSA) were preferentially retained within the root, whereas the short-chain PFASs were distributed across tissues above the ground — according to the studies. The bioaccumulation potential of PFASs within various plant structures are further expressed by calculating bioaccumulation factor (BAF) across various plant species. The results show that PFASs have a wide range of BAF values within root tissue, followed by straw, and then grain. Furthermore, owing to its high water solubility than other PFASs, PFOA is the predominant compound accumulated in both the soil itself and within the plant tissues. Among different plant groups, the potential BAF values rank from highest to lowest as follows: leaf vegetables > root vegetables > flower vegetables > shoot vegetables. Several PFAS groups such as PFOA, PFBA, and PFOS, may have an increased public health risk based on the daily intake rate (ID). Finally, future research is suggested on the possible PFASs degradation occurring in plant tissues and the explanations at genetic-level for the metabolite changes that occur under PFASs stress. Long-chain PFASs are preferentially retained in the roots BAF values were ranked as root > straw > grain in one plant PFOA is the main compound in soil and within plant tissues PFOA, PFBA, and PFOS have a potential risk to humans through dietary exposure
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O’Rourke E, Hynes J, Losada S, Barber JL, Pereira MG, Kean EF, Hailer F, Chadwick EA. Anthropogenic Drivers of Variation in Concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Otters ( Lutra lutra) from England and Wales. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1675-1687. [PMID: 35014794 PMCID: PMC8812117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that have been linked to adverse health effects in wildlife and humans. Here, we report the presence of PFASs in Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) in England and Wales and their association with anthropogenic sources. The following 15 compounds were analyzed: 10 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), 4 perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs), and perfluorooctane sulfonamide, in livers of 50 otters which died between 2007 and 2009. PFASs were detected in all otters analyzed, with 12/15 compounds detected in ≥80% of otters. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) accounted for 75% of the ΣPFAS profile, with a maximum concentration of 6800 μg/kg wet weight (ww). Long-chain (≥C8) PFCAs accounted for 99.9% of the ΣPFCA profile, with perfluorodecanoic acid and perfluorononanoic acid having the highest maxima (369 μg/kg ww and 170 μg/kg ww, respectively). Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) concentrations were negatively associated with the distance from a factory that used PFOA in polytetrafluoroethylene manufacture. Most PFAS concentrations in otters were positively associated with load entering wastewater treatment works (WWTW) and with arable land, suggesting that WWTW effluent and sewage sludge-amended soils are significant pathways of PFASs into freshwaters. Our results reveal the widespread pollution of British freshwaters with PFASs and demonstrate the utility of otters as effective sentinels for spatial variation in PFAS concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily O’Rourke
- School
of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, U.K.
| | - Juliet Hynes
- School
of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, U.K.
| | - Sara Losada
- Centre
for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road,
Suffolk, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, U.K.
| | - Jonathan L. Barber
- Centre
for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road,
Suffolk, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, U.K.
| | - M. Glória Pereira
- U.K.
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue,
Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, U.K.
| | - Eleanor F. Kean
- School
of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, U.K.
| | - Frank Hailer
- School
of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, U.K.
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Tang KHD, Kristanti RA. Bioremediation of perfluorochemicals: current state and the way forward. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:1093-1109. [PMID: 35098376 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorochemicals are widely found in the environment due to their versatile uses and persistent nature. Perfluorochemicals have also been detected in human and animals due to direct or indirect exposures, giving rise to health concerns. This review aims to examine the bioremediation of perfluorochemicals with plants, bacteria and fungi, including their efficiency and limitations. It also aims to propose the future prospects of bioremediation of perfluorochemicals. This review retrieved peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2010 and 2021 from journal databases consisting of Web of Science, Scopus and ScienceDirect. This review shows that multiple Pseudomonas species could degrade perfluorochemicals particularly perfluoroalkyl acids under aerobic condition. Acidimicrobium sp. degraded perfluoroalkyl acids anaerobically in the presence of electron donors. A mixed Pseudomonas culture was more effective than pure cultures. Multiple plants were found to bioconcentrate perfluorochemicals and many demonstrated the ability to hyperaccumulate perfluoroalkyl acids, particularly Festuca rubra, Salix nigra and Betula nigra. Fungal species, particularly Pseudeurotium sp. and Geomyces sp., have the potential to degrade perfluorooctanoic acid or perfluorooctane sulphonic acid. Perfluorochemicals bioremediation could be advanced with identification of more candidate species for bioremediation, optimization of bioremediation conditions, mixed culturing, experiments with environmental media and studies on the biochemical pathways of biotransformation. This review provides comprehensive insight into the efficiency of different bacterial, plant and fungal species in perfluorochemicals bioremediation under different conditions, their limitations and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuok Ho Daniel Tang
- Environmental Science Program, Division of Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, 2000 Jintong Road, Tangjiawan, Zhuhai, 519087, GD, China.
| | - Risky Ayu Kristanti
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia
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PFAS Molecules: A Major Concern for the Human Health and the Environment. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10020044. [PMID: 35202231 PMCID: PMC8878656 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of over 4700 heterogeneous compounds with amphipathic properties and exceptional stability to chemical and thermal degradation. The unique properties of PFAS compounds has been exploited for almost 60 years and has largely contributed to their wide applicability over a vast range of industrial, professional and non-professional uses. However, increasing evidence indicate that these compounds represent also a serious concern for both wildlife and human health as a result of their ubiquitous distribution, their extreme persistence and their bioaccumulative potential. In light of the adverse effects that have been already documented in biota and human populations or that might occur in absence of prompt interventions, the competent authorities in matter of health and environment protection, the industries as well as scientists are cooperating to identify the most appropriate regulatory measures, substitution plans and remediation technologies to mitigate PFAS impacts. In this review, starting from PFAS chemistry, uses and environmental fate, we summarize the current knowledge on PFAS occurrence in different environmental media and their effects on living organisms, with a particular emphasis on humans. Also, we describe present and provisional legislative measures in the European Union framework strategy to regulate PFAS manufacture, import and use as well as some of the most promising treatment technologies designed to remediate PFAS contamination in different environmental compartments.
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42
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Arslan M, Gamal El-Din M. Removal of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) by wetlands: Prospects on plants, microbes and the interplay. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149570. [PMID: 34399352 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) represent a large family of synthetic organofluorine aliphatic compounds. They have been extensively produced since 1940s due to enormous applications as a surface-active agent, and water and oil repellent characteristics. PFASs are made to be non-biodegradable, therefore, many of them have been found in the environment albeit strict regulations have been in place since 2002. PFASs are extremely toxic compounds that can impart harm in both fauna and flora. Recent investigations have shown that wetlands might be useful for their removal from the environment as a passive and nature-based solution. To this end, understanding the role of plants, microbes, and their combined plant-microbe interplay is crucial because it could help design a sophisticated passive treatment wetland system. This review focuses on how these components (plants, microbe, substrate) can influence PFASs removal in wetlands under natural and controlled conditions. The information on underlying removal mechanisms is mostly retrieved from laboratory-based studies; however, pilot- and field-scale data are also presented to provide insights on their real-time performance. Briefly, a traditional wetland system works on the principles of phytouptake, bioaccumulation, and sorption, which are mainly due to the fact that PFASs are synthetic compounds that have very low reactivity in the environment. Nevertheless, recent investigations have also shown that Feammox process in wetlands can mineralize the PFASs; thus, opens new opportunities for PFASs degradation in terms of effective plant-microbe interplay in the wetlands. The choice of plants and bacterial species is however crucial, and the system efficiency relies on species-specific, sediment-specific and pollutant-specific principles. More research is encouraged to identify genetic elements and molecular mechanisms that can help us harness effective plant-microbe interplay in wetlands for the successful removal of PFASs from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arslan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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Zhang F, Wang Y, Wei Z, Zhang G, Wang J. Perfluorinated compounds in a river basin from QingHai-Tibet Plateau: Occurrence, sources and key factors. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:113043. [PMID: 34863078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in different environmental media in the QingHai-Tibet Plateau has been limitedly investigated. In this study, the water, sediments, soils and agricultural product samples were collected in the Huangshui River basin, and contents of the PFCs and values of water parameters were determined. This study investigated dominantly regulating factors of the distribution of PFCs in the water emphatically, explored the sources and assessed potential risks of the PFCs integrally. The results showed that perfluorohexanesulfonic acid, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorooctanoic acid presented high maximum concentrations of 3207.42, 3015.96, 1941.89 and 826.4 ng L-1 in the water, respectively. There were 12 PFCs detected in crops, with the maximum concentration of 5206.86 ng g-1 for PFBA. The significantly positive correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between the concentrations of PFBA in crops and that in adjacent rivers, indicating that the irrigation most likely contributed to the accumulation of PFBA in the studied crops. The occurrence of the PFCs in the water during the dry season was dominantly regulated by fluorescent dissolved organic matters via the hydrophobic interaction, while it was primarily regulated by the total nitrogen and electrical conductivity via electrostatic interaction during the wet season. The PFCs in the water were mainly from the wastewater discharged from wastewater treatment plants and carpet factories, while the resuspension of the PFCs in sediments was also an important contribution especially in wet season. The PFCs in the river has posed sustained risk to the public health, especially children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengsong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Zhongke-Ji'an Institute for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Ji'an 343000, China.
| | - Yonglu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuo Wei
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guixiang Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Mei W, Sun H, Song M, Jiang L, Li Y, Lu W, Ying GG, Luo C, Zhang G. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the soil-plant system: Sorption, root uptake, and translocation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106642. [PMID: 34004449 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous in the environment but pose potential risks to ecosystems and human health. The soil-plant system plays an important role in the bioaccumulation of PFASs. Because most PFASs in the natural environment are anionic and amphiphilic (both lipophilic and hydrophilic), their sorption and accumulation behaviors differ from those of neutral organic and common ionic compounds. In this review, we discuss processes affecting the availability of PFASs in soil after analyzing the potential mechanisms underlying the sorption and uptake of PFASs in the soil-plant system. We also summarize the current knowledge on root uptake and translocation of PFASs in plants. We found that the root concentration factor of PFASs for plants grown in soil was not significantly correlated with hydrophobicity, whereas the translocation factor was significantly and negatively correlated with PFAS hydrophobicity regardless of whether plants were grown hydroponically or in soil. Further research on the cationic, neutral, and zwitterionic forms of diverse PFASs is urgently needed to comprehensively understand the environmental fates of PFASs in the soil-plant system. Additional research directions are suggested, including the development of more accurate models and techniques to evaluate the bioavailability of PFASs, the effects of root exudates and rhizosphere microbiota on the bioavailability and plant uptake of PFASs, and the roles of different plant organelles, lipids, and proteins in the accumulation of PFASs by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Mei
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mengke Song
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Longfei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weisheng Lu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- The Environmental Research Institute, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chunling Luo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Pan Y, Wen B, Zhang H, Zhang S. Comparison of 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) accumulation and toxicity in mung bean. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117332. [PMID: 33993016 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the regulation of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) has been used as a potential PFOS alternative in electroplating. In this study, the uptake, translocation and phytotoxicity of PFOS and 6:2 Cl-PFESA in mung bean (Vigna radiata (Linn.) Wilczek.) were investigated. The uptake kinetics of PFOS and 6:2 Cl-PFESA fit the Michaelis-Menten equation well, suggesting that the uptake is a carrier-mediated process. The root concentration factor (RCF) of 6:2 Cl-PFESA (34.55 mL g-1 dw) was 1.27 times that of PFOS (27.11 mL g-1 dw), and the translocation factor (TF) of 6:2 Cl-PFESA (0.177) was 1.07 times that of PFOS (0.165). Exposure to 6:2 Cl-PFESA and PFOS both resulted in the inhibition of mung bean seedling development. Treatment with 6:2 Cl-PFESA and PFOS led to the concentration-dependent elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl groups, and phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) levels in mung bean roots. The MDA and carbonyl group contents induced by 6:2 Cl-PFESA were 1.10-1.35 and 1.03-1.14 times, respectively, those of PFOS. The hydroxyl free radical (·OH) levels in mung bean roots after exposure to PFOS and 6:2 Cl-PFESA were elevated significantly, and the ·OH levels induced by 6:2 Cl-PFESA were higher than those induced by PFOS. Hydroxyl free radical levels were positively correlated with the MDA and carbonyl group contents in mung bean roots (p < 0.05). The dynamic changes in some antioxidative enzyme activities in mung bean seedlings were determined, including peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). The results demonstrated the phytotoxicities of 6:2 Cl-PFESA and PFOS to mung bean in the early developmental stage. 6:2 Cl-PFESA is more harmful to mung beans than PFOS. The production of hydroxyl radical is the mechanism that causes the toxicity of PFOS and 6:2 Cl-PFESA toward plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Hongna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Rijnders J, Bervoets L, Prinsen E, Eens M, Beemster GTS, AbdElgawad H, Groffen T. Perfluoroalkylated acids (PFAAs) accumulate in field-exposed snails (Cepaea sp.) and affect their oxidative status. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148059. [PMID: 34102443 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are a group of synthetic persistent chemicals with distinctive properties, such as a high thermal and chemical stability, that make them suitable for a wide range of applications. They have been produced since the 1950s, resulting in a global contamination of the environment and wildlife. They are resistant to biodegradation and have the tendency to bio-accumulate in organisms and bio-magnify in the food chain. However, little is known about the bioaccumulation of PFAAs in terrestrial invertebrates, including how they affect the physiology and particularly oxidative status. Therefore, we studied the bioaccumulation of PFAAs in snails that were exposed for 3 and 6 weeks along a distance gradient radiating from a well-known fluorochemical hotspot (3M). In addition, we examined the potential effects of PFAAs on the oxidative status of these snails. Finally, we tested for relationships between the concentrations of PFAAs in snails with those in soil and nettles they were feeding on and the influence of soil physicochemical properties on these relationships. Our results showed higher concentrations of PFOA and/or PFOS in almost every matrix at the 3M site, but no concentration gradient along the distance gradient. The PFOS concentrations in snails were related to those in the nettles and soil, and were affected by multiple soil properties. For PFOA, we observed no relationships between soil and biota concentrations. Short-chained PFAAs were dominant in nettles, whereas in soil and snails long-chained PFAAs were dominant. We found a significant positive correlation between peroxidase, catalase and peroxiredoxins and PFAA concentrations, suggesting that snails, in terms of oxidative stress (OS) response, are possibly susceptible to PFAAs pollution. CAPSULE: We observed a positive correlation between the levels of PFAAs and the antioxidants peroxidase, catalase and peroxiredoxins in snails, exposed on nettles grown at contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jet Rijnders
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicologal Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicologal Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Els Prinsen
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group (BECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt.
| | - Thimo Groffen
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicologal Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group (BECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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47
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Bolan N, Sarkar B, Vithanage M, Singh G, Tsang DCW, Mukhopadhyay R, Ramadass K, Vinu A, Sun Y, Ramanayaka S, Hoang SA, Yan Y, Li Y, Rinklebe J, Li H, Kirkham MB. Distribution, behaviour, bioavailability and remediation of poly- and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in solid biowastes and biowaste-treated soil. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 155:106600. [PMID: 33964642 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous film-forming foam, used in firefighting, and biowastes, including biosolids, animal and poultry manures, and composts, provide a major source of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) input to soil. Large amounts of biowastes are added to soil as a source of nutrients and carbon. They also are added as soil amendments to improve soil health and crop productivity. Plant uptake of PFAS through soil application of biowastes is a pathway for animal and human exposure to PFAS. The complexity of PFAS mixtures, and their chemical and thermal stability, make remediation of PFAS in both solid and aqueous matrices challenging. Remediation of PFAS in biowastes, as well as soils treated with these biowastes, can be achieved through preventing and decreasing the concentration of PFAS in biowaste sources (i.e., prevention through source control), mobilization of PFAS in contaminated soil and subsequent removal through leaching (i.e., soil washing) and plant uptake (i.e., phytoremediation), sorption of PFAS, thereby decreasing their mobility and bioavailability (i.e., immobilization), and complete removal through thermal and chemical oxidation (i.e., destruction). In this review, the distribution, bioavailability, and remediation of PFAS in soil receiving solid biowastes, which include biosolids, composts, and manure, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanthi Bolan
- The Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia, The Cooperative Centre for High Performance Soils, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Gurwinder Singh
- The Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; The Cooperative Centre for High Performance Soils, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Raj Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - Kavitha Ramadass
- The Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; The Cooperative Centre for High Performance Soils, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- The Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; The Cooperative Centre for High Performance Soils, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sammani Ramanayaka
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom; Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Son A Hoang
- The Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia, The Cooperative Centre for High Performance Soils, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Yubo Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, Faculty of Architecture und Civil Engineering, Institute of Soil Engineering, Waste- and Water Science, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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48
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Stevenson ED, Kleinman MT, Bai X, Barlaz M, Abraczinskas M, Guidry V, Watson J, Chow J. Critical review on PFOA, kidney cancer, and testicular cancer. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:1265-1276. [PMID: 34609253 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2021.1975995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Stevenson
- Department of Meteorology and Measurement, Bay Area Air Quality Management District, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Kleinman
- Air Pollution Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xuelien Bai
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Morton Barlaz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, NC, USA
| | - Michael Abraczinskas
- North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Air Quality, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Virginia Guidry
- North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services Raleigh, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Division of Public Health, Epidemiology Section, NC, USA
| | | | - Judy Chow
- Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
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49
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Huang D, Xiao R, Du L, Zhang G, Yin L, Deng R, Wang G. Phytoremediation of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances: A review on aquatic plants, influencing factors, and phytotoxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126314. [PMID: 34329029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of emerging organic contaminants which are persistent to normal physicochemical treatments. The widespread use of PFASs has caused significant environmental issues. The bioaccumulation and distribution of PFASs within plant compartments have revealed great potentials for phytoremediation. In this review, the roles of aquatic plants in the process of PFASs remediation were highlighted. Moreover, there were different underlying mechanisms of PFASs uptake between terrestrial and aquatic plants. On the other hand, a wide range of influencing factors for bioaccumulation and translocation of PFASs within plant compartments are also presented and discussed. In response to exposure of PFASs, corresponding phytotoxic effects has affected the growth and metabolism of plants, which could provide beneficial guides of the phytotoxic tolerance for plant species selection in applications of phytoremediation. Finally, the discussion about whether phytoremediation is a viable option for PFASs removal and further research priorities are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlian Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.
| | - Ruihao Xiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Li Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Gaoxia Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - LingShi Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Rui Deng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Guangfu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
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50
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McDonough AM, Bird AW, Freeman LM, Luciani MA, Todd AK. Fate and budget of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in three common garden plants after experimental additions with contaminated river water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117115. [PMID: 33957512 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have become ubiquitous contaminants in the environment. Contamination of the terrestrial ecosystem can occur from the release of aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) used in firefighting operations. Following soil contamination with AFFF, studies report root uptake and translocation of PFAS to other plant organs, typically favouring the short chain moiety. This body of experimental work often focuses on edible organs and generally lacks entire PFAS budgets. Here, we calculate short chain (≤6 carbons) and long chain (≥6 or ≥ 7 carbons) PFAS concentrations and respective budgets for terrestrial multimedia mesocosms (plants, soil and lysimeter) of three common agricultural plants (tomato, lettuce and beet) following irrigation with low level PFAS (<1 μg L-1) contaminated river water (short chain: 167 ng L-1; long chain 526 ng L-1). Total net recoveries were strong, ranging between 91% and 118% of added PFAS across all media. While soil was the largest receptor of PFAS in general (∼70% and 115%), there was considerable mobility to various media, including vegetation (∼3% and 20%) and leachate (∼1%). Translocation of short chain PFAS to tomato flowers resulted with biomagnified concentrations (maximus >4000 ng g-1) and accounted for 1.4% of PFAS additions. While smaller tomato fruits had higher concentrations of short chain PFAS, larger fruit had more total PFAS mass. This work provides a detailed description of the fate of short and long chain PFAS when added to relatively uncontaminated terrestrial agricultural systems. We show low-level PFAS concentrations from real-world irrigation sources can affect various receptors across the multimedia landscape. This is most evident in tomato flowers and fruit where biomagnification and high total masses of short chain PFAS occurred which could have implications for pollinators and consumption, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M McDonough
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, 125 Resources Road, MP9 3V6, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Adam W Bird
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, 125 Resources Road, MP9 3V6, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsay M Freeman
- SLR Consulting, 300 Town Centre Blvd, L3R 5Z6, Markham, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael A Luciani
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, 125 Resources Road, MP9 3V6, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron K Todd
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, 125 Resources Road, MP9 3V6, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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