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Huang W, Focker M, van Dongen KCW, van der Fels-Klerx HJ. Factors influencing the fate of chemical food safety hazards in the terrestrial circular primary food production system-A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13324. [PMID: 38517020 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Food safety is recognized as a major hurdle in the transition toward circular food production systems due to the potential reintroduction and accumulation of chemical contaminants in these food systems. Effectively managing these hazardous contaminants in a risk-based manner requires quantitative insights into the factors influencing the presence and fate of contaminants in the entire circular food chain. A systematic literature review was performed to gain an up-to-date overview of the known factors and their influence on the transfer and accumulation of contaminants. This review focused on the terrestrial circular primary food production system, including the pathways between waste- or byproduct-based fertilizers, soil, crops, animal feed, and farmed animals. This review revealed an imbalance in research regarding the different pathways: studies on the soil-to-crop pathway were most abundant. The factors identified can be categorized as compound-related (intrinsic) factors, such as hydrophobicity, molecular weight, and chain length, and extrinsic factors, such as soil organic matter and carbon, pH, milk yield of cows, crop age, and biomass. Quantitative data on the influence of the identified factors were limited. Most studies quantified the influence of individual factors, whereas only a few studies quantified the combined effect of multiple factors. By providing a holistic insight into the influential factors and the quantification of their influence on the fate of contaminants, this review contributes to the improvement of food safety management for chemical hazards when transitioning to a circular food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Huang
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marlous Focker
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja C W van Dongen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H J van der Fels-Klerx
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Verma K, Manisha M, Shivali NU, Santrupt RM, Anirudha TP, Ramesh N, Chanakya HN, Parama VRR, Mohan Kumar MS, Rao L. Investigating the effects of irrigation with indirectly recharged groundwater using recycled water on soil and crops in semi-arid areas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122516. [PMID: 37690469 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of direct wastewater for irrigation poses many environmental problems such as soil quality deterioration due to the accumulation of salts, heavy metals, micro-pollutants, and health risks due to undesirable microorganisms. This hampers its agricultural reuse in arid and semi-arid regions. To address these concerns, the present study introduces a recent approach that involves using indirectly recharged groundwater (GW) with secondary treated municipal wastewater (STW) for irrigation through a Soil Aquifer Treatment-based system (SAT). This method aims to mitigate freshwater scarcity in semi-arid regions. The study assessed GW levels, physicochemical properties, and microbial diversity of GW, and soil in both impacted (receiving recycled water) and non-impacted (not receiving recycled water) areas, before recycling (2015-2018) and after recycling (2019-2022) period of the project. The results indicated a significant increase of 68-70% in GW levels of the studied boreholes in the impacted areas. Additionally, the quality of indirectly recharged GW in the impacted areas improved notably in terms of electrical conductivity (EC), hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), along with certain cations and anions (hard water to soft water). No significant difference was observed in soil properties and microbial diversity of the impacted areas, except for EC and SAR, which were reduced by 50% and 39%, respectively, after the project commenced. The study also monitored specific microbial species, including total coliforms, Escherichia coli (as indicator organisms), Shigella, and Klebsiella in some of the harvested crops (beetroot, tomato, and spinach). However, none of the analysed crops exhibited the presence of the studied microorganisms. Overall, the study concludes that indirectly recharged GW using STW is a better sustainable and safe irrigation alternative compared to direct wastewater use or extracted hard GW from deep aquifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Verma
- Center for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.
| | - Manjari Manisha
- Center for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - N U Shivali
- Center for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - R M Santrupt
- Center for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - T P Anirudha
- Center for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - N Ramesh
- Center for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - H N Chanakya
- Center for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - V R R Parama
- Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru, India
| | - M S Mohan Kumar
- Formerly @ Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India; Currently @ Gitam University, Bengaluru, India
| | - Lakshminarayana Rao
- Center for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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Song M, Su Y, Jiang L, Peng K, Li J, Liu S, Sun Y, Chen CE, Luo C. Assessing the bioavailability of antibiotics in soil with the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130935. [PMID: 36860072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique is an excellent method for investigating the dynamic processes of antibiotics in soils. However, whether it is applicable in antibiotic bioavailability assessment is yet to be disclosed. This study employed DGT to determine the antibiotic bioavailability in soil, and compared the results with plant uptake, soil solutions, and solvent extraction methods. DGT exhibited predictive capability for plant taking in antibiotics proved by the significant linear relationship between the DGT based concentration (CDGT) and antibiotic concentration in roots and shoots. Although the performance of soil solution was acceptable based on linear relationship analysis, its stability was weaker than DGT. The results based on plant uptake and DGT indicated the bioavailable antibiotic contents in different soils were inconsistent because of the distinct mobility and resupply of sulphonamides and trimethoprim in different soils, as represented by Kd and Rds, which were affected by soil properties. Plant species played an important role in antibiotic uptake and translocation. Antibiotic uptake by plants depends on antibiotic, plant and soil. These results confirmed the capability of DGT in determining antibiotic bioavailability for the first time. This work provided a simple and powerful tool for environmental risk evaluation of antibiotics in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Song
- Joint Institute of Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yicheng Su
- Joint Institute of Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Longfei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ke Peng
- Joint Institute of Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinling Li
- Environmental Research Institute/School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Sisi Liu
- Environmental Research Institute/School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chang-Er Chen
- Environmental Research Institute/School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Chunling Luo
- Joint Institute of Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Maddela NR, Ramakrishnan B, Dueñas-Rivadeneira AA, Venkateswarlu K, Megharaj M. Chemicals/materials of emerging concern in farmlands: sources, crop uptake and potential human health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:2217-2236. [PMID: 36444949 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00322h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Certain chemicals/materials that are contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) have been widely detected in water bodies and terrestrial systems worldwide while other CECs occur at undetectable concentrations. The primary sources of CECs in farmlands are agricultural inputs, such as wastewater, biosolids, sewage sludge, and agricultural mulching films. The percent increase in cropland area during 1950-2016 was 30 and the rise in land use for food crops during 1960-2018 was 100-500%, implying that there could be a significant CEC burden in farmlands in the future. In fact, the alarming concentrations (μg kg-1) of certain CECs such as PBDEs, PAEs, and PFOS that occur in farmlands are 383, 35 400 and 483, respectively. Also, metal nanoparticles are reported even at the mg kg-1 level. Chronic root accumulation followed by translocation of CECs into plants results in their detectable concentrations in the final plant produce. Thus, there is a continuous flow of CECs from farmlands to agricultural produce, causing a serious threat to the terrestrial food chain. Consequently, CECs find their way to the human body directly through CEC-laden plant produce or indirectly via the meat of grazing animals. Thus, human health could be at the most critical risk since several CECs have been shown to cause cancers, disruption of endocrine and cognitive systems, maternal-foetal transfer, neurotoxicity, and genotoxicity. Overall, this comprehensive review provides updated information on contamination of chemicals/materials of concern in farmlands globally, sources for their entry, uptake by crop plants, and their likely impact on the terrestrial food chain and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Raju Maddela
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador
| | | | - Alex Alberto Dueñas-Rivadeneira
- Departamento de Procesos Agroindustriales, Facultad de Ciencias Zootécnicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Av. Urbina y Che Guevara, Portoviejo, Ecuador
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu 515003, India
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), and Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
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Impact of Wastewater Spreading on Properties of Tunisian Soil under Arid Climate. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14063177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impacts of irrigating an olive field with olive mill wastewater (OMW) and treated wastewater (TWW) on soil properties were investigated. The effect of different irrigation treatments of OMW (50 m3 ha−1, 100 m3 ha−1, and 200 m3 ha−1) and TWW at different soil depths was studied. The obtained findings revealed that TWW application augmented soil pH; EC values; and P, K and Ca contents in all soil layers. However, Mg and Na concentrations, as well as organic matter content (OM), were proven to decrease with TWW irrigation throughout the experiment. Whereas soil adjusted with OMW showed a decrease in K, Ca, Mg and Na contents with soil depth, a significant increase was observed with the increase in applied OMW dose. On the other hand, total phenols and OM content increased significantly with the rise in OMW levels in all the investigated layers compared to the control sample.
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Chahar M, Kroupitski Y, Gollop R, Belausov E, Melotto M, Sela-Saldinger S. Determination of Salmonella enterica Leaf Internalization Varies Substantially According to the Method and Conditions Used to Assess Bacterial Localization. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:622068. [PMID: 34803936 PMCID: PMC8603913 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.622068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, comparing the internalization of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium in various leaves by confocal microscopy, we have demonstrated that the pathogen failed to internalize tomato leaves. Numerous reasons may account for these findings, yet one such factor might be the methodology employed to quantify leaf internalization. To this end, we have systematically studied leaf localization of a Green-fluorescent protein-labeled Salmonella strain in tomato, lettuce, and Arabidopsis leaves by surface sterilization and enumeration of the surviving bacteria, side by side, with confocal microscopy observations. Leaf sterilization was performed using either sodium hypochlorite, silver nitrate, or ethanol for 1 to 7min. The level of internalization varied according to the type of disinfectant used for surface sterilization and the treatment time. Treatment of tomato leaves with 70% ethanol for up to 7min suggested possible internalization of Salmonella, while confocal microscopy showed no internalization. In the case of in lettuce and Arabidopsis leaves, both the plate-count technique and confocal microscopy demonstrated considerable Salmonella internalization thought different sterilization conditions resulted in variations in the internalization levels. Our findings highlighted the dependency of the internalization results on the specific disinfection protocol used to determine bacterial localization. The results underscore the importance of confocal microscopy in validating a particular surface sterilization protocol whenever a new pair of bacterial strain and plant cultivar is studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhvi Chahar
- Department of Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon-LeZion, Israel
| | - Yulia Kroupitski
- Department of Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon-LeZion, Israel
| | - Rachel Gollop
- Department of Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon-LeZion, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Microscopy Unit, Plant Sciences, Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, The Volcani Center, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon-LeZion, Israel
| | - Maeli Melotto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Shlomo Sela-Saldinger
- Department of Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Rishon-LeZion, Israel
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7
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Risks associated with the consumption of irrigation water contaminated produce: on the role of quantitative microbial risk assessment. Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sunyer-Caldú A, Diaz-Cruz MS. Development of a QuEChERS-based method for the analysis of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in lettuces grown in field-scale agricultural plots irrigated with reclaimed water. Talanta 2021; 230:122302. [PMID: 33934770 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation is an increasingly common practice, which recently has found its own European regulatory frame. However, the partial removal of organic contaminants together with other xenobiotic substances in current wastewater treatment plants leads to the occurrence of residues of such pollutants in the treated effluents. Wastewater reclamation techniques are thus required to provide reclaimed water fitting the minimum quality standards set up for irrigation of crops intended for human consumption. This work describes the development and validation of a simple QuEChERS-based extraction and liquid chromatography quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of 55 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in lettuces irrigated with treated wastewater and reclaimed water. The method showed good recovery rates (80-120%) and low detection limits (0.04-0.8 ng/g dw). In comparison with previous analytical methodologies, this method was simpler, faster and, in most cases, more sensitive. Moreover, is the first one analysing selected personal care products in lettuces. The proposed method was applied to assess the potential transfer of contaminants of urban origin in the use of reclaimed water in agriculture. The case study consisted in the evaluation of the lettuce uptake of the selected contaminants at field scale under two irrigation systems, two soil compositions, and two water types. Benzophenone-2, 4-hydroxybenzophenone, 1H-benzotriazole, 2-(2-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-p-cresol, nalidixic acid, diclofenac, carbamazepine 10,11-epoxy, N-des-methylvenlafaxine, and salicylic acid were transferred to all samples. Highest detected values corresponded to 4-hydroxybenzophenone (84.1 ng/g dw), benzophenone-2 (54.4 ng/g dw), and salicylic acid (53.8 ng/g dw). The best combination to minimize the transfer of the target contaminants from the irrigation water to the lettuces was sprinkling irrigation with water reclaimed by soil infiltration through reactive barriers, and clayey soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Sunyer-Caldú
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA) Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA) Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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López-Gálvez F, Gómez PA, Artés F, Artés-Hernández F, Aguayo E. Interactions between Microbial Food Safety and Environmental Sustainability in the Fresh Produce Supply Chain. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071655. [PMID: 34359525 PMCID: PMC8307063 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the environmental sustainability of the food supply chain will help to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This environmental sustainability is related to different SDGs, but mainly to SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 12 (Responsible Production and Consumption), SDG 13 (Climate Action), and SDG 15 (Life on Land). The strategies and measures used to improve this aspect of the food supply chain must remain in balance with other sustainability aspects (economic and social). In this framework, the interactions and possible conflicts between food supply chain safety and sustainability need to be assessed. Although priority must be given to safety aspects, food safety policies should be calibrated in order to avoid unnecessary deleterious effects on the environment. In the present review, a number of potential tensions and/or disagreements between the microbial safety and environmental sustainability of the fresh produce supply chain are identified and discussed. The addressed issues are spread throughout the food supply chain, from primary production to the end-of-life of the products, and also include the handling and processing industry, retailers, and consumers. Interactions of fresh produce microbial safety with topics such as food waste, supply chain structure, climate change, and use of resources have been covered. Finally, approaches and strategies that will prove useful to solve or mitigate the potential contradictions between fresh produce safety and sustainability are described and discussed. Upon analyzing the interplay between microbial safety and the environmental sustainability of the fresh produce supply chain, it becomes clear that decisions that are taken to ensure fresh produce safety must consider the possible effects on environmental, economic, and social sustainability aspects. To manage these interactions, a global approach considering the interconnections between human activities, animals, and the environment will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco López-Gálvez
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica (ETSIA), Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain; (F.L.-G.); (F.A.); (F.A.-H.)
- Food Quality and Health Group, Institute of Plant Biotechnology (UPCT), Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Spain;
| | - Perla A. Gómez
- Food Quality and Health Group, Institute of Plant Biotechnology (UPCT), Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Spain;
| | - Francisco Artés
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica (ETSIA), Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain; (F.L.-G.); (F.A.); (F.A.-H.)
- Food Quality and Health Group, Institute of Plant Biotechnology (UPCT), Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Spain;
| | - Francisco Artés-Hernández
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica (ETSIA), Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain; (F.L.-G.); (F.A.); (F.A.-H.)
- Food Quality and Health Group, Institute of Plant Biotechnology (UPCT), Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Spain;
| | - Encarna Aguayo
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica (ETSIA), Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain; (F.L.-G.); (F.A.); (F.A.-H.)
- Food Quality and Health Group, Institute of Plant Biotechnology (UPCT), Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Rizzo L, Gernjak W, Krzeminski P, Malato S, McArdell CS, Perez JAS, Schaar H, Fatta-Kassinos D. Best available technologies and treatment trains to address current challenges in urban wastewater reuse for irrigation of crops in EU countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:136312. [PMID: 32050367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Conventional urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs) are poorly effective in the removal of most contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), including antibiotics, antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARB&ARGs). These contaminants result in some concern for the environment and human health, in particular if UWTPs effluents are reused for crop irrigation. Recently, stakeholders' interest further increased in Europe, because the European Commission is currently developing a regulation on water reuse. Likely, conventional UWTPs will require additional advanced treatment steps to meet water quality limits yet to be officially established for wastewater reuse. Even though it seems that CECs will not be included in the proposed regulation, the aim of this paper is to provide a technical contribution to this discussion as well as to support stakeholders by recommending possible advanced treatment options, in particular with regard to the removal of CECs and ARB&ARGs. Taking into account the current knowledge and the precautionary principle, any new or revised water-related Directive should address such contaminants. Hence, this review paper gathers the efforts of a group of international experts, members of the NEREUS COST Action ES1403, who for three years have been constructively discussing the efficiency of the best available technologies (BATs) for urban wastewater treatment to abate CECs and ARB&ARGs. In particular, ozonation, activated carbon adsorption, chemical disinfectants, UV radiation, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and membrane filtration are discussed with regard to their capability to effectively remove CECs and ARB&ARGs, as well as their advantages and drawbacks. Moreover, a comparison among the above-mentioned processes is performed for CECs relevant for crop uptake. Finally, possible treatment trains including the above-discussed BATs are discussed, issuing end-use specific recommendations which will be useful to UWTPs managers to select the most suitable options to be implemented at their own facilities to successfully address wastewater reuse challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Rizzo
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Wolfgang Gernjak
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pawel Krzeminski
- Section of Systems Engineering and Technology, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sixto Malato
- Plataforma Solar de Almería (CIEMAT), Carretera de Senés, km. 4, Tabernas, Almería 04200, Spain; Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Universitiy of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, ES04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Christa S McArdell
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jose Antonio Sanchez Perez
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Universitiy of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, ES04120 Almería, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, ES04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Heidemarie Schaar
- Technische Universität Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13/2261, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas, International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Liu X, Liang C, Liu X, Zhao F, Han C. Occurrence and human health risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in real agricultural systems with long-term reclaimed wastewater irrigation in Beijing, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110022. [PMID: 31865205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reclaimed wastewater (RW) is increasingly used to irrigate agricultural land and to alleviate agricultural water shortages worldwide. This usage has resulted in concerns about soil contamination by pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and the human health risks associated with dietary crop intake. In this study, we systematically analysed the occurrence and accumulation of 11 PPCPs and one active metabolite in soils and various crops (cucumber, eggplant, long bean and wheat) from realistic RW irrigation fields with different irrigation histories (20, 30 and 40 years) in Beijing and evaluated the human health risks associated with the consumption of these crops. The 11 PPCPs and one active metabolite were detected at concentrations ranging from 0.67 to 22.92 ng L-1 in RW, 0.029-28.13 μg kg-1 in irrigated soil, and <0.01-28.01 μg kg-1 in crops. The concentrations of N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole and triclosan were higher than those of other PPCPs, with respective concentrations of 14.39-31.44 ng L-1 and 15.93-26.23 ng L-1 in RW, 10.92-23.29 μg kg-1 and 20.22-28.13 μg kg-1 in irrigated soil and 17.92-28.01 μg kg-1 and 8.92-14.91 μg kg-1 in crops. However, the estimated threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) and hazard quotient (HQ) values revealed that the concentrations of N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole and triclosan in crops irrigated with RW should be considered a de minimis risk to human health. The concentrations of 11 PPCPs and one active metabolite in soils and crops and the calculated fruit bioconcentration factors (BCFs) did not display obvious increases associated with the duration of RW irrigation in real agricultural systems (P > 0.05). The concentrations of the studied PPCPs in the RW used for irrigation followed different patterns from the concentrations detected in the irrigated soils and crops. Although the concentrations of sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulfamethazine and trimethoprim in RW were higher than those of many other studied PPCPs, their respective values in the irrigated soils and crops did not display a similar tendency. The uptake and accumulation of PPCPs varied among the crop species (P < 0.05). Although PPCPs were detected in eggplant, long bean and wheat (BCFs: not applicable-1.67, 0.03-1.35 and 0.01-5.01, respectively), PPCPs accumulated at increased levels in cucumber (BCFs 0.03-18.98). The estimated TTC and HQ values showed that the consumption of crops irrigated long-term with RW presents a de minimis risk to human health. However, further studies with more PPCPs and additional crop species need to be conducted, the synergistic effects of chemical mixtures of multiple PPCPs and the toxic effects of PPCP metabolites should be elucidated to obtain more reliable information on the safety of wastewater reuse for irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjing Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, China; School of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Cunzhen Liang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, China.
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, China
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Abd El-Samad HM, Abd Nabi SH, Abd El-Hakeem KNS. Interactive Effect of Sewage Sludge Application with Phytohormones IAA or SA on Three Broad Bean Cultivars. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES 2020; 11:880-895. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2020.116064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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14
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Marti E, Osorio V, Llorca M, Paredes L, Gros M. Environmental risks of sewage sludge reuse in agriculture. WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE – LESSONS LEARNED IN TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apmp.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Narain-Ford DM, Bartholomeus RP, Dekker SC, van Wezel AP. Natural Purification Through Soils: Risks and Opportunities of Sewage Effluent Reuse in Sub-surface Irrigation. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 250:85-117. [PMID: 32939618 DOI: 10.1007/398_2020_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique M Narain-Ford
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruud P Bartholomeus
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan C Dekker
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Science, Faculty of Management, Science and Technology, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie P van Wezel
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Uptake and Effects of Pharmaceuticals in the Soil-Plant-Earthworm System. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2020_617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Zhi D, Yang D, Zheng Y, Yang Y, He Y, Luo L, Zhou Y. Current progress in the adsorption, transport and biodegradation of antibiotics in soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 251:109598. [PMID: 31563054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic residues in soil may cause potential risks to human health and soil ecosystems. To avoid these potential risks, comprehensive study of the adsorption, transport and biodegradation of antibiotics in soil is very imperative. This review provided current views about the most recent studies, which have been conducted toward the adsorption, transport and biodegradation of antibiotics in soil. The influencing factors affecting the adsorption behaviors of antibiotics in soil, including the antibiotics properties (e.g., molecular structure, hydrophobicity, polarity, polarizability, and spatial configuration) and the soil characteristics (e.g., soil type, soil pH, coexisting ions, and soil organic matter), were discussed. The effects of fertilizer colloids, porous media, and pH of soil on the transport behaviors of antibiotics were analyzed. The biodegradation of antibiotics in soil were also highlighted by investigating the effects of soil microbiome, soil pH, soil temperature, and interactions between antibiotics. Prospects of antibiotics adsorption, transport and biodegradation were also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhi
- International Joint Laboratory of Hunan Agricultural Typical Pollution Restoration and Water Resources Safety Utilization, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Danxing Yang
- International Joint Laboratory of Hunan Agricultural Typical Pollution Restoration and Water Resources Safety Utilization, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Yongxin Zheng
- International Joint Laboratory of Hunan Agricultural Typical Pollution Restoration and Water Resources Safety Utilization, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Yuan Yang
- International Joint Laboratory of Hunan Agricultural Typical Pollution Restoration and Water Resources Safety Utilization, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.
| | - Yangzhuo He
- International Joint Laboratory of Hunan Agricultural Typical Pollution Restoration and Water Resources Safety Utilization, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Lin Luo
- International Joint Laboratory of Hunan Agricultural Typical Pollution Restoration and Water Resources Safety Utilization, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- International Joint Laboratory of Hunan Agricultural Typical Pollution Restoration and Water Resources Safety Utilization, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.
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18
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Deng S, Yan X, Zhu Q, Liao C. The utilization of reclaimed water: Possible risks arising from waterborne contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113020. [PMID: 31421574 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Increasing interest of seeking substitutable water resources accrues from shortage of freshwater. One of the options considered is reclaimed water (also designated as recycled water) that has been widely used in daily life. Although reclaimed water can serve as a feasible reliever of water pressure, attention about its technologies and potential risks is growing in the meantime. Most established wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) predate many new contaminants, which means treatment processes cannot ensure to dislodge certain contaminants completely from origin water. Furthermore, a wide range of factors, such as seasons and influent variations, affect occurrence and concentration of reclaimed water-borne contaminants, making research about quality of reclaimed water especially significant. Many reclaimed water-borne contaminants, including biological and chemical contaminants, are toxic to human health, and complex wastewater matrix may aggravate water quality of concern. The widespread use of reclaimed water continues to be a concern on agriculture, ecological environment and human health. This study aims to: 1) provide a critical review about occurrence and profiles of diverse contaminants in the treated reclaimed water, 2) discuss the possibility to avoid the secondary pollution in reuse of reclaimed water, and 3) reveal the prospective consequences of using reclaimed water on agriculture, ecological environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenxi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China.
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Liu H, Huang X, Yu X, Pu C, Sun Y, Luo W. Dissipation and persistence of sulfonamides, quinolones and tetracyclines in anaerobically digested biosolids and compost during short-term storage under natural conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 684:58-66. [PMID: 31150876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the dissipation and persistence of three groups of residual antibiotics (sulfonamides, quinolones, and tetracyclines) in anaerobically digested (AD) biosolids and compost during 28 days of storage under environmental conditions. Results showed that the total dissipation of sulfonamides was above 70%, which was higher than that of quinolones and tetracyclines. Quinolones were more persistent in compost than in AD biosolids. Similar dissipation rates in AD biosolids and compost were observed for tetracyclines. Of the four commonly used models, the availability-adjusted first-order model (AAFO) was the optimal to fit the dissipation of antibiotics, which was mainly governed by their initial concentrations, matrix pH, and the presence of organic matter and microorganisms. The half-lives of sulfonamides, quinolones, and tetracyclines in AD biosolids were 6-51 days, 1-136 days, and 15-19 days; while those were 3-21 days, 3-74 days, and 7-27 days in compost, respectively. In particular, enrofloxacin and ofloxacin were the most persistent in AD biosolids and compost, respectively. Moreover, tetracyclines were more prone to cause pseudo-persistent pollution due to their much higher residuals in comparison to sulfonamides and quinolones. Thus, both AD biosolids and compost should be further treated before their farmland applications to control antibiotic introduction to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolu Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chengjun Pu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wenhai Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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20
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Pérez-Moreno M, Pérez-Lloret P, González-Soriano J, Santos-Álvarez I. Cannabis resin in the region of Madrid: Adulteration and contamination. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 298:34-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Christou A, Papadavid G, Dalias P, Fotopoulos V, Michael C, Bayona JM, Piña B, Fatta-Kassinos D. Ranking of crop plants according to their potential to uptake and accumulate contaminants of emerging concern. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 170:422-432. [PMID: 30623890 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) for irrigation and the use of biosolids and manures as soil amendment constitute significant pathways for the introduction of the contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) to the agricultural environment. Consequently, CECs are routinely detected in TWW-irrigated agricultural soils and runoff from such sites, in biosolids- and manure-amended soils, and in surface and groundwater systems and sediments receiving TWW. Crop plants grown in such contaminated agricultural environments have been found to uptake and accumulate CECs in their tissues, constituting possible vectors of introducing CECs into the food chain; an issue that is presently considered of high priority, thus needing intensive investigation. This review paper aims at highlighting the responsible mechanisms for the uptake of CECs by plants and the ability of each crop plant species to uptake and accumulate CECs in its edible tissues, thus providing tools for mitigating the introduction of these contaminants into the food chain. Both biotic (e.g. plants' genotype and physiological state, soil fauna) and abiotic factors (e.g. soil pore water chemistry, physico-chemical properties of CECs, environmental perturbations) have been proven to influence the ability of crop plants to uptake and accumulate CECs. According to authors' estimates, based on the thorough elaboration of knowledge produced by existing relevant studies, the ability of crop plants to uptake and accumulate CECs decrease in the order of leafy vegetables > root vegetables > cereals and fodder crops > fruit vegetables; though, the uptake of CECs by important crop plants, such as fruit trees, is not yet evaluated. Overall, further studies must be performed to estimate the potential of crop plants to uptake and accumulate CECs in their edible tissues, and to characterize the risk for human health represented by their presence in human and livestock food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasis Christou
- Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Natural Recourses, P.O. Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - George Papadavid
- Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Natural Recourses, P.O. Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Panagiotis Dalias
- Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Natural Recourses, P.O. Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Costas Michael
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Josep Maria Bayona
- IDAEA-CSIC, Environmental Chemistry Department, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Piña
- IDAEA-CSIC, Environmental Chemistry Department, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Mkhinini M, Boughattas I, Bousserhine N, Banni M. Biochemical and transcriptomic response of earthworms Eisenia andrei exposed to soils irrigated with treated wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:2851-2863. [PMID: 30499083 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to ensure better use of treated wastewater (TWW), we investigated the effect of three increasing doses of TWW, 10%, 50%, and 100%, on biochemical and transcriptomic statuses of earthworms Eisenia andrei exposed during 7 and 14 days. The effect of TWW on the oxidative status of E. andrei was observed, but this effect was widely dependent on the dilution degree of TWW. Results showed a significant decrease in the catalase (CAT) activity and an increase in the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, and considerable acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition was recorded after 14 days of exposure. Moreover, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation was found to be higher in exposed animals compared to control worms. The gene expression level revealed a significant upregulation of target genes (CAT and GST) during experimentation. These data provided new information about the reuse of TWW and its potential toxicity on soil organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marouane Mkhinini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott-Meriem, 4042, Chott-Meriem, Tunisia
| | - Iteb Boughattas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott-Meriem, 4042, Chott-Meriem, Tunisia.
| | - Noureddine Bousserhine
- Laboratory of Water Environment and Urban Systems, University Paris-Est Créteil, 94010, Créteil cedex, France
| | - Mohammed Banni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott-Meriem, 4042, Chott-Meriem, Tunisia
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Bougnom BP, Zongo C, McNally A, Ricci V, Etoa FX, Thiele-Bruhn S, Piddock LJV. Wastewater used for urban agriculture in West Africa as a reservoir for antibacterial resistance dissemination. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 168:14-24. [PMID: 30253312 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
State of art metagenomics were used to investigate the microbial population, antibiotic resistance genes and plasmids of medical interest in wastewater used for urban agriculture in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Wastewater samples were collected from three canals near agricultural fields in three neighbourhoods. Assessment of microbial population diversity revealed different microbial patterns among the different samples. Sequencing reads from the wastewaters revealed different functional specializations of microbial communities, with the predominance of carbohydrates and proteins metabolism functions. Eleven pathogen-specific and 56 orthologous virulence factor genes were detected in the wastewater samples. These virulence factors are usually found in human pathogens that cause gastroenteritis and/or diarrhoea. A wide range of antibiotic resistance genes was identified; 81 are transmissible by mobile genetic elements. These included seven different extended spectrum β-lactamase genes encoding synthesis of four enzyme families, including two metallo-β-lactamases (blaAIM-1 and blaGES-21). Ten different incompatibility groups of Enterobacteriaceae plasmid replicons (ColE, FIB, FIC, FII, P, Q, R, U, Y, and A/C), and 30 plasmid replicon types from Gram-positive bacteria. All are implicated in the wide distribution of antibiotic resistance genes. We conclude that wastewater used for urban agriculture in the city represents a high risk for spreading bacteria and antimicrobial resistance among humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise P Bougnom
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Cheikna Zongo
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University Ouaga I Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Alan McNally
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Vito Ricci
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - François X Etoa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Laura J V Piddock
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Madikizela LM, Ncube S, Chimuka L. Uptake of pharmaceuticals by plants grown under hydroponic conditions and natural occurring plant species: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:477-486. [PMID: 29709865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sizeable amount of research has been conducted on the possible uptake of pharmaceuticals by plants from contaminated soil and water used for irrigation of crops. In most cases, pharmaceuticals are taken by roots and translocated into various tissues by transpiration and diffusion. Due to the plant uptake, the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in food sources such as vegetables is a public concern. Few review papers focusing on the uptake of pharmaceuticals, in particular antibiotics, and their translocation in plant tissues have been published. In the current review paper, the work conducted on the uptake of pharmaceuticals belonging to different therapeutic groups such as antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, β-blockers and antiepileptics is reviewed. Such work includes the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in plants, translocation once taken by plants, toxicity studies as well as implications and future studies. Furthermore, the advantages and drawbacks associated with the detection and uptake of these pharmaceuticals by plants are discussed. In addition, the physico-chemical properties that could influence the plant uptake of pharmaceuticals are deliberated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Somandla Ncube
- Molecular Sciences Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, University of Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
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Zhang Y, Jewett C, Gilley J, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Snow DD, Hodges L, Li X. Microbial communities in the rhizosphere and the root of lettuce as affected by Salmonella-contaminated irrigation water. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:fiy135. [PMID: 30010741 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Reclaimed wastewater is increasingly used as a source of irrigation water in croplands. The enteric pathogens in reclaimed wastewater may accumulate in soil and plants and cause food safety concerns. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of irrigation water containing Salmonella on the microbial communities in the rhizosphere and in the root of lettuce. The effects were also examined with three variables (soil texture, lettuce cultivar and harvest time) in a factorial design. Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequences show that the microbial communities in the root were significantly different from those in the rhizosphere, although ∼80% of the microbes in the root originated from the rhizosphere. Salmonella in irrigation water significantly altered the structure of the microbial community in the rhizosphere, but not in the root. Salmonella internalized in lettuce root was observed when contaminated water was used for irrigation. Compared to lettuce cultivar and harvest time, soil texture played a more significant role in shaping the bacterial communities in the rhizosphere and in the root. Results from this study could advance understanding about the long-term impact of reclaimed wastewater as a source of irrigation water on the microbiota associated with leafy green vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Laurie Hodges
- Deptartment of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Civil Engineering
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Liu H, Whitehouse CA, Li B. Presence and Persistence of Salmonella in Water: The Impact on Microbial Quality of Water and Food Safety. Front Public Health 2018; 6:159. [PMID: 29900166 PMCID: PMC5989457 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella ranks high among the pathogens causing foodborne disease outbreaks. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Salmonella contributed to about 53.4% of all foodborne disease outbreaks from 2006 to 2017, and approximately 32.7% of these foodborne Salmonella outbreaks were associated with consumption of produce. Trace-back investigations have suggested that irrigation water may be a source of Salmonella contamination of produce and a vehicle for transmission. Presence and persistence of Salmonella have been reported in surface waters such as rivers, lakes, and ponds, while ground water in general offers better microbial quality for irrigation. To date, culture methods are still the gold standard for detection, isolation and identification of Salmonella in foods and water. In addition to culture, other methods for the detection of Salmonella in water include most probable number, immunoassay, and PCR. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued the Produce Safety Rule (PSR) in January 2013 based on the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), which calls for more efforts toward enhancing and improving approaches for the prevention of foodborne outbreaks. In the PSR, agricultural water is defined as water used for in a way that is intended to, or likely to, contact covered produce, such as spray, wash, or irrigation. In summary, Salmonella is frequently present in surface water, an important source of water for irrigation. An increasing evidence indicates irrigation water as a source (or a vehicle) for transmission of Salmonella. This pathogen can survive in aquatic environments by a number of mechanisms, including entry into the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state and/or residing within free-living protozoa. As such, assurance of microbial quality of irrigation water is critical to curtail the produce-related foodborne outbreaks and thus enhance the food safety. In this review, we will discuss the presence and persistence of Salmonella in water and the mechanisms Salmonella uses to persist in the aquatic environment, particularly irrigation water, to better understand the impact on the microbial quality of water and food safety due to the presence of Salmonella in the water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanli Liu
- Branch of Microbiology, Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Chris A. Whitehouse
- Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Baoguang Li
- Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
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Christou A, Agüera A, Bayona JM, Cytryn E, Fotopoulos V, Lambropoulou D, Manaia CM, Michael C, Revitt M, Schröder P, Fatta-Kassinos D. The potential implications of reclaimed wastewater reuse for irrigation on the agricultural environment: The knowns and unknowns of the fate of antibiotics and antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes - A review. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 123:448-467. [PMID: 28689129 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of reclaimed wastewater (RWW) for the irrigation of crops may result in the continuous exposure of the agricultural environment to antibiotics, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In recent years, certain evidence indicate that antibiotics and resistance genes may become disseminated in agricultural soils as a result of the amendment with manure and biosolids and irrigation with RWW. Antibiotic residues and other contaminants may undergo sorption/desorption and transformation processes (both biotic and abiotic), and have the potential to affect the soil microbiota. Antibiotics found in the soil pore water (bioavailable fraction) as a result of RWW irrigation may be taken up by crop plants, bioaccumulate within plant tissues and subsequently enter the food webs; potentially resulting in detrimental public health implications. It can be also hypothesized that ARGs can spread among soil and plant-associated bacteria, a fact that may have serious human health implications. The majority of studies dealing with these environmental and social challenges related with the use of RWW for irrigation were conducted under laboratory or using, somehow, controlled conditions. This critical review discusses the state of the art on the fate of antibiotics, ARB and ARGs in agricultural environment where RWW is applied for irrigation. The implications associated with the uptake of antibiotics by plants (uptake mechanisms) and the potential risks to public health are highlighted. Additionally, knowledge gaps as well as challenges and opportunities are addressed, with the aim of boosting future research towards an enhanced understanding of the fate and implications of these contaminants of emerging concern in the agricultural environment. These are key issues in a world where the increasing water scarcity and the continuous appeal of circular economy demand answers for a long-term safe use of RWW for irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasis Christou
- Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, P.O. Box 22016, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Ana Agüera
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Bayona
- IDAEA-CSIC, Environmental Chemistry Department, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eddie Cytryn
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Dimitra Lambropoulou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Célia M Manaia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401, Porto, Portugal
| | - Costas Michael
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mike Revitt
- Middlesex University, Department of Natural Sciences, NW4 4BT, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Schröder
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Environmental Genomics, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Christou A, Karaolia P, Hapeshi E, Michael C, Fatta-Kassinos D. Long-term wastewater irrigation of vegetables in real agricultural systems: Concentration of pharmaceuticals in soil, uptake and bioaccumulation in tomato fruits and human health risk assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 109:24-34. [PMID: 27865170 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater (WW) reuse for vegetable crops irrigation is regularly applied worldwide. Such a practice has been found to allow the uptake of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) by plants and their subsequent entrance to the food web, representing an important alternative pathway for the exposure of humans to PhACs, with potential health implications. Herein we report the impacts of the long-term (three consecutive years) WW irrigation of a tomato crop with two differently treated effluents under real agricultural conditions, on (1) the soil concentration of selected PhACs (i.e. diclofenac, DCF; sulfamethoxazole, SMX; trimethoprim, TMP), (2) the bioaccumulation of these PhACs in tomato fruits, and (3) the human risks associated with the consumption of WW-irrigated fruits. Results revealed that the concentration of the studied PhACs in both the soil and tomato fruits varied depending on the qualitative characteristics of the treated effluent applied and the duration of WW irrigation. The PhAC with the highest soil concentration throughout the studied period was SMX (0.98 μg kg-1), followed by TMP (0.62 μg kg-1) and DCF (0.35 μg kg-1). DCF was not found in tomato fruits harvested from WW-irrigated plants during the first year of the study. However, DCF displayed the highest fruit concentration (11.63 μg kg-1) throughout the study (as a result of prolonged WW irrigation), followed by SMX (5.26 μg kg-1) and TMP (3.40 μg kg-1). The calculated fruit bioconcentration factors (BCFF) were extremely high for DCF in the 2nd (108) and 3rd year (132) of the experimental period, with the respective values for SMX (0.5-5.4) and TMP (0.2-6.4) being significantly lower. The estimated threshold of toxicity concern (TTC) and hazard quotients (HQ) values revealed that the consumption of fruits harvested from tomato plants irrigated for long period with the WW applied for irrigation under field conditions in this study represent a de minimis risk to human health. However, more studies need to be performed in order to obtain more solid information on the safety of WW reuse for irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasis Christou
- Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Natural Recourses, P.O. Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Popi Karaolia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Evroula Hapeshi
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Costas Michael
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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