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Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Gomes SIL, Pokhrel S, Mädler L, Fasano M, Asinari P, Tämm K, Jänes J, Amorim MJB. Machine Learning Allowed Interpreting Toxicity of a Fe-Doped CuO NM Library Large Data Set─An Environmental In Vivo Case Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39087586 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The wide variation of nanomaterial (NM) characters (size, shape, and properties) and the related impacts on living organisms make it virtually impossible to assess their safety; the need for modeling has been urged for long. We here investigate the custom-designed 1-10% Fe-doped CuO NM library. Effects were assessed using the soil ecotoxicology model Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta) in the standard 21 days plus its extension (49 days). Results showed that 10%Fe-CuO was the most toxic (21 days reproduction EC50 = 650 mg NM/kg soil) and Fe3O4 NM was the least toxic (no effects up to 3200 mg NM/kg soil). All other NMs caused similar effects to E. crypticus (21 days reproduction EC50 ranging from 875 to 1923 mg NM/kg soil, with overlapping confidence intervals). Aiming to identify the key NM characteristics responsible for the toxicity, machine learning (ML) modeling was used to analyze the large data set [9 NMs, 68 descriptors, 6 concentrations, 2 exposure times (21 and 49 days), 2 endpoints (survival and reproduction)]. ML allowed us to separate experimental related parameters (e.g., zeta potential) from particle-specific descriptors (e.g., force vectors) for the best identification of important descriptors. We observed that concentration-dependent descriptors (environmental parameters, e.g., zeta potential) were the most important under standard test duration (21 day) but not for longer exposure (closer representation of real-world conditions). In the longer exposure (49 days), the particle-specific descriptors were more important than the concentration-dependent parameters. The longer-term exposure showed that the steepness of the concentration-response decreased with an increased Fe content in the NMs. Longer-term exposure should be a requirement in the hazard assessment of NMs in addition to the standard in OECD guidelines for chemicals. The progress toward ML analysis is desirable given its need for such large data sets and significant power to link NM descriptors to effects in animals. This is beyond the current univariate and concentration-response modeling analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana I L Gomes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Suman Pokhrel
- Department of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Materials Engineering IWT, Badgasteiner Str. 3, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Lutz Mädler
- Department of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Materials Engineering IWT, Badgasteiner Str. 3, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Matteo Fasano
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Pietro Asinari
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
- INRIM, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino 10135, Italy
| | - Kaido Tämm
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Jaak Jänes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Gomes SIL, Chidiamassamba SB, Trindade T, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Amorim MJB. Environmental hazards of WELGRO® Cu+Zn: A nano-enabled fertilizer. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122469. [PMID: 37648058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoagrochemicals have the potential to revolutionize agriculture towards a precision farming system, able to reduce application rates and consequently their environmental footprint, while keeping efficacy. Several nanoagrochemicals (including nanopesticides (Npes) and nanofertilizers (Nfer)) are already commercialized but the environmental risk assessment of these advanced materials is often lacking. In the present study, we studied the commercial fertilizer WELGRO® Cu + Zn and assessed its ecotoxicity to the soil invertebrate species Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta), further comparing it to its individual active substances CuO and ZnO. To get a comprehensive picture of possible effects, we used four types of highly relevant tests in LUFA 2.2 soil: 1) avoidance behaviour (2 days), 2) reproduction (OECD standard, 28 d), 3) its extension (56 d), and 4) the full life cycle (FLC) (46 d) - this high level of hazard screening allows for increased interpretation. The results confirmed the nano-features of WELGRO® and a higher toxicity than the mixture of the individual components CuO + ZnO. E. crypticus avoided the soil spiked with WELGRO® and CuO + ZnO, this being the most sensitive endpoint - avoidance behaviour. Both WELGRO® and the active substances were little to non-toxic based on the OECD standard test. However, the toxicity dramatically increased in the tests focussing on longer-term sustainability measures, i.e., 56 days, ca. 170 for WELGRO®. This seems related to the nano-features of WELGRO®, e.g., slow release of ions from the nanoparticles throughout time. The FLCt results showed WELGRO® affected hatching and juveniles' survival, being these the most sensitive life stages. Hence, under actual real world field usage scenarios, i.e., based on the recommended application rates, nanoenabled WELGRO® can affect oligochaete populations like enchytraeids, both via the immediate avoidance behaviour and also via prolonged exposure periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana I L Gomes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Tito Trindade
- Department of Chemistry & CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Ding J, Lv M, Wang Q, Zhu D, Chen QL, Li XQ, Yu CP, Xu X, Chen L, Zhu YG. Brand-Specific Toxicity of Tire Tread Particles Helps Identify the Determinants of Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11267-11278. [PMID: 37477285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of tire tread particles (TPs) has aroused increasing concerns over their impacts. However, how they affect the soil fauna remains poorly understood. Here, based on systematically assessing the toxicity of TPs on soil model speciesEnchytraeus crypticusat environmentally relevant concentrations through both soil and food exposure routes, we reported that TPs affected gut microbiota, intestinal histopathology, and metabolites of the worms both through particulate- and leachate-induced effects, while TP leachates exerted stronger effects. The dominant role of TP leachates in TP toxicity was further explained by the findings that worms did not ingest TPs with a particle size of over 150 μm and actively avoided consuming TP particles. Moreover, by comparing the effects of different brands of TPs as well as new and aged TPs, we demonstrated that it was mainly TP leachates that resulted in the ubiquity of the disturbance in the worm's gut microbiota among different brands of TPs. Notably, the large variations in leachate compositions among different brands of TPs provided us a unique opportunity to identify the determinants of TP toxicity. These results provide novel insights into the toxicity of TPs to soil fauna and a reference for toxicity reduction of tires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ding
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Min Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Qiaoning Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qing-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Li
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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Guimarães B, Römbke J, Amorim MJB. On the importance of longer-term exposure to stressors - A critical review and proposal for multigenerational testing in standard soil invertebrates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158680. [PMID: 36108845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Standard laboratory tests to describe the impact of stressors (most notably: chemicals) on organisms offer a good compromise between feasibility and outcome, i.e., they should be reproducible and provide robust results. However, these tests may underestimate the potential effects of prolonged exposures, particularly for persistent contaminants. Within the last years, we have observed an increase in studies aiming to target prolonged exposure, e.g., via an extended test duration or by multigenerational (MG) exposure. Seemingly, both reduced and increased impacts have been observed in these studies, but it is also clear that no unique test setup was used, and test designs vary widely among studies. To better describe long term effects, MG is a highly relevant aspect which deserves more consideration at various testing and assessment levels. Therefore, we conducted a literature review focusing on available studies performed with soil invertebrates, exposed to stressors for periods longer than in standard laboratory tests, i.e., full life cycle tests, as well as extensions to standard and MG tests. So far, it has been recommended that such studies should cover more than one generation, but this statement is probably too vague. In this contribution, we summarize and critically discuss the information provided in the literature, and we provide suggestions for future research. The currently available test results from long-term studies have produced clear evidence to recommend the implementation of long-term tests in existing regulatory testing requirements (e.g., for pesticides), in particular for persistent substances and also for delayed effects. Consequently, we recommend the inclusion of such longer exposure test designs (e.g., as annexes) in current OECD and ISO guidelines. However, when doing so, the long-term test designs proposed so far have to be critically adapted for a selected set of representative soil invertebrate test species.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Guimarães
- University of Aveiro, Department of Biology & CESAM, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J Römbke
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Boettgerstr. 2-14, D-65439 Flörsheim, Germany
| | - M J B Amorim
- University of Aveiro, Department of Biology & CESAM, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Trigui S, Hackenberger DK, Stjepanović N, Lončarić Ž, Kovačević M, Hackenberger BK, Kallel A. Mitigation of OMW toxicity toward Enchytraeus albidus with application of additives. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:83426-83436. [PMID: 35761138 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21668-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The olive oil industry generates considerable amounts of olive mill wastewater (OMW) which is treated and used in agriculture, energy production, or discharged into evaporating ponds where OMW contaminated soil (OMWS) is formed. Due to the extremely high phenol content, untreated OMWS is not suitable for plants and soil organisms. This study aimed to determine the adverse effects of OMWS on Enchytraeus albidus and whether the addition of clay and diatomaceous earth can reduce these effects. Without additives, reproduction was reduced up to 35%, with high number of unhatched cocoons, indicated hatching impairment. Furthermore, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity decreased significantly at the highest OMWS ratio (40%), as did glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity at two ratios (40%), indicating neurotoxic effects and oxidative stress. The application of additives (clay and diatomaceous earth) decreased phenol concentration up to 35 and 45%, respectively. Consequently, the number of juveniles increased significantly compared to the control and AChE and GST activities were not affected. However, an increased number of unhatched cocoons and lipid peroxidation were observed after diatomaceous earth treatment, indicating the occurrence of stress. Although additives can bind phenols, neutralize harmful effects and allow the use of OMWS as a fertilizer in agriculture, they should be carefully selected taking into account soil organisms as well. The use of additives to reduce the adverse effects of OMWS can be a turning point in the remediation of olive contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salsabil Trigui
- Laboratory of Water, Energy and Environment (Lab 3E), Sfax National School of Engineers, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Davorka K Hackenberger
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Stjepanović
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Željka Lončarić
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marija Kovačević
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | | | - Amjad Kallel
- Laboratory of Water, Energy and Environment (Lab 3E), Sfax National School of Engineers, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Fischer J, Talal GDA, Schnee LS, Otomo PV, Filser J. Clay Types Modulate the Toxicity of Low Concentrated Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Toward Springtails in Artificial Test Soils. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2454-2465. [PMID: 35856869 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) can be applied as an efficient alternative to conventional Cu in agriculture. Negative effects of CuO-NPs on soil organisms were found, but only in clay-rich loamy soils. It is hypothesized that clay-NP interactions are the origin of the observed toxic effects. In the present study, artificial Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development soils containing 30% of kaolin or montmorillonite as clay type were spiked with 1-32 mg Cu/kg of uncoated CuO-NPs or CuCl2 . We performed 28-day reproduction tests with springtails of the species Folsomia candida and recorded the survival, reproduction, dry weight, and Cu content of adults. In a second experiment, molting frequency and the Cu content of exuviae, as well as the biochemical endpoints metallothionein and catalase (CAT) in springtails, were investigated. In the reproduction assay, negative effects on all endpoints were observed, but only in soils containing montmorillonite and mostly for CuO-NPs. For the biochemical endpoints and Cu content of exuviae, effects were clearly distinct between Cu forms in montmorillonite soil, but a significant reduction compared to the control was only found for CAT activity. Therefore, the reduced CAT activity in CuO-NP-montmorillonite soil might be responsible for the observed toxicity, potentially resulting from reactive oxygen species formation overloading the antioxidant system. This process seems to be highly concentration-dependent, because all endpoints investigated in reproduction and biochemical assays of CuO-NP-montmorillonite treatments showed a nonlinear dose-response relationship and were constantly reduced by approximately 40% at a field-realistic concentration of 3 mg/kg, but not at 32 mg/kg. The results underline that clay-CuO-NP interactions are crucial for their toxic behavior, especially at low, field-realistic concentrations, which should be considered for risk assessment of CuO-NPs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2454-2465. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Fischer
- Department of General and Theoretical Ecology, University of Bremen, UFT, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ghanem D A Talal
- Department of General and Theoretical Ecology, University of Bremen, UFT, Bremen, Germany
| | - Laura S Schnee
- Department of General and Theoretical Ecology, University of Bremen, UFT, Bremen, Germany
- Institute of Mineralogy, Soil Mineralogy, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Patricks V Otomo
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of The Free State, Phuthaditjhaba, Republic of South Africa
| | - Juliane Filser
- Department of General and Theoretical Ecology, University of Bremen, UFT, Bremen, Germany
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Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Irizar A, Amorim MJB. Full life cycle test with Eisenia fetida - copper oxide NM toxicity assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113720. [PMID: 35716409 PMCID: PMC9289749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Copper oxide nanomaterials (CuONM) are widely used, e.g. as antimicrobial coatings, wood preservatives,fertilizers, etc. Life cycle aspects of Copper Nanomaterials (CuONM) toxicity have been scarcely studied in earthworms, as the focus has been on standard survival and reproduction toxicity tests. Standard tests do not allow for an understanding of which life cycle stage is the most sensitive, and how this can be impacted by CuONMs toxicity to cause longer term population level effects. Since CuONM may release free Cu ions (Cu2+) it is relevant to compare CuONM toxicity with CuCl2 salt. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of CuONM and CuCl2 throughout the different stages of the full life cycle (FLC) of Eisenia fetida while comparing it with the OECD standard test. Additional endpoints included juvenile survival, growth, maturation, besides survival and reproduction. The FLC test showed that e.g. juvenile survival was especially susceptible during the first 28 days post-hatching, neither juvenile growth nor time to maturity were related to exposure concentration. Both CuONM and CuCl2 caused a concentration-dependent decrease in population growth, while a hormesis effect was observed at low concentrations of CuCl2. A reduction in instantaneous growth rate was observed at higher concentrations. The FLC test and the OECD test had different exposure history therefore the ECx values are not comparable across the test systems. Hence, the FLC test enabled the detection of the most vulnerable developmental stages and elucidate different life stage sensitivities between the two Cu exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Scott-Fordsmand
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
| | - A Irizar
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - M J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Gomes SIL, de Boer TE, van Gestel CAM, van Straalen NM, Soares AMVM, Roelofs D, Amorim MJB. Molecular mechanisms of zinc toxicity in the potworm Enchytraeus crypticus, analysed by high-throughput gene expression profiling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153975. [PMID: 35183636 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is known to be relatively toxic to some soil-living invertebrates including the ecologically important enchytraeid worms. To reveal the molecular mechanisms of zinc toxicity we assessed the gene expression profile of Enchytraeus crypticus (Enchytraeidae), exposed to the reproduction effect concentrations EC10 and EC50, over 4 consecutive days, using a high-throughput microarray (species customized). Three main mechanisms of toxicity to Zn were observed: 1) Zn trafficking (upregulation of zinc transporters, a defence response to regulate the cellular zinc level), 2) oxidative stress (variety of defence mechanisms, triggered by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)), and 3) effects on the nervous system (possibly the primary lesion explaining the avoidance behaviour and also why enchytraeids are relatively susceptible to Zn). The adverse outcome at the organism level (reproduction EC50) could be predicted based on gene expression (male gonad development, oocyte maturation), with Zn at the EC50 affecting processes related to higher stress levels. The gene expression response was time-dependent and reflected the cascade of events taking place over-time. The 1 to 4 days of exposure design was a good strategy as it captured the time for sequence of events towards zinc adverse outcomes in E. crypticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana I L Gomes
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tjalf E de Boer
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; MicroLife Solutions, Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nico M van Straalen
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dick Roelofs
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; KeyGene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Santos FCF, Verweij RA, van Gestel CAM, Amorim MJB. Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of copper and cadmium in the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 236:113485. [PMID: 35390690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicokinetics-toxicodynamics (TKTD) of Cu and Cd in the soil model organism Enchytraeus crypticus, and assess the development of internal effect concentrations over time. Animals were exposed in LUFA 2.2 soil spiked with increasing concentrations of Cu and Cd. Survival, reproduction and internal metal concentrations in the animals were evaluated at different points in time over a period of 21 days. Internal concentrations increased with time, for Cu reaching a steady state after c. 10 days, except for the highest test concentration, and for Cd continuing to increase after 21 days. Applying a one-compartment model to all data together, estimated uptake and elimination rate constants for Cu and Cd were 0.08 and 0.45 kg soil/kg organism/day and 0.4 and 0.04 per day, respectively. Median lethal concentrations, based on total soil concentrations, decreased with time for Cu and did not reach a steady state level, but they did not change with time for Cd. The LC50inter (based on internal concentrations) was 75 mg Cu/kg body DW and > 800 mg Cd/kg body weight. Animals were able to regulate Cu internal concentrations, keeping them low, while for Cd internal concentrations continued to increase showing lack of regulation and also the importance of exposure time. This study highlights the advantages of using a TKTD approach to understand the relation between organism survival and internal Cu or Cd concentrations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima C F Santos
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rudo A Verweij
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Guimarães B, Gomes SIL, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Amorim MJB. Impacts of Longer-Term Exposure to AuNPs on Two Soil Ecotoxicological Model Species. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10040153. [PMID: 35448414 PMCID: PMC9032579 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The production, use and disposal of nanoparticles (NPs) has been increasing continuously. Due to its unique properties, such as a high resistance to oxidation, gold NPs (AuNPs) are persistent in the environment, including the terrestrial, one of the major sinks of NPs. The present study aimed to assess the effects of AuNPs (from 10 to 1000 mg/kg) on two OECD standard ecotoxicological soil model species, Enchytraeus crypticus and Folsomia candida, based on the reproduction test (28 days) and on a longer-term exposure (56 days), and survival, reproduction, and size were assessed. AuNPs caused no significant hazard to F. candida, but for E. crypticus the lowest tested concentrations (10 and 100 mg AuNPs/kg) reduced reproduction. Further, AuNPs’ toxicity increased from the 28th to the 56th day mainly to F. candida, as observed in animals’ size reduction. Therefore, longer-term exposure tests are recommended as these often reveal increased hazards, not predicted when based on shorter exposures. Additionally, special attention should be given to the higher hazard of low concentrations of NPs, compared to higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Guimarães
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (B.G.); (S.I.L.G.)
| | - Susana I. L. Gomes
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (B.G.); (S.I.L.G.)
| | - Janeck J. Scott-Fordsmand
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsovej 25, P.O. Box 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark;
| | - Mónica J. B. Amorim
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (B.G.); (S.I.L.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Santos FCF, Van Gestel CAM, Amorim MJB. Impact of chromium on the soil invertebrate model Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta) in standard reproduction and full life cycle tests. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132751. [PMID: 34736945 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) has many applications in industry and day-to-day life, entering the terrestrial environment mostly from anthropogenic sources. Despite the fact that Cr is essential, it can be harmful in biota at high concentrations. Full life cycle tests (FLCt) are scarce, representing a gap for soil ecotoxicology. Hence, the effects of Cr were studied using the soil organism Enchytraeus crypticus in the 46-day FLCt and the standard 21-day enchytraeid reproduction test (ERT). FLCt hatching (day-11) and time to reach maturity (day 22-25) were the most sensitive endpoints, representing a delay, partly recovered with time. Reproduction was reduced to similar levels in both the ERT and the FLCt (EC50∼320 mg Cr/kg), but survival was more affected in the ERT (LC50 = 377 mg Cr/kg) than in the FLC (LC50 = 467 mg Cr/kg). This could be due to the induction of stress response mechanisms at earlier life stages (cocoons/juveniles), providing protection to toxicity in a later stage (adults). FLCt results provided considerably more details and data points, and the additional endpoints allowed to explain the source of observed effects, e.g. a direct impact on fecundity and not only due to adult mortality. The estimated population growth curves confirmed the significant effect of 320 mg Cr/kg and onwards, reflecting the impact of Cr on both cocoon production and juvenile performance, with follow-up consequences for reproduction. An Adverse Outcome Pathway was drafted. The FLCt design is recommended as an upgrade of the current standard ERT, which could be integrated into the existing OECD ERT test guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C F Santos
- University of Aveiro, Department of Biology & CESAM, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C A M Van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science. Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M J B Amorim
- University of Aveiro, Department of Biology & CESAM, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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12
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Kovačević M, Hackenberger DK, Hackenberger BK. Effects of strobilurin fungicides (azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, and trifloxystrobin) on survival, reproduction and hatching success of Enchytraeus crypticus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148143. [PMID: 34102440 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of strobilurin fungicides (SFs) are used worldwide, resulting in adverse effects on non-target organisms. SFs affect the reproduction and embryonic development of aquatic organisms, while the impact on soil organisms has been insufficiently researched. Therefore, we investigated the effects of three SFs (azoxystrobin (AZO), pyraclostrobin (PYR), and trifloxystrobin (TRI)) on the survival, reproduction, and hatching success of the non-target soil oligochaete Enchytraeus crypticus. The standard enchytraeid reproduction test (ERT) showed that, regarding survival, TRI (LC50 = 2.34 mg/kg) was the most toxic, followed by PYR (LC50 = 4.26 mg/kg) and AZO (LC50 ≥150 mg/kg). Reproduction was affected in the same order (TRI EC50 = 0.045 mg/kg, PYR EC50 = 1.85 mg/kg, and AZO EC50 = 93.10 mg/kg). Exposure to AZO and PYR showed a negative impact on hatching success with a significant increase in the number of unhatched cocoons. Prolonged hatching test was consequently carried out. As a result, a hatching delay was observed at lower AZO and PYR concentrations, while at higher concentrations hatching was completely stopped as the cocoons were no longer viable. Hence, hatching test enabled a discrimination between hatching delay and hatching impairment. Besides demonstrating the adverse effects of AZO, PYR, and TRI on the survival, reproduction, and hatching success of E. crypticus, the obtained results indicate the convenience of using several endpoints in reproduction tests. The usage of prolonged hatching tests and monitoring of hatching dynamics could fill the gap between standard reproduction tests and multigeneration tests and allow a better understanding of the adverse effects on reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Kovačević
- University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Davorka K Hackenberger
- University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
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13
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Maria VL, Licha D, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Huber CG, Amorim MJB. Multiomics assessment in Enchytraeus crypticus exposed to Ag nanomaterials (Ag NM300K) and ions (AgNO 3) - Metabolomics, proteomics (& transcriptomics). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117571. [PMID: 34438494 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanomaterials (AgNMs) are broadly used and among the most studied nanomaterials. The underlying molecular mechanisms (e.g. protein and metabolite response) that precede phenotypical effects have been assessed to a much lesser extent. In this paper, we assess differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and metabolites (DEMs) by high-throughput (HTP) techniques (HPLC-MS/MS with tandem mass tags, reversed-phase (RP) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) with mass spectrometric detection). In a time series (0, 7, 14 days), the standard soil model Enchytraeus crypticus was exposed to AgNM300K and AgNO3 at the reproduction EC20 and EC50. The impact on proteins/metabolites was clearly larger after 14 days. NM300K caused more upregulated DEPs/DEMs, more so at the EC20, whereas AgNO3 caused a dose response increase of DEPs/DEMs. Similar pathways were activated, although often via opposite regulation (up vs down) of DEPs, hence, dissimilar mechanisms underlie the apical observed impact. Affected pathways included e.g. energy and lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. Uniquely affected by AgNO3 was catalase, malate dehydrogenase and ATP-citrate synthase, and heat shock proteins (HSP70) and ferritin were affected by AgNM300K. The gene expression-based data in Adverse Outcome Pathway was confirmed and additional key events added, e.g. regulation of catalase and heat shock proteins were confirmed to be included. Finally, we observed (as we have seen before) that lower concentration of the NM caused higher biological impact. Data was deposited to ProteomeXchange, identifier PXD024444.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Maria
- Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - David Licha
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | | | - Christian G Huber
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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14
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Gomes SIL, Amorim MJB, Pokhrel S, Mädler L, Fasano M, Chiavazzo E, Asinari P, Jänes J, Tämm K, Burk J, Scott-Fordsmand JJ. Machine learning and materials modelling interpretation of in vivo toxicological response to TiO 2 nanoparticles library (UV and non-UV exposure). NANOSCALE 2021; 13:14666-14678. [PMID: 34533558 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03231c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the risks of nanomaterials/nanoparticles (NMs/NPs) under various environmental conditions requires a more systematic approach, including the comparison of effects across many NMs with identified different but related characters/descriptors. Hence, there is an urgent need to provide coherent (eco)toxicological datasets containing comprehensive toxicity information relating to a diverse spectra of NPs characters. These datasets are test benches for developing holistic methodologies with broader applicability. In the present study we assessed the effects of a custom design Fe-doped TiO2 NPs library, using the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta), via a 5-day pulse via aqueous exposure followed by a 21-days recovery period in soil (survival, reproduction assessment). Obviously, when testing TiO2, realistic conditions should include UV exposure. The 11 Fe-TiO2 library contains NPs of size range between 5-27 nm with varying %Fe (enabling the photoactivation of TiO2 at energy wavelengths in the visible-light range). The NPs were each described by 122 descriptors, being a mixture of measured and atomistic model descriptors. The data were explored using single and univariate statistical methods, combined with machine learning and multiscale modelling techniques. An iterative pruning process was adopted for identifying automatically the most significant descriptors. TiO2 NPs toxicity decreased when combined with UV. Notably, the short-term water exposure induced lasting biological responses even after longer-term recovery in clean exposure. The correspondence with Fe-content correlated with the band-gap hence the reduction of UV oxidative stress. The inclusion of both measured and modelled materials data benefitted the explanation of the results, when combined with machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana I L Gomes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Suman Pokhrel
- Department of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Materials Engineering IWT, Badgasteiner Str. 3, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Lutz Mädler
- Department of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Materials Engineering IWT, Badgasteiner Str. 3, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Matteo Fasano
- Energy Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Eliodoro Chiavazzo
- Energy Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Pietro Asinari
- Energy Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
- INRIM, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino 10135, Italy
| | - Jaak Jänes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Kaido Tämm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Burk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Janeck J Scott-Fordsmand
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsovej 25, PO BOX 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
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Amorim MJB, Gansemans Y, Gomes SIL, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Scott-Fordsmand JJ. Annelid genomes: Enchytraeus crypticus, a soil model for the innate (and primed) immune system. Lab Anim (NY) 2021; 50:285-294. [PMID: 34489599 PMCID: PMC8460440 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-021-00831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Enchytraeids (Annelida) are soil invertebrates with worldwide distribution that have served as ecotoxicology models for over 20 years. We present the first high-quality reference genome of Enchytraeus crypticus, assembled from a combination of Pacific Bioscience single-molecule real-time and Illumina sequencing platforms as a 525.2 Mbp genome (910 gapless scaffolds and 18,452 genes). We highlight isopenicillin, acquired by horizontal gene transfer and conferring antibiotic function. Significant gene family expansions associated with regeneration (long interspersed nuclear elements), the innate immune system (tripartite motif-containing protein) and response to stress (cytochrome P450) were identified. The ACE (Angiotensin-converting enzyme) - a homolog of ACE2, which is involved in the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 cell entry - is also present in E. crypticus. There is an obvious potential of using E. crypticus as a model to study interactions between regeneration, the innate immune system and aging-dependent decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Yannick Gansemans
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Susana I L Gomes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Kovačević M, Hackenberger DK, Lončarić Ž, Hackenberger BK. Measurement of multixenobiotic resistance activity in enchytraeids as a tool in soil ecotoxicology. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130549. [PMID: 33878689 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) mechanism is the first defense line against xenobiotics. Enchytraeids, a model organism in soil ecotoxicology, are often exposed to various xenobiotics, some of which may influence MXR activity. Since MXR activity has not been studied in these organisms, the aim of this paper was to establish a methodology for the implementation of the dye assay in enchytraeids. Enchytraeus albidus and Enchytraeus crypticus were exposed to model chemosensitizers: cyclosporine A (CA), dexamethasone (DEX), ivermectin (IVM), rifampicin (RIF), verapamil (VER), and fungicide propiconazole (PCZ). Thereafter, a dye assay with specific fluorescent dyes rhodamine B and rhodamine 123 was performed. Changes in MXR activity caused by variations in dye accumulation were measured fluorometrically. CA, IVM, and VER were found to inhibit the MXR system and increase the fluorescence 2.2-fold, while DEX and RIF induced the MXR system and decreased the fluorescence. CA was the strongest inhibitor in both E. albidus (IC50 5.48 ± 1.25 μM) and E. crypticus (IC50 5.20 ± 3.10 μM). In the validation experiment, PCZ was found to inhibit the MXR system. The IC50 varied between species and exposure substrates: water (E. albidus - IC50 0.74 ± 0.24 mg/L; E. crypticus - 1.31 ± 0.24 mg/L) or soil (E. albidus - 1.79 ± 0.42 mg/kg; E. crypticus - 1.79 ± 0.17 mg/kg). In conclusion, the tested compounds changed the MXR activity, which confirms the applicability of this method as a valuable complementary biomarker in soil ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Kovačević
- University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Davorka K Hackenberger
- University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Željka Lončarić
- University of Osijek, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
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17
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Yang J, Chen X, Yin D, Yin H, Zhang Y, Liu M, Zhao W, Zhang L, Liu Y, Yang X, Zhong Z. Applicability of Enchytraeus bulbosus as a model species in ecotoxicology and risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112660. [PMID: 34411825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enchytraeus bulbosus is listed in the ISO and OECD standard guidelines as a possible test species of enchytraeid. However, in contrast to other listed species, its applicability in ecotoxicological studies as well as its sensitivity is widely unknown. Therefore, copper, pentachlorophenol(PCP), carbendazim, and chloroacetamide have been investigated by performing two-generation studies with multiple endpoints. Comparable toxicity trends to the existing studies were shown for copper and PCP in the two-generation studies of E. bulbosus. Dose-related abnormal swelling of clitella were found for the first time with PCP and chloroacetamide treatments. Sensitivity comparisons of E. bulbosus to other terrestrial test species were also conducted. E. bulbosus showed high sensitivity, it has comparable sensitivity as other sensitive species of genus Enchytraeus ( E. albidus or E. luxuriosus)to different chemicals, and was more sensitive than E. crypticus and earthworm species ( Eisenia fetida or Eisenia andrei). Combined with the phylogenetic and biological characterization, the results lead to the conclusion that E.bulbosus is a suitable model species in ecotoxicology and the chemical risk assessment (especially in multi-generation) because it has a short generation time, comparatively moderate fecundity, ideal and reasonable sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Chen
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Haowen Yin
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Liu
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weigang Zhao
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xichen Yang
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhijie Zhong
- Bioassay and Safety Assessment Laboratory Shanghai Academy of Public Measurement, Shanghai 201203, China
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Environmental Hazards of Boron and Vanadium Nanoparticles in the Terrestrial Ecosystem-A Case Study with Enchytraeus crypticus. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11081937. [PMID: 34443769 PMCID: PMC8399937 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
From the start of the 21st century, nanoecotoxicological research has been growing in fast steps due to the need to evaluate the safety of the increasing use of engineered nanomaterials. Boron (B) and vanadium (V) nanoparticles (NPs) generated by anthropogenic activities are subsequently released in the environment; therefore, organisms can be continuously exposed to these NPs for short or long periods. However, the short and long-term effects of BNPs and VNPs on soil organisms are unknown. This work aimed to recognize and describe their potential toxicological effects on the model species Enchytraeus crypticus, assessing survival and reproduction, through a longer-term exposure (56 days (d)-OECD test extension of 28 d), and avoidance behavior, through a short-term exposure (48 hours (h)). After 28 d, BNPs did not induce a significant effect on E. crypticus survival, whereas they decreased the organisms' reproduction at 500 mg/kg. From 10 to 500 mg/kg, VNPs decreased the E. crypticus survival and/or reproduction. After 56 d, 100 to 500 mg/kg BNPs and 50 to 500 mg/kg VNPs, decreased the reproduction output of E. crypticus. The estimated Effect Concentrations (ECx) based on reproduction, for BNPs, were lower at 56 d compared with 28 d; for VNPs, an opposite pattern was found: ECx 28 d < ECx 56 d. BNPs did not induce an avoidance behavior, but organisms avoided the soil contaminated with 10 mg VNPs/kg. The tested NPs showed different E. crypticus apical effects at 28 d from the ones detected at 56 d, dependent on the type of NPs (B vs. V). In general, VNPs showed to be more toxic than BNPs. However, the effects of VNPs were alleviated during the time of exposure, contrarily to BNPs (which became more toxic with extended duration). The present study adds important information about NPs toxicity with ecological significance (at the population level). Including long-term effects, the obtained results contributes to the improvement of NPs risk assessment.
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Santos FCF, van Gestel CAM, Amorim MJB. Toxicokinetics of copper and cadmium in the soil model Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:129433. [PMID: 33401072 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxicokinetics information is key to understanding the underlying intoxication processes, although this is often lacking. Hence, in the present study the toxicokinetics of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) was assessed in the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus. The animals were exposed in LUFA 2.2 natural soil spiked to the estimated EC20 for reproduction effects in the Enchytraeid Reproduction Test (ERT), i.e. 80 mg Cu/kg soil Dry Weight (DW) and 20 mg Cd/kg soil DW. Tests followed the OECD guideline 317, including a 14-day uptake phase in spiked soil followed by 14 days elimination in clean soil, with samplings at days 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, and 14. Exposure to Cu showed fast uptake, reaching a steady state after approx. 7 days, whereas for Cd, internal concentration increased and did not reach a clear steady state even after 14 days. When transferred to clean soil, Cu was rapidly eliminated returning to initial levels, while Cd-exposed animals still contained increased residue levels after 14 days. These differences in toxicokinetics have consequences for the toxicity and toxicodynamics and are indicative of the way essential and non-essential elements are handled by enchytraeids, likely also other soil invertebrates. This argues for the relevancy of longer exposure testing for elements like Cd compared to Cu, where phenotypical effects can well occur later at non-tested periods, e.g. after the 21 days' duration of the standard ERT using E. crypticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima C F Santos
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science. Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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20
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Filipiak ZM, Bednarska AJ. Different effects of Zn nanoparticles and ions on growth and cellular respiration in the earthworm Eisenia andrei after long-term exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:459-469. [PMID: 33616802 PMCID: PMC7987695 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of zinc nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and ions (ZnCl2) on the mortality, growth, maturation, and cellular respiration of the earthworm Eisenia andrei were assessed. Earthworms were individually exposed for 98 days, starting from the juvenile stage, to soils contaminated with either ZnO-NPs or ZnCl2 (125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg Zn kg-1 dry weight (dw)). Exposure to the highest-concentration ionic treatments (500 and 1000 mg kg-1) caused 100% mortality, while for other treatments, mortality did not exceed 15% at the end of exposure. Compared to the control treatment, both 125-1000 mg kg-1 ZnO-NPs and 125 or 250 mg kg-1 ZnCl2 stimulated earthworm growth, which might be due to a hormetic effect. ZnO-NPs and ZnCl2 caused different responses at medium Zn concentrations (250 and 500 mg kg-1): earthworms exposed to ionic treatment at 250 mg kg-1 were characterized by a significantly lower growth constant, lower cellular respiration rate, later inflection point, and higher final body weight than those exposed to ZnO-NPs treatments at the same (250 mg kg-1) or twice as high (500 mg kg-1) nominal Zn concentrations. However, differences were not observed in all examined parameters between the studied forms when the highest-concentration ZnO-NPs treatment was compared with the lowest-concentration ionic treatment, which was likely due to the same levels of available Zn concentrations in those treatments. Overall, different growth and maturation strategies accompanied by pronounced differences in cellular respiration were adopted by earthworms exposed to low and medium levels of either ZnO-NPs or ZnCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna M Filipiak
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka J Bednarska
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, 31-120, Kraków, Poland
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Amorim MJB, Scott-Fordsmand JJ. Plastic pollution - A case study with Enchytraeus crypticus - From micro-to nanoplastics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116363. [PMID: 33385895 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The concern about microplastic (a group of polymers) in the environment may cause us to overlook a more substantial problem: microplastics will fragment into nanoplastics. This fragmentation will lead to a high number of nanoplastics particles. Such nanoplastic can be taken up by cells, as opposed to microscale particles that are either not or to much less extend taken up. Fragmentation into nano will also release materials previously safely embedded in the polymer. We here present results from 25 OECD/ISO in vivo hazard tests, and beyond, e.g. extended exposure duration, with Enchytraeus crypticus, using pristine nano-scale materials (NMs) [CuO, Fe2O3, Organic Pigment, MWCNT], fragmented products (polymers) with these NMs embedded in the matrices (FP_NM), and fragmented polymers without NMs (FP) [covering the 4 major plastic types: Acrylic, Polyethylene, Polypropylene and Epoxy]. For example, MWCNTs induced a highly significant population decrease after extended period of 60 days, despite having no impact after 28 days' exposure, the standard OECD duration. We conclude, that the standard tests were not suitable to evaluate hazards of these plastic fragments, weathering/ageing of materials is recommended, and extension of test duration can add value to the testing of NMs. We must refocus the concern to testing with polymers (not only "plastics"), from micro-to nano-polymers, and from aquatic to terrestrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal.
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22
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Grillo R, Fraceto LF, Amorim MJB, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Schoonjans R, Chaudhry Q. Ecotoxicological and regulatory aspects of environmental sustainability of nanopesticides. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124148. [PMID: 33059255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen the development of various colloidal formulations of pesticides and other agrochemicals aimed at use in sustainable agriculture. These formulations include inorganic, organic or hybrid particulates, or nanocarriers composed of biodegradable polymers, that can provide a better control of the release of active ingredients. The very small particle sizes and high surface areas of nanopesticides may however also lead to some unintended (eco)toxicological effects due to the way in which they interact with the target and non-target species and the environment. The current level of knowledge on ecotoxicological effects of nanopesticides is scarce, especially in regard to the fate and behaviour of such formulations in the environment. Nanopesticides will however have to cross a stringent regulatory scrutiny before marketing in most countries for health and environmental risks under a range of regulatory frameworks that require pre-market notification, risk assessment and approval, followed by labelling, post-market monitoring and surveillance. This review provides an overview of the key regulatory and ecotoxicological aspects relating to nanopesticides that will need to be considered for environmentally-sustainable use in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Grillo
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Brasil, 56, Centro, 15385-000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo F Fraceto
- Department of Environmental Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Três de Março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, 18087-180 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Reinhilde Schoonjans
- Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1/A, 43123 Parma, Italy
| | - Qasim Chaudhry
- University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester CH1 4BJ, United Kingdom
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Fischer J, Evlanova A, Philippe A, Filser J. Soil properties can evoke toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles towards springtails at low concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116084. [PMID: 33246757 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NP) are used as an efficient alternative to conventional Cu in agriculture and might end up in soils. They show a high toxicity towards cells and microorganisms, but only low toxicity towards soil invertebrates. However, most existing soil ecotoxicological studies were conducted in a sandy reference soil and at test concentrations ≥100 mg Cu/kg soil. Therefore, there is a knowledge gap concerning the effect of soil texture on the toxicity of CuO-NP at lower, more realistic test concentrations. In our study, a sandy reference soil and three loamy soils were spiked with CuO-NP at up to four concentrations, ranging from 5 to 158 mg Cu/kg. We investigated 28-day reproduction as well as weight and Cu content after 14-day bioaccumulation and subsequent 14-day elimination for the springtail Folsomia candida. For the first time we analysed the size distribution of CuO-NP in aqueous test soil extracts by single particle-ICP-MS which revealed that the diameter of CuO-NP significantly increased with increasing concentration, but did not vary between test soils. Negative effects on reproduction were only observed in loamy soils, most pronounced in a loamy-acidic soil (-61%), and they were always strongest at the lowest test concentration. The observed effects were much stronger than reported by other studies performed with sandy soils and higher CuO-NP concentrations. In the same soil and concentration, a moderate impact on growth (-28%) was observed, while Cu elimination from springtails was inhibited. Rather than Cu body concentration, the diameter of the CuO-NP taken up, as well as NP-clay interactions might play a crucial role regarding their toxicity. Our study reports for the first time toxic effects of CuO-NP towards a soil invertebrate at a low, realistic concentration range. The results strongly suggest including lower test concentrations and a range of soil types in nanotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Fischer
- University of Bremen, UFT, General and Theoretical Ecology, Leobener Str. 6, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Anna Evlanova
- University of Bremen, UFT, General and Theoretical Ecology, Leobener Str. 6, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Allan Philippe
- IES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Juliane Filser
- University of Bremen, UFT, General and Theoretical Ecology, Leobener Str. 6, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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24
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Bicho RC, Faustino AMR, Rêma A, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Amorim MJB. Confirmatory assays for transient changes of omics in soil invertebrates - Copper materials in a multigenerational exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123500. [PMID: 32712356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risk assessment (ERA) based on effects caused by chronic and longer term exposure is highly relevant. Further, if mechanistic based approaches (e.g. omics) can be included, beyond apical endpoints (e.g. reproduction), the prediction of effects increases. For Cu NMs (and CuCl2) this has been studied in detail, covering multi-omics and apical effects using the soil standard species Enchytraeus crypticus. The intermediate level effects like cell/tissue and organ alterations represent a missing link. In the present study we aimed to: 1) perform long term exposure to Cu materials (full life cycle and multigeneration, 46 and 224 days) to collect samples; 2) perform histology and immunohistochemistry on collected samples at 12 time points and 17 treatments; 3) integrate all levels of biological organization onto an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework. CuO NMs and CuCl2 caused both similar and different stress response, either at molecular initiating events (MIE) or key events (KEs) of higher level of biological organization. Cell/Tissue and organ level, post-transcriptional and transcriptional mechanisms, through histone modifications and microRNA related protein, were similarly affected. While both Cu forms affected the Notch signalling pathway, CuCl2 also caused oxidative stress. Different mechanisms of DNA methylation (epigenetics) were activated by CuO NMs and CuCl2 at the MIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita C Bicho
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A M R Faustino
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Rêma
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Janeck J Scott-Fordsmand
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsovej 25, PO BOX 314, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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25
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Ding J, Liu J, Chang XB, Zhu D, Lassen SB. Exposure of CuO nanoparticles and their metal counterpart leads to change in the gut microbiota and resistome of collembolans. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127347. [PMID: 32535433 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) has dramatically increased their concentrations in soils and severely affected the health of soil organisms. The gut microbiota critically contributes to the metabolism and immune system of its host and is sensitive to environmental pollution. The toxic effect of CuONPs on the gut microbiota, especially in soil fauna, still needs further research. In the present study, a comprehensive toxicological test was performed to reveal the effects of CuONPs and their metal counterpart on the gut microbiota of soil collembolans using Illumina high throughput sequencing. Furthermore, the concomitant changes in the collembolans gut-associated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and metabolism were investigated using high-throughput quantitative PCR and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope compositions. Both CuONPs and ionic copper (Cu) exposure disturbed the collembolan gut microbial community structure while only CuONPs reduced the gut microbial diversity. A total of 66 ARGs were detected in the collembolan guts, and CuONPs exposure induced a reduction in both diversity and abundance of ARGs. Additionally, CuONPs and ionic Cu exposure altered the C and N stable isotope compositions of the collembolans, indicating a change in their metabolism. Moreover, structural equation modeling indicated that 85.5% of the carbon stable isotope variations and 73.3% of the nitrogen stable isotope variations were explained by changes in Cu bioaccumulation and the gut microbiota. The results of the present study extend our knowledge regarding the comprehensive toxicity of metal oxide NPs on soil fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ding
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Jin Liu
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Xian Bo Chang
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Simon Bo Lassen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing, China
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26
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Rodrigues NP, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Amorim MJB. Novel understanding of toxicity in a life cycle perspective - The mechanisms that lead to population effect - The case of Ag (nano)materials. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114277. [PMID: 32163806 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silver (Ag) is amongst the most well studied nanomaterials (NMs), although most studies have only dealt with a single AgNM at a time and one biological endpoint. We here integrate the results of various testing-tools (endpoints) using a terrestrial worm, the standard ecotoxicological model organism Enchytraeus crypticus. Exposure spanned both water and soil exposure, it covered all life stages (cocoons, juveniles and adults), varying exposure durations (1-2-3-4-5-21 days), and covered 5 biological endpoints: hatching success, survival, reproduction, avoidance and gene expression (qPCR target genes GABA and Acetyl cholinesterase). We tested 4 Ag materials: PVP coated (PVP-AgNM), non-coated (NC-AgNM), the JRC reference Ag NM300K and AgNO3. Results showed that short-term exposure via water to assess impact on cocoons' hatching predicted longer term effects such as survival and reproduction. Moreover, if we extended the exposure from 11 to 17 day this allowed discrimination between hatch delay and impairment. Exposure of juveniles and adults via water showed that juveniles were most sensitive with survival affected. Across materials the following toxic ranking was observed: AgNO3 ≥ Ag NM300K ≫ NC-AgNM ≥ PVP-AgNM. E. crypticus avoided AgNO3 in a dose-response manner, avoiding most during the first 24 h. Avoidance of Ag NM300K and NC-AgNM only occurred during the first 24 h and the PVP coated AgNM were not avoided at all. The up-regulation of the GABA triggering anesthetic effects, indicated the high ecological impact of Ag materials in soil: Ag affects the GABAergic system hence organisms were not able to efficiently avoid and became intoxicated, this caused impacts in terms of survival and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália P Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Janeck J Scott-Fordsmand
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsovej 25, PO BOX 314, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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27
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Tomczyk A, Szewczuk-Karpisz K, Sokołowska Z, Kercheva M, Dimitrov E. Purification of Aqueous Media by Biochars: Feedstock Type Effect on Silver Nanoparticles Removal. Molecules 2020; 25:E2930. [PMID: 32630537 PMCID: PMC7355759 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the harmful effects of nanoparticles in the environment, their effective removal from aqueous media is of great importance. This paper described the research on the silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) sorption on biochars obtained from different feedstock types. The sorbents were produced through pyrolysis (double-barrel method) of the vineyard (BV), paulownia tree (BP), and tobacco (BT). BV exhibited the highest specific surface area, porosity, value of variable surface charge, and content of surface acidic functional groups among the used biochars. The pseudo-second order model best described the obtained adsorption kinetics, whereas the Freundlich model accounted for the registered adsorption data. The Ag-NPs removal was highly efficient in the case of BV, especially in the nanoparticle concentration range 50-500 mg/L. Thus, this biochar can be considered as an ecofriendly, effective, low-cost organic adsorbent, potentially used in the aqueous media purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Tomczyk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland; (K.S.-K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Szewczuk-Karpisz
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland; (K.S.-K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zofia Sokołowska
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland; (K.S.-K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Milena Kercheva
- Institute of Soil Science, Agrotechnology and Plant Protection “N. Poushkarov”, Shosse Bankya 7, Sofia 1080, Bulgaria; (M.K.); (E.D.)
| | - Emil Dimitrov
- Institute of Soil Science, Agrotechnology and Plant Protection “N. Poushkarov”, Shosse Bankya 7, Sofia 1080, Bulgaria; (M.K.); (E.D.)
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28
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He E, Qiu R, Cao X, Song L, Peijnenburg WJGM, Qiu H. Elucidating Toxicodynamic Differences at the Molecular Scale between ZnO Nanoparticles and ZnCl 2 in Enchytraeus crypticus via Nontargeted Metabolomics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3487-3498. [PMID: 32083472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Much effort has been devoted to clarifying the comparative toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and Zn ions; however, little is known about their toxicodynamic processes at the metabolic level. Here, we investigated the acute (2d) and chronic (7d) effects to a soil species, Enchytraeus crypticus, of two sublethal doses of ZnO-NPs and ZnCl2 (10 and 30 mg/L Zn) using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight/mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. The metabolomics analysis identified 99, 128, 121, and 183 significantly changed metabolites (SCMs) in E. crypticus exposed to ZnO-NPs for 2d, ZnCl2 for 2d, ZnO-NPs for 7d, and ZnCl2 for 7d, respectively, suggesting that ZnCl2 induced stronger metabolic reprogramming than ZnO-NPs, and a longer exposure time caused greater metabolite changes. Among the SCMs, 67 were shared by ZnO-NPs and ZnCl2 after 2d and 84 after 7d. These metabolites were mainly related to oxidative stress and antioxidant defense, membrane disturbance, and energy expenditure. The targeted analysis on physiological and biochemical responses further proved the metabolic observations. Nevertheless, 32 (33%) and 37 (31%) SCMs were found only in ZnO-NP treatments after 2 and 7d, respectively, suggesting that the toxicity of ZnO-NPs cannot be solely attributed to the released Zn ions. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed significant perturbations of galactose metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism in all test groups. Based on involvement frequency, glucose-1-phosphate, glycerol 3-phosphate, and phosphorylcholine could serve as universal biomarkers for exposure to different Zn forms. Four pathways perturbed by ZnO-NPs were nanospecific upon acute exposure and three upon chronic exposure. Our findings demonstrated that metabolomics is an effective tool for understanding the molecular toxicity mechanism and highlighted that time-series measurements are essential for discovering and comparing modes of action of metal ions and NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkai He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lan Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Center for the Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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29
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Boyle D, Clark NJ, Handy RD. Toxicities of copper oxide nanomaterial and copper sulphate in early life stage zebrafish: Effects of pH and intermittent pulse exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:109985. [PMID: 31841893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effort has been made to standardise regulatory ecotoxicity tests for engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), but the environmental realism of altered water quality and/or pulse exposure to these pollutants should be considered. This study aimed to investigate the relative toxicity to early life-stage zebrafish of CuO ENMs at acid pH and then under pulse exposure conditions, all compared to CuSO4. At all pH values, CuSO4 was more toxic to zebrafish than CuO ENMs. Additions of H+ were protective of CuSO4 toxicity, with median lethal concentrations LC50 (with 95% confidence intervals) of: 0.36 (0.33-0.40), 0.22 (0.20-0.24) and 0.27 (0.25-0.29) mg L-1 at pH 5, pH 6 and pH 7, respectively. In contrast, the toxicity of CuO ENMs increased with acidity; LC50 values were: 6.6 (4.5-8.5), 19.4 (11.6-27.2) and >100 mg L-1 at pH 5, pH 6 and pH 7, respectively. The increased toxicity of the CuO ENMs in acid water corresponded with greater dissolution of dissolved Cu from the particles at low pH, suggesting free Cu2+ ion delivery to the zebrafish was responsible for the pH-effect. In continuous 96 h exposures to the substances at the LC10 values and at pH 6, both CuSO4 and CuO ENMs caused Cu accumulation, inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase and depletion of total glutathione in zebrafish. However, two 24 h pulses of CuSO4 or CuO ENMs at the same peak concentration caused similar effects to the continuous 96 h exposure, despite the shorter exposure durations of the former; suggesting that the pulses were more hazardous than the continuous exposure. In conclusion, the current water quality correction for pH with respect to Cu toxicity to freshwater fish should not be applied to the nano form. Crucially, CuO ENMs are more toxic in pulse than continuous exposure and new corrections for both water pH and the Cu exposure profile are needed for environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Boyle
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, The University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Nathaniel J Clark
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, The University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Richard D Handy
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, The University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
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30
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Du J, Fu L, Li H, Xu S, Zhou Q, Tang J. The potential hazards and ecotoxicity of CuO nanoparticles: an overview. TOXIN REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1670211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Du
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Fu
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanxuna Li
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaodan Xu
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingwei Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junhong Tang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
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31
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Mendes LA, Amorim MJB, Scott-Fordsmand JJ. Assessing the toxicity of safer by design CuO surface-modifications using terrestrial multispecies assays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 678:457-465. [PMID: 31077924 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Safer by design (SBD) modifications of nanomaterials (NMs) have been pursued, aiming to maintain functionality and yet reduce hazard and support sustainable nanotechnology. The present case study involves copper oxide nanomaterials (CuO NMs) used in paint that have been surface modified by a SBD approach to particles coated with citrate (CIT-), ascorbate (ASC-), polyethylenimine (PEI+), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). We assessed the effect of the 4 different surface modified (CIT, ASC, PVP and PEI) NMs plus the pristine non-coated (PRI NM) and a Cu salt (CuCl2), using the soil multispecies test system (samples at 28-56-84 days). Further, the species were tested individually, and Cu was measured in the test media (soil and soil solution) and organisms. There was a potential relationship with zeta potential, and toxicity of CuO NMs was as follows: -PEI (+28 mV) caused the least impact, -ASC and -CIT (-17 mV, -18 mV) the most, while PVP and PRI (-8 mV, -9 mV) caused an intermediate response. Differences were not explained by the contribution of soluble Cu. Coating interfered with the release of Cu2+ and/or the activation of copper regulators and detoxification mechanisms in the organisms, i.e. time to reach some kind of stability in organisms' uptake was shorter for -ASC and longer for -PVP during prolonged time. Thus, one of the main findings is that NMs hazard assessment requires long term testing to understand predicted effects across materials. Further, the coverage using a multispecies approach offers increased relevance and a more ecosystem qualified response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Mendes
- Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsovej 25, PO Box 314, Silkeborg DK-8600, Denmark
| | - M J B Amorim
- Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - J J Scott-Fordsmand
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsovej 25, PO Box 314, Silkeborg DK-8600, Denmark
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Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Soil: Ecotoxicity Assessment Using Enchytraeus crypticus Reduced Full Life Cycle. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9060858. [PMID: 31195669 PMCID: PMC6631203 DOI: 10.3390/nano9060858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) possess unique physicochemical properties, allowing a wide range of applications in physical, chemical, and biomedical fields. Although GBNs are broadly used, information about their adverse effects on ecosystem health, especially in the terrestrial environment, is limited. Therefore, this study aims to assess the toxicity of two commonly used derivatives of GBNs, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), in the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus using a reduced full life cycle test. At higher exposure concentrations, GO induced high mortality and severe impairment in the reproduction rate, while rGO showed little adverse effect up to 1000 mg/kg. Collectively, our body of results suggests that the degree of oxidation of GO correlates with their toxic effects on E. crypticus, which argues against generalization on GBNs ecotoxicity. Identifying the key factors affecting the toxicity of GBNs, including ecotoxicity, is urgent for the design of safe GBNs for commercial purposes.
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33
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Gomes SIL, Roca CP, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Amorim MJB. High-throughput transcriptomics: Insights into the pathways involved in (nano) nickel toxicity in a key invertebrate test species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:131-140. [PMID: 30415032 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) have an estimated production of ca. 20 tons per year in the US. Nickel has been risk-assessed for long in Europe, but not NiNPs, hence the concern for the environment. In the present study, we focused on investigating the mechanisms of toxicity of NiNPs and the comparison to NiNO3. The high-throughput microarray for the soil ecotox model Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta) was used. To anchor gene to phenotype effect level, organisms were exposed to reproduction effect concentrations EC20 and EC50, for 3 and 7 days. Results showed commonly affected pathways between NiNPs and NiNO3, including increase in proteolysis, apoptosis and inflammatory response, and interference with the nervous system. Mechanisms unique to NiNO3 were also observed (e.g. glutathione synthesis). No specific mechanisms for NiNPs were found, which could indicate that longer exposure period (>7 days) is required to capture the peak response to NiNPs. A mechanisms scheme is assembled, showing both common and unique mechanisms to NiNO3 and NiNPs, providing an important framework for further, more targeted, studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana I L Gomes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carlos P Roca
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsovej 25, PO BOX 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Janeck J Scott-Fordsmand
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsovej 25, PO BOX 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Ribeiro MJ, Maria VL, Soares AMVM, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Amorim MJB. Fate and Effect of Nano Tungsten Carbide Cobalt (WCCo) in the Soil Environment: Observing a Nanoparticle Specific Toxicity in Enchytraeus crypticus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11394-11401. [PMID: 30193070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten carbide cobalt (WCCo) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in hard metal industries. Pulmonary diseases and risk of cancer are associated with occupational exposure, but knowledge about the environmental fate and effects is virtually absent. In this study, the fate and effects of crystalline WCCo NPs, WC, and Co2+ were assessed in the soil model Enchytraeus crypticus, following the standard Enchytraeid Reproduction Test (ERT). An additional 28 day exposure period compared to the ERT (i.e., a total of 56 days) was performed to assess longer-term effects. WCCo NPs affected reproduction at a concentration higher than the corresponding Co based (EC50 = 1500 mg WCCo/kg, equivalent to 128 mg Co/kg). WC showed no negative effect up to 1000 mg W/kg. Maximum uptake of Co was 10-fold higher for CoCl2 compared to WCCo exposed organisms. Overall toxicity seems to be due to a combined effect between WC and Co. This is supported by the soil bioavailable fraction and biological tissue measurements. Last, results highlight the need to consider longer exposure period of NPs for comparable methods standardized for conventional chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Ribeiro
- Department of Biology and CESAM , University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Vera L Maria
- Department of Biology and CESAM , University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology and CESAM , University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Janeck J Scott-Fordsmand
- Department of Bioscience , Aarhus University , Vejlsovej 25 , PO BOX 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg , Denmark
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology and CESAM , University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
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Maria VL, Licha D, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Huber CG, Amorim MJ. The Proteome ofEnchytraeus crypticus-Exposure to CuO Nanomaterial and CuCl2-in Pursue of a Mechanistic Interpretation. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1800091. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera L. Maria
- Department of Biology & CESAM; University of Aveiro; Campus Universitário de Santiago; Aveiro Portugal
| | - David Licha
- Department of Biosciences; Bioanalytical Research Labs; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | | | - Christian G. Huber
- Department of Biosciences; Bioanalytical Research Labs; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - Mónica J.B. Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM; University of Aveiro; Campus Universitário de Santiago; Aveiro Portugal
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Maria VL, Licha D, Ranninger C, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Huber CG, Amorim MJB. The Enchytraeus crypticus stress metabolome – CuO NM case study. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:766-780. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1481237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera L. Maria
- Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - David Licha
- Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christina Ranninger
- Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Christian G. Huber
- Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Gomes SIL, Roca CP, Pegoraro N, Trindade T, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Amorim MJB. High-throughput tool to discriminate effects of NMs (Cu-NPs, Cu-nanowires, CuNO 3, and Cu salt aged): transcriptomics in Enchytraeus crypticus. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:325-340. [PMID: 29506436 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1446559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The current testing of nanomaterials (NMs) via standard toxicity tests does not cover many of the NMs specificities. One of the recommendations lays on understanding the mechanisms of action, as these can help predicting long-term effects and safe-by-design production. In the present study, we used the high-throughput gene expression tool, developed for Enchytraeus crypticus (4 × 44k Agilent microarray), to study the effects of exposure to several copper (Cu) forms. The Cu treatments included two NMs (spherical and wires) and two copper-salt treatments (CuNO3 spiked and Cu salt field historical contamination). To relate gene expression with higher effect level, testing was done with reproduction effect concentrations (EC20, EC50), using 3 and 7 days as exposure periods. Results showed that time plays a major role in the transcriptomic response, most of it occurring after 3 days. Analysis of gene expression profiles showed that Cu-salt-aged and Cu-nanowires (Nwires) differed from CuNO3 and Cu-nanoparticles (NPs). Functional analysis revealed specific mechanisms: Cu-NPs uniquely affected senescence and cuticle pattern formation, which can result from the contact of the NPs with the worms' tegument. Cu-Nwires affected reproduction via male gamete generation and hermaphrodite genitalia development. CuNO3 affected neurotransmission and locomotory behavior, both of which can be related with avoidance response. Cu salt-aged uniquely affected phagocytosis and reproductive system development (via different mechanisms than Cu-Nwires). For the first time for Cu (nano)materials, the adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) drafted here provide an overview for common and unique effects per material and linkage with apical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana I L Gomes
- a Department of Biology & CESAM , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Carlos P Roca
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Tarragona , Spain.,c Department of Bioscience , Aarhus University , Silkeborg , Denmark
| | - Natália Pegoraro
- a Department of Biology & CESAM , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Tito Trindade
- d Department of Chemistry & CICECO , Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal
| | | | - Mónica J B Amorim
- a Department of Biology & CESAM , University of Aveiro , Aveiro , Portugal
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Santos FCF, Gomes SIL, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Amorim MJB. Hazard assessment of nickel nanoparticles in soil-The use of a full life cycle test with Enchytraeus crypticus. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2934-2941. [PMID: 28488336 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) such as nickel (Ni) are widely used in several applications. Nevertheless, the environmental effects of Ni NPs are still poorly understood. In the present study, the toxicity of Ni NPs and nickel nitrate (NiNO3 ) was assessed using the standard test species in soil ecotoxicology, Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta), in a full life cycle test, adding the endpoints hatching, growth, and time to reach maturity, besides survival and reproduction as in the standard Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Guideline 220 and/or International Organization for Standardization 16387. For Ni NPs, the Ni in soil and in soil solution was concentration- and time-dependent, with a relatively higher soil solution content in the lower and shorter exposure concentrations and times. Overall, NiNO3 was more toxic than Ni NPs, and toxicity seemed to occur via different mechanisms. The former caused reduced hatching (50% effect concentration [EC50] = 39 mg Ni/kg soil), and the negative effects remained throughout the life cycle, in all measured endpoints (growth, maturation, survival, and reproduction). For Ni NPs, hatching was the most sensitive endpoint (EC50 = 870 mg Ni/kg soil), although the organisms recovered; that is, additional endpoints across the life cycle showed that this effect corresponded to a delay in hatching because organisms survived and reproduced at concentrations up to 1800 mg Ni/kg soil. On the other hand, the lowest tested concentration of Ni NPs (100 mg Ni/kg soil) caused reproduction effects similar to those at higher concentrations (1000 and 1800 mg Ni/kg soil). The present results show that the potential implications of a nonmonotonic dose response should be considered when assessing the risks of Ni NP exposure in soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2934-2941. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima C F Santos
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana I L Gomes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Bicho RC, Santos FCF, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Amorim MJB. Multigenerational effects of copper nanomaterials (CuONMs) are different of those of CuCl 2: exposure in the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8457. [PMID: 28814818 PMCID: PMC5559477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) are recommended to be tested in longer term exposures. Multigenerational (MG) studies are scarce and particularly important because effects can be transferred to the next generation. The current risk assessment framework does not include MG effects and this is a caveat for persistent materials. Here, the effects of copper NMs (CuONMs) and copper salt (CuCl2) were assessed in a MG exposure (4 generations in spiked soil + 2 generations in clean soil, F1 to F7 generations in total), with the standard soil model Enchytraeus crypticus, using relevant reproduction test effect concentrations (EC10, EC50), monitoring survival and reproduction. This represented ca. 1 year continuous exposure tests. MG effects varied with effect concentration and test materials: CuONMs caused increased toxicity for EC10 exposed organisms (EC50 did not change), and transfer to clean media reset effects, whereas CuCl2 reduced toxicity for EC10 and EC50, but the transfer to clean media "revived" the initial effects, i.e. close to EC50 levels in F7. Clearly CuONMs and CuCl2 cause different mechanisms of toxicity or response in the long term, not predictable based on short term or one generation studies. The present contributes for the improvement of risk assessment, adding important information for the long term exposure and effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita C Bicho
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fátima C F Santos
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Janeck J Scott-Fordsmand
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsovej 25, PO BOX 314, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Gonçalves MFM, Gomes SIL, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Amorim MJB. Shorter lifetime of a soil invertebrate species when exposed to copper oxide nanoparticles in a full lifespan exposure test. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1355. [PMID: 28465591 PMCID: PMC5430955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicity tests that last the all life duration of the organisms are not common, instead, long-term tests usually include one reproductive cycle. In the present study we optimized and propose a lifespan (all life) term test using Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta). The effect of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) was assessed in this lifespan test and compared to copper salt (CuCl2), using the same effect concentrations on reproduction (EC50). Monitored endpoints included survival and reproduction over-time (202 days). Results from survival showed that CuO-NPs caused shorter life of the adults compared to CuCl2 (control LT50: 218 days > CuCl2 LT50: 175 days > CuO-NPs LT50: 145 days). The effect was even more amplified in terms of reproduction (control ET50: 158 days > CuCl2 ET50: 138 days > CuO-NPs ET50: 92 days). Results suggest that CuO-NPs may cause a higher Cu effect via a trojan horse mechanism. The use of lifespan tests brings a novel concept in soil ecotoxicity, the longevity. This is a particularly important aspect when the subject is nanomaterials toxicity, where longer term exposure time is expected to reveal unpredicted effects via the current short/long-term tests. The present study confirms this higher effect for CuO-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana I L Gomes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Janeck J Scott-Fordsmand
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsovej 25, PO Box 314, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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