1
|
Xing Z, Wang G, Liu S, Chen H, Dong X, Wang H, Liu Y. Legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in agricultural soils affected by fluorochemical manufacturing facilities, North China: Occurrence, region-specific distribution, substitution trend and source appointment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134770. [PMID: 38838522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Accompanied with restriction of legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), numbers of emerging PFASs are widely detected in the environment. However, information on environmental occurrences and behaviors of emerging PFASs were scarce in agricultural soils. In this study, the spatial distributions, sources, substitution trends and ecological risk assessment of 31 legacy and emerging PFASs were investigated in 69 agricultural soils from Fuxin, North China. The 26 out of 31 PFASs were detected with concentrations of 57.36 - 1271.06 pg/g dry weight. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) were predominant in legacy and emerging PFASs, respectively. Based on principal component and dual carbon-nitrogen stable isotope analysis, atmosphere, fluorochemical activities and river irrigation were main sources of PFASs. Substitution trends indicated HFPO-DA and short chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (C4 - C7) as main alternatives of PFOA, and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA) and sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) as major substitutes to perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). The calculated risk quotient values (< 0.006) only indicated potential low ecological risk of 7 target PFASs in agricultural soils. The results of this study broadened out the information of PFAS contamination in agricultural soils, which were significant for PFAS supervision in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziao Xing
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, PR China
| | - Guoguang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, PR China.
| | - Shuaihao Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, PR China
| | - Haiyue Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, PR China
| | - Xu Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, PR China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
V M Starling MC, Rodrigues DAS, Miranda GA, Jo S, Amorim CC, Ankley GT, Simcik M. Occurrence and potential ecological risks of PFAS in Pampulha Lake, Brazil, a UNESCO world heritage site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174586. [PMID: 38997014 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) comprise >4000 synthetic substances used in industrial applications and consumer products. PFAS used daily in households and manufacturing plants end up in domestic sewage, and industrial effluents can be discharged to surface water. Urban watersheds located in low and middle-income countries (LMIC), which lack sanitation infrastructure, are potential recipients of waste containing PFAS. Yet, only a few studies report PFAS occurrence in urban reservoirs and lakes, especially those located in the Global South due to resource limitations. This is the first study aimed to assess PFAS occurrence and ecological risks in Pampulha Lake, Brazil, a site which represents the reality of many other urban watersheds in LMIC as it is surrounded by densely populated areas and manufacturing plants. Surface water samples were collected monthly for 1 year from four sampling points at Pampulha Lake. Sample analysis was based on US Environmental Protection Agency Method 1633, which employs solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curves were built to identify potentially susceptible species based on detected water concentrations. Bioaccumulation was estimated for fish tissue. Short-chain (perfluorobutanesulfonic acid, PFBS and perfluorohexanoic acid, PFHxA) and long-chain PFAS (perfluorodecanoic acid, PFDA; perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOA; perfluorododecanoic acid, PFDoA; and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, PFOS) were detected at the μg L-1 range. Total PFAS concentrations in the wet season were generally higher than in the dry season, likely due to limited capacity of the treatment plant processing water from tributaries which receive raw sewage. More than 5 % of aquatic species are potentially susceptible to chronic effects of PFOS at detected concentrations (0.2-2.2 μg L-1). Predicted bioaccumulation of PFOS in fish was above advisory diet intake levels for humans. Results emphasize the need for studies related to PFAS occurrence in watersheds located in LMIC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara V M Starling
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Research Group on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, Escola de Engenharia, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
| | - Daniel A S Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Research Group on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, Escola de Engenharia, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Gisele A Miranda
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Research Group on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, Escola de Engenharia, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Suna Jo
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 807, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Camila C Amorim
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Research Group on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, Escola de Engenharia, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Gerald T Ankley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Matt Simcik
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 807, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leuthner TC, Zhang S, Kohrn BF, Stapleton HM, Baugh LR. Structure-specific variation in per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances toxicity among genetically diverse Caenorhabditis elegans strains. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.29.596269. [PMID: 38854041 PMCID: PMC11160736 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.29.596269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Background There are >14,500 structurally diverse per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Despite knowledge that these "forever chemicals" are in 99% of humans, mechanisms of toxicity and adverse health effects are incompletely known. Furthermore, the contribution of genetic variation to PFAS susceptibility and health consequences is unknown. Objectives We determined the toxicity of a structurally distinct set of PFAS in twelve genetically diverse strains of the genetic model system Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods Dose-response curves for four perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFNA, PFOA, PFPeA, and PFBA), two perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFOS and PFBS), two perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides (PFOSA and PFBSA), two fluoroether carboxylic acids (GenX and PFMOAA), one fluoroether sulfonic acid (PFEESA), and two fluorotelomers (6:2 FCA and 6:2 FTS) were determined in the C. elegans laboratory reference strain, N2, and eleven genetically diverse wild strains. Body length was quantified by image analysis at each dose after 48 hr of developmental exposure of L1 arrest-synchronized larvae to estimate effective concentration values (EC50). Results There was a significant range in toxicity among PFAS: PFOSA > PFBSA ≈ PFOS ≈ PFNA > PFOA > GenX ≈ PFEESA > PFBS ≈ PFPeA ≈ PFBA. Long-chain PFAS had greater toxicity than short-chain, and fluorosulfonamides were more toxic than carboxylic and sulfonic acids. Genetic variation explained variation in susceptibility to PFBSA, PFOS, PFBA, PFOA, GenX, PFEESA, PFPeA, and PFBA. There was significant variation in toxicity among C. elegans strains due to chain length, functional group, and between legacy and emerging PFAS. Conclusion C. elegans respond to legacy and emerging PFAS of diverse structures, and this depends on specific structures and genetic variation. Harnessing the natural genetic diversity of C. elegans and the structural complexity of PFAS is a powerful New Approach Methodology (NAM) to investigate structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of toxicity which may inform regulation of other PFAS to improve human and environmental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tess C. Leuthner
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sharon Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brendan F Kohrn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Heather M. Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - L. Ryan Baugh
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zanetti R, Sanches JJ, Wenzel AVA, Haddi K, Ferreira H, Santos LV. Isocycloseram: A new active ingredient for leaf-cutting ants control. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300187. [PMID: 38722866 PMCID: PMC11081378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Leaf-cutting ants are the most important pests in several cropping systems in the Neotropics. Granulated baits containing active ingredients, considered hazardous by the Stockholm Convention, are the usual method to control these ants. Isocycloseram is a new insecticide molecule with high safety margin for mammals, but without registration for the ants in general. Thus, this study investigated the effectiveness of granulated baits with isocycloseram in leaf-cutting ants control under laboratory and field conditions. Initially, the mortality of Atta sexdens workers, fed with dehydrated citrus pulp paste containing different concentrations of isocycloseram was evaluated in the laboratory for 21 days, for toxicological classification. Subsequently, the loading, devolution, and incorporation of baits with different concentrations of isocycloseram and the mortality of A. sexdens colonies were evaluated in the laboratory. After that, the percentages of loading and devolution of baits, foraging activity, and colony mortality treated with 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% of isocycloseram were evaluated for the species A. sexdens, A. laevigata, and Acromyrmex lundii in field conditions. All concentrations of isocycloseram killed more than 15% of ants in 24 h and more than 90% in 21 days in the laboratory, being classified as a fast-acting and highly effective active ingredient. Baits with 0.001 to 0.03% of isocycloseram were highly loaded and exhibited low rate of devolution. The mortality of A. sexdens colony was higher at concentrations between 0.075 and 0.3%, in the laboratory. Baits containing isocycloseram at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.3% were highly loaded, presented low devolution rates, and were highly efficient in controlling A. sexdens, A. laevigata, and A. lundii in the field, at dosages of 6, 10, and 12 g/m² of nest. This is the first report of the use of isocycloseram against leaf-cutting ants, contributing to the development of efficient and toxicologically safer ant baits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Zanetti
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP 37200–900, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - Jessica J. Sanches
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP 37200–900, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - Andrea V. A. Wenzel
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP 37200–900, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - Khalid Haddi
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP 37200–900, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ye B, Wang J, Zhou L, Yu X, Sui Q. Perfluoroalkyl acid precursors in agricultural soil-plant systems: Occurrence, uptake, and biotransformation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168974. [PMID: 38036134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors have been used in various consumer and industrial products due to their hydrophobic and oleophobic properties. In recent years, PFAA precursors in agricultural soil-plant systems have received increasing attention as they are susceptible to biotransformation into metabolites with high biotoxicity risks to human health. In this review, we systematically assessed the occurrence of PFAA precursors in agricultural soils, taking into account their sources and biodegradation pathways. In addition, we summarized the findings of the relevant literature on the uptake and biotransformation of PFAA precursors by agricultural plants. The applications of biosolids/composts and pesticides are the main sources of PFAA precursors in agricultural soils. The physicochemical properties of PFAA precursors, soil organic carbon (SOC) contents, and plant species are the key factors influencing plant root uptakes of PFAA precursors from soils. This review revealed, through toxicity assessment, the potential of PFAA precursors to generate metabolites with higher toxicity than the parent precursors. The results of this paper provide a reference for future research on PFAA precursors and their metabolites in soil-plant systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Ye
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiaxi Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xia Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Qian Sui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li C, Zhong H, Wu J, Meng L, Wang Y, Liao C, Wang Y, He Y. Migration mechanism and risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the Ya'Er Lake oxidation pond area, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:301-312. [PMID: 37923440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The migration mechanisms, sources, and environmental risks of 29 legacy and emerging perfluorinated and polyfluoroalkyl species present in an oxidation pond (Ya'Er Lake) were investigated for treating sewage based on the analysis of their occurrence and distribution. The concentration of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in pond area was between 0.30 and 63.2 ng/g dw (dry weight), with the overall average concentration of 8.00 ng/g dw. Notably, the PFAS concentrations in the surface sediments near the sewage outlet in Pond-1 (50.2 ng/g dw) and Pond-5 (average 15.1 ng/g dw) were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than those in other areas. In general, the legacy PFAS, i.e., perfluorooctane sulfonic acid was considered to be the major pollutant in the polluted area, on average, accounting for 73.0% of the total concentration of PFAS pollutants. By evaluating the regional distribution of different PFAS homologs, the short-chain PFAS pollutants with lower Kow were found to migrate farther in both horizontal and vertical directions. The sewage outlets in Pond-1 and Pond-5 are the main pollution sources in polluted area and the emerging PFAS pollutants in Pond-5 have replaced the legacy PFAS pollutants as the main pollutants. Based on positive matrix factorization analysis, three main industrial sources of PFAS pollutants in the study area were identified: protective coating, fire-fighting, and food packaging sources. Moreover, the environmental risk assessment results showed that most study areas exhibited medium environmental risk (0.01 ≤ Risk quotient (RQ) < 1), indicating that the ecological environment risks in this area need further attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huifang Zhong
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jing Wu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Lingyi Meng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Yujian He
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Andersen HR, Grandjean P, Main KM, Jensen TK, Nielsen F. Higher serum concentrations of PFAS among pesticide exposed female greenhouse workers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 255:114292. [PMID: 37952389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-chained poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used in pesticide formulations but their potential impact on human PFAS exposure has not been addressed. OBJECTIVES To investigate if occupationally pesticide exposed female greenhouse workers in Denmark had higher serum concentrations of PFAS than a comparable background population. METHODS Serum samples collected between 1996 and 2001 from 181 pregnant greenhouse workers and a contemporary urban population of 48 pregnant women were analyzed for eight PFAS: perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), N-methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetic acid (N-MeFOSAA), and N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetic acid (N-EtFOSAA). RESULTS The concentrations of PFOA, PFOS, and the PFOS precursors N-MeFOSAA, N-EtFOSAA, and FOSA were higher, and PFHxS was lower, among greenhouse workers than the comparison population. After adjusting for age and parity, serum concentrations of N-MeFOSAA, N-EtFOSAA, and FOSA were 2-to-3-fold higher, and the major PFAS in serum, PFOS and PFOA, were 30-50 % higher among the greenhouse workers. CONCLUSION Higher serum concentrations of some legacy PFAS among female greenhouse workers indicate that exposure to pesticides is a potential pathway of exposure. Although PFAS use in pesticide applications may appear to be a minor source of exposure for the general population, this pathway deserves attention in risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helle Raun Andersen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Katharina M Main
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Nielsen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Baqar M, Saleem R, Zhao M, Zhao L, Cheng Z, Chen H, Yao Y, Sun H. Combustion of high-calorific industrial waste in conventional brick kilns: An emerging source of PFAS emissions to agricultural soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167612. [PMID: 37804982 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The brick kilns in the South Asian region are widely documented to partially combust high-calorific waste components of synthetic-industrial origin, which contain hazardous constituents, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Correspondingly, these establishments are necessarily built on agricultural land to easily acquire clay by excavating soil horizons, thus making cultivation soils vulnerable to PFAS contaminations. In this pioneering study, the occurrence, distribution profile, traceability and human health risk exposure to forty-four legacy and novel PFAS homologues, including two ultrashort-chain (C2-C3) PFAS, were investigated in agricultural soils around thirty-two conventional brick kilns across three districts of Pakistan. ⅀44PFAS concentrations ranged from 14.3 to 465 ng/g (median: 28.2 ng/g), which were 2 to 70 folds higher than those in background soils, and slightly higher than those reported in agricultural soils in the global literature. The highest occurrence was observed for PFAS alternatives, i.e., 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTSA) (40 %) and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) (4.5 %). A significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) was observed among the concentrations of short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (C4-C7) and novel PFOS substitutes, implying their origin from common sources. Furthermore, ultrashort-chain and short-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCA) (89 %) and perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSA) (63 %) dominated over long-chain's PFCA (11 %) and PFSA (37 %), respectively. The estimated daily intake to children exposed in surrounding inhabited communities, at 95th percentile concentrations was found to be approaching the European tolerable daily intake limit of 0.63 ng/kg bw/day. Therefore, the brick manufacturing industry is identified as a novel source of PFAS in the adjacent environment and for residents. This suggests the need for further investigations to elucidate the origin of emerging contaminants in the waste streams of the region to safeguard ecological integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mujtaba Baqar
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rimsha Saleem
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Maosen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xing Y, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Lin X, Li J, Liu P, Lee HK, Huang Z. The sources and bioaccumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in animal-derived foods and the potential risk of dietary intake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167313. [PMID: 37742961 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have attracted increasing attention due to their environmental persistence and potential toxicity. Diet is one of the main routes of human exposure to PFAS, particularly through the consumption of animal-derived foods (e.g., aquatic products, livestock and poultry, and products derived from them). This review summarizes the source, bioaccumulation, and distribution of PFAS in animal-derived foods and key influential factors. In most environmental media, perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate are the dominant PFAS, with the levels of short-chain PFAS such as perfluorobutyric acid and perfluorohexane sulfonate surpassing them in some watersheds and coastal areas. The presence of PFAS in environmental media is mainly influenced by suspended particulate matter, microbial communities as well as temporal and spatial factors, such as season and location. Linear PFAS with long carbon chains (C ≥ 7) and sulfonic groups tend to accumulate in organisms and contribute significantly to the contamination of animal-derived foods. Furthermore, PFAS, due to their protein affinity, are prone to accumulate in the blood and protein-rich tissues such as the liver and kidney. Species differences in PFAS bioaccumulation are determined by diet, variances in protein content in the blood and tissues and species-specific activity of transport proteins. Carnivorous fish usually show higher PFAS accumulation than omnivorous fish. Poultry typically metabolize PFAS more rapidly than mammals. PFAS exposures in the processing of animal-derived foods are also attributable to the migration of PFAS from food contact materials, especially those in higher-fat content foods. The human health risk assessment of PFAS exposure from animal-derived foods suggests that frequent consumption of aquatic products potentially engender greater risks to women and minors than to adult males. The information and perspectives from this review would help to further identify the toxicity and migration mechanism of PFAS in animal-derived foods and provide information for food safety management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Xing
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Xia Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Jiaoyang Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Hian Kee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhenzhen Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chetverikov S, Hkudaygulov G, Sharipov D, Starikov S, Chetverikova D. Biodegradation Potential of C 7-C 10 Perfluorocarboxylic Acids and Data from the Genome of a New Strain of Pseudomonas mosselii 5(3). TOXICS 2023; 11:1001. [PMID: 38133402 PMCID: PMC10748008 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11121001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas-destructors of persistent pollutants for biotechnologies of environmental purification-is an interesting area of research. The aim of this work was to study the potential of Pseudomonas mosselii strain 5(3) isolated from pesticide-contaminated soil as a degrader of C7-C10 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and analyze its complete genome. The genome of the strain has been fully sequenced. It consists of a chromosome with a length of 5,676,241 b.p. and containing a total of 5134 genes, in particular, haloalkane dehalogenase gene (dhaA), haloacetate dehalogenase H-1 gene (dehH1), fluoride ion transporter gene (crcB) and alkanesulfonate monooxygenase gene (ssuE), responsible for the degradation of fluorinated compounds. The strain P. mosselii 5(3) for was cultivated for 7 days in a liquid medium with various C7-C10 PFCAs as the sole source of carbon and energy, and completely disposed of them. The results of LC-MS analysis showed that the transformation takes place due to perfluorohexanoic acid with the release of various levels of stoichiometry (depending on PFCA) of fluorine ion mineralization indicators determined by ion chromatography. Thus, Pseudomonas mosselii strain 5(3) demonstrates a genetically confirmed high potential for the decomposition of C7-C10 PFCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaisar Hkudaygulov
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (S.C.); (D.S.); (S.S.); (D.C.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Silver M, Phelps W, Masarik K, Burke K, Zhang C, Schwartz A, Wang M, Nitka AL, Schutz J, Trainor T, Washington JW, Rheineck BD. Prevalence and Source Tracing of PFAS in Shallow Groundwater Used for Drinking Water in Wisconsin, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17415-17426. [PMID: 37916814 PMCID: PMC10653221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Samples from 450 homes with shallow private wells throughout the state of Wisconsin (USA) were collected and analyzed for 44 individual per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), general water quality parameters, and indicators of human waste as well as agricultural influence. At least one PFAS was detected in 71% of the study samples, and 22 of the 44 PFAS analytes were detected in one or more samples. Levels of PFOA and/or PFOS exceeded the proposed Maximum Contaminant Levels of 4 ng/L, put forward by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in March 2023, in 17 of the 450 samples, with two additional samples containing PFHxS ≳ 9 ng/L (the EPA-proposed hazard index reference value). Those samples above the referenced PFAS levels tend to be associated with developed land and human waste indicators (artificial sweeteners and pharmaceuticals), which can be released to groundwater via septic systems. For a few samples with levels of PFOA, PFOS, and/or PFHxS > 40 ng/L, application of wastes to agricultural land is a possible source. Overall, the study suggests that human waste sources, septic systems in particular, are important sources of perfluoroalkyl acids, especially ones with ≤8 perfluorinated carbons, in shallow groundwater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Silver
- Bureau
of Drinking Water and Groundwater—Groundwater Section, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin 53707, United States
| | - William Phelps
- Bureau
of Drinking Water and Groundwater—Groundwater Section, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin 53707, United States
| | - Kevin Masarik
- Center
for Watershed Science and Education, College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin—Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, United States
| | - Kyle Burke
- Environmental
Health Division—Organics, Wisconsin
State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, Wisconsin 53707, United States
| | - Chen Zhang
- Environmental
Health Division—Organics, Wisconsin
State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, Wisconsin 53707, United States
| | - Alex Schwartz
- Environmental
Health Division—Organics, Wisconsin
State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, Wisconsin 53707, United States
| | - Miaoyan Wang
- Department
of Statistics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53707, United States
| | - Amy L. Nitka
- Center
for Watershed Science and Education, College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin—Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, United States
| | - Jordan Schutz
- Bureau
of Drinking Water and Groundwater—Groundwater Section, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin 53707, United States
| | - Tom Trainor
- Bureau
of Environmental Analysis and Sustainability − Laboratory Certification, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Green Bay, Wisconsin 54313, United States
| | - John W. Washington
- Center
for
Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Bruce D. Rheineck
- Bureau
of Drinking Water and Groundwater—Groundwater Section, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin 53707, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Madeira CL, Acayaba RD, Santos VS, Villa JEL, Jacinto-Hernández C, Azevedo JAT, Elias VO, Montagner CC. Uncovering the impact of agricultural activities and urbanization on rivers from the Piracicaba, Capivari, and Jundiaí basin in São Paulo, Brazil: A survey of pesticides, hormones, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, and PFAS. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139954. [PMID: 37660794 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Rivers in Southeast Brazil are essential as sources of drinking water, energy production, irrigation, and industrial processes. The Piracicaba, Capivari, and Jundiaí rivers basin, known as the PCJ basin, comprises major cities, industrial hubs, and large agricultural areas, which have impacted the water quality in the region. Emerging contaminants such as pesticides, hormones, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are likely to be released into the rivers in the PCJ basin; however, the current Brazilian legislation does not require monitoring of most of these chemicals. Thus, the extent of emerging contaminants pollution and their risks to aquatic and human life in the basin are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of several pesticides, hormones, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products in 15 sampling points across the PCJ basin, while industrial chemicals and PFAS were assessed in 11 sampling points. The results show that agriculture and industrial activities are indeed causing the pollution of most rivers. Multivariate analysis indicates that some sampling points, such as Jundiaí, Capivari, and Piracicaba rivers, are largely impacted by pesticides used in agriculture. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the presence of PFAS in rivers in São Paulo, the most populous state in Brazil. Four out of eight species of PFAS assessed in our study were detected in at least 5 sampling points at concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 50.0 ng L-1. The preliminary risk assessment indicates that various pesticides, caffeine, industrial chemicals, and PFAS were present at concentrations that could threaten aquatic life. Notably, risk quotients of 414, 340, and 178 were obtained for diuron, atrazine, and imidacloprid, respectively, in the Jundiaí River. Our study suggests that establishing a comprehensive monitoring program is needed to ensure the protection of aquatic life and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Leite Madeira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083970, Brazil
| | - Raphael D'Anna Acayaba
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, 13484-332, Brazil; Eurofins do Brasil, Rod. Eng. Ermênio de Oliveira Penteado, Indaiatuba, São Paulo, 13337-300, Brazil
| | | | - Javier E L Villa
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083970, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vladimir Oliveira Elias
- Eurofins do Brasil, Rod. Eng. Ermênio de Oliveira Penteado, Indaiatuba, São Paulo, 13337-300, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083970, Brazil; School of Technology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, 13484-332, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lukić Bilela L, Matijošytė I, Krutkevičius J, Alexandrino DAM, Safarik I, Burlakovs J, Gaudêncio SP, Carvalho MF. Impact of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) on the marine environment: Raising awareness, challenges, legislation, and mitigation approaches under the One Health concept. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115309. [PMID: 37591052 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) have long been known for their detrimental effects on the ecosystems and living organisms; however the long-term impact on the marine environment is still insufficiently recognized. Based on PFAS persistence and bioaccumulation in the complex marine food network, adverse effects will be exacerbated by global processes such as climate change and synergies with other pollutants, like microplastics. The range of fluorochemicals currently included in the PFAS umbrella has significantly expanded due to the updated OECD definition, raising new concerns about their poorly understood dynamics and negative effects on the ocean wildlife and human health. Mitigation challenges and approaches, including biodegradation and currently studied materials for PFAS environmental removal are proposed here, highlighting the importance of ongoing monitoring and bridging research gaps. The PFAS EU regulations, good practices and legal frameworks are discussed, with emphasis on recommendations for improving marine ecosystem management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lada Lukić Bilela
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Inga Matijošytė
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Jokūbas Krutkevičius
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Diogo A M Alexandrino
- CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, P. Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ivo Safarik
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Biology Centre, ISBB, CAS, Na Sadkach 7, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Juris Burlakovs
- Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of Polish Academy of Sciences, Józefa Wybickiego 7 A, 31-261 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Susana P Gaudêncio
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Chemistry Department, NOVA Faculty for Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Maria F Carvalho
- CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yin F, Qin Z. Long-Chain Molecules with Agro-Bioactivities and Their Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:5880. [PMID: 37570848 PMCID: PMC10421526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-chain molecules play a vital role in agricultural production and find extensive use as fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, herbicides, and plant growth regulators. This review article specifically addresses the agricultural biological activities and applications of long-chain molecules. The utilization of long-chain molecules in the development of pesticides is an appealing avenue for designing novel pesticide compounds. By offering valuable insights, this article serves as a useful reference for the design of new long-chain molecules for pesticide applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaohai Qin
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guida Y, Torres FBM, Barizon RRM, Assalin MR, Rosa MA. Confirming sulfluramid (EtFOSA) application as a precursor of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in Brazilian agricultural soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 325:138370. [PMID: 36914008 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is a manmade chemical with several industrial applications and also a potential byproduct of many other per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) in the environment. Due to the gathered evidence on its environmental persistence, long-range transport, toxicity, and bioaccumulative and biomagnifying properties, PFOS, its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF), were listed for global restriction under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2009. Nevertheless, Brazil has granted an acceptable purpose exemption for using PFOSF to produce sulfluramid (EtFOSA) and to apply it as insecticide to control leaf-cutting ants of the genus Atta and Acromyrmex. Previous studies have pointed out EtFOSA as a precursor of PFOS in the environment, including in soils. Therefore, we aimed to confirm the role of EtFOSA in PFOS formation in soils representing areas where sulfluramid-based ant baits are used. A biodegradation assay was carried out by applying technical EtFOSA in triplicate samples of ultisol (PV) and oxisol (LVd) and measuring the contents of EtFOSA, perfluorooctane sulfonamide acetic acid (FOSAA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), and PFOS at seven moments (0, 3, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 120 days). The monitored byproducts started being noticed on the 15th day. After 120 days, PFOS yields were 30% for both soils, whereas FOSA yields were 46% (PV soil) and 42% (LVd soil) and FOSAA yields were 6% (PV soil) and 3% (LVd soil). It can be expected that FOSAA and FOSA contents will eventually be converted into PFOS in the environment and that the presence of plants could boost PFOS formation. Therefore, the ongoing extensive and intensive use of sulfluramid-based ant baits pose a considerable source of PFOS to the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yago Guida
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Fábio Barbosa Machado Torres
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Regina Assalin
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa. SP 340 Road. Zip code:13918-110. Jaguaríúna, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Rosa
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa. SP 340 Road. Zip code:13918-110. Jaguaríúna, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Griffin EK, Hall LM, Brown MA, Taylor-Manges A, Green T, Suchanec K, Furman BT, Congdon VM, Wilson SS, Osborne TZ, Martin S, Schultz EA, Lukacsa DT, Greenberg JA, Bowden JA. PFAS surveillance in abiotic matrices within vital aquatic habitats throughout Florida. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115011. [PMID: 37236089 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of manufactured chemicals that are resistant to degradation and thus persistent in the environment. The presence, uptake, and accumulation of PFAS is dependent upon the physiochemical properties of the PFAS and matrix, as well as the environmental conditions since the time of release. The objective of this study was to measure the extent of PFAS contamination in surface water and sediment from nine vulnerable aquatic systems throughout Florida. PFAS were detected at all sampling locations with sediment exhibiting greater PFAS concentrations when compared to surface water. At most locations, elevated concentrations of PFAS were identified around areas of increased human activity, such as airports, military bases, and wastewater effluents. The results from the present study highlight the ubiquitous presence of PFAS in vital Florida waterways and filled an important gap in understanding the distribution of PFAS in dynamic, yet vulnerable, aquatic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Griffin
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Lauren M Hall
- St. Johns River Water Management District, Palm Bay, FL 32909, USA.
| | - Melynda A Brown
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Charlotte Harbor Aquatic Preserves, Punta Gorda, FL 33955, USA.
| | - Arielle Taylor-Manges
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Charlotte Harbor Aquatic Preserves, Punta Gorda, FL 33955, USA.
| | - Trisha Green
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Big Bend Seagrasses Aquatic Preserves, Crystal River, FL 34429, USA.
| | - Katherine Suchanec
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Big Bend Seagrasses Aquatic Preserves, Crystal River, FL 34429, USA.
| | - Bradley T Furman
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Victoria M Congdon
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Sara S Wilson
- Division of Coastlines and Oceans, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Todd Z Osborne
- Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystems, Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA.
| | - Shawn Martin
- Department of Marine and Environmental Technology, College of the Florida Keys, Key West, FL 33040, USA.
| | - Emma A Schultz
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Dylan T Lukacsa
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Justin A Greenberg
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - John A Bowden
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nguyen HTM, Nilsson S, Mueller AAR, Toms LM, Kennedy C, Langguth D, Hobson P, Mueller JF. First indication of perfluoroalkyl substances in human serum from Papua New Guinea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161749. [PMID: 36690112 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring programs of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been conducted around the world to assess human exposure and health risk. Inquiry into population PFAS levels in a socioeconomically and geographically unique region such as the Pacific Island Papua New Guinea, may provide new insights into PFAS exposure pathways and sources. This study presented the first indication of PFAS exposure in the Papua New Guinea population. De-identified serum samples were pooled from surplus pathology serum samples collected between 2019 and 2020. A total of 11 PFAS were detected in the serum pools including 10 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) and 9Cl-F53B (a perfluorooctane sulfonic acid - PFOS alternative). The observed PFAA profile was somewhat similar to that observed for general population data of other countries such as Australia, Malaysia, and Canada suggesting similar exposure sources and/or pathways. However, PFAS concentrations were consistently lower than concentrations in the serum measured in pools obtained from Australia. The detection of 9Cl-F53B in all pools was a new finding which might be related to exposure from locally industrial sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong T M Nguyen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Sandra Nilsson
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ava A R Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Leisa-Maree Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Carl Kennedy
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, 24 Hurworth St, Bowen Hills 4006, QLD, Australia
| | - Daman Langguth
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, 24 Hurworth St, Bowen Hills 4006, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter Hobson
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, 24 Hurworth St, Bowen Hills 4006, QLD, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Duke SO, Pan Z, Chittiboyina AG, Swale DR, Sparks TC. Molecular targets of insecticides and herbicides - Are there useful overlaps? PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:105340. [PMID: 36963955 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
New insecticide modes of action are needed for insecticide resistance management strategies. The number of molecular targets of commercial herbicides and insecticides are fewer than 35 for both. Few commercial insecticide targets are found in plants, but ten targets of commercial herbicides are found in insects. For several of these commonly held targets, some compounds kill both plants and insects. For example, herbicidal inhibitors of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase are effective insecticides on blood-fed insects. The glutamine synthetase-inhibiting herbicide glufosinate is insecticidal by the same mechanism of action, inhibition of glutamine synthetase. These and other examples of shared activities of commercial herbicides with insecticides through the same target site are discussed. Compounds with novel herbicide targets shared by insects that are not commercialized as pesticides (such as statins) are also discussed. Compounds that are both herbicidal and insecticidal can be used for insect pests not associated with crops or with crops made resistant to the compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O Duke
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38667, USA.
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, University, MS 38667, USA
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38667, USA
| | - Daniel R Swale
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xin S, Li W, Zhang X, He Y, Chu J, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Liu X, Wang S. Spatiotemporal variations and bioaccumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and oxidative conversion of precursors in shallow lake water. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137527. [PMID: 36535501 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water and fish from Nansi Lake, Chian and in inflowing tributaries and nearby sewage treatment plants (STPs) were determined to evaluate their distribution and bioaccumulation. The potential precursors of perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) present in the water were converted via hydroxyl radical oxidation. Over 3 seasons, the average concentration ranges of the 15 PFAA (∑15PFAA) concentrations in Nansi Lake, inflowing tributaries, and STPs were 22.8-70.3, 19.5-43.5, and 84.1-129 ng L-1, respectively. Perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and short-chain PFAA (perfluorocarboxlate acid <8, perfluorosulfonate acids <6) were present in high concentrations in the lake and tributaries. PFAA concentration was the lowest during the wet season and the highest during the dry season. Moreover, PFAA precursors were converted to perfluorocarboxlate acid. The concentration of C8-based precursors was higher than that of the C6-based precursors in the lake and tributaries. The concentration of PFAA in the fish liver was higher than that in fish muscles, and PFOS was the dominant chemical present in fish. Potential risk assessment based on Environment Quality Standard revealed heavy PFOS contamination in the fish. Thus, the water of Nansi Lake was heavily polluted by PFAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Xin
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Wanting Li
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Xinru Zhang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Yihang He
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Jizhuang Chu
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Shiliang Wang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Smeltz MG, Clifton MS, Henderson WM, McMillan L, Wetmore BA. Targeted Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) assessments for high throughput screening: Analytical and testing considerations to inform a PFAS stock quality evaluation framework. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 459:116355. [PMID: 36535553 PMCID: PMC10367912 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represent a large chemical class lacking hazard, toxicokinetic, and exposure information. To accelerate PFAS hazard evaluation, new approach methodologies (NAMs) comprised of in vitro high-throughput toxicity screening, toxicokinetic data, and computational modeling are being employed in read across strategies to evaluate the larger PFAS landscape. A critical consideration to ensure robust evaluations is a parallel assessment of the quality of the screening stock solutions, where dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is often the diluent of choice. Challenged by the lack of commercially available reference standards for many of the selected PFAS and reliance on mass spectrometry approaches for such an evaluation, we developed a high-throughput framework to evaluate the quality of screening stocks for 205 PFAS selected for these NAM efforts. Using mass spectrometry coupled with either liquid or gas chromatography, a quality scoring system was developed that incorporated observations during mass spectral examination to provide a simple pass or fail notation. Informational flags were used to further describe findings regarding parent analyte presence through accurate mass identification, evidence of contaminants and/or degradation, or further describe characteristics such as isomer presence. Across the PFAS-DMSO stocks tested, 148 unique PFAS received passing quality scores to allow for further in vitro testing whereas 57 received a failing score primarily due to detection issues or confounding effects of DMSO. Principle component analysis indicated vapor pressure and Henry's Law Constant as top indicators for a failed quality score for those analyzed by gas chromatography. Three PFAS in the hexafluoropropylene oxide family failed due to degradation in DMSO. As the PFAS evaluated spanned over 20 different structural categories, additional commentary describes analytical observations across specific groups related to PFAS stock composition, detection, stability, and methodologic considerations that will be useful for informing future analytical assessment and downstream HTS efforts. The high-throughput stock quality scoring workflow presented holds value as a tool to evaluate chemical presence and quality efficiently and for informing data inclusion in PFAS or other NAM screening efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marci G Smeltz
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America
| | - M Scott Clifton
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America
| | - W Matthew Henderson
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA 23605, United States of America
| | - Larry McMillan
- National Caucus and Center on Black Aged, Inc, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Barbara A Wetmore
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Stefano PHP, Roisenberg A, D'Anna Acayaba R, Roque AP, Bandoria DR, Soares A, Montagner CC. Occurrence and distribution of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface and groundwaters in an urbanized and agricultural area, Southern Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:6159-6169. [PMID: 35987853 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22603-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, known as PFAS, are emerging contaminants detected in surface water, groundwater, drinking water, air, and food. Due to its chemical stability and high hydrophobicity, these compounds are used as surfactants, surface protectors, flame retardants, textile impregnation, fire-fighting foam, and pesticides and may be a risk for human health in the long-term exposure. Currently, a little research has been carried out for these compounds in Brazil. In this study, the concentration and distribution of 23 PFAS were analyzed in groundwater samples collected from water wells in urbanized areas and in surface water samples from Porto Alegre, one of the biggest cities in Brazil. The total concentrations of PFAS (ΣPFAS) in a groundwater sample varied between 22 and 718 ng L-1. Eleven PFAS species were detected in groundwater, including PFOA, PFHxA, PFPeA, PFBA, PFDA, PFNA, and PFOS. Most of PFAS were quantified in samples located in the aquifer formed by medium to coarse sands intercalated with silty-sandy lenses and low organic matter content that could facilitate the percolation of these compounds. The total concentrations of PFAS (ΣPFAS) in a surface water sample varied between 11 and 17 ng L-1. Ten species were founded in surface water being PFOA, PFOS, and PFHpA the most dominant. Considering all the samples, PFOA was the predominant species in the study. In addition, tributary water bodies had higher concentrations of PFAS than the main water body (Guaiba Lake) probably due dilution process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Henrique Prado Stefano
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Campinas, Brazil
- Hydrogeology Laboratory, Geology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ari Roisenberg
- Hydrogeology Laboratory, Geology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Raphael D'Anna Acayaba
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Campinas, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Souza MCO, Rocha BA, Adeyemi JA, Nadal M, Domingo JL, Barbosa F. Legacy and emerging pollutants in Latin America: A critical review of occurrence and levels in environmental and food samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157774. [PMID: 35932867 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The increase and indiscriminate use of personal care products, food products, fertilizers, pesticides, and health products, among others, have resulted/are resulting in extensive environmental contamination. Most of these products contain traces of widespread chemicals, usually known as emerging pollutants (EPs) or pollutants of emerging concern (PEC). The Latin American (LA) region comprises 20 countries with different social and cultural aspects, with 81 % of the population living in urban areas. The LA region has some countries on the top list of users/consumers of EPs, from pesticides and fertilizers to personal care products. However, there is a gap in information related to the distribution of EPs in the environment of this region, with very few existing review texts exploring this issue. Therefore, this present paper advances this approach. An exhaustive literature review, with the selection of 176 documents, provided unique up-to-date information on the presence/distribution of 17 classes of legacy or emerging pollutants in different food and environmental matrices (soil, sediment, water, and air). The study shows that the wide distribution and recorded levels of these pollutants in the continental environment are potential risks to human health, mainly through food and drinking water ingestion. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are pollutants of deep public concern since they show carcinogenic properties. Several classes of pollutants, like endocrine disruptors, have caused harmful effects on humans and the environment. Besides that, pharmaceutical products and pesticides are compounds of high consumption worldwide, being environmental contamination a real and ongoing possibility. Finally, gaps and future research needs are deeply pointed out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marília Cristina Oliveira Souza
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/n°, 14040-903 Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Bruno Alves Rocha
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/n°, 14040-903 Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José Luis Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/n°, 14040-903 Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Miranda DDA, Peaslee GF, Zachritz AM, Lamberti GA. A worldwide evaluation of trophic magnification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic ecosystems. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:1500-1512. [PMID: 35029321 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A review of the published literature on the trophic magnification factor (TMF) for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) was conducted to assess how biomagnification varies across aquatic systems worldwide. Although the TMF has been recognized as the most reliable tool for assessing the biomagnification of organic contaminants, peer-reviewed studies reporting TMFs for PFAS are few and with limited geographical distribution. We found 25 published studies of the biomagnification of 35 specific PFAS, for which the TMF was generated through linear regression of individual log-PFAS concentration and the δ15 N-based trophic position of each organism in the food webs. Studies were concentrated mainly in China, North America, and Europe, and the most investigated compound was perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), which was frequently shown to be biomagnified in the food web (TMFs ranging from 0.8 to 20). Other long-chain carboxylates displayed substantial variation in trophic magnification. Observed differences in the TMF were associated with length of the food web, geographic location, sampling methodologies, tissue analyzed, and distance from known direct PFAS inputs. In addition to biomagnification of legacy PFAS, precursor substances were observed to bioaccumulate in the food web, which suggests they may biotransform to more persistent PFAS compounds in upper trophic levels. This review discusses the variability of environmental characteristics driving PFAS biomagnification in natural ecosystems and highlights the different approaches used by each study, which can make comparisons among studies challenging. Suggestions on how to standardize TMFs for PFAS are also provided in this review. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:1500-1512. © 2022 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele de A Miranda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Graham F Peaslee
- Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Alison M Zachritz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Gary A Lamberti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tang J, Zhu Y, Li Y, Xiang B, Tan T, Lv L, Luo Q. Occurrence characteristics and health risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from water in residential areas around fluorine chemical industrial areas, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:60733-60743. [PMID: 35426024 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recently, identifying the contamination status and assessing the health risk of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in surface water and groundwater have been of great significance. Eighteen individual PFASs were analyzed in thirty-three surface/groundwater samples during one period in a fluorine chemical park (Park A) and during two periods in Park B. The mean total concentration of 18 PFASs (∑PFASs) in Park A (9104.63 ng·L-1) was significantly higher than that in the wet season (WS) (801.68 ng·L-1) or DS (714.64 ng·L-1) in Park B. The perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) was the predominant substance in the two parks, and the maximum concentration in groundwater exceeded 10,000 ng·L-1. The contamination status in the wet season (WS) was higher than that in the dry season (DS) in Park B. The ∑PFASs in Park A presented an increasing tendency following the groundwater flow direction, whereas this rule was limited to all periods in Park B. Two relative source contributions (RSCs) of 20% or 100% allowed assessing the PFASs risk to different age groups, and the results revealed that some PFASs (4 ≤ C ≤ 7 or 9 ≤ C ≤ 12) were identified as having a low risk quotient (RQ), except for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and PFOA (C = 8). The RQmix value mainly relies on PFOA and PFOS, with a larger contribution rate of 80-90%. All assessed cases (case 1, case 2, case 3, and case 4) in all age groups revealed that infants were vulnerable to PFASs influence, followed by children, teenagers, and adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Yongle Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Biao Xiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Ting Tan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Linyou Lv
- Liaoning Research Institute of Sand Control and Utilization, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhao Z, Li J, Zhang X, Wang L, Wang J, Lin T. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in groundwater: current understandings and challenges to overcome. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:49513-49533. [PMID: 35593984 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been frequently detected in groundwater globally. With the phase-out of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanate (PFOA) due to their risk to the ecosystem and human population, various novel PFASs have been used as replacements and detected in groundwater. In order to summarize the current understanding and knowledge gaps on PFASs in groundwater, we reviewed the studies about environmental occurrence, transport, and risk of legacy and novel PFASs in groundwater published from 1999 to 2021. Our review suggests that PFOS and PFOA could still be detected in groundwater due to the long residence time and the retention in the soil-groundwater system. Firefighting training sites, industrial parks, and landfills were commonly hotspots of PFASs in groundwater. More novel PFASs have been detected via nontarget analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Some novel PFASs had concentrations comparable to that of PFOS and PFOA. Both legacy and novel PFASs can pose a risk to human population who rely on contaminated groundwater as drinking water. Transport of PFASs to groundwater is influenced by various factors, i.e., the compound structure, the hydrochemical condition, and terrain. The exchange of PFASs between groundwater and surface water needs to be better characterized. Field monitoring, isotope tracing, nontarget screening, and modeling are useful approaches and should be integrated to get a comprehensive understanding of PFASs sources and behaviors in groundwater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jie Li
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Leien Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jamin Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Truong L, Rericha Y, Thunga P, Marvel S, Wallis D, Simonich MT, Field JA, Cao D, Reif DM, Tanguay RL. Systematic developmental toxicity assessment of a structurally diverse library of PFAS in zebrafish. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128615. [PMID: 35263707 PMCID: PMC8970529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of widely used chemicals with limited human health effects data relative to the diversity of structures manufactured. To help fill this data gap, an extensive in vivo developmental toxicity screen was performed on 139 PFAS provided by the US EPA. Dechorionated embryonic zebrafish were exposed to 10 nominal water concentrations of PFAS (0.015-100 µM) from 6 to 120 h post-fertilization (hpf). The embryos were assayed for embryonic photomotor response (EPR), larval photomotor response (LPR), and 13 morphological endpoints. A total of 49 PFAS (35%) were bioactive in one or more assays (11 altered EPR, 25 altered LPR, and 31 altered morphology). Perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA) was the only structure that was bioactive in all 3 assays, while Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) was the most potent teratogen. Low PFAS volatility was associated with developmental toxicity (p < 0.01), but no association was detected between bioactivity and five other physicochemical parameters. The bioactive PFAS were enriched for 6 supergroup chemotypes. The results illustrate the power of a multi-dimensional in vivo platform to assess the developmental (neuro)toxicity of diverse PFAS and in the acceleration of PFAS safety research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Truong
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, and the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Yvonne Rericha
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, and the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Preethi Thunga
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Skylar Marvel
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Dylan Wallis
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Michael T Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, and the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer A Field
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Dunping Cao
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - David M Reif
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Robyn L Tanguay
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Campos-Pereira H, Makselon J, Kleja DB, Prater I, Kögel-Knabner I, Ahrens L, Gustafsson JP. Binding of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) by organic soil materials with different structural composition - Charge- and concentration-dependent sorption behavior. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134167. [PMID: 35276112 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The charge- and concentration-dependent sorption behavior of a range of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) was studied for three organic soil samples with different organic matter quality, one Spodosol Oe horizon (Mor Oe) and two Sphagnum peats with different degrees of decomposition (Peat Oi and Peat Oe). Sorption to the two peat materials was, on average, four times stronger compared to that onto the Mor Oe material. In particular, longer-chained PFASs were more strongly bound by the two peats as compared to the Mor Oe sample. The combined results of batch sorption experiments and 13C NMR spectroscopy suggested sorption to be positively related to the content of carbohydrates (i.e., O-alkyl carbon). Sorption of all PFAS subclasses was inversely related to the pH value in all soils, with the largest pH effects being observed for perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) with C10 and C11 perfluorocarbon chain lengths. Experimentally determined sorption isotherms onto the poorly humified Peat Oi did not deviate significantly from linearity for most substances, while for the Mor Oe horizon, sorption nonlinearity was generally more pronounced. This work should prove useful in assessing PFAS sorption and leaching in organic soil horizons within environmental risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Campos-Pereira
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7014, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Makselon
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7014, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan B Kleja
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7014, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden; Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI), SE-581 93, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Isabel Prater
- Soil Science, Research Department Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Ingrid Kögel-Knabner
- Soil Science, Research Department Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon Petter Gustafsson
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7014, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Martinez B, Da Silva BF, Aristizabal-Henao JJ, Denslow ND, Osborne TZ, Morrison ES, Bianchi TS, Bowden JA. Increased levels of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) during Hurricane Dorian on the east coast of Florida. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 208:112635. [PMID: 34990607 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of synthetic chemicals commonly found in everyday consumer products and are an emerging concern due to their ubiquitous presence in ecosystems around the world. PFAS exposure, which often occurs through contaminated water, has been linked to several adverse health effects in humans and wildlife. PFAS can be transported in surface water and storm runoff in the nearshore environment. Episodic events, such as hurricanes, are projected to increase in frequency and intensity, and a critical unanswered question is: how do episodic events influence the concentrations and distributions of emerging contaminants, such as PFAS, in coastal systems? Here, we investigated the impact of the 2019 Hurricane Dorian on the Florida coast to assess how natural disasters, such as hurricanes, influence the fate and transport of PFAS in surface water. Water samples collected throughout the St. Augustine Intracoastal waterway before, during, and after the storm were analyzed and compared with baseline concentrations. Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used in the detection and quantification of 23 and 17 PFAS, respectively. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was the compound with the highest concentration across all sampling sites. Mean PFOS levels showed the highest increase of 177% during the hurricane and returned to baseline levels after two days. Our findings highlight the need for continued research focused on understanding how large storms near all coastlines can impact the transport of environmental pollutants, such as PFOS, that can have adverse effects on human and environmental health. Further monitoring of PFAS in coastal systems is necessary to identify potential PFAS hotspots, investigate the impacts of episodic events on PFAS transport, develop mitigation practices capable of reducing the risk of PFAS exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bianca F Da Silva
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Todd Z Osborne
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Elise S Morrison
- Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas S Bianchi
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John A Bowden
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sims JL, Stroski KM, Kim S, Killeen G, Ehalt R, Simcik MF, Brooks BW. Global occurrence and probabilistic environmental health hazard assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in groundwater and surface waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 816:151535. [PMID: 34762945 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been used in consumer and military products since the 1950s but are increasingly scrutinized worldwide because of inherent chemical properties, environmental contamination, and risks to public health and the environment. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) identified 24 PFASs of interest for further study and possible regulation. We examined 371 peer-reviewed studies published since 2001 to understand the occurrence and distribution of 24 priority PFASs in global surface waters and groundwater. We identified 77,541 and 16,246 data points for surface waters and groundwater, respectively, with total PFAS concentrations ranging from low pg/L to low mg/L levels. Most data were from Asia, Europe, and North America with some reports from Oceania. PFAS information from other geographic regions is lacking. PFASs levels are consistently higher in rivers and streams followed by lakes and reservoirs and then coastal and marine systems. When sufficient data were available, probabilistic environmental hazard assessments (PEHAs) were performed from environmental exposure distributions (EEDs) to identify potential exceedances of available guideline values for each compound by matrix, region, and aquatic system. Specifically, exceedances of USEPA drinking water lifetime health advisory levels were up to 74% for PFOS in groundwater from Oceania and 69% for PFOA in North American groundwater. Our findings support selection of environmentally relevant experimental treatment levels for future toxicology, ecotoxicology and bioaccumulation studies, and potable source water exposure investigations, while highlighting PFASs and major geographic locations requiring additional study and inclusion in global monitoring and surveillance campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaylen L Sims
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Kevin M Stroski
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Grace Killeen
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Ricardo Ehalt
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Matt F Simcik
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
The Symbiotic Fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus (Möller) Singer (Agaricales, Agaricaceae) as a Target Organism to Control Leaf-Cutting Ants. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040359. [PMID: 35447801 PMCID: PMC9029082 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The most used approach to control leaf-cutting ants (which cause damage in agricultural areas) is the application of synthetic chemical compounds that directly affect these insects. But another approach is the use of natural substances that attack the symbiotic fungus responsible for many aspects of the survival of the nest. In this study, we discuss the natural substances already reported in the literature to have fungicidal activity and how they could be applicable as products for the control of leaf-cutting ants. Abstract Atta and Acromyrmex are the main genera of leaf-cutting ants present in North and South America, causing extensive damage to agroforestry. Control of the ants requires high handling costs with few effective methods available to decrease the losses. The symbiosis between the leaf-cutting ants and the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus is essential for ant nest survival. Therefore, L. gongylophorus may be a key target in controlling leaf-cutting ants, since its reduction may cause an imbalance in the symbiosis necessary to maintain the nest. Among the options for natural fungal control, plant species are considered important sources of compounds belonging to several classes of natural products that show potential as antifungal agents. This review also presents studies that establish that the antagonist fungi from the Escovopsis and Trichoderma genera effectively reduce the development of L. gongylophorus. The development of nanostructured delivery systems, which have shown advantages over conventional formulations, is suggested for ant control; no commercial nanotechnology-based product has yet been developed, and this appears to be a new approach for future studies.
Collapse
|
31
|
Barbosa Machado Torres F, Guida Y, Weber R, Machado Torres JP. Brazilian overview of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances listed as persistent organic pollutants in the stockholm convention. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132674. [PMID: 34736745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PFAS are a group of organic chemicals, which some presents environmental persistence, dispersion and potential toxicity. Some of them have been listed in the Stockholm Convention as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to have its production and use restricted, namely PFOS, its salts and PFOSF and PFOA, its salts and related substances. As a Party, Brazil has to comply with the Convention provisions regarding the control of POPs. In order to develop listed PFAS inventories in the country, the Convention guidance documents were used. Stakeholders were consulted and trade data was assessed. Complementary, a review on listed PFAS occurrence in Brazil was performed. From over 1000 queries sent, only 3 answers were received. International trade data showed an import of 93.7 tonnes of PFOSF from China and export of sulfluramid-base ant bait to other developing countries. Domestic trade data showed that around 28 t per year of EtFOSA is commercialized in Brazil. The EtFOSA sold internally could lead to emissions of up to 616 t of PFOS. With domestic and foreign trade data it was possible to estimate the production of EtFOSA from 2010 to 2018 to 40 t per year. Only 10 studies reported listed PFAS occurrence in Brazilian environmental matrices. All of them reported ubiquitous occurrence of listed PFAS in the country, being PFOS the predominant in terms of occurrence and concentration. Brazil needs to develop strategies to overcome the low engagement of stakeholders and enforce control over listed PFAS foreign trade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Barbosa Machado Torres
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Yago Guida
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Schwäbisch Gmünd, 73527, Germany
| | - João Paulo Machado Torres
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Investments in Pinus elliottii Engelm. Plantations: Real Options Analysis in Discrete Time. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The commonly used methods for the financial evaluation of plantation forest investment projects do not incorporate uncertainties and ignore the value related to flexibility. The real options analysis makes it possible to capture these values in investment projects, increasing their value and return. Despite this, studies involving real options in forest investment projects are scarce, specifically those related to Pinus spp. Therefore, this study aimed to: (a) analyze whether the real options analysis adds value to investment projects of Pinus elliottii Engelm. plantations; and (b) make the real options analysis more accessible to forest managers and potentially increase its use in the investment projects of Pinus spp. plantations. Methods: We evaluated two investment projects in P. elliottii plantations in southern Brazil, which differed in the way of obtaining the land for planting: with lease or purchase of land on a planning horizon of 21 years. In the real options analysis, we used deferral, expansion, and abandonment. Results: Individually, the deferral, expansion, and abandonment options add value to investment projects in Pinus elliottii plantations. The option to expand the forested area is one that adds the most value to the investment project with land lease. In the investment project with land purchase, it is abandonment. Conclusions: Investment projects in Pinus elliotti plantations that contemplate the land purchase analyzed through the real options analysis present higher financial returns than those that consider land lease, inverting the result provided by the traditional analysis.
Collapse
|
33
|
Savvaides T, Koelmel JP, Zhou Y, Lin EZ, Stelben P, Aristizabal-Henao JJ, Bowden JA, Godri Pollitt KJ. Prevalence and Implications of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Settled Dust. Curr Environ Health Rep 2022; 8:323-335. [PMID: 34985714 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-021-00326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a family of more than 7,000 fluorinated compounds. The carbon-fluorine bond of PFAS provides desirable hydrophobic and oleophobic properties and stability that has led to widespread usage in consumer products and industrial applications. The strength of the carbon-fluorine bond also prevents appreciable degradation once released into the environment. Consequently, various household products can release volatile and nonvolatile PFAS into the indoor environment that often concentrate in dust. We discuss the diversity of PFAS in settled dust, emission sources of these chemicals, changes in PFAS profiles in dust over the past century, and the implications for human health. RECENT FINDINGS Sources of PFAS found in dust include building materials and furnishings and consumer products used in typical indoor spaces. Daycares and workplaces are emphasized as locations with widespread exposure due to the presence of treated carpeting and industrial-strength cleaners. Comparison and interpretation of findings across studies are complicated by the different ways in which PFAS are screened across studies. We further discuss recent developments in non-targeted software for the comprehensive annotation of PFAS in indoor dust and emphasize the need for comprehensive and harmonized analytical workflows. We highlight the detection and diversity of PFAS in settled dust collected from various indoor spaces, including locations with vulnerable subpopulations. There are opportunities for future research to leverage settled dust as a sentinel environmental matrix to evaluate the link between inhalation and ingestion routes of PFAS exposure to adverse health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Savvaides
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 510, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy P Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 510, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Yakun Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 510, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Elizabeth Z Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 510, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Paul Stelben
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 510, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Juan J Aristizabal-Henao
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John A Bowden
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 510, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhou J, Zhao G, Li M, Li J, Liang X, Yang X, Guo J, Wang T, Zhu L. Three-dimensional spatial distribution of legacy and novel poly/perfluoroalkyl substances in the Tibetan Plateau soil: Implications for transport and sources. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:107007. [PMID: 34991266 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Driven by increasingly stringent regulations on the legacy poly/perfluoroalkyl (PFASs), a variety of fluorinated alternatives have emerged on the market. Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays an important role in accumulation of organic pollutants due to its high altitude and wet deposition. In this study, the occurrence, spatial distribution and sources of PFASs in the TP soils were investigated. The total concentrations of PFASs ranged from 0.814-4.51 ng/g in the TP soils, with the identification of a variety of novel PFASs, including fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSs), chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid (Cl-PFESAs), and hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO) homologues. Generally, the PFAS concentrations exhibited an increase trend from the west to east, and gradually increased with the altitude increasing, suggesting the impacts of human activities and mountain cold-trapping. The PFASs decreased with the increase of soil depth, but at different extents, which were related to their occurrence time, interactions with organic matters, and microbial transformation in soil. Most of the PFASs were present as free fractions in soil, particularly for the short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), implying that they were liable to be accumulated in organisms and transport to groundwater. Multiple source apportionment analyses indicated that PFASs in the soil of TP were not only derived from the local pollution, but also from the atmospheric migration influenced by Indian Monsoon and westerly winds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Min Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Jiaqian Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Liang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Jia Guo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Barhoumi B, Sander SG, Driss MR, Tolosa I. Survey of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in Mediterranean seafood from a North African ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118398. [PMID: 34695516 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ubiquity of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in all environmental compartments, little is known about the pollution they cause on the African continent, neither on levels, nor effects. Here we examined the occurrence and levels of 21 legacy and emerging PFAS in 9 marine species (3 fish, 2 crustaceans and 4 mollusks) collected from Bizerte lagoon, Northern Tunisia. Furthermore, assessment of potential human health risks through consumption of contaminated seafood was examined. This is the first study assessing PFAS in Mediterranean coastal areas of North Africa. Twelve out of the 21 targeted PFAS were detected, evidencing the occurrence of PFAS in seafood from North Africa, albeit at low levels. The Ʃ21PFAS concentrations in all seafood samples ranged from 0.202 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) to 2.89 ng g-1 dw, with a mean value of 1.10 ± 0.89 ng g-1 dw. The profiles of PFAS varied significantly among different species, which might be related to their different trophic level, protein content, feeding behaviour and metabolism. Generally, current exposure to PFAS through seafood consumption indicates that it should not be of concern to the local consumers, at least for those PFAS for which information is available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Barhoumi
- IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco, Monaco.
| | - Sylvia G Sander
- IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco, Monaco; GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mohamed Ridha Driss
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Imma Tolosa
- IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco, Monaco.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kirk AB, Michelsen-Correa S, Rosen C, Martin CF, Blumberg B. PFAS and Potential Adverse Effects on Bone and Adipose Tissue Through Interactions With PPARγ. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6364127. [PMID: 34480479 PMCID: PMC9034324 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a widely dispersed, broad class of synthetic chemicals with diverse biological effects, including effects on adipose and bone differentiation. PFAS most commonly occur as mixtures and only rarely, if ever, as single environmental contaminants. This poses significant regulatory questions and a pronounced need for chemical risk assessments, analytical methods, and technological solutions to reduce the risk to public and environmental health. The effects of PFAS on biological systems may be complex. Each may have several molecular targets initiating multiple biochemical events leading to a number of different adverse outcomes. An exposure to mixtures or coexposures of PFAS complicates the picture further. This review illustrates how PFAS target peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Additionally, we describe how such activation leads to changes in cell differentiation and bone development that contributes to metabolic disorder and bone weakness. This discussion sheds light on the importance of seemingly modest outcomes observed in test animals and highlights why the most sensitive end points identified in some chemical risk assessments are significant from a public health perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Kirk
- Correspondence: Andrea Kirk, PhD, US EPA Headquarters, William Jefferson Clinton Bldg, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Mail Code 5201P, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
| | - Stephani Michelsen-Correa
- EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division, Washington, District of Columbia 20460, USA
| | - Cliff Rosen
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | | | - Bruce Blumberg
- University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Miranda DDA, Leonel J, Benskin JP, Johansson J, Hatje V. Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Western Tropical Atlantic Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13749-13758. [PMID: 34617730 PMCID: PMC8529868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The dispersion of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface and deep-water profiles (down to 5845 m deep) was evaluated through the Western Tropical Atlantic Ocean (TAO) between 15°N and 23°S. The sum concentrations for eight quantifiable PFAS (∑8PFAS) in surface waters ranged from 11 to 69 pg/L, which is lower than previously reported in the same area as well as in higher latitudes. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) were the predominant PFASs present in the Western TAO. The 16 surface samples showed variable PFAS distributions, with the predominance of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) along the transect (67%; 11 ± 8 pg/L) and detection of perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) only in the Southern TAO. Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) was often detected in the vertical profiles. PFAS distribution patterns (i.e., profiles and concentrations) varied with depth throughout the TAO latitudinal sectors (North, Equator, South Atlantic, and in the Brazilian coastal zone). Vertical profiles in coastal samples displayed decreasing PFAS concentrations with increasing depth, whereas offshore samples displayed higher PFAS detection frequencies in the intermediate water masses. Together with the surface currents and coastal upwelling, the origin of the water masses was an important factor in explaining PFAS concentrations and profiles in the TAO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele de A. Miranda
- Centro
Interdisciplinar de Energia & Ambiente (CIEnAm) and Inst. de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 41170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
- ,
| | - Juliana Leonel
- Coordenação
de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Jonathan P. Benskin
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Jana Johansson
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Vanessa Hatje
- Centro
Interdisciplinar de Energia & Ambiente (CIEnAm) and Inst. de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 41170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Brennan NM, Evans AT, Fritz MK, Peak SA, von Holst HE. Trends in the Regulation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10900. [PMID: 34682663 PMCID: PMC8536021 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Products containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used for decades in industrial and consumer products. These compounds are persistent in the environment, bioaccumulative, and some are toxic to humans and other animals. Since the early 2000s, laws, policies, and regulations have been implemented to reduce the prevalence of PFAS in the environment and exposures to PFAS. We conducted a scoping literature review to identify how PFAS are regulated internationally, at the U.S. national level, and at the U.S. state level, as well as drivers of and challenges to implementing PFAS regulations in the U.S. This review captured peer-reviewed scientific literature (e.g., PubMed), grey literature databases (e.g., SciTech Premium Collection), Google searches, and targeted websites (e.g., state health department websites). We identified 454 relevant documents, of which 61 discussed the non-U.S. PFAS policy, 214 discussed the U.S. national-level PFAS policy, and 181 discussed the U.S. state-level PFAS policy. The drivers of and challenges to PFAS regulation were identified through qualitative analysis. The drivers of PFAS policy identified were political support for regulation, social awareness of PFAS, economic resource availability, and compelling scientific evidence. The challenges to implementing PFAS regulations were political limitations, economic challenges, unclear scientific evidence, and practical challenges. The implications for PFAS policy makers and other stakeholders are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abigail Teresa Evans
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH 43201, USA; (N.M.B.); (M.K.F.); (S.A.P.); (H.E.v.H.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wu Z, Li R, Zhang Y, Zhu L. Insights into the impacts of bioturbation by multiple benthic organisms on the bioavailability and toxic effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate in sediment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126675. [PMID: 34329095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sediment is an important reservoir for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in the environment, which likely poses adverse effects to benthos. In this study, the impacts of bioturbation of three benthic organisms, i.e. Chironomus kiiensis, Hyalella azteca and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, on the release of PFOS from sediment were investigated, and the toxic effects of PFOS to C. kiiensis were explored in the presence of one or two of the other benthic organisms. Among the three organisms, C. kiiensis displayed the weakest effect on the distribution of PFOS between sediment and water (P>0.05). The bioturbation of H. azteca and L. hoffmeisteri distinctly facilitated the suspension of sediment, leading to the enhanced amount of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and the flux of PFOS from sediment to SPM. Consequently, the concentrations of PFOS in the overlying water and pore water decreased significantly. Moreover, both H. azteca and L. hoffmeisteri affected the survival of C. kiiensis, and its mortality increased from 2.8% to 100% and 41.7% respectively. This study provides insights into the influences of bioturbation on the bioavailability of PFOS in sediments, and is helpful for accurately assessing the transport, toxicity and potential risks of PFOS in sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ruixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ng C, Cousins IT, DeWitt JC, Glüge J, Goldenman G, Herzke D, Lohmann R, Miller M, Patton S, Scheringer M, Trier X, Wang Z. Addressing Urgent Questions for PFAS in the 21st Century. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12755-12765. [PMID: 34519210 PMCID: PMC8590733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of research on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), fundamental obstacles remain to addressing worldwide contamination by these chemicals and their associated impacts on environmental quality and health. Here, we propose six urgent questions relevant to science, technology, and policy that must be tackled to address the "PFAS problem": (1) What are the global production volumes of PFAS, and where are PFAS used? (2) Where are the unknown PFAS hotspots in the environment? (3) How can we make measuring PFAS globally accessible? (4) How can we safely manage PFAS-containing waste? (5) How do we understand and describe the health effects of PFAS exposure? (6) Who pays the costs of PFAS contamination? The importance of each question and barriers to progress are briefly described, and several potential paths forward are proposed. Given the diversity of PFAS and their uses, the extreme persistence of most PFAS, the striking ongoing lack of fundamental information, and the inequity of the health and environmental impacts from PFAS contamination, there is a need for scientific and regulatory communities to work together, with cooperation from PFAS-related industries, to fill in critical data gaps and protect human health and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ng
- Departments of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Ian T. Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jamie C. DeWitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
| | - Juliane Glüge
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway, and Institute for Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 TromsH, Norway
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Mark Miller
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science and U.S. Public Health Service, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Sharyle Patton
- Health and Environment Program, Commonweal, Bolinas, California 94924, United States
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Xenia Trier
- European Environment Agency, Kgs Nytorv 6, DK - 1050 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zweigle J, Bugsel B, Schmitt M, Zwiener C. Electrochemical Oxidation of 6:2 Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Diester-Simulation of Transformation Pathways and Reaction Kinetics with Hydroxyl Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11070-11079. [PMID: 34327989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAPs) are widely used for paper and cardboard impregnation and discharged via waste streams from production processes and consumer products. To improve the knowledge about the environmental fate of diPAPs, electrochemical oxidation (EO) was used to characterize the transformation pathways and reaction kinetics. 6:2 diPAP was transformed electrochemically to perfluorocarboxylic acids (C5-C7 PFCAs) and two intermediates (6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid, FTCA, and 6:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid, FTUCA). EO of potential intermediates 6:2 monoPAP and 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) showed similar transformation products but with different ratios. We show that 6:2 diPAP is initiated by OH radical (•OH) reactions, as evidenced by the measured steady-state concentrations of •OH with the probe molecule terephthalic acid, quenching experiments, and pH dependency of the reaction. PFHpA was the main product of 6:2 diPAP oxidation, and it was formed in a pseudo-first-order reaction for which a bimolecular rate constant was estimated to be k O • H , diPAP form PFHpA = 9.4(±1.4) × 107 M-1 s-1 by an initial rate approach. This can be utilized to estimate the environmental half-life of 6:2 diPAP for the reaction with •OH and the formation kinetics of persistent PFCAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Zweigle
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Boris Bugsel
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Markus Schmitt
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Glaser D, Lamoureux E, Opdyke D, LaRoe S, Reidy D, Connolly J. The impact of precursors on aquatic exposure assessment for PFAS: Insights from bioaccumulation modeling. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 17:705-715. [PMID: 33739579 PMCID: PMC8359936 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is complicated by the fact that PFAS include several thousand compounds. Although new analytical methods have increased the number that can be identified in environmental samples, a significant fraction of them remain uncharacterized. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is the PFAS compound of primary interest when evaluating risks to humans and wildlife owing to the consumption of aquatic organisms. The exposure assessment for PFOS is complicated by the presence of PFOS precursors and their transformation, which can occur both in the environment and within organisms. Thus, the PFOS to which wildlife or people are exposed may consist of PFOS that was discharged directly into the environment and/or other PFOS precursors that were transformed into PFOS. This means that exposure assessment and the development of remedial strategies may depend on the relative concentrations and properties not only of PFOS but also of other PFAS that are transformed into PFOS. A bioaccumulation model was developed to explore these issues. The model embeds toxicokinetic and bioenergetic components within a larger food web calculation that accounts for uptake from both food and water, as well as predator-prey interactions. Multiple chemicals are modeled, including parent-daughter reactions. A series of illustrative simulations explores how chemical properties can influence exposure assessment and remedial decision making. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:705-715. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
Collapse
|
43
|
Xu B, Liu S, Zhou JL, Zheng C, Weifeng J, Chen B, Zhang T, Qiu W. PFAS and their substitutes in groundwater: Occurrence, transformation and remediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125159. [PMID: 33951855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are increasingly investigated due to their global occurrence and potential human health risk. The ban on PFOA and PFOS has led to the use of novel substitutes such as GenX, F-53B and OBS. This paper reviews the studies on the occurrence, transformation and remediation of major PFAS i.e. PFOA, PFNA, PFBA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFBS and the three substitutes in groundwater. The data indicated that PFOA, PFBA, PFOS and PFBS were present at high concentrations up to 21,200 ng L-1 while GenX and F-53B were found up to 30,000 ng L-1 and 0.18-0.59 ng L-1, respectively. PFAS in groundwater are from direct sources e.g. surface water and soil. PFAS remediation methods based on membrane, redox, sorption, electrochemical and photocatalysis are analyzed. Overall, photocatalysis is considered to be an ideal technology with low cost and high degradation efficacy for PFAS removal. Photocatalysis could be combined with electrochemical or membrane filtration to become more advantageous. GenX, F-53B and OBS in groundwater treatment by UV/sulfite system and electrochemical oxidation proved effective. The review identified gaps such as the immobilization and recycling of materials in groundwater treatment, and recommended visible light photocatalysis for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bentuo Xu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - John L Zhou
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jin Weifeng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Bei Chen
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenhui Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Espindola Santos ADS, Meyer A, Dabkiewicz VE, Câmara VDM, Asmus CIRF. Serum levels of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid in pregnant women: Maternal predictors and associations with birth outcomes in the PIPA Project. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2021; 47:3107-3118. [PMID: 34111903 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are persistent pollutants associated with adverse birth outcomes. This study aimed to identify predictors of blood PFOA and PFOS concentrations in pregnant women and to estimate their associations with birth outcomes in Brazil. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study with 139 pregnant women enrolled in the pilot study of the Rio Birth Cohort Study on Environmental Exposure and Childhood Development (PIPA Project). Multiple linear regression was used to estimate associations between PFOA and PFOS with maternal predictors and birth outcomes. RESULTS Higher levels of PFOA were observed in women aged 16-19 and 20-39 years, while fish consumption from 0.6 to 2.0 times per week was associated with lower levels of the substance. PFOS levels were higher in women living in houses with up to four rooms but lower in those who reported passive exposure to smoking. Increased newborn length and head circumference were also associated with higher maternal levels of PFOA. CONCLUSIONS In our study, age, fish consumption, passive smoking, and the number of rooms in the house were predictors of maternal PFAS levels. However, we did not observe significant associations between maternal plasma PFAS concentrations and birth outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline de Souza Espindola Santos
- Occupational and Environmental Branch, Public Health Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Armando Meyer
- Occupational and Environmental Branch, Public Health Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Emídio Dabkiewicz
- Center for Studies of Human Ecology and Worker's Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Volney de Magalhães Câmara
- Occupational and Environmental Branch, Public Health Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Moodie D, Coggan T, Berry K, Kolobaric A, Fernandes M, Lee E, Reichman S, Nugegoda D, Clarke BO. Legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Australian biosolids. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:129143. [PMID: 33429237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biosolids samples were collected from 19 Australian WWTPs during 2018 that cover a range of catchment types (urban, rural, industrial waste discharges) and treatment technologies. Samples were analysed for 44 PFAS using isotope dilution and alkaline extraction coupled with quantification with LC-MS/MS. The Σ44PFAS mean concentration was 260 ng/g dry weight (dw) and ranged between 4.2 and 910 ng/g dw. The dominant compound class detected were the di-substituted phosphate esters (Σ3PAPs mean 140 ng/g dw; range ND - 730 ng/g dw) which contributed 45% of the total mean Σ44PFAS mass, followed by perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (Σ11PFCAs mean 39 ng/g dw; range 2.3-120 ng/g dw) contributing 17%, and the perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (Σ8PFSAs mean 28 ng/g dw; range 0.9-220 ng/g) which contributed 16%. Using the population data supplied by the participating WWTPs, the mean annual estimated biosolids-associated PFAS contribution is 6 mg per person per year and ranged between 0.6 mg and 15 mg. A similar population normalised concentration regardless of WWTP, region or capacity suggests that the domestic environment provides the baseline PFAS loading. Statistically significant higher Σ44PFAS and PFOS concentrations were observed at urban locations. A weak correlation was observed between annual mass of PFAS associated with each individual WWTP and their percentage industrial waste contribution. This may be important for elevated PFAS concentrations observed in WWTPs with higher industrial waste inputs and requires further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Moodie
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia; Australian Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Timothy Coggan
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Kathryn Berry
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Adam Kolobaric
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Milena Fernandes
- SA Water, GPO Box 1751, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Elliot Lee
- Water Corporation, Leederville, Western Australia, 6007, Australia
| | - Suzie Reichman
- Centre for Anthropogenic Pollution Impact and Management (CAPIM), School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Dayanthi Nugegoda
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Australian Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhang W, Pang S, Lin Z, Mishra S, Bhatt P, Chen S. Biotransformation of perfluoroalkyl acid precursors from various environmental systems: advances and perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115908. [PMID: 33190976 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are widely used in industrial production and daily life because of their unique physicochemical properties, such as their hydrophobicity, oleophobicity, surface activity, and thermal stability. Perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) and perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) are the most studied PFAAs due to their global occurrence. PFAAs are environmentally persistent, toxic, and the long-chain homologs are also bioaccumulative. Exposure to PFAAs may arise directly from emission or indirectly via the environmental release and degradation of PFAA precursors. Precursors themselves or their conversion intermediates can present deleterious effects, including hepatotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, and genetic toxicity. Therefore, exposure to PFAA precursors constitutes a potential hazard for environmental contamination. In order to comprehensively evaluate the environmental fate and effects of PFAA precursors and their connection with PFSAs and PFCAs, we review environmental biodegradability studies carried out with microbial strains, activated sludge, plants, and earthworms over the past decade. In particular, we review perfluorooctyl-sulfonamide-based precursors, including perfluroooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) and its N-ethyl derivative (EtFOSA), N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol (EtFOSE), and EtFOSE-based phosphate diester (DiSAmPAP). Fluorotelomerization-based precursors are also reviewed, including fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOH), fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSA), and a suite of their transformation products. Though limited information is currently available on zwitterionic PFAS precursors, a preliminary review of data available for 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide betaine (FTAB) was also conducted. Furthermore, we update and refine the recent knowledge on biotransformation strategies with a focus on metabolic pathways and mechanisms involved in the biotransformation of PFAA precursors. The biotransformation of PFAA precursors mainly involves the cleavage of carbon-fluorine (C-F) bonds and the degradation of non-fluorinated functional groups via oxidation, dealkylation, and defluorination to form shorter-chained PFAAs. Based on the existing research, the current problems and future research directions on the biotransformation of PFAA precursors are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shimei Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ziqiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Sandhya Mishra
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhou J, Li S, Liang X, Feng X, Wang T, Li Z, Zhu L. First report on the sources, vertical distribution and human health risks of legacy and novel per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater from the Loess Plateau, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124134. [PMID: 33022527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, legacy and novel per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were measured in groundwater samples collected from the Loess Plateau of China to understand their occurrence, sources and health risks. The total concentration of PFASs ranged from 2.78 to 115 ng/L, with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as the dominant compound. Many emerging PFASs, including 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTS), 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid (Cl-PFESAs), ammonium 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate (ADONA), and hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO) homologues were frequently detected in 96.7-100% of the samples. Multiple source apportionment analyses indicated that the PFASs in the groundwater mainly originated from industrial activities, but in rural areas, agricultural activities also contributed. The total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay indicated that there were substantial unknown precursors of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the groundwater samples. The total concentration of PFASs decreased with the well depth, while the PFAA-precursors displayed contrasting vertical profile trends, which might be due to the suppressed microbial transformation in the groundwater. The potential human health risk caused by PFAS exposure via drinking groundwater in the Loess Plateau was low, except for one site that was close to the industry bases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Shujian Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Liang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Xuemin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Miranda DA, Benskin JP, Awad R, Lepoint G, Leonel J, Hatje V. Bioaccumulation of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in a tropical estuarine food web. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142146. [PMID: 33254889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The biomagnification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) was investigated in a tropical mangrove food web from an estuary in Bahia, Brazil. Samples of 44 organisms (21 taxa), along with biofilm, leaves, sediment and suspended particulate matter were analyzed. Sum (∑) PFAS concentrations in biota samples were dominated by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 93% detection frequency in tissues; 0.05 to 1.97 ng g-1 ww whole-body (wb)), followed by perfluorotridecanoate (PFTrDA, 57%; 0.01 to 0.28 ng g-1 ww wb). PFOS precursors such as perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA, 54%; 0.01 to 0.32 ng g-1 ww wb) and N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA; 30%; 0.01 to 0.21 ng g-1 ww wb) were also detected. PFAS accumulation profiles revealed different routes of exposure among bivalve, crustacean and fish groups. Statistics for left-censored data were used in order to minimize bias on trophic magnification factors (TMFs) calculations. TMFs >1 were observed for PFOS (linear + branched isomers), EtFOSA (linear + branched isomers), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA), and in all cases, dissimilar accumulation patterns were observed among different trophic positions. The apparent biodilution of some long-chain PFCAs through the food chain (TMF < 1) may be due to exposure from multiple PFAS sources. This is the first study investigating bioaccumulation of PFASs in a tropical food web and provides new insight on the behavior of this ubiquitous class of contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele A Miranda
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente (CIEnAm) and Inst. de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 41170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raed Awad
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gilles Lepoint
- Freshwater and Oceanic sciences Unit of reSearch (FOCUS - Oceanology), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Juliana Leonel
- Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Hatje
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente (CIEnAm) and Inst. de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 41170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Acayaba RD, de Albuquerque AF, Ribessi RL, Umbuzeiro GDA, Montagner CC. Occurrence of pesticides in waters from the largest sugar cane plantation region in the world. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:9824-9835. [PMID: 33156498 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a multi-residue method was used to analyze 13 pesticides and 1 degradation product in surface and groundwater in the region with the largest sugar cane production in the world. The potential effects of individual pesticides and their mixtures, for aquatic life and human consumption, were evaluated. For the surface water, 2-hydroxy atrazine, diuron, carbendazim, tebuthiuron, and hexazinone were the most frequently detected (100, 94, 93, 92, and 91%, respectively). Imidacloprid (2579 ng L-1), carbendazim (1114 ng L-1), ametryn (1101 ng L-1), and tebuthiuron (1080 ng L-1) were found at the highest concentrations. For groundwater, tebuthiuron was the only quantified pesticide (107 ng L-1). Ametryn, atrazine, diuron, hexazinone, carbofuran, imidacloprid, malathion, carbendazim, and their mixtures presented risk for the aquatic life. No risk was observed for the pesticides analyzed in this work, alone or in their mixtures for human consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafael Luis Ribessi
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bolan N, Sarkar B, Yan Y, Li Q, Wijesekara H, Kannan K, Tsang DCW, Schauerte M, Bosch J, Noll H, Ok YS, Scheckel K, Kumpiene J, Gobindlal K, Kah M, Sperry J, Kirkham MB, Wang H, Tsang YF, Hou D, Rinklebe J. Remediation of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contaminated soils - To mobilize or to immobilize or to degrade? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123892. [PMID: 33113753 PMCID: PMC8025151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic chemicals, which are introduced to the environment through anthropogenic activities. Aqueous film forming foam used in firefighting, wastewater effluent, landfill leachate, and biosolids are major sources of PFAS input to soil and groundwater. Remediation of PFAS contaminated solid and aqueous media is challenging, which is attributed to the chemical and thermal stability of PFAS and the complexity of PFAS mixtures. In this review, remediation of PFAS contaminated soils through manipulation of their bioavailability and destruction is presented. While the mobilizing amendments (e.g., surfactants) enhance the mobility and bioavailability of PFAS, the immobilizing amendments (e.g., activated carbon) decrease their bioavailability and mobility. Mobilizing amendments can be applied to facilitate the removal of PFAS though soil washing, phytoremediation, and complete destruction through thermal and chemical redox reactions. Immobilizing amendments are likely to reduce the transfer of PFAS to food chain through plant and biota (e.g., earthworm) uptake, and leaching to potable water sources. Future studies should focus on quantifying the potential leaching of the mobilized PFAS in the absence of removal by plant and biota uptake or soil washing, and regular monitoring of the long-term stability of the immobilized PFAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanthi Bolan
- The Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yubo Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Hasintha Wijesekara
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, 70140, Sri Lanka
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Marina Schauerte
- Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Institute of Soil Engineering, Waste- and Water-Management, Faculty of Architecture und Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Julian Bosch
- INTRAPORE GmbH, Advanced In Situ Groundwater Remediation, Essen, Leipzig, Mailand, Katernberger Str. 107, 45327 Essen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Noll
- INTRAPORE GmbH, Advanced In Situ Groundwater Remediation, Essen, Leipzig, Mailand, Katernberger Str. 107, 45327 Essen, Germany
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management, Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kirk Scheckel
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jurate Kumpiene
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Kapish Gobindlal
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Melanie Kah
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiu Fai Tsang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Institute of Soil Engineering, Waste- and Water-Management, Faculty of Architecture und Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|