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Sannoh F, Fatmi Z, Carpenter DO, Santoso M, Siddique A, Khan K, Zeb J, Hussain MM, Khwaja HA. Air pollution we breathe: Assessing the air quality and human health impact in a megacity of Southeast Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 942:173403. [PMID: 38844217 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
With 24 million inhabitants and 6.6 million vehicles on the roads, Karachi, Pakistan ranks among the world's most polluted cities due to high levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). This study aims to investigate PM2.5 mass, seasonal and temporal variability, chemical characterization, source apportionment, and health risk assessment at two urban sites in Karachi. Samples were analyzed using ion chromatography and dual-wavelength optical transmissometer for various inorganic components (anions, cations, and trace elements) and black carbon (BC). Several PM2.5 pollution episodes were frequently observed, with annual mean concentrations at Kemari (140 ± 179 μg/m3) and Malir (95 ± 40.9 μg/m3) being significantly above the World Health Organization's guidelines of 5 μg/m3. Chemical composition at both sites exhibited seasonal variability, with higher pollution levels in winter and fall and lower concentrations in summer. The annual average BC concentrations were 4.86 ± 5.29 μg/m3 and 4.52 ± 3.68 μg/m3, respectively. A Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis identified 5 factors, crustal, sea salt, vehicular exhaust, fossil-fuel combustion, and industrial emission. The health risk assessment indicated a higher number of deaths in colder seasons (fall and winter) at the Kemari (328,794 and 287,814) and Malir (228,406 and 165,737) sites and potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to children from metals. The non-carcinogenic risk of PM2.5 bound Pb, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cu and Ni via inhalation exposure were within the acceptable level (<1) for adults. However, potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risk posed by Pb and Cr through inhalation were observed for children. The findings exhibit critical levels of air pollution that exceed the safe limits in Karachi, posing significant health risks to children and sensitive groups. Our study underscores the urgent need for effective emission control strategies and policy interventions to mitigate these air pollution risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatim Sannoh
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Zafar Fatmi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - David O Carpenter
- Institute for the Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
| | | | - Azhar Siddique
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kamran Khan
- Chemistry Department, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jahan Zeb
- Department of Environmental and Health Research, The Custodian of the Holy Two Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umra Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mirza M Hussain
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Haider A Khwaja
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States.
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2
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Gu CM, Wang B, Chen Q, Sun XH, Zhang M. Pollution characteristics, source apportionment, and health risk assessment of PM 10 and PM 2.5 in rooftop and kerbside environment of Lanzhou, NW China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:39259-39270. [PMID: 38811457 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
To investigate air pollution in the kerbside environment and its associated human health risks, a study was conducted in Lanzhou during December 2018, as well as in April, June, and September 2019. The research aimed to characterize the composition of PM10 and PM2.5, including elements, ions, and carbonaceous components, at both rooftop and kerbside locations. Additionally, source apportionment and health risk assessment were conducted. The results showed that the average mass concentrations of PM10 on the rooftop were 176.01 ± 83.23 μg/m3, and for PM2.5, it was 94.07 ± 64.89 μg/m3. The PM10 and PM2.5 levels at the kerbside are 2.21 times and 1.79 times, respectively, greater than those on the rooftop. Moreover, the concentrations of elements, ions, and carbonaceous components in kerbside PM were higher than those at the rooftop location. Chemical mass closure analysis identified various sources, including organic matter, mineral dust, secondary ions, other ions, elements, and other components. In comparison to rooftop particulate matter (PM), mineral dust makes a more substantial contribution to kerbside PM. Secondary ions show an opposite trend, making a greater contribution to rooftop PM. The contribution of organic components within PM of the same particle size remains relatively consistent. The outcome of the health risk assessment indicates that Co, Cd, and As in PM within the kerbside and rooftop environments do not pose a notable carcinogenic risk. However, Al and Mn do present specific non-carcinogenic risks, particularly in the kerbside environment. Furthermore, children experience elevated non-carcinogenic risk compared to adults. These findings can serve as a scientific foundation for formulating policies within the local health department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Ming Gu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688#, Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688#, Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Qu Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688#, Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Han Sun
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688#, Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688#, Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang Province, China
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Nadeem A, Tariq S, Haq ZU. Long-term quantification of springtime aerosols over Saudi Arabia using multi-satellite remotely sensed data. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:42023-42033. [PMID: 38856855 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of aerosol characteristics over Saudi Arabia from 2005 to 2022, utilizing high-resolution satellite-based observations and reanalysis datasets, examining the distribution of aerosols and their subtypes across the three dimensions (temporal, spatial, and altitude based) for March, April, and May. This study focuses on the analysis of parameters such as aerosol optical depth (AOD), angstrom exponent (AE), absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD), and Ultraviolet Aerosol Index (UVAI), revealing significant spatial disparities, with elevated aerosol concentrations in the central and eastern regions and comparatively lower concentrations along the western coastal areas. In this study, the spatial patterns and temporal trends are analyzed through trajectory modeling. The study also investigates the composition of aerosols in various Saudi cities. Aerosols prevailing in a dozen Saudi Arabian cities were systematically categorized into six sub-types, considering their particle size and UV-absorbing properties. Notably, two major aerosol sub-types, absorbing coarse (AC) aerosols (UVAI > 0.25, AE < 0.70) treated as mineral dust and absorbing mixed (AM) aerosols (0.70 < AE < 1.25) along with neutral fine (NF) particles (- 0.5 < UVAI < 0.25, AE > 1.25) treated as urban, predominate across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atifa Nadeem
- Remote Sensing, GIS and Climatic Research Lab (National Center of GIS and Space Applications), Centre for Remote Sensing, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Salman Tariq
- Remote Sensing, GIS and Climatic Research Lab (National Center of GIS and Space Applications), Centre for Remote Sensing, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Space Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ul Haq
- Remote Sensing, GIS and Climatic Research Lab (National Center of GIS and Space Applications), Centre for Remote Sensing, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Cao Y, Liu M, Zhang W, Zhang X, Li X, Wang C, Zhang W, Liu H, Wang X. Characterization and childhood exposure assessment of toxic heavy metals in household dust under true living conditions from 10 China cities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171669. [PMID: 38494014 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Health hazards caused by metal exposure in household dust are concerning environmental health problems. Exposure to toxic metals in household dust imposes unclear but solid health risks, especially for children. In this multicenter cross-sectional study, a total of 250 household dust samples were collected from ten stratified cities in China (Panjin, Shijiazhuang, Qingdao, Lanzhou, Luoyang, Ningbo, Xi'an, Wuxi, Mianyang, Shenzhen) between April 2018 and March 2019. Questionnaire was conducted to gather information on individuals' living environment and health status in real-life situations. Multivariate logistic regression and principal component analysis were conducted to identify risk factors and determine the sources of metals in household dust. The median concentration of five metals in household dust from 10 cities ranged from 0.03 to 73.18 μg/g. Among the five heavy metals, only chromium in household dust of Mianyang was observed significantly both higher in the cold season and from the downwind households. Mercury, cadmium, and chromium were higher in the third-tier cities, with levels of 0.08, 0.30 and 97.28 μg/g, respectively. There were two sources with a contribution rate of 38.3 % and 25.8 %, respectively. Potential risk factors for increased metal concentration include long residence time, close to the motorway, decoration within five years, and purchase of new furniture within one year. Under both moderate and high exposure scenarios, chromium showed the highest level of exposure with 6.77 × 10-4 and 2.28 × 10-3 mg·kg-1·d-1, and arsenic imposed the highest lifetime carcinogenic risk at 1.67 × 10-4 and 3.17 × 10-4, respectively. The finding highlighted the priority to minimize childhood exposure of arsenic from household dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Cao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xu Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chao Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hang Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xianliang Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
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Rida Galaly A, Van Oost G, Dawood N. Sustainable Plasma Gasification Treatment of Plastic Waste: Evaluating Environmental, Economic, and Strategic Dimensions. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:21174-21186. [PMID: 38764658 PMCID: PMC11097155 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The conversion of waste to energy is an essential process in the Middle East, especially in Saudi Arabia, where it plays a crucial role in waste management. The annual analysis of the decomposition hazards of the landfills in the city of Makkah showed that they ranged from 168,000 Mg in 1994 to 297,000 Mg in 2022. The emission costs of pollution ranged from 4 million in 1994 to 7 million in 2022. The number of gas emissions of plastic waste accumulating in the analyzed landfill has increased from 128,000 Mg in 1994 to 227,000 Mg in 2022. The thermal plasmas used were produced by air plasma torches, which are an essential part of plasma reactors. The operational characteristics of air plasma torches were investigated at a flow rate of 10-30 g/s, including current-voltage characteristics, applied power, applied flow rate, average temperatures of the exiting plasma jet ranging from 15,000 to 19,000 K, average velocity of the exiting plasma jet (1677.3-2763.2) m/s, wavelength of the emitted radiation ranging from 153 to 193 nm, and the corresponding beam lengths ranging from 400 to 450 mm. The proposed plasma gasification is the greenest method for processing plastic waste in the light of ecological, economic, and strategic visions with an amount of recovered pyrolysis oil in the year 2022 of 3.17 × 105 tons with an equivalent energy of 12.55 × 109 MJ, with an output efficiency value equal to 81%. A roadmap for the economic and environmental visions was introduced, where the economic return on investment (ROR%) was 80%, the payback period (PBP) was 1.2 years, and the gross profit reached 129%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Rida Galaly
- Department
of Engineering Science, Applied College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guido Van Oost
- Department
of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Technicum B4, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Nagia Dawood
- Physics
Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al Madina Al Monawara, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia
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Shaltout AA, Kadi MW, Abd-Elkader OH, Boman J. Temporal and Spatial Variations of Potentially Toxic Elements in PM 10 Collected in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 85:451-465. [PMID: 37606654 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-01026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution causes environmental and health problems around the world. In this study, ambient particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter equal to or less than 10 microns (PM10) has been collected at three different locations in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. The locations are characterized by differences in terms of traffic, residential intensity, industrial, and non-road mobile machinery activities. The monthly and annual mass concentration of the PM10 exceeds the recommended annual limit of the World Health Organization (15 µg/m3) and the European air quality standard (40 µg/m3) at the three locations. The collected PM10 samples as well as a certified reference material of atmospheric particulates (NIST 1678a) were digested in aqua regia using microwave digestion. The quantitative elemental analysis was carried out using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The variations of the elemental concentration in terms of workdays, weekends, seasons, and annual were determined at the three locations. The spatial and temporal elemental variations were found to be different between the three sites, pointing to local influences that should be further evaluated. The concentration of Cd was found to be high and may cause health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah A Shaltout
- Spectroscopy Department, Physics Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Behooth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Mohammad W Kadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar H Abd-Elkader
- Physics and Astronomy Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johan Boman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Cheng YH, Jian MY, Liu KT, Pipal AS, Hsu CY. Spatial distributions of PM 10-bound metal elements in the central part of western Taiwan and their potential emission sources and the carcinogenic health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:88495-88507. [PMID: 37436626 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of metal elements in PM10 and their potential sources and associated health risks over a period of two years in eight locations in the central part of western Taiwan. The study revealed that the mass concentration of PM10 and the total mass concentration of 20 metal elements in PM10 were 39.0 μg m-3 and 4.74 μg m-3, respectively, with total metal elements accounting for approximately 13.0% of PM10. Of the total metal elements, 95.6% were crustal elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, and Na), with trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ga, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, V, and Zn) contributing only 4.4%. Spatially, the inland areas exhibited higher PM10 concentrations due to lee-side topography and low wind speeds. In contrast, the coastal regions exhibited higher total metal concentrations because of the dominance of crustal elements from sea salt and crustal soil. Four primary sources of metal elements in PM10 were identified as sea salt (58%), re-suspended dust (32%), vehicle emissions and waste incineration (8%), and industrial emissions and power plants (2%). The positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis results indicated that natural sources like sea salt and road dust contributed up to 90% of the total metal elements in PM10, while only 10% was attributed to human activities. The excess cancer risks (ECRs) associated with As, Co, and Cr(VI) were greater than 1 × 10-6, and the total ECR was 6.42 × 10-5. Although only 10% of total metal elements in PM10 came from human activities, they contributed to 82% of the total ECR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Cheng
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei, 243089, Taiwan.
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei, 243089, Taiwan.
- Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi, Chiayi, 613016, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Ying Jian
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei, 243089, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Liu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei, 243089, Taiwan
| | - Atar Singh Pipal
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei, 243089, Taiwan
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Chin-Yu Hsu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei, 243089, Taiwan
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei, 243089, Taiwan
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Moyebi OD, Fatmi Z, Carpenter DO, Santoso M, Siddique A, Khan K, Zeb J, Hussain MM, Khwaja HA. Fine particulate matter and its chemical constituents' levels: A troubling environmental and human health situation in Karachi, Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161474. [PMID: 36646217 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Like many urban centers in developing countries, the effect of air pollution in Karachi is understudied. The goal of this study was to determine the chemical characterization, temporal and seasonal variability, sources, and health impacts of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Karachi, Pakistan. Daily samples of PM2.5 were collected using a low-volume air sampler at two different sites (Makro and Karachi University) over the four seasons between October 2009 and August 2010. Samples were analyzed for black carbon (BC), trace metals, and water-soluble ions. Results showed that the annual average concentrations of PM2.5 at Makro and Karachi University were 114 ± 115 and 71.7 ± 56.4 μg m-3, respectively, about 22.8 and 14.3-fold higher than the World Health Organization annual guideline of 5 μg m-3. BC concentrations were 3.39 ± 1.97 and 2.70 ± 2.06 μg m-3, respectively. The concentrations of PM2.5, BC, trace metals, and ions at the two sites showed clear seasonal trends, with higher concentrations in winter and lower concentrations in summer. The trace metals and ionic species with the highest concentrations were Pb, S, Zn, Ca, Si, Cl, Fe, and SO42-. The air quality index in the fall and winter at both sites was about 68 %, which is "unhealthy" for the general population. Positive Matrix Factorization revealed the overall contribution to PM2.5 at the Makro site came from three major sources - industrial emissions (13.3 %), vehicular emissions (59.1 %), and oil combustion (23.3 %). The estimates of expected number of deaths due to short-term exposure to PM2.5 were high in the fall and winter at both sites, with an annual mean estimate of 3592 expected number of deaths at the Makro site. Attention should be paid to the reduction of inorganic pollutants from industrial facilities, vehicular traffic, and fossil fuel combustion, due to their extremely high contribution to PM2.5 mass and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omosehin D Moyebi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Zafar Fatmi
- Environmental-Occupational Health & Climate Change Section, Department of Community Health Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - David O Carpenter
- Institute for the Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Azhar Siddique
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kamran Khan
- Chemistry Department, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jahan Zeb
- Department of Environmental and Health Research, The Custodian of the Holy Two Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mirza M Hussain
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Haider A Khwaja
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
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Haghnazar H, Sabbagh K, Johannesson KH, Pourakbar M, Aghayani E. Phytoremediation capability of Typha latifolia L. to uptake sediment toxic elements in the largest coastal wetland of the Persian Gulf. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 188:114699. [PMID: 36764150 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the status of sediment toxicity and pollution, and the phytoremediation capability of Typha latifolia L. (TlL) within the largest coastal wetland in the southwest of Iran, the Shadegan International Wetland. In eight sampling sites, covering the entire wetland, the concentration of six toxic elements (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the surface sediment, root, and stem of TlL were measured. The results indicated that mean concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn were found to be higher than those in the local background, which likely indicates anthropogenic sources of these elements. Due to the presence of a nearby landfill, the results of modified pollution index (MPI) and aggregate toxicity index (ATI) indicated a moderately-heavily polluted level and moderate to high toxic degree, respectively. However, the medium-low level of toxicity toward living of organisms (21 % probability) was detected based on the assessment of the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SGQ). The results of our study indicate that the root and stem tissues of TlL are capable of acting as an indicator of Cu/Pb/Zn and Zn pollution in sediment, respectively. Considering the potential of phytoremediation, TlL represented both phytostabilization and phytoextraction capabilities for Pb and Zn and a significant increase was observed in the phytoremediation capability by increasing the distance from the landfill area. According to the results of the metal accumulation index (MAI) and comprehensive bioconcentration index (CBCI), TlL grown in the study area showed an acceptable performance in the accumulation of multiple toxic elements compared to that in Turkey, India, and Poland. Overall, TlL is a good candidate for the phytoremediation of sediments contaminated by Pb and Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Haghnazar
- Department of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, UT, USA
| | - Kourosh Sabbagh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Karen H Johannesson
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mojtaba Pourakbar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Ehsan Aghayani
- Research Center for Environmental Contaminants (RCEC), Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
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Shen J, Taghvaee S, La C, Oroumiyeh F, Liu J, Jerrett M, Weichenthal S, Del Rosario I, Shafer MM, Ritz B, Zhu Y, Paulson SE. Aerosol Oxidative Potential in the Greater Los Angeles Area: Source Apportionment and Associations with Socioeconomic Position. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17795-17804. [PMID: 36472388 PMCID: PMC9775201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative potential (OP) has been proposed as a possible integrated metric for particles smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) to evaluate adverse health outcomes associated with particulate air pollution exposure. Here, we investigate how OP depends on sources and chemical composition and how OP varies by land use type and neighborhood socioeconomic position in the Los Angeles area. We measured OH formation (OPOH), dithiothreitol loss (OPDTT), black carbon, and 52 metals and elements for 54 total PM2.5 samples collected in September 2019 and February 2020. The Positive Matrix Factorization source apportionment model identified four sources contributing to volume-normalized OPOH: vehicular exhaust, brake and tire wear, soil and road dust, and mixed secondary and marine. Exhaust emissions contributed 42% of OPOH, followed by 21% from brake and tire wear. Similar results were observed for the OPDTT source apportionment. Furthermore, by linking measured PM2.5 and OP with census tract level socioeconomic and health outcome data provided by CalEnviroScreen, we found that the most disadvantaged neighborhoods were exposed to both the most toxic particles and the highest particle concentrations. OPOH exhibited the largest inverse social gradients, followed by OPDTT and PM2.5 mass. Finally, OPOH was the metric most strongly correlated with adverse health outcome indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Shen
- Department
of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sina Taghvaee
- Department
of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chris La
- Department
of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Farzan Oroumiyeh
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School
of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jonathan Liu
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School
of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michael Jerrett
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School
of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Scott Weichenthal
- Department
of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A2, Canada
| | - Irish Del Rosario
- Department
of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Martin M. Shafer
- Environmental
Chemistry and Technology Program, University
of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department
of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School
of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Suzanne E. Paulson
- Department
of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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11
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Moniruzzaman M, Shaikh MAA, Saha B, Shahrukh S, Jawaa ZT, Khan MF. Seasonal changes and respiratory deposition flux of PM 2.5 and PM 10 bound metals in Dhaka, Bangladesh. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136794. [PMID: 36220426 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to rapid urbanization and fast economic development, aerosol pollution is a serious environmental issue, especially in Bangladesh. Based on bioaccessibility and respiratory deposition doses (RDD), health risks of PM2.5 and PM10 bound 15 (fifteen) metals were investigated at fourteen urban sites (roadside, marketplace, industrial, and commercial areas). Sampling campaigns were conducted over four seasons (winter, summer, rainy, and autumn) from December 2020 to November 2021. A beta attenuation mass analyzer measured particulate matter concentrations in ambient air. The metals in PM fractions were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The airborne trace metals (Cd, As, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni) with high enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic sources. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) categorized these elements as originating from automobile exhaust, industrial emissions, and solid waste/coal combustion, whereas the geologic elements came from earth crust/soil dust. During the winter, most of the air mass trajectories arrived from India across the land (82%) and Indo Gangetic Plain (IGP) region to the sampling sites, which may have aided in the transport of pollutants. The deposition flux of metals illustrated that compared to PM2.5, PM10 deposited a higher amount of metals in the upper airways (81.96%). In comparison, PM2.5 accumulates more elevated amounts of metals in alveolar regions (11.77%), due to the ability of fine particles to penetrate deeper into the lower pulmonary region. Among age groups, an adult inhales a higher amount of metals than a child, on average 0.103 mg and 0.08 mg of metals per day via PM2.5, respectively. Acute health impacts are caused by the deposited cancer-causing metals in alveolar tissue, which circulates through the bloodstream and affects several organs. Prolonged exposure to these carcinogenic metals poses significant health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moniruzzaman
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Aftab Ali Shaikh
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh; Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Badhan Saha
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Saif Shahrukh
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh; Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Zarin Tasneem Jawaa
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh; School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
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12
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Faridi S, Yousefian F, Roostaei V, Harrison RM, Azimi F, Niazi S, Naddafi K, Momeniha F, Malkawi M, Moh'd Safi HA, Rad MK, Hassanvand MS. Source apportionment, identification and characterization, and emission inventory of ambient particulate matter in 22 Eastern Mediterranean Region countries: A systematic review and recommendations for good practice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119889. [PMID: 35932896 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the main sources of ambient particulate matter (PM) in the 22 Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries. We designed this study to systematically review all published and unpublished source apportionment (SA), identification and characterization studies as well as emission inventories in the EMR. Of 440 articles identified, 82 (11 emission inventory ones) met our inclusion criteria for final analyses. Of 22 EMR countries, Iran with 30 articles had the highest number of studies on source specific PM followed by Pakistan (n = 15 articles) and Saudi Arabia (n = 8 papers). By contrast, there were no studies in Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Approximately 72% of studies (51) were published within a span of 2015-2021.48 studies identified the sources of PM2.5 and its constituents. Positive matrix factorization (PMF), principal component analysis (PCA) and chemical mass balance (CMB) were the most common approaches to identify the source contributions of ambient PM. Both secondary aerosols and dust, with 12-51% and 8-80% (33% and 30% for all EMR countries, on average) had the greatest contributions in ambient PM2.5. The remaining sources for ambient PM2.5, including mixed sources (traffic, industry and residential (TIR)), traffic, industries, biomass burning, and sea salt were in the range of approximately 4-69%, 4-49%, 1-53%, 7-25% and 3-29%, respectively. For PM10, the most dominant source was dust with 7-95% (49% for all EMR countries, on average). The limited number of SA studies in the EMR countries (one study per approximately 9.6 million people) in comparison to Europe and North America (1 study per 4.3 and 2.1 million people respectively) can be augmented by future studies that will provide a better understanding of emission sources in the urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Faridi
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yousefian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Vahid Roostaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faramarz Azimi
- Environmental Health Research Center, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Sadegh Niazi
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Momeniha
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mazen Malkawi
- Environmental Health Exposures Centre for Environmental Health Action (CEHA), World Health Organization (WHO), Jordan
| | - Heba Adel Moh'd Safi
- Environmental Health Exposures Centre for Environmental Health Action (CEHA), World Health Organization (WHO), Jordan
| | - Mona Khaleghy Rad
- Environmental Health Exposures Centre for Environmental Health Action (CEHA), World Health Organization (WHO), Jordan
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Chatoutsidou SE, Lazaridis M. Mass concentrations and elemental analysis of PM 2.5 and PM 10 in a coastal Mediterranean site: A holistic approach to identify contributing sources and varying factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155980. [PMID: 35588836 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PM10 and PM2.5 were measured at a suburban coastal Mediterranean site. Daily mass concentrations were generally lower than the WHO air quality limits but showed significant diurnal and seasonal variations, with intensive African dust events and residential heating emissions during wintertime causing the higher % increase of ambient concentrations (32% and 59% respectively). However, analysis of the elemental content revealed intrinsic characteristics. Statistically significant seasonal variability was found for S with higher concentrations during warm seasons directly associated with the formation of secondary sulfates. Increased S was the driving reason for the significant depletion of both Cl and Br. On the other hand, elevated K during wintertime was attributed to biomass burning. Analysis of the mineral content of airborne particles showed that typical soil-derived particles were significantly increased during dust events (Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe) although the corresponding mass concentrations preserved relative low levels (<30 μg m-3). It was also found that dust events contributed to P, S, V, Zn, Sr and Pb with elemental ratios including Si (Si/Al, Si/Fe, Si/Ca) and Ca/Al serving as good markers for African dust. Heavy metals were found to have both direct and indirect influence on PM2.5 and PM10. PM2.5 were primarily enriched with metals produced from motor vehicles (Cu, Zn, Pb) and ships (V, Ni), whilst, PM10 enriched indirectly with Cr, Zn, Br and Pb due to road dust. At the end, source appointment has shown that the dominant contributing factor was mineral dust for both metrics (>30%) but significant contributions arose from secondary sulfates and traffic, (aged) sea salt, biomass burning (only for PM2.5) and road dust (only for PM10). Overall, this work provides a novel insight on the characteristics and chemical profile of atmospheric particles in a suburban environment largely affected by local, regional and long-range sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mihalis Lazaridis
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece
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14
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Rehan M, Munir S. Analysis and Modeling of Air Pollution in Extreme Meteorological Conditions: A Case Study of Jeddah, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070376. [PMID: 35878281 PMCID: PMC9320433 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has serious environmental and human health-related consequences; however, little work seems to be undertaken to address the harms in Middle Eastern countries, including Saudi Arabia. We installed a continuous air quality monitoring station in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and monitored several air pollutants and meteorological parameters over a 2-year period (2018–2019). Here, we developed two supervised machine learning models, known as quantile regression models, to analyze the whole distribution of the modeled pollutants, not only the mean values. Two pollutants, namely NO2 and O3, were modeled by dividing their concentrations into several quantiles (0.05, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 0.95) and the effect of several pollutants and meteorological variables was analyzed on each quantile. The effect of the explanatory variables changed at different segments of the distribution of NO2 and O3 concentrations. For instance, for the modeling of O3, the coefficients of wind speed at quantiles 0.05, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 0.95 were 1.40, 2.15, 2.34, 2.31, and 1.56, respectively. Correlation coefficients of 0.91 and 0.92 and RMSE values of 14.41 and 8.96, which are calculated for the cross-validated models of NO2 and O3, showed an acceptable model performance. Quantile analysis aids in better understanding the behavior of air pollution and how it interacts with the influencing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rehan
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-583047435
| | - Said Munir
- Institute for Transport Studies, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
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15
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Adeyemi A, Molnar P, Boman J, Wichmann J. Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) Characterization, Air Quality Level and Origin of Air Masses in an Urban Background in Pretoria. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 83:77-94. [PMID: 35680664 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00937-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several sources have been identified as contributing to the concentration of ambient fine particulate matter, which has been associated to a variety of health issues. The chemical characteristics and sources of trace elements in PM2.5, as well as the air quality index, were investigated in this study. Twenty four-hour fine aerosol particles were collected in an urban area in Pretoria, South Africa, from April 2017 to April 2018. Eighteen trace elements were determined using an XEPOS 5 energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer, while black and organic carbon were estimated using an optical transmissometer from the samples collected. The HYPLIT model (version 4.9) was used to estimate air mass trajectories. Health risk was calculated by comparing it to the World Health Organization's air quality index (AQI). The overall mean PM2.5 concentration of the collected sample equals 21 µg/m3. Majority of PM2.5 exceedances were reported during mid-autumn and winter seasons, as compared to daily WHO guidelines and South African standards. S had the highest concentrations, greater than 1 µg/m3. Ni, Se, Br and Sb showed they were extremely enriched, (EF > 10) and suggestive of anthropogenic or non crustal origin The 24-h PM, soot, BC and OC were significantly different by the geographical origin of air masses (p < 0.05). The AQI showed that 70% of the samples showed levels above the AQI range of good and healthy air. The findings include details on the concentration, composition, and potential sources of fine PM2.5, which is essential for policy formulation and mitigation strategies in South Africa's fight against air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale Adeyemi
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, 31 Bophelo Road 00 01, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Department of Environmental Modeling and Biometrics, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Peter Molnar
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital & University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 16A, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Boman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Janine Wichmann
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, 31 Bophelo Road 00 01, Pretoria, South Africa
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16
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Source Apportionment of Atmospheric PM 10 in Makkah Saudi Arabia by Modelling Its Ion and Trace Element Contents with Positive Matrix Factorization and Generalised Additive Model. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10030119. [PMID: 35324744 PMCID: PMC8950437 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the emission sources of PM10 are characterised by analysing its trace elements (TE) and ions contents. PM10 samples were collected for a year (2019−2020) at five sites and analysed. PM10 speciated data were analysed using graphical visualization, correlation analysis, generalised additive model (GAM), and positive matrix factorization (PMF). Annual average PM10 concentrations (µg/m3) were 304.68 ± 155.56 at Aziziyah, 219.59 ± 87.29 at Misfalah, 173.90 ± 103.08 at Abdeyah, 168.81 ± 82.50 at Askan, and 157.60 ± 80.10 at Sanaiyah in Makkah, which exceeded WHO (15 µg/m3), USEPA (50 µg/m3), and the Saudi Arabia national (80 µg/m3) annual air quality standards. A GAM model was developed using PM10 as a response and ions and TEs as predictors. Among the predictors Mg, Ca, Cr, Al, and Pb were highly significant (p < 0.01), Se, Cl, and NO2 were significant (p < 0.05), and PO4 and SO4 were significant (p < 0.1). The model showed R-squared (adj) 0.85 and deviance explained 88.1%. PMF identified four main emission sources of PM10 in Makkah: (1) Road traffic emissions (explained 51% variance); (2) Industrial emissions and mineral dust (explained 27.5% variance); (3) Restaurant and dwelling emissions (explained 13.6% variance); and (4) Fossil fuel combustion (explained 7.9% variance).
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17
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Demir T, Karakaş D, Yenisoy-Karakaş S. Source identification of exhaust and non-exhaust traffic emissions through the elemental carbon fractions and Positive Matrix Factorization method. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112399. [PMID: 34800531 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Our study implies the importance of exhaust and non-exhaust emissions in a highway road tunnel, which is crucial to assess their impacts on air quality, human health, climate and developing functional methods for controlling. The total suspended particulates (TSP) and road dust (RD) samples were collected by PUF samplers and manually sweeping, respectively. Campaigns were performed in the summer and winter of 2014 in a highway road tunnel in Bolu, Turkey. Chemical analyses were presented to characterize the contents of organic carbon (OC) fractions (OC1,2,3,4), elemental carbon (EC) fractions (EC1,2,3,4,5,6), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals (Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sr, Cr and Fe) in the collected TSP and RD samples. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) and orthogonal (Deming) regression analysis were applied to find out the exhaust and non-exhaust vehicle emissions of metal and carbonaceous species in the tunnel. The results showed that the identified source profiles included resuspended road dust (43%), non-exhaust emissions (37%), diesel exhaust emissions (13%), and gasoline exhaust emissions (7%). The relationship between emission markers of metal species and EC carbon fractions was supported by correlation studies. Among these EC fractions, EC4 and EC2 were the most abundant fractions in aerosol and RD samples, respectively and so they highly represented the diesel and non-exhaust emissions. Besides, the EC1 fraction was the indicator of gasoline-fueled emissions. Lower EC1 and higher soot-EC contribution obtained in tunnel aerosol (AS) samples showed the dominance of diesel-fueled vehicles in the tunnel. The data represented herein would help to identify the characteristic of vehicle emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğçe Demir
- Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 14030, Gölköy, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Duran Karakaş
- Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 14030, Gölköy, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Serpil Yenisoy-Karakaş
- Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, 14030, Gölköy, Bolu, Turkey.
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18
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Analysis and Sources Identification of Atmospheric PM10 and Its Cation and Anion Contents in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, atmospheric water-soluble cation and anion contents of PM10 are analysed in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. PM10 samples were collected at five sites for a whole year. PM10 concentrations (µg/m3) ranged from 82.11 to 739.61 at Aziziyah, 65.37 to 421.71 at Sanaiyah, 25.20 to 466.60 at Misfalah, 52.56 to 507.23 at Abdeyah, and 40.91 to 471.99 at Askan. Both daily and annual averaged PM10 concentrations exceeded WHO and Saudi Arabia national air quality limits. Daily averaged PM10 concentration exceeded the national air quality limits of 340 µg/m3, 32% of the time at Aziziyah, 8% of the time at Sanaiyah, and 6% of the time at the other three sites. On average, the cations and anions made a 37.81% contribution to the PM10 concentrations. SO42−, NO3−, Ca2+, Na+, and Cl− contributed 50.25%, 16.43%, 12.11%, 11.12%, and 8.70% to the total ion concentrations, respectively. The minor ions (F−, Br−, Mg2+, NO2−, and PO43−) contributed just over 1% to the ion mass. Four principal components explained 89% variations in PM10 concentrations. Four major emission sources were identified: (a) Road traffic, including emission from the exhaust, wear-and-tear, and the resuspension of dust particles (F−, SO42−, NO3−, Ca2+, Na+, Mg+, Br−, Cl−, NO2−, PO43−); (b) Mineral dust (Cl−, F−, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, PO43−); (c) Industries and construction–demolition work (F−, SO42−, Ca2+, Mg2+); and (d) Seaspray and marine aerosols (Cl−, Br−, Mg2+, Na+). Future work would include an analysis of the metal contents of PM10 and their spatiotemporal variability in Makkah.
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Deng J, Jiang L, Miao W, Zhang J, Dong G, Liu K, Chen J, Peng T, Fu Y, Zhou Y, Huang X, Hu M, Wang F, Xiao L. Characteristics of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) at Jinsha Site Museum, Chengdu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:1173-1183. [PMID: 34350571 PMCID: PMC8336903 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a serious threat to ancient sites and cultural relicts. In this study, we collected indoor and outdoor PM2.5 samples and individual particles at the Exhibition Hall of Jinsha Site Museum in June 2020, and then the chemical components, sources, morphology, and mixing state of the fine particulate matter were analyzed. Our results show that the indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations at the Exhibition Hall were 33.3±6.6 and 39.4±11.4 μg m-3, respectively. Although the indoor and outdoor concentrations of OC and EC were close, the proportion of secondary organic carbon in OC outdoor (33%) was higher than that indoor (27%). The PM2.5 was alkaline both indoors and outdoors, and the outdoor alkalinity was stronger than the indoor alkalinity. SNA (SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+) was the dominant component in the water-soluble inorganic ions; Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ were well correlated (R2> 0.9), and Cl- and K+ were also highly correlated (R2> 0.8). Enrichment factor analysis showed that Cu (indoor) and Cd were the main anthropogenic elements and that Cd was heavily enriched. Principal components analysis showed that the main sources of PM2.5 at Jinsha Site Museum were motor vehicles, dust, secondary sources, and combustion sources. The individual particles were classified as organic matter, S-rich, soot, mineral, and fly ash/metal particles, and most of these particles were internally mixed with each other. At last, we proposed pollution control measures to improve the air quality of museums and the preservation of cultural relicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Deng
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Luman Jiang
- Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Chengdu, 610074, China
| | | | - Junke Zhang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China.
| | - Guiming Dong
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Jinsha Site Museum, Chengdu, 610074, China
| | - Juncheng Chen
- Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Chengdu, 610074, China
| | - Tong Peng
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Yunpei Zhou
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Xue Huang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Mengqian Hu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Jinsha Site Museum, Chengdu, 610074, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Chengdu, 610074, China
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20
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Elemental characterization and source identification of air-filter PM2.5 in Beijing using neutron activation analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-08121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Farahat A, Chauhan A, Al Otaibi M, Singh RP. Air Quality Over Major Cities of Saudi Arabia During Hajj Periods of 2019 and 2020. EARTH SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT 2021; 5:101-114. [PMID: 34723078 PMCID: PMC7852470 DOI: 10.1007/s41748-021-00202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mecca and Madinah are two holy cities where millions of people in general, visit throughout the years, during Hajj (Muslim's pilgrimage) time number of people visit these holy cities from different parts of the world is very high. However, the Government of Saudi Arabia only allowed 1000 pilgrims during the 2020 Hajj especially when the world is suffering from COVID-19. In the present paper, a detailed analysis of air quality parameters available from ground measurements have been carried over major cities of Saudi Arabia, Mecca, Madinah, and Jeddah from June to September 2019 and 2020. At Mecca and Jeddah, PM10, NO2 and CO concentrations are found to be higher in comparison to stations located close to Madinah. In addition, meteorological parameters, temperature, relative humidity, and wind directions are also analysed to understand changes associated with the meteorological parameters. Our detailed analysis shows a reduction in concentrations of pollutants during the 2020 Hajj, when the lockdown was observed in Saudi Arabia due to COVID-19. During June-August 2020 lockdown period, no major changes in PM10 concentration was observed since there were frequent dust events were observed. In contrast, our results show 44% reduction in NO2 (8.77 ppbv in 2019 to 4.97 ppbv in 2020) and 16% reduction in CO (0.85 ppm in 2019 to 0.72 ppm in 2020) concentrations during COVID-19 restrictions. The concentrations of NO2 and CO do not cause any issue for the air quality as NO2 and CO Indices lie within the green band (Air quality index 0-50). In Mecca, Madinah and Jeddah, the air quality is generally affected during Hajj, but during 2020, the concentration of particulate matter was influenced by local weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Farahat
- Department of Physics, College of General Studies, King Fahd University of Petroleum, and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Akshansha Chauhan
- Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mohammed Al Otaibi
- Health, Safety, Security and Environment Excellence Section, Industrial Security and Responsibility Care Department, Sahara International Petrochemical Company, SIPCHEM, Jubail Industrial City, 31961 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesh P. Singh
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866 USA
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22
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Anil I, Alagha O. Source Apportionment of Ambient Black Carbon During the COVID-19 Lockdown. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E9021. [PMID: 33287365 PMCID: PMC7730409 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) particles being emitted from mobile and stationary emission sources as a result of combustion activities have significant impacts on human health and climate change. A lot of social activities have been halted during the COVID-19 lockdowns, which has evidently enhanced the ambient and indoor air quality. This paper investigates the possible emission sources and evaluates the meteorological conditions that may affect the dispersion and transport of BC locally and regionally. Ground-level equivalent BC (eBC) measurements were performed between January 2020 and July 2020 at a university campus located in Dammam city of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The fossil fuel (eBCff) and biomass burning (eBCbb) fractions of total eBC (eBCt) concentrations were estimated as 84% and 16%, respectively, during the entire study period. The mean eBCbb, eBCff, and eBCt concentrations during the lockdown reduced by 14%, 24%, and 23%, respectively. The results of statistical analyses indicated that local fossil fuel burning emissions and atmospheric conditions apparently affected the observed eBC levels. Long-range potential source locations, including Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, distributed zones in the Arabian Gulf, and United Arab Emirates and regional source areas, such as the Arabian Gulf coastline of the KSA, Bahrain, and Qatar, were associated with moderate to high concentrations observed at the receptor site as a result of cluster analysis and concentration-weighted trajectory analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Anil
- Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, East Campus, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Alagha
- Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, East Campus, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
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Guan Y, Wang L, Wang S, Zhang Y, Xiao J, Wang X, Duan E, Hou L. Temporal variations and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds at an urban site in Shijiazhuang, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 97:25-34. [PMID: 32933737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Shijiazhuang, the city with the worst air quality in China, is suffering from severe ozone pollution in summer. As the key precursors of ozone generation, it is necessary to control the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) pollution. To have a better understanding of the pollution status and source contribution, the concentrations of 117 ambient VOCs were analyzed from April to August 2018 in an urban site in Shijiazhuang. Results showed that the monthly average concentration of total VOCs was 66.27 ppbv, in which, the oxygenated VOCs (37.89%), alkanes (33.89%), and halogenated hydrocarbons (13.31%) were the main composite on. Eight major sources were identified using Positive Matrix Factorization modeling with an accurate VOCs emission inventory as inter-complementary methods revealed that the petrochemical industry (26.24%), other industrial sources (15.19%), and traffic source (12.24%) were the major sources for ambient VOCs in Shijiazhuang. The spatial distributions of major industrial activities emissions were identified by using geographic information statistics system, which illustrated the VOCs was mainly from the north and southeast of Shijiazhuang. The inverse trajectory analysis using Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) and Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) clearly demonstrated the features of pollutant transport to Shijiazhuang. These findings can provide references for local governments regarding control strategies to reduce VOCs emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Guan
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Center of Volatile Organic Compounds & Odorous Pollution Control Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- Hebei Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Yihao Zhang
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Jieying Xiao
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Hebei Province Environmental Emergency and Heavy Pollution Weather Warning Center, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Erhong Duan
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Center of Volatile Organic Compounds & Odorous Pollution Control Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| | - Li'an Hou
- Logistics Science and Technology Research Institute of Rocket Army, Beijing 100011, China
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24
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Wang Q, Fang J, Shi W, Dong X. Distribution characteristics and policy-related improvements of PM 2.5 and its components in six Chinese cities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115299. [PMID: 32818727 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the distribution characteristics and possible sources of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its components, as well as policy-related pollution reduction in the Chinese cities of Jinan, Shijiazhuang (SJZ), Chengdu, Wuxi, Wuhan, and Harbin (HRB). PM2.5 samples were collected using mid-volume samplers during the autumn of 2017 in all six cities. The samples were analyzed to determine the ambient PM2.5 compositions, including the concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs), carbonaceous aerosols, and elements concentrations. The chemical ratios of organic carbon to elemental carbon and nitrate to sulfate as well as the enrichment factors of elements were calculated to establish the possible sources of PM2.5 in all six cities. The highest PM2.5 concentration was 152 μg/m3 in SJZ, while the lowest concentration was 47 μg/m3 in HRB. During the sampling period in these six cities, the PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the World Health Organization recommended daily average air quality guidelines by 2.4-6.1 times, and WSIIs, carbonaceous aerosols, and elements accounted for 31.8%-61.6%, 9.8%-35.1%, and 0.9%-2.5% of the PM2.5, respectively. In 2013, the Chinese government formulated the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (APPCAP) for controlling air pollution, and effective measures have been implemented since then. Compared with previous studies conducted during 2009-2013 before the implementation of the APPCAP, the concentrations of PM2.5 and most of its components decreased to varying degrees, and large changes in the chemical ratios of PM2.5 components were observed. These results indicate that PM2.5 sources vary among these six cities and that China has improved the ambient air quality in these cities through the implementation of air pollution control policies. The APPCAP have achieved considerable results in continuously reducing pollution concentrations, although the air pollution concentrations observed in this study remain high compared with those of other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jianlong Fang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Wanying Shi
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China.
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25
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Yu H, Zhao X, Wang J, Yin B, Geng C, Wang X, Gu C, Huang L, Yang W, Bai Z. Chemical characteristics of road dust PM 2.5 fraction in oasis cities at the margin of Tarim Basin. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:217-224. [PMID: 32653183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the compositions characteristics of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) fraction in road dust (RD2.5) of oasis cities on the edge of Tarim Basin, 30 road dust (RD) samples were collected in Kashi, Cele, and Yutian in the spring, 2018, and RD2.5 was collected using the resuspension approach. Eight water-soluble ions, 39 trace elements and 8 fractions of carbon-containing species in PM2.5 were analyzed. Ca2+ and Ca were the most abundant ions and elements in RD2.5 (7.1% and 9.5%). Cl- in RD2.5 was affected not only by attributed to saline-alkali soils in oasis cities of the Tarim Basin and dust from Taklimakan Desert but also by human activities. Moreover, the organic carbon/elemental carbon (OC/EC) ratio indicated that carbon components in RD2.5 in Cele town mainly come from fossil fuel combustion, while those in Yutian and Kashi mainly come from biomass combustion. It is noteworthy that high Ca in RD2.5 was seriously affected by anthropogenic emissions, and high Na and K contents in RD2.5 could be derived from soil and desert dust. It was estimated that Cd, Tl, Sn and Cr were emitted from anthropogenic emissions using the enrichment factor. The coefficients of divergence (COD) result indicated that the influence of local emission on road dust emission is greater than that of long-distance transmission. This study is the first time to comprehensively analyze the chemical characteristics of road dust in oasis cities, and the results provides the sources of road dust at the margin of Tarim Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xueyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Baohui Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chunmei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chao Gu
- The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region environmental monitoring station, Xinjiang 830011, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Shandong 276000, China
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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26
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Esmaeilirad S, Lai A, Abbaszade G, Schnelle-Kreis J, Zimmermann R, Uzu G, Daellenbach K, Canonaco F, Hassankhany H, Arhami M, Baltensperger U, Prévôt ASH, Schauer JJ, Jaffrezo JL, Hosseini V, El Haddad I. Source apportionment of fine particulate matter in a Middle Eastern Metropolis, Tehran-Iran, using PMF with organic and inorganic markers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135330. [PMID: 31835192 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With over 8 million inhabitants and 4 million motor vehicles on the streets, Tehran is one of the most crowded and polluted cities in the Middle East. Frequent exceedances of national daily PM2.5 limit have been reported in this city during the last decade, yet, the chemical composition and sources of fine particles are poorly determined. In the present study, 24-hour PM2.5 samples were collected at two urban sites during two separate campaigns, a one-year period from 2014 to 2015 and another three-month period at the beginning of 2017. Concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), inorganic ions, trace metals and specific organic molecular markers were measured by chemical analysis of filter samples. The dominant mass components were organic matter (OM), sulfate and EC. With a 20% water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) fraction, the predominance of primary anthropogenic sources (i.e. fossil fuel combustion) was anticipated. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis using the ME-2 (Multilinear Engine-2) solver was then applied to this dataset. 5 factors were identified by Marker-PMF, named as traffic exhaust (TE), biomass burning (BB), industries (Ind.), nitrate-rich and sulfate-rich. Another 4 factors were identified by Metal-PMF, including, dust, vehicles (traffic non-exhaust, TNE), industries (Ind.) and heavy fuel combustion (HFC). Traffic exhaust was the dominant source with 44.5% contribution to total quantified PM2.5 mass. Sulfate-rich (24.2%) and nitrate-rich (18.4%) factors were the next major contributing sources. Dust (4.4%) and biomass burning (6.7%) also had small contributions while the total share of all other factors was < 2%. Investigating the correlations of different factors between the two sampling sites showed that traffic emissions and biomass burning were local, whereas dust, heavy fuel combustion and industrial sources were regional. Results of this study indicate that gas- and particle-phase pollutants emitted from fossil fuel combustion (mobile and stationary) are the principal origin of both primary and secondary fine aerosols in Tehran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Esmaeilirad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11155-9567, Iran
| | - Alexandra Lai
- Environmental Chemistry & Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Gaëlle Uzu
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP, IGE, UMR 5001, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Kaspar Daellenbach
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Canonaco
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Mohammad Arhami
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11155-9313, Iran
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry & Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP, IGE, UMR 5001, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran 11155-9567, Iran.
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.
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27
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Liao W, Zhou J, Zhu S, Xiao A, Li K, Schauer JJ. Characterization of aerosol chemical composition and the reconstruction of light extinction coefficients during winter in Wuhan, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125033. [PMID: 31610462 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate light extinction contributions of aerosol chemical constituents and their impacts on atmospheric visibility, the PM2.5 and its chemical components, light scattering (bsp) and absorption (bap) were continuously measured in Wuhan from January to February 2018. The average of PM2.5 concentration, bsp and bap were 96.5 ± 13.7 μg m-3, 564 ± 124 Mm-1 and 44 ± 8 Mm-1 during polluted days, respectively, which was about 2.0, 2.1 and 1.6 times higher than those of clean days, respectively. Compared with the clean days, the increase of the mass concentrations of SNA (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+) during polluted days was higher than those of organic (OC) and elemental (EC) carbon, indicated the increase of SNA was the main cause of air pollution. The PM2.5 concentration threshold was 66 μg m-3, corresponding to the visibility lower than 10 km. The revised Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) algorithm was used to reconstruct the light extinction coefficient (bext) in Wuhan. The sum of light extinction coefficients of (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3 and organic matter (OM) accounted for 70.5% and 83.9% of bext during clean and polluted days, respectively. The backward trajectory and potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis revealed that regional transport accounted for 55.6% of the total airflow, which originated from south, northwest and west of Wuhan. The increases of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 concentrations, emitted from local vehicle exhaust and coal combustion, and their hygroscopic growth in ambient were the major causes of pollution in Wuhan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Liao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Jiabin Zhou
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China.
| | - Shengjie Zhu
- Sinopec Research Institute of Safety Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Anshan Xiao
- Sinopec Research Institute of Safety Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Kuan Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 North Park Street, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Yang J, Liu G, Yao Y, Xiao C, Lin Q, Tang C, Wang P, Jin X, Ni B, Cui D. Elemental analysis of PM2.5 using PIXE and NAA in Xinzhen, Beijing. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Shaltout AA, Boman J, Hassan SK, Abozied AM, Al-Ashkar EA, Abd-Elkader OH, Yassin MA, Al-Tamimi JH. Elemental Composition of PM 2.5 Aerosol in a Residential-Industrial Area of a Mediterranean Megacity. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:68-78. [PMID: 31760439 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Very little is known about the elemental composition and possible sources of fine aerosol particles from Mediterranean megacities. Fine aerosol particles were collected at a residential-industrial area in Greater Cairo, Egypt, during the period from October 2010 to May 2011. The elemental compositions of the collected samples were quantified by using a homemade energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometer, whereas black carbon was quantified by a black smoke detector. Fifteen elements have been quantified. Of these constituents, Ca, C, Cl, S, and Fe had the highest concentrations: greater than 1 µg m-3. The overall mean mass concentration of the collected samples equals 70 µg m-3; this value exceeds the European Union annual Air Quality Standard levels. The individual elemental concentrations of the fine particles were found to be dominated by elements linked to mineral dust. Most of the monthly variations of elemental concentrations can be attributed to seasonal meteorological conditions. Other possible sources were vehicle-exhaust and industrial activities. The results pinpoint the problem of identifying different sources when one source, in this case, the nearby deserts, is dominant. The results from this study contribute to the growing knowledge of concentrations, composition, and possible sources of ambient fine particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah A Shaltout
- Spectroscopy Department, Physics Division, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 888, Taif, 21974, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Johan Boman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Salwa K Hassan
- Air Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Abozied
- Spectroscopy Department, Physics Division, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Emad A Al-Ashkar
- Spectroscopy Department, Physics Division, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Omar H Abd-Elkader
- Physics & Astronomy Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Physics Division, Electron Microscope & Thin Films Department, National Research Centre, El Behooth St., Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - M A Yassin
- Botany & Microbiology Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - J H Al-Tamimi
- Zoology Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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