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Dubuisson C, Wortham H, Garinie T, Hossaert-McKey M, Lapeyre B, Buatois B, Temime-Roussel B, Ormeño E, Staudt M, Proffit M. Ozone alters the chemical signal required for plant - insect pollination: The case of the Mediterranean fig tree and its specific pollinator. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170861. [PMID: 38354792 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is likely to affect the chemical signal emitted by flowers to attract their pollinators through its effects on the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and its high reactivity with these compounds in the atmosphere. We investigated these possible effects using a plant-pollinator interaction where the VOCs responsible for pollinator attraction are known and which is commonly exposed to high O3 concentration episodes: the Mediterranean fig tree (Ficus carica) and its unique pollinator, the fig wasp (Blastophaga psenes). In controlled conditions, we exposed fig trees bearing receptive figs to a high-O3 episode (5 h) of 200 ppb and analyzed VOC emission. In addition, we investigated the chemical reactions occurring in the atmosphere between O3 and pollinator-attractive VOCs using real-time monitoring. Finally, we tested the response of fig wasps to the chemical signal when exposed to increasing O3 mixing ratios (0, 40, 80, 120 and 200 ppb). The exposure of the fig tree to high O3 levels induced a significant decrease in leaf stomatal conductance, a limited change in the emission by receptive figs of VOCs not involved in pollinator attraction, but a major change in the relative abundances of the compounds among pollinator-attractive VOCs in O3-enriched atmosphere. Fig VOCs reacted with O3 in the atmosphere even at the lowest level tested (40 ppb) and the resulting changes in VOC composition significantly disrupted the attraction of the specific pollinator. These results strongly suggest that current O3 episodes are probably already affecting the interaction between the fig tree and its specific pollinator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Dubuisson
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD - 1919 route de Mende - 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Henri Wortham
- LCE, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Tessie Garinie
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD - 1919 route de Mende - 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Martine Hossaert-McKey
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD - 1919 route de Mende - 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Benoit Lapeyre
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD - 1919 route de Mende - 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Bruno Buatois
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD - 1919 route de Mende - 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Elena Ormeño
- IMBE, CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, Avignon Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Michael Staudt
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD - 1919 route de Mende - 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Magali Proffit
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD - 1919 route de Mende - 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Démares F, Gibert L, Lapeyre B, Creusot P, Renault D, Proffit M. Ozone exposure induces metabolic stress and olfactory memory disturbance in honey bees. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140647. [PMID: 37949186 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Human activities, urbanization, and industrialization contribute to pollution that affects climate and air quality. A main atmospheric pollutant, the tropospheric ozone (O3), can damage living organisms by generating oxidative radicals, causing respiratory problems in humans and reducing yields and growth in plants. Exposure to high concentrations of O3 can result in oxidative stress in plants and animals, eventually leading to substantial ecological consequences. Plants produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted in the environment and detected by pollinators (mainly by their antennae), foraging for nutritious resources. Several pollinators, including honey bees, recognize and discriminate flowers through olfactory cues and memory. Exposure to different concentrations of O3 was shown to alter the emission of floral VOCs by plants as well as their lifetime in the atmosphere, potentially impacting plant-pollinator interactions. In this report, we assessed the impacts of exposure to field-realistic concentrations of O3 on honey bees' antennal response to floral VOCs, on their olfactory recall and discriminative capacity and on their antioxidant responses. Antennal activity is altered depending on VOCs structure and O3 concentrations. During the behavioral tests, we first check consistency between olfactory learning rates and memory scores after 15 min. Then bees exposed to 120 and 200 ppb of ozone do not exert specific recall responses with rewarded VOCs 90 min after learning, compared to controls whose specific recall responses were consistent between time points. We also report for the first time in honey bees how the superoxide dismutase enzyme, an antioxidant defense against oxidative stress, saw its enzymatic activity rate decreases after exposure to 80 ppb of ozone. This work tends to demonstrate how hurtful can be the impact of air pollutants upon pollinators themselves and how this type of pollution needs to be addressed in future studies aiming at characterizing plant-insect interactions more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Démares
- Centre D'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier, France.
| | - Laëtitia Gibert
- Centre D'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Benoit Lapeyre
- Centre D'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Creusot
- Centre D'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - David Renault
- Écosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution (EcoBio) CNRS - UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Magali Proffit
- Centre D'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier, France
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Dötterl S, Gershenzon J. Chemistry, biosynthesis and biology of floral volatiles: roles in pollination and other functions. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1901-1937. [PMID: 37661854 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2010 to 2023Floral volatiles are a chemically diverse group of plant metabolites that serve multiple functions. Their composition is shaped by environmental, ecological and evolutionary factors. This review will summarize recent advances in floral scent research from chemical, molecular and ecological perspectives. It will focus on the major chemical classes of floral volatiles, on notable new structures, and on recent discoveries regarding the biosynthesis and the regulation of volatile emission. Special attention will be devoted to the various functions of floral volatiles, not only as attractants for different types of pollinators, but also as defenses of flowers against enemies. We will also summarize recent findings on how floral volatiles are affected by abiotic stressors, such as increased temperatures and drought, and by other organisms, such as herbivores and flower-dwelling microbes. Finally, this review will indicate current research gaps, such as the very limited knowledge of the isomeric pattern of chiral compounds and its importance in interspecific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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4
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Venkateswaran V, Alali I, Unni AP, Weißflog J, Halitschke R, Hansson BS, Knaden M. Carbonyl products of ozone oxidation of volatile organic compounds can modulate olfactory choice behavior in insects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122542. [PMID: 37717892 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Insects are a diverse group of organisms that provide important ecosystem services like pollination, pest control, and decomposition and rely on olfaction to perform these services. In the Anthropocene, increasing concentrations of oxidant pollutants such as ozone have been shown to corrupt odor-driven behavior in insects by chemically degrading e.g. flower signals or insect pheromones. The degradation, however, does not only result in a loss of signals, but also in a potential enrichment of oxidation products, predominantly small carbonyls. Whether and how these oxidation products affect insect olfactory perception remains unclear. We examined the effects of ozone-generated small carbonyls on the olfactory behavior of the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster. We compiled a broad collection of neurophysiologically relevant odorants for the fly from databases and literature and predicted the formation of the types of stable small carbonyl products resulting from the odorant's oxidation by ozone. Based on these predictions, we evaluated the olfactory detection and behavioral impact of the ten most frequently predicted carbonyl products in the fly using single sensillum recordings (SSRs) and behavioral tests. Our results demonstrate that the fly's olfactory system can detect the oxidation products, which then elicit either attractive or neutral behavioral responses, rather than repulsion. However, certain products alter behavioral choices to an attractive odor source of balsamic vinegar. Our findings suggest that the enrichment of small carbonyl oxidation products due to increased ozone levels can affect olfactory guided insect behavior. Our study underscores the implications for odor-guided foraging in insects and the essential ecosystem services they offer under carbonyl enriched environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Venkateswaran
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany; Next Generation Insect Chemical Ecology,Max Planck Centre, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Alali
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Anjana P Unni
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jerrit Weißflog
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany; Next Generation Insect Chemical Ecology,Max Planck Centre, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany; Next Generation Insect Chemical Ecology,Max Planck Centre, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
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5
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Cordeiro GD, Dötterl S. Floral Scents in Bee-Pollinated Buckwheat and Oilseed Rape under a Global Warming Scenario. INSECTS 2023; 14:242. [PMID: 36975927 PMCID: PMC10057843 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many wild plants and crops are pollinated by insects, which often use floral scents to locate their host plants. The production and emission of floral scents are temperature-dependent; however, little is known about how global warming affects scent emissions and the attraction of pollinators. We used a combination of chemical analytical and electrophysiological approaches to quantify the influence of a global warming scenario (+5 °C in this century) on the floral scent emissions of two important crop species, i.e., buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus), and to test whether compounds that are potentially different between the treatments can be detected by their bee pollinators (Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris). We found that only buckwheat was affected by increased temperatures. Independent of temperature, the scent of oilseed rape was dominated by p-anisaldehyde and linalool, with no differences in relative scent composition and the total amount of scent. Buckwheat emitted 2.4 ng of scent per flower and hour at optimal temperatures, dominated by 2- and 3-methylbutanoic acid (46%) and linalool (10%), and at warmer temperatures threefold less scent (0.7 ng/flower/hour), with increased contributions of 2- and 3-methylbutanoic acid (73%) to the total scent and linalool and other compounds being absent. The antennae of the pollinators responded to various buckwheat floral scent compounds, among them compounds that disappeared at increased temperatures or were affected in their (relative) amounts. Our results highlight that increased temperatures differentially affect floral scent emissions of crop plants and that, in buckwheat, the temperature-induced changes in floral scent emissions affect the olfactory perception of the flowers by bees. Future studies should test whether these differences in olfactory perception translate into different attractiveness of buckwheat flowers to bees.
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Saunier A, Grof-Tisza P, Blande JD. Effect of ozone exposure on the foraging behaviour of Bombus terrestris. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120573. [PMID: 36334775 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) mixing ratios have increased substantially since preindustrial times and high O3 peaks are increasingly common. Plant-pollinator interactions are central to natural ecosystem functioning and food production systems but could be negatively affected by unfavourable environmental conditions such as elevated O3. Ecosystem functioning is threatened by O3, which can degrade floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) used by pollinators as olfactory cues during foraging. It can also exert oxidative stress on VOC-emitting plants and receiving organisms, potentially disturbing the sending and receiving of VOC signals. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of elevated ozone on the foraging behaviour of Bombus terrestris on three species of the Brassicaceae, with a particular focus on bumblebee choices and the mechanisms underpinning differences observed. Moreover, the study was designed to fill a gap between observations in small-scale laboratory experiments and large-scale modelling through empirical observations in polytunnels that represent a medium-large-scale artificial environment. Using 10 × 3 × 2 m polytunnels the effects of O3 on pollinator foraging parameters on Sinapis alba, Sinapis arvensis and Raphanus raphanistrum were assessed. Significant effects of elevated O3 (100 ± 10 ppb) on the time taken for the first bee to alight on a flower and the cumulative amount of time spent on flowers was observed. To further investigate the underlying mechanisms, a laboratory test was conducted to determine the effects of ozone on the VOC blend composition of S. alba flowers. Synthetic VOC blends representing O3-altered and unaltered profiles were reconstituted and utilized in polytunnel and olfactometry experiments. The results indicated that a reduction of olfaction-mediated orientation, probably via VOC-degradation or direct effects of O3 on bees, was responsible for the altered foraging parameters of B. terrestris, suggesting that the presence of elevated O3 could have negative effects on the foraging efficiency of important pollinator species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Saunier
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P. O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Patrick Grof-Tisza
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P. O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - James D Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P. O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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Abbas F, O'Neill Rothenberg D, Zhou Y, Ke Y, Wang HC. Volatile organic compounds as mediators of plant communication and adaptation to climate change. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13840. [PMID: 36512339 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant volatile organic compounds are the most abundant and structurally diverse plant secondary metabolites. They play a key role in plant lifespan via direct and indirect plant defenses, attracting pollinators, and mediating various interactions between plants and their environment. The ecological diversity and context-dependence of plant-plant communication driven by volatiles are crucial elements that influence plant performance in different habitats. Plant volatiles are also valued for their multiple applications in food, flavor, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. In the current review, we summarize recent advances that have elucidated the functions of plant volatile organic compounds as mediators of plant interaction at community and individual levels, highlighting the complexities of plant receiver feedback to various signals and cues. This review emphasizes volatile terpenoids, the most abundant class of plant volatile organic compounds, highlighting their role in plant adaptability to global climate change and stress-response pathways that are integral to plant growth and survival. Finally, we identify research gaps and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhat Abbas
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dylan O'Neill Rothenberg
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanguo Ke
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering & Technological Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, China
- College of Economics and Management, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Hui-Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Eisen KE, Powers JM, Raguso RA, Campbell DR. An analytical pipeline to support robust research on the ecology, evolution, and function of floral volatiles. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1006416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on floral volatiles has grown substantially in the last 20 years, which has generated insights into their diversity and prevalence. These studies have paved the way for new research that explores the evolutionary origins and ecological consequences of different types of variation in floral scent, including community-level, functional, and environmentally induced variation. However, to address these types of questions, novel approaches are needed that can handle large sample sizes, provide quality control measures, and make volatile research more transparent and accessible, particularly for scientists without prior experience in this field. Drawing upon a literature review and our own experiences, we present a set of best practices for next-generation research in floral scent. We outline methods for data collection (experimental designs, methods for conducting field collections, analytical chemistry, compound identification) and data analysis (statistical analysis, database integration) that will facilitate the generation and interpretation of quality data. For the intermediate step of data processing, we created the R package bouquet, which provides a data analysis pipeline. The package contains functions that enable users to convert chromatographic peak integrations to a filtered data table that can be used in subsequent statistical analyses. This package includes default settings for filtering out non-floral compounds, including background contamination, based on our best-practice guidelines, but functions and workflows can be easily customized as necessary. Next-generation research into the ecology and evolution of floral scent has the potential to generate broadly relevant insights into how complex traits evolve, their genomic architecture, and their consequences for ecological interactions. In order to fulfill this potential, the methodology of floral scent studies needs to become more transparent and reproducible. By outlining best practices throughout the lifecycle of a project, from experimental design to statistical analysis, and providing an R package that standardizes the data processing pipeline, we provide a resource for new and seasoned researchers in this field and in adjacent fields, where high-throughput and multi-dimensional datasets are common.
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Shahzadi E, Nawaz M, Adrees M, Asghar MJ, Iqbal N. Elevated ozone phytotoxicity ameliorations in mung bean {Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek} by foliar nebulization of silicic acid and ascorbic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:69680-69690. [PMID: 35576036 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present work provides an insight into the development of biochemical adaptations in mung beans against ozone (O3) toxicity. The study aims to explore the O3 stress tolerance potential of mung bean genotypes under exogenous application of growth regulators. The seeds of twelve mung bean genotypes were grown in plastic pots under controlled conditions in the glasshouse. Six treatments, control (ambient ozone level 40-45 ppb), ambient O3 with ascorbic acid, ambient ozone with silicic acid, elevated ozone (120 ppb), elevated O3 with ascorbic acid (10 mM), and elevated ozone with silicic acid (0.1 mM) were applied. The O3 fumigation was carried out using an O3 generator. The results revealed that ascorbic acid and silicic acid application decreased the number of plants with foliar O3 injury symptoms in different degrees, i.e., zero, first, second, third, and fourth degrees; whereas 0-4 degree symptoms represent, no symptoms, symptoms occupying < 1/4, 1/4-1/2, 1/2-3/4, and > 3/4 of the total foliage area, respectively. Application of ascorbic acid and silicic acid also prevented the plants from the negative effects of O3 in terms of fresh as well as dry matter production, leaf chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble proteins and ascorbic acid, proline, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Overall, silicic acid application proved more effective in reducing the negative effects of O3 on mung bean genotypes as compared to that of the ascorbic acid. Three mung bean genotypes (NM 20-21, NM-2006, and NM-2016) were identified to have a better adaptive mechanism for O3 toxicity tolerance and may be good candidates for future variety development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eram Shahzadi
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adrees
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | | | - Naeem Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
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10
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Démares F, Gibert L, Creusot P, Lapeyre B, Proffit M. Acute ozone exposure impairs detection of floral odor, learning, and memory of honey bees, through olfactory generalization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154342. [PMID: 35257776 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution stemming from human activities affects the environment in which plant and animal species live and interact. Similar to primary air pollutants which are emitted, secondary air pollutants, such as tropospheric ozone (O3) formed from nitrogen oxides, are also harmful to human health and plant physiology. Yet, few reports studied the effects of O3 on pollinators' physiology, despite that this pollutant, with its high oxidative potential, likely affects pollinators behaviors, especially the perception of signals they rely on to navigate their environment. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) released by plants are used as signals by different animals. For pollination services, VOCs attract different insects to the flowers and strengthen these interactions. Here, we used the honey bee Apis mellifera as a model to characterize the effects of acute exposure to different realistic mixing ratios of O3 (80-, 120-, and 200-ppb) on two crucial aspects: first, how exposed honey bees detect VOCs; and second, how O3 affects these pollinators' learning and memory processes. With electroantennogram (EAG) recordings, we showed that increasing O3 mixing ratios had a biphasic effect: an initial 25% decrease of the antennal activity when bees were tested directly after exposure (O3 direct effect), followed by a 25% increase in activity and response when bees were allowed a two-hour rest after exposure (O3 delayed effect). In parallel, during olfactory conditioning, increasing O3 mixing ratios in both exposure protocols scarcely affected olfactory learning, followed by a decrease in recall of learned odors and an increase of response to new odors, leading to a higher generalization rate (i.e., discrimination impairment). These results suggest a link between O3-related oxidative stress and olfactory coding disturbance in the honey bee brain. If ozone affects the pollinators' olfaction, foraging behaviors may be modified, in addition with a possible long-term harmful effect on pollination services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Démares
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier, France.
| | - Laëtitia Gibert
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Creusot
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Benoit Lapeyre
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Magali Proffit
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier, France
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11
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Ryalls JMW, Langford B, Mullinger NJ, Bromfield LM, Nemitz E, Pfrang C, Girling RD. Anthropogenic air pollutants reduce insect-mediated pollination services. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 297:118847. [PMID: 35063287 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Common air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), emitted in diesel exhaust, and ozone (O3), have been implicated in the decline of pollinating insects. Reductionist laboratory assays, focused upon interactions between a narrow range of flowering plant and pollinator species, in combination with atmospheric chemistry models, indicate that such pollutants can chemically alter floral odors, disrupting the cues that foraging insects use to find and pollinate flowers. However, odor environments in nature are highly complex and pollination services are commonly provided by suites of insect species, each exhibiting different sensitivities to different floral odors. Therefore, the potential impacts of pollution-induced foraging disruption on both insect ecology, and the pollination services that insects provide, are currently unknown. We conducted in-situ field studies to investigate whether such pollutants could reduce pollinator foraging and as a result the pollination ecosystem service that those insects provide. Using free-air fumigation, we show that elevating diesel exhaust and O3, individually and in combination, to levels lower than is considered safe under current air quality standards, significantly reduced counts of locally-occurring wild and managed insect pollinators by 62-70% and their flower visits by 83-90%. These reductions were driven by changes in specific pollinator groups, including bees, flies, moths and butterflies, and coincided with significant reductions (14-31%) in three different metrics of pollination and yield of a self-fertile test plant. Quantifying such effects provides new insights into the impacts of human-induced air pollution on the natural ecosystem services upon which we depend.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M W Ryalls
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6EU, UK.
| | - Ben Langford
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Neil J Mullinger
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Lisa M Bromfield
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6EU, UK
| | - Eiko Nemitz
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Christian Pfrang
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6BB, UK
| | - Robbie D Girling
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6EU, UK
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12
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Dubuisson C, Nicolè F, Buatois B, Hossaert-McKey M, Proffit M. Tropospheric Ozone Alters the Chemical Signal Emitted by an Emblematic Plant of the Mediterranean Region: The True Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.). Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.795588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Among air pollutants, tropospheric ozone (O3) is one of the most stressful for organisms due to its strong oxidative potential. For instance, high ozone concentration ([O3]) has the potential to affect (i) the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by plants and (ii) the lifetime of these VOCs in the atmosphere, and consequently disturb crucial signals in the interactions between plants and other organisms. However, despite the determinant role of VOCs emitted by flowers for pollinator attraction, a very limited number of studies have investigated the impact of O3 on floral VOCs. In this study, we investigated the effect of high [O3] episodes on the VOCs emitted by a flowering Mediterranean plant: the true lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Lamiaceae). To do so, in controlled conditions, we exposed (i) the entire plant to high but realistic [O3] (200 ppb for 5 h) and (ii) only the VOCs emitted by lavender to increasing [O3] (0, 40, 80, 120, and 200 ppb). We sampled VOCs of lavender in both conditions and analyzed them by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in order to qualify and quantify the flowering lavender’s emissions and the reaction of VOCs with O3 in the atmosphere. Our results showed that exposure to high [O3] during a short period (5 h) did not affect the emission of VOCs by flowering lavender. Incidentally, we also showed that the chemical signal varied in quantities and proportions over the day. Moreover, we showed that after their emission by the plant, composition of the VOCs changed quantitatively and qualitatively in an atmosphere containing [O3] naturally observed nowadays. Quantities of several of the major terpenes emitted by lavender decreased drastically during O3 exposure, whereas concentrations of some VOCs increased, such as carbonyls and carboxylic acids, which are probably reaction products of terpenes with O3. Exposure to high [O3] thus directly affected the proportions of VOCs in the atmosphere. Because pollinators generally use a blend of VOCs in particular proportions as a signal to localize flowers, the numerous pollinators of lavender may experience difficulty in recognizing specific floral odors during frequent and moderate [O3] episodes in the Mediterranean region.
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13
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Masui N, Agathokleous E, Tani A, Matsuura H, Koike T. Plant-insect communication in urban forests: Similarities of plant volatile compositions among tree species (host vs. non-host trees) for alder leaf beetle Agelastica coerulea. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111996. [PMID: 34480944 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Behavior of insects, such as pollination and grazing, is usually determined by biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). However, particularly in O3-polluted urban forests, the BVOCs-based plant-insect communication can be disrupted by the reaction of O3 with leaf-emitted BVOCs, such as between Japanese white birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica) and a leaf beetle (Agelastica coerulea). To understand plant-insect communication in O3-polluted environments, it is necessary to identify chemical species of BVOCs that contribute to attractiveness toward insects but are diminished by elevated O3. In this study, we conducted olfactory response tests and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses to clarify whether there is a similarity of BVOC components among Betulaceae host trees that can explain the attraction of the stenophagous insect A. coerulea. The olfactory response tests indicated that Betulaceae host trees attract A. coerulea via leaf-emitted BVOCs, while there was no preference of the leaf beetles to non-host trees (Sorbus commixta and Morus bombycis). However, GC-MS analyses indicated that the composition of BVOC blends considerably differed among Betulaceae host trees, although alders (Alnus hirsuta and A. japonica) had a similar composition of BVOC blend in each season (June and September) during which the adult leaf beetle is active. A distinct characteristic of the emission from B. platyphylla was that 2-carene and limonene, which are O3-reactive species, were emitted with a high monoterpene ratio irrespective of the season. Thus, these volatiles and the blend could be expected to lead the disrupted communication found between B. platyphylla and A. coerulea under elevated O3 in previous field studies. In addition, our results indicated that A. coerulea is attracted to more than one blend within Betulaceae host trees, suggesting that grazing damages can be affected by different host preferences and O3 reactivity with specific BVOCs in the field. BVOCs-based plant-insect interactions should be further studied in multi-species communities to better understand plant-insect communication in O3-polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Masui
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 0608589, Japan.
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Department of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, 210044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Akira Tani
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 4228526, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 0608589, Japan.
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 0608589, Japan.
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14
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Höfer RJ, Ayasse M, Kuppler J. Water Deficit, Nitrogen Availability, and Their Combination Differently Affect Floral Scent Emission in Three Brassicaceae Species. J Chem Ecol 2022; 48:882-899. [PMID: 36525146 PMCID: PMC9840598 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-022-01393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Floral scent plays a central role in plant-pollinator interactions, as flower visitors can discriminate between scent differences to recognize and forage on rewarding flowers. Changes in scent compositions might therefore lead to recognition mismatches between host plants and flower visitors. An understanding of the phenotypic plasticity of floral scent, especially in crop species, is becoming important because of climate change, e.g., increasing drought periods, and other anthropogenic influences, e.g., nitrogen (N) deposition. We have investigated the effects of the combination of progressive water deficits (dry-down) and N supplementation on floral scent emission in three Brassicaceae species (cultivated vs. wild). Individuals were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: (1) well-watered without N supplementation; (2) well-watered with N supplementation; (3) dry-down without N supplementation; (4) dry-down with N supplementation. We collected scent on day 0, 2, 7, and 14 after the commencement of the watering treatment. All samples were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. We found that the highly cultivated Brassica napus had the lowest overall emission rate; its scent composition was affected by the interaction of watering treatment and N supplementation. Scent bouquets of the cultivated Sinapis alba also changed under these treatments. Scent bouquets of the common weed Sinapis arvensis were affected by watering treatment, but not by time and N supplementation. Furthermore, the influence of treatments on the emission rate of single compounds was highly compound-specific. Nonetheless, our study revealed that especially terpenes were negatively affected by drought-stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Höfer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jonas Kuppler
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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15
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Yuan X, Feng Z, Hu C, Zhang K, Qu L, Paoletti E. Effects of elevated ozone on the emission of volatile isoprenoids from flowers and leaves of rose (Rosa sp.) varieties. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118141. [PMID: 34517180 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) affects isoprenoid emissions, and floral emissions in particular, which may result in potential impacts on the interactions of plants with other organisms. The effects of ozone (O3) on isoprenoid emissions have been investigated for many years, while knowledge on O3 effects on floral emissions is still scarce and the relevant mechanism has not been clarified so far. We investigated the effects of O3 on floral and foliar isoprenoid emissions (mainly isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) and their synthase substrates from three rose varieties (CH, Rosa chinensis Jacq. var. chinensis; SA, R. hybrida 'Saiun'; MO, R. hybrida 'Monica Bellucci') at different exposure durations. Results indicated that the O3-induced stimulation after short-term exposure (35 days after the beginning of O3 exposure) was significant only for sesquiterpene emissions from flowers, while long-term O3 exposure (90 days after the beginning of O3 exposure) significantly decreased both foliar and floral monoterpene and sesquiterpene emissions. In addition, the observed decline of emissions under long-term O3 exposure resulted from the limitation of synthase substrates, and the responses of emissions and substrates varied among varieties, with the greatest variation in the O3-sensitive variety. These findings provide important insights on plant isoprenoid emissions and species selection for landscaping, especially in areas with high O3 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Chunfang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Laiye Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Elena Paoletti
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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16
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Prieto-Benítez S, Ruiz-Checa R, Bermejo-Bermejo V, Gonzalez-Fernandez I. The Effects of Ozone on Visual Attraction Traits of Erodium paularense (Geraniaceae) Flowers: Modelled Perception by Insect Pollinators. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122750. [PMID: 34961222 PMCID: PMC8709400 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) effects on the visual attraction traits (color, perception and area) of petals are described for Erodium paularense, an endangered plant species. Plants were exposed to three O3 treatments: charcoal-filtered air (CFA), ambient (NFA) and ambient + 40 nL L-1 O3 (FU+) in open-top chambers. Changes in color were measured by spectral reflectance, from which the anthocyanin reflectance index (ARI) was calculated. Petal spectral reflectance was mapped onto color spaces of bees, flies and butterflies for studying color changes as perceived by different pollinator guilds. Ozone-induced increases in petal reflectance and a rise in ARI under NFA were observed. Ambient O3 levels also induced a partial change in the color perception of flies, with the number of petals seen as blue increasing to 53% compared to only 24% in CFA. Butterflies also showed the ability to partially perceive petal color changes, differentiating some CFA petals from NFA and FU+ petals through changes in the excitation of the UV photoreceptor. Importantly, O3 reduced petal area by 19.8 and 25% in NFA and FU+ relative to CFA, respectively. In sensitive species O3 may affect visual attraction traits important for pollination, and spectral reflectance is proposed as a novel method for studying O3 effects on flower color.
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17
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Duque L, Poelman EH, Steffan-Dewenter I. Plant age at the time of ozone exposure affects flowering patterns, biotic interactions and reproduction of wild mustard. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23448. [PMID: 34873217 PMCID: PMC8648743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02878-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of plants to environmental stressors can modify their metabolism, interactions with other organisms and reproductive success. Tropospheric ozone is a source of plant stress. We investigated how an acute exposure to ozone at different times of plant development affects reproductive performance, as well as the flowering patterns and the interactions with pollinators and herbivores, of wild mustard plants. The number of open flowers was higher on plants exposed to ozone at earlier ages than on the respective controls, while plants exposed at later ages showed a tendency for decreased number of open flowers. The changes in the number of flowers provided a good explanation for the ozone-induced effects on reproductive performance and on pollinator visitation. Ozone exposure at earlier ages also led to either earlier or extended flowering periods. Moreover, ozone tended to increase herbivore abundance, with responses depending on herbivore taxa and the plant age at the time of ozone exposure. These results suggest that the effects of ozone exposure depend on the developmental stage of the plant, affecting the flowering patterns in different directions, with consequences for pollination and reproduction of annual crops and wild species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Duque
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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18
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Sievert T, Ylönen H, Blande JD, Saunier A, van der Hulst D, Ylönen O, Haapakoski M. Bank vole alarm pheromone chemistry and effects in the field. Oecologia 2021; 196:667-677. [PMID: 34173057 PMCID: PMC8292297 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemical communication plays an important role in mammalian life history decisions. Animals send and receive information based on body odour secretions. Odour cues provide important social information on identity, kinship, sex, group membership or genetic quality. Recent findings show, that rodents alarm their conspecifics with danger-dependent body odours after encountering a predator. In this study, we aim to identify the chemistry of alarm pheromones (AP) in the bank vole, a common boreal rodent. Furthermore, the vole foraging efficiency under perceived fear was measured in a set of field experiments in large outdoor enclosures. During the analysis of bank vole odour by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, we identified that 1-octanol, 2-octanone, and one unknown compound as the most likely candidates to function as alarm signals. These compounds were independent of the vole’s sex. In a field experiment, voles were foraging less, i.e. they were more afraid in the AP odour foraging trays during the first day, as the odour was fresh, than in the second day. This verified the short lasting effect of volatile APs. Our results clarified the chemistry of alarming body odour compounds in mammals, and enhanced our understanding of the ecological role of AP and chemical communication in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorbjörn Sievert
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Konnevesi Research Station, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Hannu Ylönen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Konnevesi Research Station, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - James D Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Amélie Saunier
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dave van der Hulst
- Environmental Sciences Department, Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Olga Ylönen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Konnevesi Research Station, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marko Haapakoski
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Konnevesi Research Station, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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19
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Kask K, Kaurilind E, Talts E, Kännaste A, Niinemets Ü. Combined Acute Ozone and Water Stress Alters the Quantitative Relationships between O 3 Uptake, Photosynthetic Characteristics and Volatile Emissions in Brassica nigra. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113114. [PMID: 34070994 PMCID: PMC8197083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O3) entry into plant leaves depends on atmospheric O3 concentration, exposure time and openness of stomata. O3 negatively impacts photosynthesis rate (A) and might induce the release of reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can quench O3, and thereby partly ameliorate O3 stress. Water stress reduces stomatal conductance (gs) and O3 uptake and can affect VOC release and O3 quenching by VOC, but the interactive effects of O3 exposure and water stress, as possibly mediated by VOC, are poorly understood. Well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS) Brassica nigra plants were exposed to 250 and 550 ppb O3 for 1 h, and O3 uptake rates, photosynthetic characteristics and VOC emissions were measured through 22 h recovery. The highest O3 uptake was observed in WW plants exposed to 550 ppb O3 with the greatest reduction and poorest recovery of gs and A, and elicitation of lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway volatiles 10 min-1.5 h after exposure indicating cellular damage. Ozone uptake was similar in 250 ppb WW and 550 ppb WS plants and, in both treatments, O3-dependent reduction in photosynthetic characteristics was moderate and fully reversible, and VOC emissions were little affected. Water stress alone did not affect the total amount and composition of VOC emissions. The results indicate that drought ameliorated O3 stress by reducing O3 uptake through stomatal closure and the two stresses operated in an antagonistic manner in B. nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaia Kask
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (E.K.); (E.T.); (A.K.); (Ü.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eve Kaurilind
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (E.K.); (E.T.); (A.K.); (Ü.N.)
| | - Eero Talts
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (E.K.); (E.T.); (A.K.); (Ü.N.)
| | - Astrid Kännaste
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (E.K.); (E.T.); (A.K.); (Ü.N.)
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (E.K.); (E.T.); (A.K.); (Ü.N.)
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
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20
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Ozone Pollution Alters Olfaction and Behavior of Pollinators. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050636. [PMID: 33919364 PMCID: PMC8143334 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Concentration of air pollutants, particularly ozone (O3), has dramatically increased since pre-industrial times in the troposphere. Due to the strong oxidative potential of O3, negative effects on both emission and lifetime in the atmosphere of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have already been highlighted. VOCs alteration by O3 may potentially affect the attraction of pollinators that rely on these chemical signals. Surprisingly, direct effects of O3 on the olfaction and the behavioral response of pollinators have not been investigated so far. We developed a comprehensive experiment under controlled conditions to assess O3 physiological and behavioral effects on two pollinator species, differing in their ecological traits. Using several realistic concentrations of O3 and various exposure times, we investigated the odor antennal detection and the attraction to VOCs present in the floral scents of their associated plants. Our results showed, in both species, a clear effect of exposure to high O3 concentrations on the ability to detect and react to the floral VOCs. These effects depend on the VOC tested and its concentration, and the O3 exposure (concentration and duration) on the pollinator species. Pollination systems may, therefore, be impaired in different ways by increased levels of O3, the effects of which will likely depend on whether the exposure is chronic or, as in this study, punctual, likely causing some pollination systems to be more vulnerable than others. While several studies have already shown the negative impact of O3 on VOCs emission and lifetime in the atmosphere, this study reveals, for the first time, that this impact alters the pollinator detection and behavior. These findings highlight the urgent need to consider air pollution when evaluating threats to pollinators.
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21
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Duque L, Poelman EH, Steffan-Dewenter I. Effects of ozone stress on flowering phenology, plant-pollinator interactions and plant reproductive success. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115953. [PMID: 33190978 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone is a highly oxidative pollutant with the potential to alter plant metabolism. The direct effects of ozone on plant phenotype may alter interactions with other organisms, such as pollinators, and, consequently, affect plant reproductive success. In a set of greenhouse experiments, we tested whether exposure of plants to a high level of ozone affected their phenological development, their attractiveness to four different pollinators (mason bees, honeybees, hoverflies and bumblebees) and, ultimately, their reproductive success. Exposure of plants to ozone accelerated flowering, particularly on plants that were growing in autumn, when light and temperature cues, that commonly promote flowering, were weaker. Simultaneously, there was a tendency for ozone-exposed plants to disinvest in vegetative growth. Plant exposure to ozone did not substantially affect pollinator preference, but bumblebees had a tendency to visit more flowers on ozone-exposed plants, an effect that was driven by the fact that these plants tended to have more open flowers, meaning a stronger attraction signal. Honeybees spent more time per flower on ozone-exposed plants than on control plants. Acceleration of flower production and the behavioural responses of pollinators to ozone-exposed plants resulted in retained reproductive fitness of plants pollinated by bumblebees, honeybees and mason bees, despite the negative effects of ozone on plant growth. Plants that were pollinated by hoverflies had a reduction in reproductive fitness in response to ozone. In a natural setting, acceleration of flowering by ozone might foster desynchronization between plant and pollinator activities. This can have a strong impact on plants with short flowering periods and on plants that, unlike wild mustard, lack compensatory mechanisms to cope with the absence of pollinator activity in the beginning of flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Duque
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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22
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Masui N, Agathokleous E, Mochizuki T, Tani A, Matsuura H, Koike T. Ozone disrupts the communication between plants and insects in urban and suburban areas: an updated insight on plant volatiles. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH 2021; 32:1337-1349. [PMID: 33456272 PMCID: PMC7797194 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-020-01287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plant-insect interactions are basic components of biodiversity conservation. To attain the international Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the interactions in urban and in suburban systems should be better understood to maintain the health of green infrastructure. The role of ground-level ozone (O3) as an environmental stress disrupting interaction webs is presented. Ozone mixing ratios in suburbs are usually higher than in the center of cities and may reduce photosynthetic productivity at a relatively higher degree. Consequently, carbon-based defense capacities of plants may be suppressed by elevated O3 more in the suburbs. However, contrary to this expectation, grazing damages by leaf beetles have been severe in some urban centers in comparison with the suburbs. To explain differences in grazing damages between urban areas and suburbs, the disruption of atmospheric communication signals by elevated O3 via changes in plant-regulated biogenic volatile organic compounds and long-chain fatty acids are considered. The ecological roles of plant volatiles and the effects of O3 from both a chemical and a biological perspective are presented. Ozone-disrupted plant volatiles should be considered to explain herbivory phenomena in urban and suburban systems. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version of this article contains supplementary material available at (10.1007/s11676-020-01287-4) to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Masui
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tomoki Mochizuki
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Tani
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, CAS, Beijing, 100085 People’s Republic of China
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23
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Jeon J, Baek SA, Kim NS, Sathasivam R, Park JS, Kim JK, Park SU. Elevated Ozone Levels Affect Metabolites and Related Biosynthetic Genes in Tartary Buckwheat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14758-14767. [PMID: 33264023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change and the industrial revolution have increased the concentration of tropospheric ozone, a photochemical air pollutant that can negatively affect plant growth and crop production. In the present study, we investigated the effects of O3 on the metabolites and transcripts of tartary buckwheat. A total of 36 metabolites were identified by gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and principal component analysis was performed to verify the metabolic differences between nontreated and O3-treated tartary buckwheat. The content of threonic acid increased after 2 days of the O3 treatment, whereas it decreased after 4 days of exposure, after which it gradually increased until the eighth day of exposure. In addition, the levels of most metabolites decreased significantly after the O3 treatment. On the contrary, the levels of two anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, increased more than 11.36- and 11.43-fold, respectively, after the O3 treatment. To assess the effect of O3 on the genomic level, we analyzed the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway genes in O3-treated and nontreated buckwheat using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We found that the expression of all anthocyanin pathway genes increased significantly in the O3-treated buckwheat compared to that in the nontreated buckwheat. Altogether, our results suggested that O3 affected the transcripts and metabolites of tartary buckwheat, which would eventually cause phenotypic changes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jeon
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Seung-A Baek
- Division of Life Sciences and Bio-Resource and Environmental Center, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Nam Su Kim
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Ramaraj Sathasivam
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jong Seok Park
- Department of Horticultural Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Bio-Resource and Environmental Center, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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24
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Farré-Armengol G, Fernández-Martínez M, Filella I, Junker RR, Peñuelas J. Deciphering the Biotic and Climatic Factors That Influence Floral Scents: A Systematic Review of Floral Volatile Emissions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1154. [PMID: 32849712 PMCID: PMC7412988 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Currently, a global analysis of the information available on the relative composition of the floral scents of a very diverse variety of plant species is missing. Such analysis may reveal general patterns on the distribution and dominance of the volatile compounds that form these mixtures, and may also allow measuring the effects of factors such as the phylogeny, pollination vectors, and climatic conditions on the floral scents of the species. To fill this gap, we compiled published data on the relative compositions and emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the floral scents of 305 plant species from 66 families. We also gathered information on the groups of pollinators that visited the flowers and the climatic conditions in the areas of distribution of these species. This information allowed us to characterize the occurrence and relative abundances of individual volatiles in floral scents and the effects of biotic and climatic factors on floral scent. The monoterpenes trans-β-ocimene and linalool and the benzenoid benzaldehyde were the most abundant floral VOCs, in both ubiquity and predominance in the floral blends. Floral VOC richness and relative composition were moderately preserved traits across the phylogeny. The reliance on different pollinator groups and the climate also had important effects on floral VOC richness, composition, and emission rates of the species. Our results support the hypothesis that key compounds or compounds originating from specific biosynthetic pathways mediate the attraction of the main pollinators. Our results also indicate a prevalence of monoterpenes in the floral blends of plants that grow in drier conditions, which could link with the fact that monoterpene emissions protect plants against oxidative stresses throughout drought periods and their emissions are enhanced under moderate drought stress. Sesquiterpenes, in turn, were positively correlated with mean annual temperature, supporting that sesquiterpene emissions are dominated mainly by ambient temperature. This study is the first to quantitatively summarise data on floral-scent emissions and provides new insights into the biotic and climatic factors that influence floral scents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Farré-Armengol
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Iolanda Filella
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert R. Junker
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
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