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Shams SR, Choi Y, Singh D, Ghahremanloo M, Momeni M, Park J. Innovative approaches for accurate ozone prediction and health risk analysis in South Korea: The combined effectiveness of deep learning and AirQ. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174158. [PMID: 38909816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Short-term exposure to ground-level ozone (O3) poses significant health risks, particularly respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and mortality. This study addresses the pressing need for accurate O3 forecasting to mitigate these risks, focusing on South Korea. We introduce Deep Bias Correction (Deep-BC), a novel framework leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), to refine hourly O3 forecasts from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. Our approach involves training Deep-BC using data from 2016 to 2019, including CMAQ's 72-hour O3 forecasts, 31 meteorological variables from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, and previous days' station measurements of 6 air pollutants. Deep-BC significantly outperforms CMAQ in 2021, reducing biases in O3 forecasts. Furthermore, we utilize Deep-BC's daily maximum 8-hour average O3 (MDA8 O3) forecasts as input for the AirQ+ model to assess O3's potential impact on mortality across seven major provinces of South Korea: Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Daejeon, Ulsan, and Sejong. Short-term O3 exposure is associated with 0.40 % to 0.48 % of natural cause and respiratory deaths and 0.67 % to 0.81 % of cardiovascular deaths. Gender-specific analysis reveals higher mortality rates among men, particularly from respiratory causes. Our findings underscore the critical need for region-specific interventions to address air pollution's detrimental effects on public health in South Korea. By providing improved O3 predictions and quantifying its impact on mortality, this research offers valuable insights for formulating targeted strategies to mitigate air pollution's adverse effects. Moreover, we highlight the urgency of proactive measures in health policies, emphasizing the significance of accurate forecasting and effective interventions to safeguard public health from the deleterious effects of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Reyhaneh Shams
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Yunsoo Choi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA.
| | - Deveshwar Singh
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Masoud Ghahremanloo
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Mahmoudreza Momeni
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Jincheol Park
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
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Kazemi Z, Kazemi Z, Jafari AJ, Farzadkia M, Hosseini J, Amini P, Shahsavani A, Kermani M. Estimating the health impacts of exposure to Air pollutants and the evaluation of changes in their concentration using a linear model in Iran. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:56-64. [PMID: 38261924 PMCID: PMC10797144 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In big and industrial cities of developing countries, illness and mortality from long-term exposure to air pollutants have become a serious issue. This research was carried out in 2019-2020 to estimate the health impacts of PM10, NO2 and O3 pollutants by using AirQ+ and R statistical programming software in Arak, Isfahan, Tabriz, Shiraz, Karaj, and Mashhad. Mortality statistics, number of people in required age groups, and amount of pollutants were gathered respectively from different agencies like Statistics and Information Technology of the Ministry of Health, Statistical Center, and Department of Environment and by using Excel, the average 24-hour and 1-hour concentration and maximum 8-hour concentration for PM10, NO2 and O3 pollutants were gathered. We used linear mixed impacts model to account for the longitudinal observations and heterogeneity of the cities. The results of the study showed high number of deaths due to chronic bronchitis in adults, premature death of infants, and respiratory diseases in Mashhad. This research highlights the importance of estimation of health impacts from exposure to air pollutants on residents of the studied cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kazemi
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohre Kazemi
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Hosseini
- Department of Biostatistics,School of Public Health,Hamadan University of Medical Sciences,Hamadan,Iran
| | - Payam Amini
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Air Quality and Climate Change Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Kazemi Z, Jonidi Jafari A, Farzadkia M, Amini P, Kermani M. Evaluating the mortality and health rate caused by the PM 2.5 pollutant in the air of several important Iranian cities and evaluating the effect of variables with a linear time series model. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27862. [PMID: 38560684 PMCID: PMC10979144 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
All over the world, the level of special air pollutants that have the potential to cause diseases is increasing. Although the relationship between exposure to air pollutants and mortality has been proven, the health risk assessment and prediction of these pollutants have a therapeutic role in protecting public health, and need more research. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the ill-health caused by PM2.5 pollution using AirQ + software and to evaluate the different effects on PM2.5 with time series linear modeling by R software version 4.1.3 in the cities of Arak, Esfahan, Ahvaz, Tabriz, Shiraz, Karaj and Mashhad during 2019-2020. The pollutant hours, meteorology, population and mortality information were calculated by the Environmental Protection Organization, Meteorological Organization, Statistics Organization and Statistics and Information Technology Center of the Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education for 24 h of PM2.5 pollution with Excel software. In addition, having 24 h of PM2.5 pollutants and meteorology is used to the effect of variables on PM2.5 concentration. The results showed that the highest and lowest number of deaths due to natural deaths, ischemic heart disease (IHD), lung cancer (LC), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) and stroke in The effect of disease with PM2.5 pollutant in Ahvaz and Arak cities was 7.39-12.32%, 14.6-17.29%, 16.48-8.39%, 10.43-18.91%, 12.21-22.79% and 14.6-18.54 % respectively. Another result of this research was the high mortality of the disease compared to the mortality of the nose. The analysis of the results showed that by reducing the pollutants in the cities of Karaj and Shiraz, there is a significant reduction in mortality and linear modeling provides a suitable method for air management planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kazemi
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Amini
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Anbari K, Sicard P, Omidi Khaniabadi Y, Raja Naqvi H, Rashidi R. Assessing the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on air quality change and human health outcomes in a capital city, southwestern Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:1716-1727. [PMID: 36099327 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2120967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aimsof this study were to assess the spatial variation of PM2.5, NO2, and O3 between 2019 (before) and 2020 (during COVID-19 pandemic); and calculation the health outcomes of exposure to these pollutants. The daily PM2.5, NO2, and O3 concentrations were applied to assess health effects by relative risk, and baseline incidence. The annual PM2.5 and NO2 mean concentrations exceeded the WHO guideline values, while O3 did not exceed. The restrictive measures associated to COVID-19 led to reduction at the annual means of PM2.5 and NO2 by -25.5% and -23.1%, respectively, while the annual mean of O3 increased by +7.9%. The number of M-CVD and M-RD (-25.6%, -26.1%) related to PM2.5 exposure, and HA-COPD and HA-RD >65 years old (-21% and -3.84%) related to NO2 exposure were reduced in 2020, and O3 exposure-related M-CVD (+30.1%) and HA-RD >65 years old (+23.4%) increased compared to the previous year 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatereh Anbari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Occupational and Environmental Health Research Center, Petroleum Industry Health Organization (PIHO), Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hasan Raja Naqvi
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajab Rashidi
- Department of Occupational Health, Nutritional Health Research Center, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Shams SR, Kalantary S, Jahani A, Parsa Shams SM, Kalantari B, Singh D, Moeinnadini M, Choi Y. Assessing the effectiveness of artificial neural networks (ANN) and multiple linear regressions (MLR) in forcasting AQI and PM10 and evaluating health impacts through AirQ+ (case study: Tehran). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122623. [PMID: 37806430 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the major concerns for the population and the environment due to its hazardous effects. PM10 has affected significant scientific and regulatory interest because of its strong correlation with chronic health such as respiratory illnesses, lung cancer, and asthma. Forcasting air quality and assessing the health impacts of the air pollutants like particulate matter is crucial for protecting public health.This study incorporated weather, traffic, green space information, and time parameters, to forcst the AQI and PM10. Traffic data plays a critical role in predicting air pollution, as it significantly influences them. Therefore, including traffic data in the ANN model is necessary and valuable. Green spaces also affect air quality, and their inclusion in neural network models can improve predictive accuracy. The key factors influencing the AQI are the two-day lag time, the proximity of a park to the AQI monitoring station, the average distance between each park and AQI monitoring stations, and the air temperature. In addition, the average distance between each park, the number of parks, seasonal variations, and the total number of vehicles are the primary determinants affecting PM10.The straightforward effective Multilayer Perceptron Artificial Neural Network (MLP-ANN) demonstrated correlation coefficients (R) of 0.82 and 0.93 when forcasting AQI and PM10, respectively. This study also used the forcasted PM10 values from the ANN model to assess the health effects of elevated air pollution. The results indicate that elevated levels of PM10 can increase the likelihood of respiratory symptoms. Among children, there is a higher prevalence of bronchitis, while among adults, the incidence of chronic bronchitis is higher. It was estimated that the attributable proportions for children and adults were 6.87% and 9.72%, respectively. These results underscore the importance of monitoring air quality and taking action to reduce pollution to safeguard public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saba Kalantary
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416634793, Iran
| | - Ali Jahani
- Research Center of Environment and Sustainable Development (RCESD): Tehran, Tehran, 141551156, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Parsa Shams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Technical and Engineerin, Central Tehran University, Tehran, 1148963537, Iran
| | - Behrang Kalantari
- Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
| | - Deveshwar Singh
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Mazaher Moeinnadini
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tehran University, Karaj, 1417935840, Iran
| | - Yunsoo Choi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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Ciarloni R, Newbold KB. Air Pollution Health Literacy among Active Commuters in Hamilton, Ontario. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6282. [PMID: 37444129 PMCID: PMC10341318 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20136282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The promotion of active transportation (AT), which has been broadly defined as a physical effort performed by the traveller to produce motion, has been a popular strategy to reduce vehicular emissions, improve air quality, and promote physical activity. However, individuals who engage in AT may incur increased exposure to air pollutants and thus potential health impacts. This research sought to determine how active commuters understand the health risks associated with air pollution during their commutes, and whether they engage in any behaviours to limit exposure. An online survey was adapted from the Environmental Health Literacy framework to assess air pollution health literacy among active commuters in Hamilton, ON, and generated a sample size of 192 AT users. Analyses involved the use of frequency tables and cross-tabulations for the quantitative data, and the Health Belief Model and thematic analysis to interpret the qualitative data. Results revealed that most AT users do not adopt behaviours that would limit air pollution exposure on commutes and exhibited low self-rated knowledge of the health impacts of air pollution exposure. Issues of perceived susceptibility and severity, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy all further impacted the likelihood of adopting health protective behaviours. Conclusively, air pollution is an often-neglected consideration among active commuters, with air pollution knowledge predicting the likelihood of behavioural modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed Ciarloni
- School of Earth, Environment & Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - K. Bruce Newbold
- School of Earth, Environment & Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Gupta P, Jangid A, Kumar R. COVID-19-associated 2020 lockdown: a study on atmospheric black carbon fall impact on human health. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:3507-3520. [PMID: 36367602 PMCID: PMC9650661 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The mean mass concentrations of black carbon (BC), biomass burning (BC)bb, and fossil fuel combustion (BC)ff have been estimated during March-May 2020 (during the COVID-19 outbreak) and March-May 2019 at a semiarid region of Agra over the Indo-Gangetic basin region. The daily mean mass concentration of BC in 2020 and 2019 was 3.9 and 6.9 µg m-3, respectively. The high monthly mean mass concentration of BC was found to be 4.7, 3.4 and 3.3 µg m-3 in Mar-2020, Apr-2020, and May-2020, respectively, whereas in Mar-2019, Apr-2019, and May-2019 was 7.7, 7.5 and 5.4 µg m-3, respectively. The absorption coefficient (babs) and absorption angstrom exponent (AAE) of black carbon were calculated. The highest mean AAE was 1.6 in the year 2020 (Mar-May 2020) indicating the dominance of biomass burning. The mean mass concentration of fossil fuel (BC)ff and biomass burning (BC)bb is 3.4 and 0.51 µg m-3, respectively, in 2020 whereas 6.4 and 0.73 µg m-3, respectively, in 2019. The mean fraction contribution of BC with fossil fuel (BC)ff was 82.1 ± 13.5% and biomass burning (BC)bb was 17.9 ± 4.3% in 2020, while in 2019, fossil fuel (BC)ff was 86.7 ± 13.5% and biomass burning (BC)bb was 13.3 ± 6.7%. The population-weighted mean concentration of BC, fossil fuel (BC)ff, and biomass burning (BC)bb has been calculated. The health risk assessment of BC has been analyzed in the form of attributable relative risk factors and attributed relative risk during the COVID-19 outbreak using AirQ + v.2.0 model. The attributable relative risk factors of BC were 20.6% in 2020 and 29.4% in 2019. The mean attributed relative risk per 10,000,000 populations at 95% confidence interval (CI) due to BC was 184.06 (142.6-225.2) in 2020 and 609.06 (418.3-714.6) in 2019. The low attributed factor and attributed relative risk in 2020 may be attributed to improvements in air quality and a fall in the emission of BC. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the whole country faced the biggest lockdown, ban of the transportation of private vehicles, trains, aircraft, and construction activities, and shut down of the industry leading to a fall in the impact of BC on human health. Overall, this was like a blessing in disguise. This study will help in future planning of mitigation and emission control of air pollutants in large and BC in particular. It only needs a multipronged approach. This study may be like torch bearing to set path for mitigation of impacts of air pollution and improvement of air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra-5, India.
| | - Ashok Jangid
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra-5, India
| | - Ranjit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra-5, India
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Rashidi R, Khaniabadi YO, Sicard P, De Marco A, Anbari K. Ambient PM 2.5 and O 3 pollution and health impacts in Iranian megacity. STOCHASTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND RISK ASSESSMENT : RESEARCH JOURNAL 2023; 37:175-184. [PMID: 35965492 PMCID: PMC9358119 DOI: 10.1007/s00477-022-02286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The main objectives of this study were to (i) assess variation within fine particles (PM2.5) and tropospheric ozone (O3) time series in Khorramabad (Iran) between 2019 (before) and 2020 (during COVID-19 pandemic); (ii) assess relationship between PM2.5 and O3, the PM2.5/O3 ratio, and energy consumption; and (iii) estimate the health effects of exposure to ambient PM2.5 and O3. From hourly PM2.5 and O3 concentrations, we applied both linear-log and integrated exposure-response functions, city-specific relative risk, and baseline incidence values to estimate the health effects over time. A significant correlation was found between PM2.5 and O3 (r =-0.46 in 2019, r =-0.55 in 2020, p < 0.05). The number of premature deaths for all non-accidental causes (27.5 and 24.6), ischemic heart disease (7.3 and 6.3), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (17 and 19.2), and lung cancer (9.2 and 6.25) attributed to ambient PM2.5 exposure and for respiratory diseases (4.7 and 5.4) for exposure to O3 above 10 µg m-3 for people older than 30-year-old were obtained in 2019 and 2020. The number of years of life lost declined by 11.6% in 2020 and exposure to PM2.5 reduced the life expectancy by 0.58 and 0.45 years, respectively in 2019 and 2020. Compared to 2019, the restrictive measures associated to COVID-19 pandemic led to reduction in PM2.5 (-25.5%) and an increase of O3 concentration (+ 8.0%) in Khorramabad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajab Rashidi
- Department of Occupational Health, Nutritional Health Research Center, School of Health and Nutrition,
Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Occupational and Environmental Health Research Center, Petroleum Industry Health Organization (PIHO), Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | | | - Khatereh Anbari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Popescu LL, Popescu RS, Catalina T. Indoor Particle's Pollution in Bucharest, Romania. TOXICS 2022; 10:757. [PMID: 36548590 PMCID: PMC9786567 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution risk factor on human health was surpassed only by high blood pressure, tobacco use and poor diet. Total number of deaths due to air pollution worldwide was estimated to 6.67 million people in 2019. In the European Union, 97% of the urban population is exposed to levels of fine particulate matter above the latest guideline levels set by the World Health Organization. Air pollution accounts for 20% of newborn deaths worldwide, most related to complications of low birth weight and preterm birth. Low birth weight and preterm birth are responsible for 1.8 million deaths worldwide. Bucharest is the capital city of Romania and one of the most polluted cities in Europe, ranking in the 9th position out of 96 of the top cities from Europe and in the 4th position out of 32 of the top cities in Eastern Europe, data from June 2022. The aim of this study was to measure the real time level of indoor particulate pollution levels in different indoor environments from Bucharest, during the pandemic period. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio and its rate of change were also determined for the measured data. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio and its rate of change were also calculated based on the measurement data. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio showed an upward trend on weekends compared to weekdays, suggesting a relationship with outdoor PM where leisure activities and traffic infiltrated the indoors. The fluctuation range of the PM2.5/PM10 ratio was 0.44~0.95, and low measured values were detected on weekdays. Of the seasons, the proportion of particulate in autumn and its rate of change tended to be higher than in summer. It was suggested that outdoor air may have permeated the room. In addition, the relationship was considered, such as it is a holiday period, there are few rainy days, the concentration of coarse particles is high, and the number of residents in the city decreases. When it comes to indoor air quality, the higher this ratio, the more serious the air pollution. PM10 concentrations decreased by 29.1% in the absence of human activity and increased by 35.1% in the presence of humans. PM2.5 concentration decreased by 30.3% without human activity and increased by 3.1% with the presence of humans. Certain trends were suggested for the resumption of human activity and an increase in PM2.5 concentrations. The average relative difference between October 2021, a pandemic period, and October 2022, a post pandemic period, was 64% for PM10 and 47% for PM2.5. The pandemic period brought a significantly better indoor air quality from the particulate pollution point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lelia Letitia Popescu
- Faculty of Building Services, Technical University of Civil Engineering, 021414 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan Stefan Popescu
- Faculty of Building Services, Technical University of Civil Engineering, 021414 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tiberiu Catalina
- Faculty of Building Services, Technical University of Civil Engineering, 021414 Bucharest, Romania
- National Institute for Research-Development in Construction, Urbanism and Sustainable Territorial Development—INCD URBAN-INCERC, 400524 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Anbari K, Khaniabadi YO, Sicard P, Naqvi HR, Rashidi R. Increased tropospheric ozone levels as a public health issue during COVID-19 lockdown and estimation the related pulmonary diseases. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 13:101600. [PMID: 36439075 PMCID: PMC9676228 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2022.101600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to i) investigate the variation of tropospheric ozone (O3) levels during the COVID-19 lockdown; ii) determine the relationships between O3 concentrations with the number of COVID-19 cases; and iii) estimate the O3-related health effects in Southwestern Iran (Khorramabad) over the time period 2019-2021. The hourly O3 data were collected from ground monitoring stations, as well as retrieved from Sentinel-5 satellite data for showing the changes in O3 levels pre, during, and after lockdown period. The concentration-response function model was applied using relative risk (RR) values and baseline incidence (BI) to assess the O3-related health effects. Compared to 2019, the annual O3 mean concentrations increased by 12.2% in 2020 and declined by 3.9% in 2021. The spatiotemporal changes showed a significant O3 increase during COVID-19 lockdown, and a negative correlation between O3 levels and the number of COVID-19 cases was found (r = - 0.59, p < 0.05). In 2020, the number of hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases increased by 4.0 per 105 cases, the mortality for respiratory diseases increased by 0.7 per 105 cases, and the long-term mortality for respiratory diseases increased by 0.9 per 105 cases. Policy decisions are now required to reduce the surface O3 concentrations and O3-related health effects in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatereh Anbari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Occupational and Environmental Health Research Center, Petroleum Industry Health Organization (PIHO), Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ARGANS, 260 Route Du Pin Montard, 06410, Biot, France
| | - Hasan Raja Naqvi
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajab Rashidi
- Department of Occupational Health, Nutritional Health Research Center, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Bahrami Asl F, Amini Rabati SE, Poureshgh Y, Kermani M, Kalan ME, Hosseini F, Dehghani A, Taghi Livari K. Ambient air pollutants and respiratory health outcomes in Tabriz and Urmia, two metropolises of Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:812. [PMID: 36131102 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polluted air affects human life and it is crucial to assess air pollutants to inform policy and protect human lives. In this study, we sought to assess the respiratory outcomes associated with PM10, O3, SO2, and NO2 in the Iranian population. The required data, which included concentrations of air pollutants, meteorology, and population size, were obtained from the department of environment and meteorological organizations. The validity of the data was evaluated, and appropriate calculations were conducted on the data to extract the required values and parameters for modeling (using the AirQ2.2.3). This study was conducted in two megacities of Iran (Tabriz and Urmia) with over 2 million population. The annual averages of SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentrations were 9, 73, and 43 μg/m3 in Tabriz and 76, 29, and 76 μg/m3 in Urmia, respectively. Excess deaths from respiratory diseases associated with PM10 and SO2 were estimated to be 33.1 and 1.2 cases in Tabriz and 31.6 and 24.7 cases in Urmia, respectively. The proportions of hospitalizations for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) attributable to SO2 and NO2 in Tabriz were 0.07% and 1.61%, respectively, whereas they were 2.84% and 0.48% in Urmia. O3 had an annual average of 56 μg/m3 in Tabriz and with 44.5 excess respiratory deaths and 42.5 excess hospital admissions for COPD, it had the greatest health impacts among the pollutants studied. Findings from this study add to the growing literature, especially from developing countries, that provides insights to help authorities and decision-makers develop and implement effective interventions to curb air pollution and save lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Bahrami Asl
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | | | - Yousef Poureshgh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Carolina, NC, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Carolina, NC, USA
- School of Health Professions, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Fatemeh Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Anahita Dehghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Toolabi A, Bonyadi Z, Ramavandi B. Health impacts quantification attributed to ambient particulate matter in the nearest Iranian city to the main dust source. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:666. [PMID: 35962291 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Urban air contamination is one of the ten most dangerous parameters for human health, which causes cardiovascular disease, respiratory, metabolic diseases, and decreased lung function. Air Q is a reliable software for studying the impacts of atmospheric contaminants on human health, and today, it is widely used in the environment. The purpose of this research was to quantify the mortality and morbidity rates that corresponded to ambient particulate matter (PM) in Rigan City. To perform this, the Air Q software was used. The findings reflected that the yearly mean values of PM10 and PM2.5 are 264.83 and 50.45 μg/m3. The findings indicated that the PM10 and PM2.5 content in Rigan was above standard levels described by WHO. The total number of deaths, cardiovascular deaths, and respiratory deaths due to PM in Rigan were estimated as 70.3, 45.8, and 10.7 persons, respectively. Hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases correlated to PM10 were estimated at 154.2 and 59 persons, respectively. Acute myocardial infarction associated with PM2.5 was 2.7 persons. Overall, the data in this study may be helpful to national and regional policymakers who are responsible for managing and preventing atmospheric contamination and assessing the costs of health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Toolabi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Ziaeddin Bonyadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
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A Review of Studies Using Air Q Software for Prediction of Air Pollution Health Effects in Iran. Curr Environ Health Rep 2022; 9:386-405. [PMID: 35729411 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-022-00362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Exposure to air pollutants may lead to various health effects and is a major public health issue. Concerns about these effects exist in both developed and developing countries. The Air Q software was developed to estimate the health impacts of air pollution based on reported levels of air pollutants in real world studies. In Iran several studies have been conducted to estimate human morbidity and mortality based on this software. We conducted this review to summarize articles which have predicted the effects of air pollution on human health in Iran using Air Q. We conducted a systematic search for relevant studies published until 24 April 2021 in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and SID (Scientific Information Database which includes articles in Farsi language). We applied no time or language restrictions. RECENT FINDINGS A total of 44 studies out of 525 identified articles met our inclusion criteria. The main air pollutants under investigation were particulate matter (PM), NO2, O3, and SO2. Most studies were conducted in metropolitan areas, such as Ahvaz (9 studies), Tehran (9 studies), and Shiraz (7 studies). In all studies, the levels of most air pollutants were higher than the 2005 WHO guideline levels and were predicted to be related to considerable health effects. However, it was not possible to aggregate the results and report the total number of casualties during these years, because studies were done in different cities with fluctuating levels of multiple pollutants and in different years and time frames. This systematic review showed that air pollution remains at unacceptably high levels resulting in substantial detrimental health effects in various Iranian cities. Using clean renewable energies, increasing human capital, and increasing green spaces and vegetation can help improve air pollution and decrease human casualties in Iran.
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Kahraman AC, Sivri N. Comparison of metropolitan cities for mortality rates attributed to ambient air pollution using the AirQ model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:43034-43047. [PMID: 35091944 PMCID: PMC8799408 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the air pollution dynamics of the metropolitan cities of Balıkesir, Bursa, Istanbul, Kocaeli, Sakarya and Tekirdağ in the Marmara Region, which is the geographical region with the highest urban and industrial activity in Turkey, were examined for the time period between 2016 and 2019. Annual changes in the cities in terms of air pollution, which was examined with a focus on the PM2.5 parameter as indicated by United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); differences in the cities by years; and the seasonal changes in air pollution in the cities were investigated. Additionally, mortality rates attributed to air pollution were calculated with the AirQ + software based on integrated exposure-response function recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the UN using city-scale statistics of fatal disease cases that can be attributed to air pollution. It was determined that all cities in the Marmara Region study area exceeded the limit PM2.5 values specified by the European Union (EU) in the years 2016, 2017 and 2018 while only Kocaeli and Tekirdağ were below the limit values in 2019. The limit values specified by the WHO were exceeded in all cities in each year. A total of 46,920 premature deaths attributed to the exceedance of WHO limit values were calculated for the years 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 with 11,895, 13,853, 11,748 and 9,429, respectively. Determining national limit values for the PM2.5 parameter, which is among the most important factors of air pollution, and monitoring it in a sustainable manner using a sufficient number of well-equipped stations is of great importance. This way, national, regional and urban action plans regarding the impact of air pollution on human health, as indicated by UN SDGs, can be prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Cihat Kahraman
- Institute of Graduate Studies, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa (IUC), 34320, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nüket Sivri
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, IUC, 34320, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
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Xu C, Zhang Z, Ling G, Wang G, Wang M. Air pollutant spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and effects on human health in North China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133814. [PMID: 35120956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
North China, the political, economic, and cultural center of China, has been greatly harmed by frequent air pollution incidents. Therefore, it is vital to study air pollution characteristics and clarify their impact on human health. In this study, we first analyzed the spatiotemporal variations of air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, and O3) in North China from 2016 to 2019. Then, the air quality index (AQI), aggregate air quality index (AAQI), and health risk based air quality index (HAQI) were used to assess health risks. Based on these, the AirQ2.2.3 model was used to quantify health effects. The results showed that the major pollutant in the cities surrounding Beijing was PM2.5, while PM10 dominated in distant cities. Annual concentrations decreased (except for O3), which is related to governmental emission reduction policies. However, O3 concentrations increased owing to the complex precursor emissions. The AQI underestimated air pollution, while the AAQI and HAQI were accurate; the latter indicated that 55% of the study region population was exposed to polluted air. The AirQ2.2.3 model quantified the total mortality proportions attributable to PM2.5, PM10, SO2, CO, NO2, and O3, which were 1.87%, 3.12%, 1.11%, 1.40%, 4.19%, and 2.52%, respectively. In high concentrations, PM10 and PM2.5 pose significant health risks. The health effects of SO2, NO2, CO, and O3 at lower concentrations were more obvious, indicating that the expected mortality rate due to low concentrations of some pollutants was much higher than that due to high concentrations of other pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqi Xu
- College of Geographical Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfeng, 041000, China; Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Zhi Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, YuZhang Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Guangjiu Ling
- School of Tourism and Resource Environment, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, 558000, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- College of Geographical Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfeng, 041000, China
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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16
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Borsi SH, Goudarzi G, Sarizadeh G, Dastoorpoor M, Geravandi S, Shahriyari HA, Akhlagh Mohammadi Z, Mohammadi MJ. Health Endpoint of Exposure to Criteria Air Pollutants in Ambient Air of on a Populated in Ahvaz City, Iran. Front Public Health 2022; 10:869656. [PMID: 35425736 PMCID: PMC9002232 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.869656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of criteria air pollutants (CAP) in the ambient air of a populated inhalation region is one of the main serious public health concerns. The present study evaluated the number of cardiovascular mortalities (CM), hospital admissions with cardiovascular disease (HACD), and hospital admissions for respiratory disease (HARD) due to CAP exposure between 2010 and 2014. The study used the Air Q model and descriptive analysis to investigate the health endpoint attributed to the ground level of ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfide dioxide (SO2), and particle matter (PM10). Baseline incidence (BI) and relative risk (RR) are the most important factors in the evaluation of health outcomes from exposure to CAP in the ambient air of a populated area according to EPA and the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Our study showed that annual cases of cardiovascular mortality during the period 2010–2014 relating to particle mater were 478, 506, 469, 427, and 371; ozone was 19, 24, 43, 56, and 49; nitrogen dioxide was 18, 20, 23, 27, and 21; and sulfide dioxide was 26, 31, 37, 43 and 11, in the years 2010 to 2014, respectively. These results indicate that the number of hospital admissions for respiratory disease attributed to PM were 2054, 2277, 2675, 2042, and 1895; O3 was 27, 35, 58, 73, and 63; NO2 was 23, 24, 15, 25, and 18; and SO2 was 23, 24, 25, 30, and 20, in the years from 2010 to 2014, respectively. The results also showed that the number of hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease related to particle mater was 560, 586, 529, 503, and 472; ozone was 22, 32, 38, 55, and 51; nitrogen dioxide was 19, 18, 13, 21, and 14; and sulfide dioxide was 12, 14, 16, 22, and 9, in the same period, respectively. Observations showed that most of the pollution was from outdoor air and in the human respiratory tract. Increased levels of sulfide dioxide, particle matter, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone can cause additional morbidity and mortality for exposed populations. According to the results, it is possible to help increase the level of public health. The use of these findings could also be of great help to health professionals and facilitators at regional and national levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hamid Borsi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Environmental Health Engineering and Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Sarizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering and Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Dastoorpoor
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sahar Geravandi
- School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Habib Allah Shahriyari
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Akhlagh Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Environmental Health Engineering and Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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17
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Naghan DJ, Neisi A, Goudarzi G, Dastoorpoor M, Fadaei A, Angali KA. Estimation of the effects PM2.5, NO2, O3 pollutants on the health of Shahrekord residents based on AirQ + software during (2012-2018). Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:842-847. [PMID: 36561960 PMCID: PMC9764246 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Research objectives Intertwined with modern life, air pollution is not a new phenomenon. Air pollution imposes a significant number of deaths and disease complications on society, and therefore it is very important to determine the extent of its effects on health in any society. This study sought to evaluate the concentration and short-term and long-term excess mortality attributed to PM2.5, NO2 and O3 observed in Shahrekord. Procedure Hourly concentrations of PM2.5, O3, and NO2 measured at different stations of the Shahrekord Monitoring Network were obtained from the Shahrekord Department of Environment (DOE). Then, for different air quality monitoring stations, the average 24-hour PM2.5 concentration, the one-hour average NO2 concentration and the maximum 8-hour daily O3 concentration were calculated using Excel 2010. When the maximum 8-hour daily ozone level exceeds 35, it drops below 35 to calculate the SOMO35 index for modeling. Results The death rates of IHD, COPD, lung cancer and ALRI and stroke related to PM2.5 were 176, 7, 0, 10, 105, respectively. The effect of ozone on respiratory mortality was zero. During the study period in Shahrekord, no respiratory mortality was determined due to ozone and acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI). this study is first ever study on health effects of air pollution in shahrekord city. Conclusion A significant number of deaths due to air pollutants in Shahrekord have been reported. It can be concluded that by designing and implementing strategies and measures to control air pollution, both health effects and economic losses are prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Jalili Naghan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Corresponding author.
| | - Abdolkazem Neisi
- Environmental Health Department, Air pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Environmental Health Department, Air pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Dastoorpoor
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Air pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Fadaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi Angali
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Air pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Cloud-Based Decision Support System for Air Quality Management. CLIMATE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cli10030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Air quality is important for the protection of human health, the environment and our cultural heritage and it is an issue that will acquire increased significance in the future due to the adverse effects of climate change. Thus, it is important to not simply monitor air quality, but to make information immediately available to those responsible for monitoring the networks, to policy/decision makers, but also to the general population. Moreover, the development of information technologies over the last couple of decades has allowed the proliferation of real-time pollution monitoring. The work presented herein concerns the development of an effective way of monitoring environmental parameters using dedicated software. It offers a complete suite of applications that support environmental data collection management and reporting for air quality and associated meteorology. It combines modern technologies for the proper monitoring of air quality networks, which can consist of one or more measuring stations. Innovatively, it also focuses on how to effectively present the relevant information, utilizing modern technologies, such as cloud and mobile applications, to network engineers, policy/decision managers, and to the general public at large. It also has the capability of notifying appropriate personnel in the event of failures, overruns or abnormal values. The system, in its current configuration, handles information from six networks that include over 55 air pollution monitoring stations that are located throughout Greece. This practical application has shown that the system can achieve high data availability rates, even higher than 99% during the year.
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Modeling Spatial Distribution and Determinant of PM2.5 at Micro-Level Using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to Inform Sustainable Mobility Policies in Campus Based on Evidence from King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132112043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is fatal. Fine particles, such as PM2.5, in ambient air might be the cause of many physical and psychological disorders, including cognitive decline. This is why educational policymakers are adopting sustainable mobility, and other policy measures, to make their campuses carbon-neutral; however, car-dependent cities and their university campuses are still lagging behind in this area. This study attempts to model the spatial heterogeneity and determinants of PM2.5 at the King Abdulaziz University campus in Jeddah, which is ranked first among the Saudi Arabian universities, as well as in the MENA region. We developed four OLS and GWR models of different peak and off-peak periods during weekdays in order to estimate the determinants of the PM2.5 concentration. The number of cars, humidity, temperature, windspeed, distance from trees, and construction sites were the estimators in our analysis. Because of a lack of secondary data at a finer scale, we collected the samples of all dependent and independent variables at 51 locations on the KAU campus. Model selection was based on RSS, log-likelihood, adjusted R2, and AICc, and a modal comparison shows that the GWR variant of Model-2 outperformed the other models. The results of the GWR model demonstrate the geographical variability of the PM2.5 concentration on the KAU campus, to which the volume of car traffic is the key contributor. Hence, we recommend using the results of this study to support the development of a car-free and zero-carbon campus at KAU; furthermore, this study could be exploited by other campuses in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf region.
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Pala K, Aykac N, Yasin Y. Premature deaths attributable to long-term exposure to PM 2.5 in Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:51940-51947. [PMID: 33993451 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This research aims to reveal the premature deaths caused by long-term exposure to PM2.5 in 2018 in Turkey utilizing the AirQ+ program developed by the World Health Organization. Calculation of yearly average PM2.5 concentration in provinces, acreage of provinces, and the mortality rate of the at-risk population was the data required for the operation of the AirQ+ program. With the help of the AirQ+ program, the results revealed that a total of 44,617 people (95% CI 29.882-57.709) died prematurely due to sustained exposure to PM2.5 in Turkey in 2018. The highest estimated mortality proportion attributable to PM2.5 pollution was in the provinces of Igdir and Kahramanmaras. The highest estimated number of mortality cases per 100,000 population attributable to PM2.5 pollution was in the provinces of Manisa and Afyonkarahisar. This research points out that reaching the PM2.5 limits specified by the WHO could have prevented 44,617 premature deaths in the year 2018 in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayihan Pala
- Department of Public Health, Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Nilufer Aykac
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Gayrettepe Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yesim Yasin
- School of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Icerenkoy mah. Kayisdagi cad. No: 32 34684 Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey.
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21
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Khaniabadi YO, Sicard P. A 10-year assessment of ambient fine particles and related health endpoints in a large Mediterranean city. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130502. [PMID: 34126698 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fine particles i.e., with an aerodynamic diameter lower than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) have potentially the most significant effects on human health compared to other air pollutants. The main objectives of this study were to i) investigate the temporal variations of ambient PM2.5 in Marseille (Southern France), where air pollution is again a major public health issue, and ii) estimate their short-term health effects and annual trend (Mann-Kendall test) over a 10-year period from 2010 to 2019. In Marseille, the main sources of PM2.5 could be related to road traffic, industrial complexes, and oil refineries surrounded the city. The number of premature deaths and hospital admissions attributable to ambient PM2.5 exposure for non-accidental causes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases were estimated by using in-situ air quality data, city-specific relative risk values and baseline incidence. Despite significant reduction of PM2.5 (- 0.80 μg m-3 year-1), Marseille citizens were exposed to PM2.5 levels exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guideline for human health protection (10 μg m-3) during entire study period. Exposure to ambient PM2.5 substantially contributed to mortality and hospital admissions: 871 deaths for non-accidental causes, 515 deaths for cardiovascular diseases, 47 deaths for respiratory diseases, as well as 1034 hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases and 834 for respiratory diseases were reported between 2010 and 2019. Compliance with WHO annual limit values can result in substantial socio-economic benefits by preventing premature deaths and hospital admissions. For instance, based on the value of a statistical life and average cost of a hospital admission, the associated benefit for healthcare would have been €131 million in 2019. Between 2010 and 2019, the number of PM2.5-related non-accidental deaths decreased by 1.15 per 105 inhabitants annually. Compared to 2010-2019, the restrictive measures associated to COVID-19 pandemic led to a reduction in PM2.5 of 11% in Marseille, with 2.6 PM2.5-related deaths averted in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Industrial Medial and Health, Petroleum Industry Health Organization (PIHO), Ahvaz, Iran
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22
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Ho CC, Hung SC, Ho WC. Effects of short- and long-term exposure to atmospheric pollution on COVID-19 risk and fatality: analysis of the first epidemic wave in northern Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 199:111293. [PMID: 34004167 PMCID: PMC8123517 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The effects of exposure to atmospheric pollution on the incidence and mortality due to COVID-19 have been studied but not for sulfur dioxide (SO2) in most studies. However, most studies failed to consider important cofounding factors in the estimation of health effects of air pollution. The objective of the study was to assess the short- and long-term effects of air pollution on the COVID-19 risk and fatality in Lombardy and Veneto. Air pollutants were studied based on monitoring station information in Lombardy and Veneto from January 2013 to May 2020. The daily number of cases and deaths of COVID-19 were collected from the reports of the Italian Ministry of Health in Italy. A generalized linear model with the generalized estimating equation method was used to evaluate the effects of short- and long-term exposure to air pollution on the COVID-19 outbreak in Lombardy and Veneto. After adjusting for other covariates, we found that short-term exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 had a tendency to increase the incidence and mortality of COVID-19 than long-term exposure, while for other air pollutants, including SO2 and NO2, long-term exposure was more significant than short-term exposure. Both short- and long-term exposure of SO2 resulted in increased health effects on COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings suggest that exposure to atmospheric pollution has a significant impact on COVID-19 pandemic and call for further researches to deeply investigate this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chang Ho
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Drug Development Center, Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Hung
- Drug Development Center, Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan; Integrative Stem Cell Center, Department of Orthopaedics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chao Ho
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Tahery N, Geravandi S, Goudarzi G, Shahriyari HA, Jalali S, Mohammadi MJ. Estimation of PM 10 pollutant and its effect on total mortality (TM), hospitalizations due to cardiovascular diseases (HACD), and respiratory disease (HARD) outcome. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:22123-22130. [PMID: 33411285 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dust storms not only affect the quality of life but also pose a serious health and social problem. The main source dust events include central and west Asia, the Taklimakan desert, and Middle East, carrying out high volume of particulate matter, which increased the level of PM10 as representative of dust storm. The purpose of this study was to investigate the number of mortality (TM), hospitalizations due to cardiovascular diseases (HACD) and respiratory diseases (HARD) among the people of Bishkek and Ahvaz. Data validation was performed using the WHO criteria. The average time PM10 in outdoor air was calculated, and its health effects were obtained by entering its annual data and population at risk, baseline incidence (BI), and relative risk index (RR) for IHD outcomes. In our study, AirQ software was used. The number of excess cases in Bishkek and Ahvaz for total mortality and cardiovascular mortality was 63 and 758 and 35 and 478 persons while for HARD and HACD was 84 and 2054 and 33 and 560 persons, respectively. The survey requires the need to enact and enforce permissible PM10 levels/standards due to dust storms to reduce the health effect on humans by relevant environmental authorities both at federal and state levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorollah Tahery
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | | | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Saeid Jalali
- School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health AND Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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24
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Filippini T, Rothman KJ, Cocchio S, Narne E, Mantoan D, Saia M, Goffi A, Ferrari F, Maffeis G, Orsini N, Baldo V, Vinceti M. Associations between mortality from COVID-19 in two Italian regions and outdoor air pollution as assessed through tropospheric nitrogen dioxide. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143355. [PMID: 33187703 PMCID: PMC7609227 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
After the appearance of COVID-19 in China last December 2019, Italy was the first European country to be severely affected by the outbreak. The first diagnosis in Italy was on February 20, 2020, followed by the establishment of a light and a tight lockdown on February 23 and on March 8, 2020, respectively. The virus spread rapidly, particularly in the North of the country in the 'Padan Plain' area, known as one of the most polluted regions in Europe. Air pollution has been recently hypothesized to enhance the clinical severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection, acting through adverse effects on immunity, induction of respiratory and other chronic disease, upregulation of viral receptor ACE-2, and possible pathogen transportation as a virus carrier. We investigated the association between air pollution and subsequent COVID-19 mortality rates within two Italian regions (Veneto and Emilia-Romagna). We estimated ground-level nitrogen dioxide through its tropospheric levels using data available from the Sentinel-5P satellites of the European Space Agency Copernicus Earth Observation Programme before the lockdown. We then examined COVID-19 mortality rates in relation to the nitrogen dioxide levels at three 14-day lag points after the lockdown, namely March 8, 22 and April 5, 2020. Using a multivariable negative binomial regression model, we found an association between nitrogen dioxide and COVID-19 mortality. Although ecological data provide only weak evidence, these findings indicate an association between air pollution levels and COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Filippini
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Kenneth J Rothman
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Silvia Cocchio
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Mantoan
- Department for Health and Social Affairs of Veneto Region, Venice, Italy
| | - Mario Saia
- Azienda Zero of Veneto Region, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Nicola Orsini
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincenzo Baldo
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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25
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Al-Hemoud A, Gasana J, Alajeel A, Alhamoud E, Al-Shatti A, Al-Khayat A. Ambient exposure of O 3 and NO 2 and associated health risk in Kuwait. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:14917-14926. [PMID: 33222061 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11481-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), indissoluble air pollutants in the atmosphere, have been confirmed in various parts of the world to have detrimental health effects on humans. Currently, such information is lacking in Kuwait. The objectives of this study are to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of O3 and NO2 concentrations in Kuwait during a 4-year period (2014-2017) and to quantify the associated short- and long-term health effects, including all-cause, respiratory, and cardiovascular mortalities and morbidities during the same study period. Exposure assessment showed that the annual levels (22.5-26.4 ppb), SOMO35, and the 8-hour 4-year mean (38 ppb) of O3 were very low and below the World Health Organization (WHO) (50 ppb) and Kuwaiti (70 ppb) regulatory limits. The annual mean levels of NO2 ranged from 30.3 to 43.8 ppb and were significantly higher than both WHO and Kuwait limits (21 ppb). As expected, O3 and NO2 levels showed opposing trends, with higher concentrations of NO2 recorded in early morning and mid-evening, during autumn and winter, and during Saturdays (the so-called weekend effect). Health effects indicated high respiratory diseases due to short-term exposure to NO2. Contrary to the western countries' pollution levels, Kuwait showed lower O3 and higher NO2 levels. There is potential for substantial health improvements in Kuwait by reducing NO2 pollution through stringent control measures of stationary and mobile sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Hemoud
- Crisis Decision Support Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Crisis Decision Support Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, 13109, Safat, Kuwait.
| | - Janvier Gasana
- Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University, P. O. Box 24923, 13110, Safat, Kuwait
| | | | - Ebrahim Alhamoud
- Faculty of Law, Kuwait University, P. O. Box 5475, 13055, Safat, Kuwait
| | | | - Ahmed Al-Khayat
- Techno-Economics Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, 13109, Safat, Kuwait
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Bonyadi Z, Arfaeinia H, Fouladvand M, Farjadfard S, Omidvar M, Ramavandi B. Impact of exposure to ambient air pollutants on the admission rate of hospitals for asthma disease in Shiraz, southern Iran. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:128091. [PMID: 33182159 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a common chronic respiratory disease in the world. Short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants is closely related to acute respiratory diseases and asthmatic symptoms. The purpose of this research was to estimate the correlation between exposure to three air pollutants (O3, NO2, and SO2) and hospital admission because of asthmatic disease (HAAD) in the city of Shiraz, southern Iran. The data were collected from the two real-time monitoring stations located in this city. The acquired information was used for developing predictive models by the AirQ software. The findings of this study were reported for two age groups (<15 and 15-64 years old). The highest levels of O3, NO2, and SO2 were obtained 187.33 μg/m3, 34.1 μg/m3, and 491.2 μg/m3 in 2016, respectively, and 227.75 μg/m3, 92.26 μg/m3, and 190.21 μg/m3, respectively, in 2017. Among the mentioned pollutants, the yearly average concentration of SO2 was 8.62 times more than the WHO guideline, during the studied times. The number of extra cases of HAAD for <15 years and 15-64 years caused by the air pollutants in Shiraz were estimated to be 273 and 36, respectively, in 2016, and 243 and 30 for 2017, respectively. The results of this work displayed that air pollutants have caused respiratory problems in Shiraz city. The AirQ model is a facile and potential tool for the prediction of asthma disease to reduce the health risk of atmospheric pollutants in the worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziaeddin Bonyadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Moradali Fouladvand
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sima Farjadfard
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of the Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Omidvar
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
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27
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Eskandari Z, Maleki H, Neisi A, Riahi A, Hamid V, Goudarzi G. Temporal fluctuations of PM 2.5 and PM 10, population exposure, and their health impacts in Dezful city, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2020; 18:723-731. [PMID: 33312597 PMCID: PMC7721840 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality impacts of particulate matter (PM) are globally important health critical parameters. In this ecological-descriptive study, the health impact of PM10 and PM2.5 associated with there temporal variations in Dezful city were assessed from 2013 to 2015. AirQ+ software handles the PM air pollutants by addressing impact evaluation and life table evaluation. We used a new method to analysis fine particles feature by using regular daily observations of PM10. In this method, relationship between PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations were analyzed and calculated. The annual average concentrations of PM10 were 147.1, 114.3 and 158.8 μg/m3, and the annual average concentration of PM2.5 were 57.8, 50.7 and 58.2 μg/m3 in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. PM10 also had obvious diurnal variations with highest hourly concentrations in 13:00 and 22:00 but the lowest concentrations often occurred in 05:00 and 16:00. Unexpectedly, in weekends the concentration of PM pollutants appeared to have increased from 18:00 to midnight. The daily based analysis showed that there are 147 dusty days in the study period during which the most severe dusty day occurred in 2014. Over the study period, mean levels of PM10 and PM2.5 in both conditions were higher in 2015 compare to 2013 and 2014, which probably is due to higher frequency of dust storms in 2015. Hence, during 2015 and 2013 they're were higher morbidity and mortality compare to 2014 due to exposure to higher polluted air with PMs in all cases except lung cancer (LC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Eskandari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Heidar Maleki
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- MS of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abdolkazem Neisi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Atefeh Riahi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Vafa Hamid
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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28
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Lovarelli D, Conti C, Finzi A, Bacenetti J, Guarino M. Describing the trend of ammonia, particulate matter and nitrogen oxides: The role of livestock activities in northern Italy during Covid-19 quarantine. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110048. [PMID: 32818500 PMCID: PMC7429516 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx) and ammonia (NH3) are among the main contributors to the formation of secondary particulate matter (PM2.5), which represent a severe risk to human health. Even if important improvements have been achieved worldwide, traffic, industrial activities, and the energy sector are mostly responsible for NOx and SOx release; instead, the agricultural sector is mainly responsible for NH3 emissions. Due to the emergency of coronavirus disease, in Italy schools and universities have been locked down from late February 2020, followed in March by almost all production and industrial activities as well as road transport, except for the agricultural ones. This study aims to analyze NH3, PM2.5 and NOx emissions in principal livestock provinces in the Lombardy region (Brescia, Cremona, Lodi, and Mantua) to evaluate if and how air emissions have changed during this quarantine period respect to 2016-2019. For each province, meteorological and air quality data were collected from the database of the Regional Agency for the Protection of the Environment, considering both data stations located in the city and the countryside. In the 2020 selected period, PM2.5 reduction was higher compared to the previous years, especially in February and March. Respect to February, PM2.5 released in March in the city stations reduced by 19%-32% in 2016-2019 and by 21%-41% in 2020. Similarly, NOx data of 2020 were lower than in the 2016-2019 period (reduction in March respect to February of 22-42% for 2016-2019 and of 43-62% for 2020); in particular, this can be observed in city stations, because of the current reduction in anthropogenic emissions related to traffic and industrial activities. A different trend with no reductions was observed for NH3 emissions, as agricultural activities have not stopped during the lockdown. Air quality is affected by many variables, for which making conclusions requires a holistic perspective. Therefore, all sectors must play a role to contribute to the reduction of harmful pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lovarelli
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Conti
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alberto Finzi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Bacenetti
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Guarino
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
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29
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Premature Adult Mortality and Years of Life Lost Attributed to Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Particulate Matter Pollution and Potential for Mitigating Adverse Health Effects in Tuzla and Lukavac, Bosnia and Herzegovina. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11101107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution is one of eight global risk factors for deaths and accounts for 38.44 all causes death rates attributable to ambient PM pollution, while in Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is 58.37. We have estimated health endpoints and possible gains if two policy scenarios were implemented and air pollution reduction achieved. Real-world health and recorded PM pollution data for 2018 were used for assessing the health impacts and possible gains. Calculations were performed with WHO AirQ+ software against two scenarios with cut-off levels at country-legal values and WHO air quality recommendations. Ambient PM2.5 pollution is responsible for 16.20% and 22.77% of all-cause mortality among adults in Tuzla and Lukavac, respectively. Our data show that life expectancy could increase by 2.1 and 2.4 years for those cities. In the pollution hotspots, in reality, there is a wide gap in what is observed and the implementation of the legally binding air quality limit values and, thus, adverse health effects. Considerable health gains and life expectancy are possible if legal or health scenarios in polluted cities were achieved. This estimate might be useful in providing additional health burden evidence as a key component for a clean air policy and action plans.
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Filippini T, Rothman KJ, Goffi A, Ferrari F, Maffeis G, Orsini N, Vinceti M. Satellite-detected tropospheric nitrogen dioxide and spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Northern Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:140278. [PMID: 32758963 PMCID: PMC7297152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Following the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) last December 2019 in China, Italy was the first European country to be severely affected, with the first local case diagnosed on 20 February 2020. The virus spread quickly, particularly in the North of Italy, with three regions (Lombardy, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna) being the most severely affected. These three regions accounted for >80% of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases when the tight lockdown was established (March 8). These regions include one of Europe's areas of heaviest air pollution, the Po valley. Air pollution has been recently proposed as a possible risk factor of SARS-CoV-2 infection, due to its adverse effect on immunity and to the possibility that polluted air may even carry the virus. We investigated the association between air pollution and subsequent spread of the SARS-CoV-2 infection within these regions. We collected NO2 tropospheric levels using satellite data available at the European Space Agency before the lockdown. Using a multivariable restricted cubic spline regression model, we compared NO2 levels with SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence rate at different time points after the lockdown, namely March 8, 22 and April 5, in the 28 provinces of Lombardy, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna. We found little association of NO2 levels with SARS-CoV-2 prevalence up to about 130 μmol/m2, while a positive association was evident at higher levels at each time point. Notwithstanding the limitations of the use of aggregated data, these findings lend some support to the hypothesis that high levels of air pollution may favor the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Filippini
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Kenneth J Rothman
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nicola Orsini
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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31
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Bonyadi Z, Arfaeinia H, Ramavandi B, Omidvar M, Asadi R. Quantification of mortality and morbidity attributed to the ambient air criteria pollutants in Shiraz city, Iran. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 257:127233. [PMID: 32505953 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
According to the epidemiological surveys, ambient air pollution has directly related to mortality and different diseases such as cardiovascular and respiratory defects. Among the atmospheric contaminants, criteria air ones (NO2, O3, PM2.5/10, SO2) demonstrated that have particular importance in the community disease. The overall goal of this paper was to study the impact of criteria air contaminants on the health of the inhabitants of Shiraz city, Iran. To accomplish this, the AirQ2.2.3 software was applied. The results of the study revealed that the annual average NO2, SO2, PM2.5, PM10, and O3 concentrations are 39.98, 27.6, 14.35, 46.16, and 120.03 μg/m3 in 2016 and 30.27, 23.97, 16.45, 51.65, and 52.58 μg/m3 in 2017. The total International Classification of Diseases (ICD), cardiovascular, and respiratory mortalities caused by air contaminants in Shiraz was predicted as 911, 628, and 182 cases in 2016, and 346, 370, and 82 cases in 2017, respectively. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) had the greatest rate of total mortality with the attributable equivalent of 4.3% in 2016, but this value has been decreased to 0.42% in 2017. The findings of this research revealed that air contamination has caused problems in Shiraz city according to the predicted results. The findings of this work provide useful data for regional and national health policymakers, who should take decisions to develop strategies for control air contaminants and estimate the cost-effectiveness of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziaeddin Bonyadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Omidvar
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Reza Asadi
- Department of Environment, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
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32
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Sokoty L, Kermani M, Janani L, Dowlat M, Hassanlouei B, Rimaz S. Estimation of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases attributed to PM10 using AirQ model in Urmia during 2011-2017. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2020; 34:60. [PMID: 32974226 PMCID: PMC7500423 DOI: 10.34171/mjiri.34.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Quantification of the attributed effects of air pollution determines the impact of air pollutants on the community and shows the critical condition of air quality. This study aimed to quantify and estimate the cardiovascular and respiratory diseases attributed to PM10 in Urmia during 2011-2016.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, at first, hourly data of pollutant PM10 concentrations were received from air pollutants station located in the Department of Environmental Protection. The data were evaluated using AirQ2.2.3 software after primary and secondary processes and filtering.
Results: The results showed that the mean annual concentration of PM10 during 2011-2016 was 88.66, 92.45, 81.22, 78.38, 113.78, and 92.67 μg /m3, respectively. The number of hospitalized cases due to respiratory diseases attributed to PM10 in this period was 486, 525, 459, 453, 684, and 552, respectively, and the number of cases due to cardiovascular diseases was 188, 203, 177, 175, 263, and 213, respectively.
Conclusion: Considering the attributed health effects of PM10, the necessary measures should be taken to identify the causative agents and to understand the mechanisms of these processes and correct them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leily Sokoty
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran of University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Janani
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Dowlat
- School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Hassanlouei
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran of University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Rimaz
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran of University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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33
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Luo H, Guan Q, Lin J, Wang Q, Yang L, Tan Z, Wang N. Air pollution characteristics and human health risks in key cities of northwest China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 269:110791. [PMID: 32561004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution events occur frequently in northwest China, which results in serious detrimental effects on human health. Therefore, it is essential to understand the air pollution characteristics and assess the risks to humans. In this study, we analyzed the pollution characteristics of criteria pollutants in six key cities in northwest China from 2015 to 2018. We used the air quality index (AQI), aggregate AQI (AAQI), and health-risk based AQI (HAQI) to assess the health risks and determine the proportion of people exposed to air pollution. Additionally, on this basis, the AirQ2.2.3 model was used to quantify the health effects of the pollutants. The results showed that PM10 pollution occurred mainly in spring and winter and was caused by frequent dust storms. PM2.5 pollution was caused mainly by anthropogenic activities (especially coal-fired heating in winter). Because of a series of government policies and pollutant reduction measures, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO concentrations showed a downward trend during the study period (except for a small increase in the case of NO2 in some years.). However, O3 showed high concentrations due to the high intensity of solar radiation in summer and inadequate emission reduction measures. The air quality levels based on their classification were generally higher than the Chinese ambient air quality standard classified by the AQI index. We also found that the higher the AQI index was, the more serious the air pollution classified based on the AAQI and HAQI indices was. The HAQI index could better reflect the impact of pollutants on human health. Based on the HAQI index, 20% of the population in the study area was exposed to polluted air. The total mortality values attributable to PM10, PM2.5, SO2, O3, NO2, and CO, quantified by the AirQ2.2.3 model, were 3.00%, 1.02%, 1.00%, 4.22%, 1.57%, and 0.95% (Confidence Interval:95%), respectively; the attributable proportions of mortality for respiratory system and cardiovascular diseases were consistent with the change rule of total mortality, because the number of deaths attributable to the latter was greater than that for the former. According to the exposure reaction curves of pollutants, PM10 and PM2.5 still showed a large change at high concentrations. However, the tendencies of SO2, NO2, CO, and O3 were more obvious under low concentration exposure, which indicated that the expected mortality rate due to lower air pollution concentrations was much higher than the mortality due to high air pollution concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) and Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qingyu Guan
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) and Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Jinkuo Lin
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) and Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qingzheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) and Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Liqin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) and Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhe Tan
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) and Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) and Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Modeling of the PM10 pollutant health effects in a semi-arid area: a case study in Zabol, Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40808-020-00874-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Adhikari S, Mahapatra PS, Pokheral CP, Puppala SP. Cookstove Smoke Impact on Ambient Air Quality and Probable Consequences for Human Health in Rural Locations of Southern Nepal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E550. [PMID: 31952226 PMCID: PMC7014065 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Residential emission from traditional biomass cookstoves is a major source of indoor and outdoor air pollution in developing countries. However, exact quantification of the contribution of biomass cookstove emissions to outdoor air is still lacking. In order to address this gap, we designed a field study to estimate the emission factors of PM2.5 (particulate matter of less than 2.5 µ diameter) and BC (black carbon) indoors, from cookstove smoke using biomass fuel and with smoke escaping outdoors from the roof of the house. The field study was conducted in four randomly selected households in two rural locations of southern Nepal during April 2017. In addition, real-time measurement of ambient PM2.5 was performed for 20 days during the campaign in those two rural sites and one background location to quantify the contribution of cooking-related emissions to the ambient PM2.5. Emission factor estimates indicate that 66% of PM2.5 and 80% of BC emissions from biomass cookstoves directly escape into ambient air. During the cooking period, ambient PM2.5 concentrations in the rural sites were observed to be 37% higher than in the nearby background location. Based on the World Health Organization (WHO)'s AirQ+ model simulation, this 37% rise in ambient PM2.5 during cooking hours can lead to approximately 82 cases of annual premature deaths among the rural population of Chitwan district.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Adhikari
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), G.P.O. Box 3226, Kathmandu 44700, Nepal; (S.A.); (P.S.M.)
| | - Parth Sarathi Mahapatra
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), G.P.O. Box 3226, Kathmandu 44700, Nepal; (S.A.); (P.S.M.)
| | | | - Siva Praveen Puppala
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), G.P.O. Box 3226, Kathmandu 44700, Nepal; (S.A.); (P.S.M.)
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Mohammed AM, Ibrahim YH, Saleh IA. Estimation of hospital admission respiratory disease cases attributed to exposure to SO 2 and NO 2 in two different sectors of Egypt. Afr Health Sci 2019; 19:2892-2905. [PMID: 32127865 PMCID: PMC7040343 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v19i4.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Air Q2.2.3 was used to predicted hospital admissions respiratory disease cases due to SO2 and NO2 exposure in two sectors of Egypt during December 2015 to November 2016. Levels were 19, 22 µg/m3 at Ain Sokhna sector and 92, 78 µg/m3 at Shoubra El-Khaima sector for SO2 and NO2, respectively. These levels were less than the Egyptian Permissible limits (125 µg/m3 in urban and 150 µg/m3 in industrial for SO2, 150 µg/m3 in urban and industrial for NO2). Results showed that relative risks were 1.0330 (1.0246 - 1.0414) and 1.0229 (1.0171 - 1.0287) at Ain Sokhna sector while they were 1.0261 (1.0195 - 1.0327) and 1.0226 (1.0169 - 1.0283) at Shoubra El-Khaima sector for SO2 and NO2, respectively. The highest cases of HARD were found in Shoubra El-Khaima sector; 311 cases at 120 - 129 µg/m3 of SO2 and 234 cases at 120 - 129 µg/m3 of NO2. While, in Ain Sokhna, HARD were 18 cases at 50 - 59 µg/m3 of SO2 and 15 cases at 60 - 69 µg/m3 of NO2. The excess cases found in Shoubra El-Khaima sector as compared to those in Ain Sokhna sector, may be attributed to the higher density of population and industries in Shoubra El-Khaima sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atef Mf Mohammed
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yasser H Ibrahim
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Inas A Saleh
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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Al-Hemoud A, Gasana J, Al-Dabbous A, Alajeel A, Al-Shatti A, Behbehani W, Malak M. Exposure levels of air pollution (PM 2.5) and associated health risk in Kuwait. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 179:108730. [PMID: 31550597 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that respiratory and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity rates are associated with poor air quality as measured by high concentrations of fine particulate matter such as PM2.5 parameters. Since such information is lacking for the State of Kuwait, this study examined the exposure levels of PM2.5 and the associated health risk as evaluated by five mortality measures embodied in ischemic heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute lower respiratory infection as well as two morbidity outcomes related to both cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The measurement models utilized in this investigation followed the WHO guidelines. Over a span of a four-year period (2014-2017), the annual PM2.5 concentration levels ranged from 38.0 μg/m3 to 75.2 μg/m3. In general, exposure levels tended to fluctuate throughout the day with the higher levels recorded during rush hours (early morning and early evening), weekends (particularly Saturdays), and summer (i.e., August and September). The highest number of excess cases and attributable proportions of premature mortalities were related to ischemic heart disease and stroke at 352 (95% CI 275-426) and 70.8% (95% CI 39.7-85.2), respectively. In general, respiratory diseases showed a higher number of excess cases and attributable proportions than cardiovascular diseases. Relative to other findings on the global stage, the results emanating from Kuwait are emerging on the higher side. The study outcomes suggest that control strategies are in dire need to bend the pollution levels in Kuwait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Hemoud
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, 13109, Safat, Kuwait.
| | - Janvier Gasana
- Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, 13110, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Abdullah Al-Dabbous
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, 13109, Safat, Kuwait
| | | | | | - Weam Behbehani
- Techno-Economics Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, 13109, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Mariam Malak
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, 13109, Safat, Kuwait
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Sicard P, Khaniabadi YO, Perez S, Gualtieri M, De Marco A. Effect of O 3, PM 10 and PM 2.5 on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in cities of France, Iran and Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:32645-32665. [PMID: 31576506 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
At present, both tropospheric ozone (O3) and particulate matters (PM) are among the most threatening air pollutants for human health in cities. The air pollution effects over public health include increased risk of hospital admissions and mortality for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases even when air pollutant concentrations are below European and international standards. The aim of this study was to (i) estimate the burden of mortality and morbidity for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases attributed to PM2.5, PM10 and O3 in nine selected cities in France, Iran and Italy in 2015 and 2016 and to (ii) compare estimated burdens at current O3 and PM levels with pre-industrial levels. The selected Mediterranean cities are among the most affected by the air pollution in Europe, in particular by rising O3 while the selected Iranian cities rank as the most polluted by PM in the world. The software AirQ+ was used to estimate the short-term health effects, in terms of mortality and morbidity by using in situ air quality data, city-specific relative risk values and baseline incidence. Compared to pre-industrial levels, long-term exposures to ambient PM2.5, PM10 and O3 have substantially contributed to mortality and hospital admissions in selected cities: about 8200 deaths for non-accidental causes, 2400 deaths for cardiovascular diseases, 540 deaths for respiratory diseases, 220 deaths for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases as well as 18,800 hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases and 3400 for respiratory diseases were reported in 2015. The study supports the need of city-specific epidemiological data and urgent strategies to mitigate the health burden of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Health Care System of Karoon, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sandra Perez
- University Côte d'Azur, UMR 7300 ESPACE, Nice, France
| | - Maurizio Gualtieri
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, SSPT, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, SSPT, Rome, Italy
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Zhao P, Liu J, Luo Y, Wang X, Li B, Xiao H, Zhou Y. Comparative Analysis of Long-Term Variation Characteristics of SO 2, NO 2, and O 3 in the Ecological and Economic Zones of the Western Sichuan Plateau, Southwest China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16183265. [PMID: 31491942 PMCID: PMC6765819 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) are important atmospheric pollutants that affect air quality. The long-term variations of SO2 and NO2 in 2008–2018 and O3 in 2015–2018 in the relatively less populated ecological and economic zones of Western Sichuan Plateau, Southwest China were analyzed. In 2008–2018, the variations in SO2 and NO2 in the ecological zone were not significant, but Ganzi showed a slight upward trend. SO2 decreased significantly in the economic zone, especially in Panzhihua, where NO2 changes were not obvious. From 2015 to 2018, the concentration of O3 in the ecological zone increased significantly, while the economic zone showed a downward trend. The rising trend of the concentration ratio of SO2 to NO2 in the ecological zone and the declining trend in the economic zone indicate that the energy consumption structure of these two zones is quite different. The lower correlation coefficients between NO2 and O3 in the Western Sichuan Plateau imply that the variations of O3 are mainly affected by the regional background. The effects of meteorological factors on SO2, NO2, and O3 were more obvious in the economic zone where there are high anthropometric emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengguo Zhao
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Science, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Heavy Rain and Drought-Flood Disasters in Plateau and Basin Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610072, China.
- Climate Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Yu Luo
- Heavy Rain and Drought-Flood Disasters in Plateau and Basin Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610072, China
- Climate Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Xiuting Wang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Science, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Bolan Li
- Sichuan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yunjun Zhou
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Science, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
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Khaniabadi YO, Sicard P, Takdastan A, Hopke PK, Taiwo AM, Khaniabadi FO, De Marco A, Daryanoosh M. Mortality and morbidity due to ambient air pollution in Iran. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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41
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Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoplates and Their Application in Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide Adsorption. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/4376429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, nanostructured magnesium oxide was synthesized through the sol-gel calcination or hydrothermal calcination method using various surfactants. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the materials confirmed that all the prepared magnesium oxide samples were single phase without any impurity. The scanning electron microscopy images and specific surface area values showed that sodium dodecyl sulfate was the most suitable surfactant for the synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoplates with the diameter of 40–60 nm, the average thickness of 5 nm, and a specific surface area of 126 m2/g. This material was utilized for nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide adsorption under ambient condition. The saturated adsorption capacities of magnesium oxide were 174 mg/g for nitrogen dioxide and 160 mg/g for sulfur dioxide, making the magnesium oxide nanoplates a promising candidate for toxic gas treatment.
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De Marco A, Proietti C, Anav A, Ciancarella L, D'Elia I, Fares S, Fornasier MF, Fusaro L, Gualtieri M, Manes F, Marchetto A, Mircea M, Paoletti E, Piersanti A, Rogora M, Salvati L, Salvatori E, Screpanti A, Vialetto G, Vitale M, Leonardi C. Impacts of air pollution on human and ecosystem health, and implications for the National Emission Ceilings Directive: Insights from Italy. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 125:320-333. [PMID: 30739052 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Across the 28 EU member states there were nearly half a million premature deaths in 2015 as a result of exposure to PM2.5, O3 and NO2. To set the target for air quality levels and avoid negative impacts for human and ecosystems health, the National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD, 2016/2284/EU) sets objectives for emission reduction for SO2, NOx, NMVOCs, NH3 and PM2.5 for each Member State as percentages of reduction to be reached in 2020 and 2030 compared to the emission levels into 2005. One of the innovations of NECD is Article 9, that mentions the issue of "monitoring air pollution impacts" on ecosystems. We provide a clear picture of what is available in term of monitoring network for air pollution impacts on Italian ecosystems, summarizing what has been done to control air pollution and its effects on different ecosystems in Italy. We provide an overview of the impacts of air pollution on health of the Italian population and evaluate opportunities and implementation of Article 9 in the Italian context, as a case study beneficial for all Member States. The results showed that SO42- deposition strongly decreased in all monitoring sites in Italy over the period 1999-2017, while NO3- and NH4+ decreased more slightly. As a consequence, most of the acid-sensitive sites which underwent acidification in the 1980s partially recovered. The O3 concentration at forest sites showed a decreasing trend. Consequently, AOT40 (the metric identified to protect vegetation from ozone pollution) showed a decrease, even if values were still above the limit for forest protection (5000 ppb h-1), while PODy (flux-based metric under discussion as new European legislative standard for forest protection) showed an increase. National scale studies pointed out that PM10 and NO2 induced about 58,000 premature deaths (year 2005), due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The network identified for Italy contains a good number of monitoring sites (6 for terrestrial ecosystem monitoring, 4 for water bodies monitoring and 11 for ozone impact monitoring) distributed over the territory and will produce a high number of monitored parameters for the implementation of the NECD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Proietti
- ISPRA, National System for the Protection of the Environment, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Anav
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, SSPT-PVS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisella Ciancarella
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, SSPT-MET-INAT, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria D'Elia
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, SSPT-MET-INAT, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvano Fares
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Lina Fusaro
- UNIROMA, Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Environmental Biology, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gualtieri
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, SSPT-MET-INAT, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fausto Manes
- UNIROMA, Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Environmental Biology, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Marchetto
- CNR-IRSA, National Research Council, Institute of Water Research, Verbania Pallanza, Italy
| | - Mihaela Mircea
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, SSPT-MET-INAT, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- CNR-IRET, National Research Council, Porano, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Antonio Piersanti
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, SSPT-MET-INAT, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Rogora
- CNR-IRSA, National Research Council, Institute of Water Research, Verbania Pallanza, Italy
| | - Luca Salvati
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Salvatori
- UNIROMA, Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Environmental Biology, Rome, Italy
| | - Augusto Screpanti
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, SSPT-MET-PREV, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vialetto
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, SSPT-MET-INAT, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcello Vitale
- UNIROMA, Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Environmental Biology, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Leonardi
- CNR-IIA, National Research Council, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy; MATTM, Italian Ministry for Environment and Land and Sea Protection, Rome, Italy
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Aliyu YA, Botai JO. An Exposure Appraisal of Outdoor Air Pollution on the Respiratory Well-being of a Developing City Population. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2019; 8:91-100. [PMID: 30859794 PMCID: PMC7325812 DOI: 10.2991/j.jegh.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Zaria is the educational hub of northern Nigeria. It is a developing city with a pollution level high enough to be ranked amongst the World Health Organization’s (WHO) most polluted cities. The study appraised the influence of outdoor air pollution on the respiratory well-being of a population in a limited resource environment. With the approved ethics, the techniques utilized were: portable pollutant monitors, respiratory health records, WHO AirQ+ software, and the American Thoracic Society (ATS) questionnaire. They were utilized to acquire day-time weighted outdoor pollution levels, health respiratory cases, assumed baseline incidence (BI), and exposure respiratory symptoms among selected study participants respectively. The study revealed an average respiratory illness incidence rate of 607 per 100,000 cases. Findings showed that an average of 2648 cases could have been avoided if the theoretical WHO threshold limit for the particulate matter with diameter of <2.5/10 micron (PM2.5/PM10) were adhered to. Using the questionnaire survey, phlegm was identified as the predominant respiratory symptom. A regression analysis showed that the criteria pollutant PM2.5, was the most predominant cause of respiratory symptoms among interviewed respondents. The study logistics revealed that outdoor pollution is significantly associated with respiratory well-being of the study population in Zaria, Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahaya A Aliyu
- Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Geomatics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Joel O Botai
- Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,South African Weather Service, Erasmusrand, Pretoria, South Africa
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Mohammadi A, Faraji M, Conti GO, Ferrante M, Miri M. Mortality and morbidity due to exposure to particulate matter related to drying Urmia Lake in the NW Iran. Eur J Intern Med 2019; 60:e14-e15. [PMID: 30297251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mohammadi
- Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Maryam Faraji
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy
| | - Mohammad Miri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
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The association of hospital emergency admissions due to respiratory-cardiovascular diseases and acute myocardial infarction with air pollution in Tehran during 2005-2014. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2019; 32:76. [PMID: 30643751 PMCID: PMC6325295 DOI: 10.14196/mjiri.32.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Air pollution is one of the main reasons for disease and emergency hospitalizations. Therefore, air pollution control and hospital preparedness are of paramount importance. This study was conducted to determine the association of air pollutant levels with the rate of hospital emergency admissions due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and acute myocardial infarction in Tehran during the last decade.
Methods: This was a cross sectional study. At first, information on hourly concentration of air pollutants was gathered from Tehran Environmental Protection Agency and Air Quality Control Company. Raw data and meteorological parameters were used in Excel format to prepare an input file. The number of emergency hospital admissions due to pollutant exposure was assessed using the AirQ2.2.3 model.
Results: Results of this study revealed that there were 54 352 cases of emergency hospitalizations due to respiratory diseases in a relative risk of 1.0048 [1.0008-1.0112] and 20 990 cases of emergency hospitalizations due to cardiovascular diseases in a relative risk of 1.009[1.006-1.013] during 2005-2014. In addition, 3478 patients were admitted to the emergency department because of acute myocardial infarction with RR of 1.0026 [1.0026-1.0101].
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that a high percentage of hospital emergency admissions was because of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, it was found that acute myocardial infarction could be due to the high level of air pollution and could increase admissions to the emergency department. Therefore, appropriate measures are needed to reduce air pollution and increase hospital preparedness.
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Miri M, Alahabadi A, Ehrampush MH, Rad A, Lotfi MH, Sheikhha MH, Sakhvidi MJZ. Mortality and morbidity due to exposure to ambient particulate matter. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 165:307-313. [PMID: 30205333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate spatial variation and health risk of the exposure to PM2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 µm or less) and PM10 (particulate matter with a diameter of 10 µm or less) in Sabzevar, Iran. PM2.5 and PM10 were measured during three campaigns from April to November 2017, in 26 sampling points. Spatial analysis was performed using kriging and autocorrelations (Moran's index) model in Arc GIS software. Relationship between exposure to the PM2.5 and PM10 and their health impacts were investigated by AirQ 2.2.3 software. The mean concentrations (and standard deviation) of PM 2.5 and PM10 over the entire study period were 32.54 (37.28) and 42.61 (47.76) μg/m3, respectively, which were higher than the guideline of World Health Organization. According to the spatial analysis, the maximum concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were around the main highway (beltway) which placed all over the south of Sabzevar. According to the Moran's index, the emission patterns for PM2.5 (Z-score = 2.53; P-value = 0.011) and PM10 (Z-score = 2.82; P-value = 0.004) were clustered. The attributable percentage (AP) of total mortality related to PM2.5 and PM10 were 3.544% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.623-4.447%) and 2.055% (95% CI: 1.379-2.721%) per increasing each 10 μg/m3 of these pollutants, respectively. According to observed results, it is suggested that the beltway and other pollution sources, such as industries, should be placed at a greater distance from the city, to reduce PM amounts in residential areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Miri
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Ahmad Alahabadi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Ehrampush
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Abolfazl Rad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Lotfi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Sheikhha
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Zare Sakhvidi
- Occupational Health Research Center, Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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47
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Kulhánová I, Morelli X, Le Tertre A, Loomis D, Charbotel B, Medina S, Ormsby JN, Lepeule J, Slama R, Soerjomataram I. The fraction of lung cancer incidence attributable to fine particulate air pollution in France: Impact of spatial resolution of air pollution models. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:1079-1086. [PMID: 30389379 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor air pollution is a leading environmental cause of death and cancer incidence in humans. We aimed to estimate the fraction of lung cancer incidence attributable to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure in France, and secondarily to illustrate the influence of the input data and the spatial resolution of information on air pollution levels on this estimate. The population attributable fraction (PAF) was estimated using a nationwide spatially refined chemistry-transport model with a 2-km spatial resolution, neighbourhood-scale population density data, and a relative risk from a published meta-analysis. We used the WHO guideline value for PM2.5 exposure (10 μg/m3) as reference. Sensitivity analyses consisted in attributing the nation-wide median exposure to all areas and using alternative input data such as reference of PM2.5 exposure level and relative risk. Population-weighted median PM2.5 level in 2005 was 13.8 μg/m3; 87% of the population was exposed above the guideline value. The burden of lung cancer attributable to PM2.5 exposure corresponded to 1466 cases, or 3.6% of all cases diagnosed in 2015. Sensitivity analyses showed that the use of a national median of PM2.5 exposure would have led to an underestimation of the PAF by 11% (population-weighted median) and by 72% (median of raw concentration), suggesting that our estimates would have been higher with even more finely spatially-resolved models. When the PM2.5 reference level was replaced by the 5th percentile of country-scale exposure (4.9 μg/m3), PAF increased to 7.6%. Other sensitivity analyses resulted in even higher PAFs. Improvements in air pollution are crucial for quantitative health impacts assessment studies. Actions to reduce PM2.5 levels could substantially reduce the burden of lung cancer in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Kulhánová
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
| | - Xavier Morelli
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Department of Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Dana Loomis
- Monographs Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Barbara Charbotel
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, UMRESTTE, UMR_T9405, Lyon, France; Service des maladies professionnelles, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jean-Nicolas Ormsby
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Johanna Lepeule
- Inserm, CNRS, University Grenoble-Alpes, IAB (Institute for Advanced Biosciences), Team of Environmental Epidemiology, Grenoble, France
| | - Rémy Slama
- Inserm, CNRS, University Grenoble-Alpes, IAB (Institute for Advanced Biosciences), Team of Environmental Epidemiology, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Soerjomataram
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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Al-Hemoud A, Gasana J, Al-Dabbous AN, Al-Shatti A, Al-Khayat A. Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) in Terms of Years of Life Lost (YLL) Due to Premature Adult Mortalities and Postneonatal Infant Mortalities Attributed to PM 2.5 and PM 10 Exposures in Kuwait. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112609. [PMID: 30469450 PMCID: PMC6265960 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution in terms of fine and coarse particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) has been shown to increase adult and infant mortalities. Most studies have estimated the risk of mortalities through attributable proportions and number of excess cases with no reference to the time lost due to premature mortalities. Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) are necessary to measure the health impact of Ambient particulate matter (PM) over time. In this study, we used life-tables for three years (2014⁻2016) to estimate the years of life lost (YLL), a main component of DALYs, for adult mortalities (age 30+ years) and postneonatal infant mortalities (age 28+ days⁻1 year) associated with PM2.5 exposure and PM10 exposure, respectively. The annual average of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were recorded as 87.9 μg/m³ and 167.5 μg/m³, which are 8 times greater than the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines of 10 μg/m³ and 20 μg/m³, respectively. Results indicated a total of 252.18 (95% CI: 170.69⁻322.92) YLL for all ages with an increase of 27,474.61 (95% CI: 18,483.02⁻35,370.58) YLL over 10 years. The expected life remaining (ELR) calculations showed that 30- and 65-year-old persons would gain 2.34 years and 1.93 years, respectively if the current PM2.5 exposure levels were reduced to the WHO interim targets (IT-1 = 35 μg/m³). Newborns and 1-year old children may live 79.81 and 78.94 years, respectively with an increase in average life expectancy of 2.65 years if the WHO PM10 interim targets were met (IT-1 = 70 μg/m³). Sensitivity analyses for YLL were carried out for the years 2015, 2025, and 2045 and showed that the years of life would increase significantly for age groups between 30 and 85. Life expectancy, especially for the elderly (≥60 years), would increase at higher rates if PM2.5 levels were reduced further. This study can be helpful for the assessment of poor air quality represented by PM2.5 and PM10 exposures in causing premature adult mortalities and postneonatal infant mortalities in developing countries with high ambient air pollution. Information in this article adds insights to the sustainable development goals (SDG 3.9.1 and 11.6.2) related to the reduction of mortality rates attributed to ambient air levels of coarse and fine particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Hemoud
- Crisis Decision Support Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, 13109 Safat, Kuwait.
| | - Janvier Gasana
- Faculty of Public Health, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, 13110 Hawalli, Kuwait.
| | - Abdullah N Al-Dabbous
- Crisis Decision Support Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, 13109 Safat, Kuwait.
| | - Ahmad Al-Shatti
- Occupational Health Department, Kuwait Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 51360, 53454 Riqqa, Kuwait.
| | - Ahmad Al-Khayat
- Techno-Economics Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, 13109 Safat, Kuwait.
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Kermani M, Goudarzi G, Shahsavani A, Dowlati M, Asl FB, Karimzadeh S, Jokandan SF, Aghaei M, Kakavandi B, Rastegarimehr B, Ghorbani-Kalkhajeh S, Tabibi R. Estimation of Short-term Mortality and Morbidity Attributed to Fine Particulate Matter in the Ambient Air of Eight Iranian Cities. Ann Glob Health 2018; 84:408-418. [PMID: 30835377 PMCID: PMC6748288 DOI: 10.29024/aogh.2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Amongst the various pollutants in the air, particulate matters (PM) have significant adverse effects on human health. The current research is based on existing epidemiological literature for quantitative estimation of the current health impacts related to particulate matters in some selected principal Iranian megacities. In order to find the influence of air pollution on human health, we used the AirQ software tool presented by the World Health Organization (WHO) European Centre for Environment and Health (ECEH), Bilthoven Division. The adverse health outcomes used in the study consist of mortality (all causes excluding accidental causes), due to cardiovascular (CVD) and respiratory (RES) diseases, and morbidity (hospital admissions for CVD and RES causes). For this purpose, hourly PM10 data were taken from the monitoring stations in eight study cities during 2011 and 2012. Results showed annual average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in all megacities exceeded national and international air quality standards and even reached levels nearly ten times higher than WHO guidelines in some cities. Considering the short-term effects, PM2.5 had the maximum effects on the health of the 19,048,000 residents of the eight Iranian cities, causing total mortality of 5,670 out of 87,907 during a one-year time-period. Hence, reducing concentrations and controlling air pollution, particularly the presence of particles, is urgent in these metropolises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR.,Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR
| | - Mohsen Dowlati
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR
| | - Farshad Bahrami Asl
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR
| | - Sima Karimzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, IR
| | - Sevda Fallah Jokandan
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR
| | - Mina Aghaei
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR
| | - Babak Kakavandi
- Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, IR.,Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, IR
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50
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Khaniabadi YO, Daryanoosh M, Sicard P, Takdastan A, Hopke PK, Esmaeili S, De Marco A, Rashidi R. Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases related to outdoor PM 10, O 3, SO 2, and NO 2 in a heavily polluted megacity of Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:17726-17734. [PMID: 29671231 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to quantify, by an approach proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO), the daily hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) related to exposure to particulate matter (PM10) and oxidants such as ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a heavily polluted city in Iran. For the health impact assessment, in terms of COPD, the current published relative risk (RR) and baseline incidence (BI) values, suggested by the WHO, and the 1-h O3 concentrations and daily PM10, NO2, and SO2 concentrations were compiled. The results showed that 5.9, 4.1, 1.2, and 1.9% of the COPD daily hospitalizations in 2011 and 6.6, 1.9, 2.3, and 2.1% in 2012 were attributed to PM10, O3, SO2, and NO2 concentrations exceeding 10 μg/m3, respectively. This study indicates that air quality and the high air pollutant levels have an effect on COPD morbidity. Air pollution is associated with visits to emergency services and hospital admissions. A lower relative risk can be achieved if some stringent control strategies for reducing air pollutants or emission precursors are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Department of Environmental Health, Health Care System of Karoon, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Daryanoosh
- Department of Environmental Health, Health Center of Hendijan, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Afshin Takdastan
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14619, USA
| | - Shirin Esmaeili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Department of Territorial and Production Systems Sustainability, ENEA, Rome, Italy
| | - Rajab Rashidi
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
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