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Huang ZS, Tan XQ, Yang HB, Zeng Y, Chen SJ, Wei ZS, Huang YQ. Mechanistic insights into tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate biomineralization coupled with lead (II) biostabilization driven by denitrifying bacteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173927. [PMID: 38901584 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquity and persistence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and heavy metal (HMs) pose global environmental risks. This study explored tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP) biomineralization coupled to lead (Pb2+) biostabilization driven by denitrifying bacteria (DNB). The domesticated DNB achieved synergistic bioremoval of TCPP and Pb2+ in the batch bioreactor (efficiency: 98 %).TCPP mineralized into PO43- and Cl-, and Pb2+ precipitated with PO43-. The TCPP-degrading/Pb2+-resistant DNB: Achromobacter, Pseudomonas, Citrobacter, and Stenotrophomonas, dominated the bacterial community, and synergized TCPP biomineralization and Pb2+ biostabilization. Metagenomics and metaproteomics revealed TCPP underwent dechlorination, hydrolysis, the TCA cycle-based dissimilation, and assimilation; Pb2+ was detoxified via bioprecipitation, bacterial membrane biosorption, EPS biocomplexation, and efflux out of cells. TCPP, as an initial donor, along with NO3-, as the terminal acceptor, formed a respiratory redox as the primary energy metabolism. Both TCPP and Pb2+ can stimulate phosphatase expression, which established the mutual enhancements between their bioconversions by catalyzing TCPP dephosphorylation and facilitating Pb2+ bioprecipitation. TCPP may alleviate the Pb2+-induced oxidative stress by aiding protein phosphorylation. 80 % of Pb2+ converted into crystalized pyromorphite. These results provide the mechanistic foundations and help develop greener strategies for synergistic bioremediation of OPEs and HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Shan Huang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiu-Qin Tan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Han-Biao Yang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zai-Shan Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu-Qi Huang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Rede D, Vilarinho R, Moreira JA, Delerue-Matos C, Fernandes VC. Investigating the impact of microplastics on triphenyl phosphate adsorption in soil: Insights into environmental factors and soil properties. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173745. [PMID: 38844227 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) pose significant environmental pollution problems owing to their diverse properties such as various shapes, sizes, compositions, surface features, and levels of degradation. Moreover, their interactions with toxic chemicals and aging processes add complexity to environmental research. This study investigated the adsorption of triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) in soil-only, MP-only, and soil-MP simulated environments under different conditions. The experiment involved three phases: initial exposure to a pH of 5.5 under fluorescent light, subsequent introduction of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and pH adjustment to 4.0 and 7.0, while maintaining UV exposure, each lasting 7 days. The study found that environmental factors affected TPhP sorption capacity, with higher adsorption observed under UV radiation and acidic conditions. In contrast, the MP-only systems showed no clear trend for TPhP adsorption, suggesting kinetic limitations. When MPs were added to the soil, the adsorption dynamics were altered, with varying adsorption capacities observed for different MP polymers under different aging conditions. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and water contact angle measurements suggested potential photooxidation processes and changes in the surface hydrophobicity of the MPs subjected to simulated environmental conditions. This study provides valuable insights into the interplay between soil properties, MP characteristics, and environmental factors in determining TPhP sorption dynamics in soil-MP environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rede
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernandino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; Departmento de Química e Bioquimica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169- 007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Vilarinho
- Departmento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; IFIMUP-Instituto de Física dos Materiais Avançados, Nanotecnologia e Fotónica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Agostinho Moreira
- Departmento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; IFIMUP-Instituto de Física dos Materiais Avançados, Nanotecnologia e Fotónica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernandino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Virgínia Cruz Fernandes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernandino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal.
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Zhou X, Wang C, Huang M, Zhang J, Cheng B, Zheng Y, Chen S, Xiang M, Li Y, Bedia J, Belver C, Li H. A review of the present methods used to remediate soil and water contaminated with organophosphate esters and developmental directions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 475:134834. [PMID: 38889460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used commercial additives, but their environmental persistence and toxicity raise serious concerns necessitating associated remediation strategies. Although there are various existing technologies for OPE removal, comprehensive screening for them is urgently needed to guide further research. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the techniques used to remove OPEs from soil and water, including their related influencing factors, removal mechanisms/degradation pathways, and practical applications. Based on an analysis of the latest literature, we concluded that (1) methods used to decontaminate OPEs include adsorption, hydrolysis, photolysis, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), activated sludge processes, and microbial degradation; (2) factors such as the quantity/characteristics of the catalysts/additives, pH value, inorganic ion concentration, and natural organic matter (NOM) affect OPE removal; (3) primary degradation mechanisms involve oxidation induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) (including •OH and SO4•-) and degradation pathways include hydrolysis, hydroxylation, oxidation, dechlorination, and dealkylation; (5) interference from the pH value, inorganic ion and the presence of NOM may limit complete mineralization during the treatment, impacting practical application of OPE removal techniques. This review provides guidance on existing and potential OPE removal methods, providing a theoretical basis and innovative ideas for developing more efficient and environmentally friendly techniques to treat OPEs in soil and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Mengyan Huang
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Biao Cheng
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Minghui Xiang
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu Li
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jorge Bedia
- Chemical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Carolina Belver
- Chemical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Environmental pollution and health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Gong S, Huang J, Wang J, Lv M, Deng Y, Su G. Seasonal variations of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in atmospheric deposition, and their contribution to soil loading. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 475:134845. [PMID: 38876016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous in surface soil, and atmospheric deposition is considered to be the major pollution source. However, the research on the environmental transport behaviors of OPEs between atmospheric deposition and soil is very limited. In this study, we investigated the contamination levels and seasonal variations of OPEs in atmospheric deposition samples (n = 33) collected from an area of South China every month between February 2021 and January 2022, and evaluated the contribution of OPEs in atmospheric deposition to soil. The concentrations of ∑21target-OPEs ranged from 3670 to 18,600 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean of 8200 ng/g dw (median: 7600 ng/g dw). ∑21target-OPEs concentrations in all atmospheric deposition samples exhibited significant seasonal differences (p < 0.05) with higher concentrations observed in winter and lower concentrations in summer. Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (TDTBPP) was the most dominant target OPE in atmospheric deposition (4870 ng/g dw), and its seasonal variation trend was consistent with ∑21OPEs (p < 0.05). Simultaneously, in order to further explore the effect of atmospheric deposition on the levels of OPEs in soil of the study region, input fluxes and accumulation increments were estimated. Ten OPEs (including seven target OPEs and three suspect OPEs) exhibited high input flux means and accumulation increments, indicating that these compounds are prone to accumulate in soil via atmospheric deposition. It is noteworthy that the non-target phosphonate analyte bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) dibutyl ethane-1,2-diylbis(phosphonate) (BDTBPDEDBP) was detected at highest median concentration (8960 ng/g dw) in atmospheric deposition. Correspondingly, the average input flux and accumulation increment of BDTBPDEDBP were higher than those of all target and suspect OPEs. Collectively, this study quantifies the environmental transport behavior of OPEs between atmospheric deposition and soil, and provides new evidences for the fact that atmospheric deposition is the important pollution source of OPEs in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Contaminated Sites Environmental Management and Remediation, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Mingchao Lv
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Contaminated Sites Environmental Management and Remediation, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Yirong Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Contaminated Sites Environmental Management and Remediation, Guangzhou 510045, China.
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Li B, Yao Z, Zhao F, Meng B, Ma Z, Li C. Occurrence of organic ultraviolet absorbers in the particle and gas samples from plastic greenhouses: Human inhalation intake risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134801. [PMID: 38843630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The environmental pollution of organic ultraviolet absorbers (UVAs) has attracted global attention. However, the distribution, sources and risk assessment of UVAs in air from plastic greenhouses are rarely reported. This study was the first to investigate the concentrations of ten UVAs in the air samples from plastic greenhouses. The total concentrations of ten UVAs (∑10UVAs) in the air samples ranged from 5.7 × 103 ng/m3 to 6.3 × 103 ng/m3 (median 5.7 × 103 ng/m3) in greenhouses covered with biodegradable mulch film, 288.2 ng/m3 to 376.4 ng/m3 (median 333.9 ng/m3) in greenhouses covered with PE mulch film, and 97.9 ng/m3 to 142.6 ng/m3 (median 114.9 ng/m3) in greenhouses covered without mulch film. The concentrations of ten UVAs in 65 commercial agricultural films were simultaneously analyzed. Additionally, the potential health risks for greenhouse workers exposed to UVAs were estimated. And the migration simulations showed that the health risk in greenhouses may be higher even if only one UVA is added to the biodegradable mulch film. Therefore, the exposure risk of UVAs in plastic greenhouses needs to be highly prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingru Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Boyuan Meng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhihong Ma
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China.
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Yang S, Li Y, Zhang M, Xu Q, Xie C, Wan Z, Song L, Lv Y, Wang Y, Chen H, Mei S. Individual and joint effects of organophosphate esters and hypertension or diabetes on renal injury among Chinese adults. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 261:114424. [PMID: 39019002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental contaminants and the development of hypertension and diabetes represent crucial risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Toxicological studies have revealed that organophosphate esters (OPEs) impair kidney function. However, the joint effects of OPE exposure on kidney injury and the interactions of OPE exposure with hypertension or diabetes on kidney injury remain unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the individual and joint effects of OPE exposure on renal injury, as well as the potential interaction between OPE exposure and hypertension or diabetes on kidney injury. The study enrolled 1938 participants from Wuhan, China. To explore the relationship between OPE exposure and renal injury, we conducted multivariate linear and logistic regression analysis. The results indicated that each unit increase in 4-hydroxyphenyl diphenyl phosphate (4-HO-DPHP), bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) (1 μg/L-ln transformed) was associated with a decreased 0.57 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95%CI: -1.05, -0.09), 0.85 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95%CI: -1.52, -0.19) and 1.24 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95%CI: -2.26, -0.23) of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), while each unit increase in 4-HO-DPHP and BBOEP (1 μg/L-ln transformed) was associated with 14% and 20% elevation of incident impaired renal function (IRF) risk. Notably the highest tertile of BCIPHIPP was positively associated with eGFR, although the p for trend > 0.05. We employed Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and quartile-based g-computation (qgcomp) models to explore the joint effects of OPE mixtures on eGFR and IRF. Both the results of BKMR and qgcomp model consistently demonstrated negative associations between OPE mixtures and eGFR, and TCEP and 4-HO-DPHP were major contributors. Furthermore, we observed multiplicative interactions of diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), BBOEP, di-ocresyl phosphate (DoCP) & di-p-cresyl phosphate (DpCP), 1-hydroxy-2-propyl bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPHIPP) and hypertension or diabetes on kidney injury (all P<0.05). Those with diabetes or hypertension and higher OPE metabolite concentrations had increased risk of kidney function impairment compared to those who did not have diabetes or hypertension. These findings suggest that specific OPE exposure may elevate the risk of renal injury, particularly among hypertensive and diabetic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Mingye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Qitong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Chang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Zhengce Wan
- Health Management Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lulu Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yongman Lv
- Health Management Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Youjie Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Surong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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Naseem S, Tabinda AB, Baqar M, Khan MA, Zia-Ur-Rehman M. Occurrence, spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of Organophosphate Esters in surface water and sediments from the Ravi River and its tributaries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174828. [PMID: 39025139 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as substitutes for brominated flame retardants and characterized as emerging contaminants. Due to their toxicity and persistent nature, OPEs are becoming a matter of greater concern worldwide. However, information about the pollution profile of OPEs and associated ecological risks is still scarce in environmental matrices of the South Asian region, particularly Pakistan. Hence, the current study was conducted to investigate the occurrence, spatial distribution patterns, ecological risks and riverine flux of 10 organophosphate esters in surface water and sediments of Ravi River and its four tributaries. The concentrations of ∑10OPEs were in the range of 19.2 - 105 ng/L, with the dominance of chlorinated-OPEs (51 %) in surface water, whereas in case of sediments, the ∑10OPEs concentrations ranged from 20.7 to 149 ng/g dw, with high abundance of non - chlorinated alkyl-OPEs, which contributed about 56 % to total OPE concentration. The correlation analysis signified a strong positive relation of OPEs with TOC (p < 0.05, R = 0.76) in sediments; and in addition to this, field-based LogKoc values were estimated to be higher than predicted LogKoc. Moreover, a significantly positive correlation (p < 0.05, R = 0.88) was observed between LogKoc and LogKow, implying that hydrophobicity plays a significant role in OPE distribution in different environmental matrices. The global comparison revealed that contamination status of OPEs in the present study was comparatively lower than other regional findings, furthermore, principal component analysis suggested vehicular emissions, industrial discharges, household supplies and atmospheric deposition as main sources of OPEs occurrence in current study region. Furthermore, the riverine flux of ∑10OPEs was estimated to be 0.68 tons/yr and the ecological risk assessment indicated that all OPEs, except EHDPP and TCrP, showed negligible or insignificant ecological risks for aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Naseem
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Amtul Bari Tabinda
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mehroze Ahmad Khan
- Applied Chemistry Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Laboratories, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zia-Ur-Rehman
- Applied Chemistry Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Laboratories, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
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Zhang Q, Liu Y, Li S, Li H, Gao M, Yao Y, Wang L, Wang Y. Traditional and Novel Organophosphate Esters in Plastic Greenhouse: Occurrence, Multimedia Migration, and Exposure Risk via Vegetable Consumption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38978502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The migration and risk of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in agricultural air-soil-plant multimedia systems due to plastic film application remain unclear. This study investigates the multimedia distribution of traditional OPEs (TOPEs), novel OPEs (NOPEs), and their transformation products (POPEs) in plastic and solar greenhouses. The total concentration of OPE-associated contaminants in air and airborne particles ranged from 594 to 1560 pg/m3 and 443 to 15600 ng/g, respectively. Significant correlations between air OPE concentrations and those in polyolefin film (P < 0.01) indicate plastic film as the primary source. Contaminants were also found in soils (96.8-9630 ng/g) and vegetables (197-7540 ng/g). The primary migration pathway for NOPEs was particle dry deposition onto the soil and leaf, followed by plant accumulation. Leaf absorption was the main uptake pathway for TOPEs and POPEs, influenced by vegetable specific leaf surface area. Moreover, total exposure to OPE-associated contaminants via vegetable intake was assessed at 2250 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 2900 ng/kg bw/day for children, with an acceptable hazard index. However, a high ecological risk was identified for NOPE compounds (median risk quotient, 975). This study provides the first evidence of the multimedia distribution and potential threat posed by OPE-associated contaminants in agricultural greenhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yarui Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Lao ZL, Wu D, Li HR, Feng YF, Zhang LW, Jiang XY, Liu YS, Wu DW, Hu JJ. Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in plants and health perspective for human: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 249:118431. [PMID: 38346481 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Plant uptake, accumulation, and transformation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) play vital roles in their geochemical cycles and exposure risks. Here we reviewed the recent research advances in OPEs in plants. The mean OPE concentrations based on dry/wet/lipid weight varied in 4.80-3,620/0.287-26.8/12,000-315,000 ng g-1 in field plants, and generally showed positive correlations with those in plant habitats. OPEs with short-chain substituents and high hydrophilicity, particularly the commonly used chlorinated OPEs, showed dominance in most plant samples, whereas some tree barks, fruits, seeds, and roots demonstrated dominance of hydrophobic OPEs. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic OPEs can enter plants via root and foliar uptake, and the former pathway is mainly passively mediated by various membrane proteins. After entry, different OPEs undergo diverse subcellular distributions and acropetal/basipetal/intergenerational translocations, depending on their physicochemical properties. Hydrophilic OPEs mainly exist in cell sap and show strong transferability, hydrophobic OPEs demonstrate dominant distributions in cell wall and limited migrations owing to the interception of Casparian strips and cell wall. Additionally, plant species, transpiration capacity, growth stages, commensal microorganisms, and habitats also affect OPE uptake and transfer in plants. OPE metabolites derived from various Phase I transformations and Phase II conjugations are increasingly identified in plants, and hydrolysis and hydroxylation are the most common metabolic processes. The metabolisms and products of OPEs are closely associated with their structures and degradation resistance and plant species. In contrast, plant-derived food consumption contributes considerably to the total dietary intakes of OPEs by human, particularly the cereals, and merits specifical attention. Based on the current research limitations, we proposed the research perspectives regarding OPEs in plants, with the emphases on their behavior and fate in field plants, interactions with plant-related microorganisms, multiple uptake pathways and mechanisms, and comprehensive screening analysis and risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Lang Lao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Research Groups Microbiology and Plant Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hui-Ru Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yu-Fei Feng
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Long-Wei Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xue-Yi Jiang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yi-Shan Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dong-Wei Wu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
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10
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Wang Y, Xiong D, He X, Yu L, Li G, Wang T, Liu C, Liu Z, Li Z, Gao C. Rapid and Comprehensive Analysis of 41 Harmful Substances in Multi-Matrix Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Using Matrix-Matching Calibration Strategy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2281. [PMID: 38793348 PMCID: PMC11122967 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Harmful substances in consumer goods pose serious hazards to human health and the environment. However, due to the vast variety of consumer goods and the complexity of their substrates, it is difficult to simultaneously detect multiple harmful substances in different materials. This paper presents a method for the simultaneous determination of 41 harmful substances comprising 17 phthalates (PAEs), 8 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in five types of products using the matrix-matching calibration strategy. The method employs an efficient ultrasonic extraction procedure using a mixture of dichloromethane and methylbenzene, followed by dissolution-precipitation and analysis through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compared with previous experiments, we established a universal pretreatment method suitable for multi-matrix materials to simultaneously determine multiple harmful substances. To evaluate the effects of the matrix on the experimental results, we compared neat standard solutions and matrix-matching standard solutions. The results demonstrated that all compounds were successfully separated within 30 min with excellent separation efficiency. Additionally, the linear relationships of all analytes showed strong correlation coefficients (R2) of at least 0.995, ranging from 0.02 mg/L to 20 mg/L. The average recoveries of the target compounds (spiked at three concentration levels) were between 73.6 and 124.1%, with a relative standard deviation (n = 6) varying from 1.2% to 9.9%. Finally, we tested 40 different materials from consumer products and detected 16 harmful substances in 31 samples. Overall, this method is simple and accurate, and it can be used to simultaneously determine multiple types of hazardous substances in multi-matrix materials by minimizing matrix effects, making it an invaluable tool for ensuring product safety and protecting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cuiling Gao
- Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250102, China; (Y.W.); (D.X.); (X.H.); (L.Y.); (G.L.); (T.W.); (C.L.); (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
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11
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Lian M, Wang J, Wang Z, Lin C, Gu X, He M, Liu X, Ouyang W. Occurrence, bioaccumulation and trophodynamics of organophosphate esters in the marine biota web of Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:134035. [PMID: 38490147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The trophodynamic of organophosphate esters (OPEs) has not been known well despite their widespread occurrence in the aquatic environments. In this study, ten species of crustacean, seven species of mollusk, and 22 species of fish were collected in the Laizhou Bay (LZB) to examine the occurrence, bioaccumulation, and trophic transfer, and health risk of eight traditional OPEs and three emerging oligomeric OPEs. The results showed that total concentration of OPEs was 2.04 to 28.6 ng g-1 ww in the muscle of crustacean, mollusk, and fish and 2.62 to 60.6 ng g-1 ww in the fish gill. Chlorinated OPEs averagely contributed to over 85% of total OPEs while oligomeric OPEs averagely accounted for approximate 4%. The average log apparent bioaccumulation factor (ABAF) ranged from - 0.4 L kg-1 ww for triethyl phosphate to 2.4 L kg-1 ww for resorcinol-bis (diphenyl) phosphate. Apparent trophic magnification factors (ATMF) of individual OPE were generally less than 1, demonstrating the biodilution effect of the OPEs in the organism web of LZB. Additionally, the log ABAF and ATMF of OPEs were significantly positively correlated to their log Kow but negatively correlated to their biotransformation rate constant (BRC). Therefore, the OPEs with high Kow and low BRC tend to more accumulate in the marine organisms. The health risks associated with OPEs through the consumption of the seafood from the bay were low, even at high exposure scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshan Lian
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zongxing Wang
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiang Gu
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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12
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Trinh HT, Truong DA, Duong HT, Bui TM, Hoang MTT, Nguyen PTT, Dinh CT, Nguyen TV, Tran LTT, Nguyen NTT, Le GT. Investigation of Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Esters in Hanoi, Vietnam: Assessment Exposure and Estimated Daily Intake. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 86:335-345. [PMID: 38664242 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-024-01065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, organophosphate esters (OPEs) have become one of the most common additives in various consumer products worldwide, therefore the exposure and impact of OPEs on human health are drawing a lot of attention. In this study, three metabolites of OPEs including bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) and diethyl phosphate (DEP) were investigated in first-morning void urine samples taken from a population (age range: 3-76 years old) in Hanoi, Vietnam. The most dominant urinary OPE metabolite was DEP with the geometric mean of specific gravity adjust (SG-adjusted) concentration were 1960 ng mL-1 and detected frequency (DF) of 98%. Followed by DPhP (8.01 ng mL-1, DF: 100%) and BDCIPP (2.18 ng mL-1, DF: 51%). The results indicated that gender and age might have associations with the OPE metabolites variation in urine samples. The levels of OPE metabolites in urine samples from females were slightly higher than in males. An increase in age seems to have an association with a decrease in DPhP levels in urine. Exposure doses of parent OPEs were evaluated from the unadjusted urinary concentration of corresponding OPE metabolite. The estimated exposure doses of triethyl phosphate (TEP) (mean: 534,000 ng kg-1 d-1) were significantly higher than its corresponding reference dose, suggesting the high potential risk from the current exposure doses of TEP to human health. The results of this work provided the initial information on the occurrence of three OPE metabolites in urine from Hanoi, Vietnam and estimated exposure dose of corresponding parent OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thu Trinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.
| | - Dung Anh Truong
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Hanh Thi Duong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Minh Bui
- Technical Department, Directorate for Standards, Metrology and Quality, Vietnam Certification Center (QUACERT), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Tue Thi Hoang
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Thu Thi Nguyen
- Hanoi University of Industry, 298 Cau Dien Street, Bac Tu Liem District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Cuc Thi Dinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Van Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Lan Thu Thi Tran
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Nga Thanh Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Giang Truong Le
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
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13
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Deng Y, Zhao H, Zhang X, Li X, Chi G. The dissipation of organophosphate esters mediated by ryegrass root exudate oxalic acid in soil: Analysis of enzymes activities, microorganism. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141896. [PMID: 38579949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Complex rhizoremediation is the main mechanism of phytoremediation in organic-contaminated soil. Low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) in root exudates have been shown to increase the bioavailability of contaminants and are essential for promoting the dissipation of contaminants. The effects of root exudates on the dissipation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soil are unclear. Consequently, we studied the combined effects of root exudates, soil enzymes and microorganisms on OPEs (tri (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP)) dissipation through pot experiments. Oxalic acid (OA) was confirmed to be the main component of LMWOAs in root exudates of ryegrass. The existence of OA increased the dissipation rate of OPEs by 6.04%-25.50%. Catalase and dehydrogenase activities were firstly activated and then inhibited in soil. While, urease activity was activated and alkaline phosphatase activity was inhibited during the exposure period. More bacteria enrichment (e.g., Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Flavisolibacter, Pontibacter, Methylophilus and Massilia) improved the biodegradation of OPEs. In addition, the transformation paths of OPEs hydrolysis and methylation under the action of root exudates were observed. This study provided theoretical insights into reducing the pollution risk of OPEs in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxi Deng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Xiaonuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xintong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Goujian Chi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
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14
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Wang X, Song F. The neurotoxicity of organophosphorus flame retardant tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP): Main effects and its underlying mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123569. [PMID: 38369091 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
As a major alternative to the brominated flame retardants, the production and use of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are increasing. And tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), one of the most widely used OPFRs, is now commonly found in a variety of products, such as building materials, furniture, bedding, electronic equipment, and baby products. TDCPP does not readily degrade in the water and tends to accumulate continuously in the environment. It has been detected in indoor dust, air, water, soil, and human samples. Considered as an emerging environmental pollutant, increasing studies have demonstrated its adverse effects on environmental organisms and human beings, with the nerve system identified as a sensitive target organ. This paper systematically summarized the progress of TDCPP application and its current exposure in the environment, with a focus on its neurotoxicity. In particular, we highlighted that TDCPP can be neurotoxic (including neurodevelopmentally toxic) to humans and animals, primarily through oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial damage, and epigenetic regulation. Additionally, this paper provided an outlook for further studies on neurotoxicity of TDCPP, as well as offered scientific evidence and clues for rational application of TDCPP in daily life and the prevention and control of its environmental impact in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Fuyong Song
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China.
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15
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Masinga P, Simbanegavi TT, Makuvara Z, Marumure J, Chaukura N, Gwenzi W. Emerging organic contaminants in the soil-plant-receptor continuum: transport, fate, health risks, and removal mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:367. [PMID: 38488937 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
There is a lack of comprehensive reviews tracking emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) within the soil-plant continuum using the source-pathway-receptor-impact-mitigation (SPRIM) framework. Therefore, this review examines existing literature to gain insights into the occurrence, behaviour, fate, health hazards, and strategies for mitigating EOCs within the soil-plant system. EOCs identified in the soil-plant system encompass endocrine-disrupting chemicals, surfactants, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, plasticizers, gasoline additives, flame retardants, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Sources of EOCs in the soil-plant system include the land application of biosolids, wastewater, and solid wastes rich in EOCs. However, less-studied sources encompass plastics and atmospheric deposition. EOCs are transported from their sources to the soil-plant system and other receptors through human activities, wind-driven processes, and hydrological pathways. The behaviour, persistence, and fate of EOCs within the soil-plant system are discussed, including sorption, degradation, phase partitioning, (bio)transformation, biouptake, translocation, and bioaccumulation in plants. Factors governing the behaviour, persistence, and fate of EOCs in the soil-plant system include pH, redox potential, texture, temperature, and soil organic matter content. The review also discusses the environmental receptors of EOCs, including their exchange with other environmental compartments (aquatic and atmospheric), and interactions with soil organisms. The ecological health risks, human exposure via inhalation of particulate matter and consumption of contaminated food, and hazards associated with various EOCs in the soil-plant system are discussed. Various mitigation measures including removal technologies of EOCs in the soil are discussed. Finally, future research directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Privilege Masinga
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, P. O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tinoziva T Simbanegavi
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, P. O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Zakio Makuvara
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jerikias Marumure
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, 8301, South Africa
| | - Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Engineering Research Group, 380 New Adylin, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe.
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, 380 New Adylin, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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16
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Zhang YY, Huang JW, Liu YH, Zhang JN, Huang Z, Liu YS, Zhao JL, Ying GG. In vitro metabolism of the emerging contaminant 6PPD-quinone in human and rat liver microsomes: Kinetics, pathways, and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123514. [PMID: 38346634 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q) is an ozonation product of the rubber antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD). 6PPD-Q has recently been detected in various environmental media, which may enter the human body via inhalation and skin contact pathways. However, the human metabolism of 6PPD-Q has remained unknown. This study investigated the in vitro Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of 6PPD-Q in human and rat liver microsomes (HLMs and RLMs). 6PPD-Q was significantly metabolized at lower concentrations but slowed at high concentrations. The intrinsic clearance (CLint) of 6PPD-Q was 21.10 and 18.58 μL min-1 mg-1 protein of HLMs and RLMs, respectively, suggesting low metabolic ability compared with other reported pollutants. Seven metabolites and one intermediate were identified, and metabolites were predicted immunotoxic or mutagenic toxicity. Mono- and di-oxygenation reactions were the main phase I in vitro metabolic pathways. Enzyme inhibition experiments and molecular docking techniques were further used to reveal the metabolic mechanism. CYP1A2, 3A4, and 2C19, especially CYP1A2, play critical roles in 6PPD-Q metabolism in HLMs, whereas 6PPD-Q is extensively metabolized in RLMs. Our study is the first to demonstrate the in vitro metabolic profile of 6PPD-Q in HLMs and RLMs. The results will significantly contribute to future human health management targeting the emerging pollutant 6PPD-Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Wei Huang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Hong Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Na Zhang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Huang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
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17
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Chen Y, Xian H, Zhu C, Li Y, Pei Z, Yang R, Zhang Q, Jiang G. The transport and distribution of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soils and moss along mountain valleys in the Himalayas. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133044. [PMID: 38000280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Although the Himalayas act as a natural barrier, studies have demonstrated that certain traditional persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can be transported into the Tibetan Plateau (TP) through the mountain valleys. Herein, we selected five mountain valleys in the Himalayas to investigate novel flame retardants (NFRs), as representative novel POPs, their concentration, distribution, transport behavior, potential sources and ecological risk. The results revealed that total concentrations of 7 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) ranged from 4.89 to 2853 pg/g dry weight (dw) in soil and from not detected (ND) to 4232 pg/g dw in moss. Additionally, total concentrations of 10 organophosphate esters (OPEs) ranged from ND to 84798 pg/g dw in soil. Among the NFRs, decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) and tri-phenyl phosphate (TPhP) were the predominant compounds. NBFRs and OPEs concentrations were slightly higher than those in the polar regions. The correlation between different compounds and altitude varies in different areas, indicating that the NFRs distribution in the mountain valleys result from a combination of long-range transport and local sources. The ecological risk assessment using risk quotient (RQs) revealed that TPhP and tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) exhibited medium or high risks at some sites. This study sheds light on the transport pathways and environmental behaviors of the NFRs in the valleys and highlights the need for increased attention to the ecological risks posed by OPEs in the TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
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18
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Yun J, Zhang Q, Dou M, Wang L. Characteristics, sources, bio-accessibility, and health risks of organophosphate esters in urban surface dust, soil, and dustfall in the arid city of Urumqi in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169125. [PMID: 38070564 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Sixty-eight paired samples of urban surface dust and soil as well as four samples of atmospheric dustfall were collected from the arid city of Urumqi in Northwest China. Thirteen organophosphate esters (OPEs) in these samples were analyzed for the characteristics, sources, bio-accessibility, and health risks of OPEs. The studied OPEs were widely detected in the urban surface dust, soil, and dustfall, with Σ13OPEs (total concentration of 13 OPEs) of 1362, 164.0, and 1367 ng/g, respectively, dominated by tris(2-chloroethyle) phosphate (TCEP), tri(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCiPP), tri(1, 3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCiPP) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), TBOEP and tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), and TCEP, TCiPP, TBOEP, triphenyl phosphate and TEHP, respectively. The low and high frequency magnetic susceptibility of surface dust and urban soil might indicate the pollution of OPEs in them. Elevated levels of the Σ13OPEs in the surface dust and urban soil were found in the west, south, and northeast of Urumqi city. The total deposition flux of dustfall-bound 13 OPEs ranged from 86.5 to 143 ng/m2/day, with a mean of 105 ng/m2/day. OPEs in the surface dust and urban soil were associated with the emissions of indoor and outdoor products containing OPEs, the dry and wet deposition of atmosphere, and the emissions of traffic. Trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tripropyl phosphate, tri-isobutyl phosphate, TCEP, TCiPP, TDCiPP, and TBOEP in surface dust and urban soil had relatively high bio-accessibility. The bio-accessibility of OPEs was mainly affected by the physio-chemical properties of OPEs. The non-cancer and cancer risks of human exposure to OPEs in surface dust and urban soil were relatively low or negligible. The current research results may provide scientific supports for prevention and control of pollution and risks of OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yun
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Mingshan Dou
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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19
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Ai S, Chen X, Zhou Y. Critical review on organophosphate esters in water environment: Occurrence, health hazards and removal technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123218. [PMID: 38147949 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), which are phosphoric acid ester derivatives, are anthropogenic substances that are widely used in commerce. Nevertheless, there is growing public concern about these ubiquitous contaminants, which are frequently detected in contaminated water sources. OPEs are mostly emitted by industrial operations, and the primary routes of human exposure to OPEs include food intake and dermal absorption. Because of their negative effects on both human health and the environment, it is clear that innovative methods are needed to facilitate their eradication. In this study, we present a comprehensive overview of the existing characteristics and origins of OPEs, their possible impacts on human health, and the merits, drawbacks, and future possibilities of contemporary sophisticated remediation methods. Current advanced remediation approaches for OPEs include adsorption, degradation (advanced oxidation, advanced reduction, and redox technology), membrane filtration, and municipal wastewater treatment plants, degradation and adsorption are the most promising removal technologies. Meanwhile, we proposed potential areas for future research (appropriate management approaches, exploring the combination treatment process, economic factors, and potential for secondary pollution). Collectively, this work gives a comprehensive understanding of OPEs, providing useful insights for future research on OPEs pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shali Ai
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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20
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Liu B, Ding L, Lv L, Yu Y, Dong W. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in indoor dust: A systematic review on concentration, spatial distribution, sources, and human exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140560. [PMID: 37898464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the indoor exposure of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) has received widespread attention worldwide. Using published data on 6 OPEs in 23 countries (n = 1437) and 2 NBFRs in 18 countries (n = 826) in indoor dust, this study systematically reviewed the concentrations, spatial distribution, sources and exposure risk of 8 flame retardants (FRs) worldwide. Tris(chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCIPP) is the predominant FR with a median concentration of 1050 ng g-1 ΣCl-OPEs are significantly higher than Σnon-Cl-OPEs (p < 0.05). ΣOPEs in indoor dust from industrially-developed countries are higher than those from the countries lacking industrial development. Household appliances, electronics and plastic products are the main sources of non-Cl-OPEs and NBFRs, while interior decorations and materials contribute abundant Cl-OPEs in indoor dust. The mean hazard index (HI) of TCIPP for children is greater than 1, possibly posing non-cancer risk for children in some countries. The median ILCRs for 3 carcinogenic OPEs are all less than 10-6, suggesting no cancer risk induced by these compounds for both adults and children. This review helps to understand the composition, spatial pattern and human exposure risk of OPEs and NBFRs in indoor dust worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Lingjie Ding
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Linyang Lv
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China.
| | - Weihua Dong
- College of Geographical Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China.
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21
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Lin W, Wang H, Wu Z, Zhang W, Lin ME. Associations between exposure to organophosphate esters and overactive bladder in U.S. adults: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1186848. [PMID: 38026372 PMCID: PMC10666646 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1186848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs) and the risk of developing overactive bladder (OAB) is uncertain. The purpose of this study is to examine the potential link between urinary metabolites of organophosphate esters and OAB. Method Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database of the 2011-2016 cycles were utilized. Four urinary metabolites of organophosphate esters: diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), bis (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), and dibutyl phosphate (DBUP) were included in the study. Multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were used to evaluate the relationship between urinary OPEs metabolites and OAB. Interaction analysis was conducted on subgroups to confirm the findings. Results A total of 3,443 United States (US) adults aged 20 years or older were included in the study, of whom 597 participants were considered to have OAB. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, we found a positive association between DPHP and the risk of overactive bladder. The risk of overactive bladder increased with increasing DPHP concentrations compared with quartile 1 (quartile 2, OR = 1.19, 95% CI, 0.82-1.73, P = 0.34; quartile 3, OR = 1.67, 95% CI, 1.10-2.53, P = 0.02; Q4, OR = 1.75, 95% CI, 1.26-2.43, P = 0.002). However, after dividing the participants by gender, only the female group retained consistent results. Additionally, restricted cubic spline analysis revealed a nonlinear dose-response correlation between DPHP and OAB in female participants. In the subgroup analysis based on age, race, body mass index (BMI), recreational activity, smoking status, drinking status, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke, the interaction analysis revealed that the findings were uniform. Conclusion Our findings indicate that exposure to DPHP could elevate the risk of OAB in US adult females. Further experimental studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanism in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoxu Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zesong Wu
- Clinical Medicine Science, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College Hao Jiang Hospital, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming-En Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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22
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Luo Q, Zhang J, Wu Z, Zhang X, Fang X, Kou L, Wu H, He Q. Remediation of soil contaminated with tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate using plant and microorganism combined technology: A greenhouse experiment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140122. [PMID: 37690567 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The remediation of tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) -contaminated soil by the plant (ryegrass, Lolium perenne L.) and microorganism (TCIPP degrading bacteria, Ochrobactrum sp. DT-6) alone or in combination was investigated in this study. TCIPP can inhibit the growth and development of ryegrass and there is a clear dose-effect relationship. Inoculation with strain DT-6 was able to mitigate the toxic influence of TCIPP on ryegrass, but this mitigation effect was not significant. TCIPP in the soil was relatively easy to be uptaken by the ryegrass roots and migrated to the shoots. Furthermore, as the soil TCIPP concentration rose, the concentration of TCIPP in ryegrass also exhibited a corresponding increase. The biological concentration factor (BCF) ranged from 0.33 to 1.88 and the biological accumulation coefficient (BAC) ranged from 0.54 to 3.98. They all significantly decreased with higher soil TCIPP concentrations. The translocation factor (TF) values ranged from 1.55 to 2.34. Inoculation of strain DT-6 significantly reduced TCIPP concentrations in ryegrass roots, stems, and leaves as well as the values of BAC and BCF under low and medium TCIPP concentration treatment conditions, but the effect on TF values was not remarkable. The planting of ryegrass significantly raised the elimination of TCIPP from the soil to 64.6-93.3%, but the influence of inoculation with strain DT-6 on the remediation effect by ryegrass was not significant. The percentage contribution of phytoextraction to the elimination of TCIPP from soils ranged from only 0.64-5.23%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China; Northeast Geological S&T Innovation Center of China Geological Survey, Shenyang, 110034, China; Key Laboratory of Black Soil Evolution and Ecological Effect, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenyang, 110034, China; Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, China.
| | - Jieliu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Zhongping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Xu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Liyue Kou
- Key Laboratory of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Huiqiu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Qing He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
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23
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Zeng Y, Goudarzi H, Ait Bamai Y, Ketema RM, Roggeman M, den Ouden F, Gys C, Miyashita C, Ito S, Konno S, Covaci A, Kishi R, Ikeda-Araki A. Exposure to organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers is positively associated with wheeze and FeNO and eosinophil levels among school-aged children: The Hokkaido study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 181:108278. [PMID: 37897874 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs) increases the risk of asthma and allergies. However, little is known about its association with type 2 inflammation (T2) biomarkers used in the management of allergies. The study investigated associations among urinary PFR metabolite concentrations, allergic symptoms, and T2 biomarkers. The data and samples were collected between 2017 and 2020, including school children (n = 427) aged 9-12 years living in Sapporo City, Japan, among the participants of "The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health." Thirteen urinary PFR metabolites were measured by LC-MS/MS. Allergic symptoms were assessed using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. For T2 biomarkers, the peripheral blood eosinophil counts, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide level (FeNO), and serum total immunoglobulin E level were measured. Multiple logistic regression analysis, quantile-based g-computation (qg-computation), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to examine the associations between the health outcomes of the individual PFRs and the PFR mixtures. The highest concentration of PFR was Σtris(1-chloro-isopropyl) phosphates (ΣTCIPP) (Median:1.20 nmol/L). Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) was significantly associated with a high odds ratio (OR, 95%CI:1.36, 1.07-1.72) for wheeze. TDCIPP (OR, 95%CI:1.19, 1.02-1.38), Σtriphenyl phosphate (ΣTPHP) (OR, 95%CI:1.81, 1.40-2.37), and Σtris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (ΣTBOEP) (OR, 95%:1.40, 1.13-1.74) were significantly associated with increased odds of FeNO (≥35 ppb). ΣTPHP (OR, 95%CI:1.44, 1.15-1.83) was significantly associated with high eosinophil counts (≥300/μL). For the PFR mixtures, a one-quartile increase in all PFRs (OR, 95%CI:1.48, 1.18-1.86) was significantly associated with high FeNO (≥35 ppb) in the qg-computation model. The PFR mixture was positively associated with high FeNO (≥35 ppb) and eosinophil counts (≥300/μL) in the BKMR models. These results may suggest that exposure to PFRs increases the probability of asthma, allergies, and T2 inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zeng
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, 060-0812 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Houman Goudarzi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, 060-0812 Sapporo, Japan; Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rahel Mesfin Ketema
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, 060-0812 Sapporo, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, 060-0812 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Maarten Roggeman
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Fatima den Ouden
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Celine Gys
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, 060-0812 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ito
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, 060-0812 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Konno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-8638 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, 060-0812 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ikeda-Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, 060-0812 Sapporo, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, 060-0812 Sapporo, Japan.
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24
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Ye L, Li J, Gong S, Herczegh SM, Zhang Q, Letcher RJ, Su G. Established and emerging organophosphate esters (OPEs) and the expansion of an environmental contamination issue: A review and future directions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132095. [PMID: 37523961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The list of organophosphate esters (OPEs) reported in the environment continues to expand as evidenced by the increasing number of OPE studies in the literature. However, there remains a general dearth of information on more recently produced and used OPEs that are proving to be emerging environmental contaminants. The present review summarizes the available studies in a systematic framework of the current state of knowledge on the analysis, environmental fate, and behavior of emerging OPEs. This review also details future directions to better understand emerging OPEs in the environment. Firstly, we make recommendations that the current structural/practical abbreviations and naming of OPEs be revised and updated. A chemical database (CDB) containing 114 OPEs is presently established based on the suspect list from the current scientific literature. There are 12 established OPEs and a total of 83 emerging OPEs that have been reported in human and/or biota samples. Of the emerging OPEs more than 80% have nearly 100% detection frequencies in samples of certain environmental media including indoor air, wastewater treatment plants, sediment, and fish. In contrast to OPEs considered established contaminants, most emerging OPEs have been identified more recently due to the more pervasive use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) based approaches and especially gas or liquid chromatography coupled with HRMS-based non-target analysis (NTA) of environmental sample fractions. Intentional/unintentional industrial use and non-industrial formation are sources of emerging OPEs in the environment. Predicted physical-chemical properties in silico of newer, molecularly larger and more oligomeric OPEs strongly suggest that some compounds such as bisphenol A diphenyl phosphate (BPA-DPP) are highly persistent, bioaccumulative and/or toxic. Limited information on laboratory-based toxicity data has shown that some emerging OPEs elicit harmful effects such as cytotoxicity, development toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and endocrine disruption in exposed humans and mammals. Established, and to a much lesser degree emerging OPEs, have also been shown to transform and degrade in biota and possibly alter their toxicological effects. Research on emerging OPE contaminants is presently limited and more study is warranted on sample analysis methods, source apportionment, transformation processes, environmental behavior, biomarkers of exposure and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langjie Ye
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shuai Gong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Sofia M Herczegh
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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25
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Wang X, Leung CW, Cai Z, Hu D. PM 2.5-Bound Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Hong Kong: Occurrence, Origins, and Source-Specific Health Risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14289-14298. [PMID: 37695108 PMCID: PMC10537441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are emerging organic pollutants in PM2.5, which have caused significant public health concerns in recent years, given their potential carcinogenic and neurotoxic effects. However, studies on the sources, occurrence, and health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound OPFRs in Hong Kong are lacking. To address this knowledge gap, we characterized 13 OPFRs in one-year PM2.5 samples using gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Our findings showed that OPFRs were present at a median concentration of 4978 pg m-3 (ranging from 1924 to 8481 pg m-3), with chlorinated OPFRs dominating and accounting for 82.7% of the total OPFRs. Using characteristic source markers and positive matrix factorization, we identified one secondary formation and five primary sources of OPFRs. Over 94.0% of PM2.5-bound OPFRs in Hong Kong were primarily emitted, with plastic processing and waste disposal being the leading source (61.0%), followed by marine vessels (14.1%). The contributions of these two sources to OPFRs were more pronounced on days influenced by local pollution emissions (91.9%) than on days affected by regional pollution (44.2%). Our assessment of health risks associated with human exposure to PM2.5-bound OPFRs indicated a low-risk level. However, further source-specific health risk assessment revealed relatively high noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from chlorinated OPFRs emitted from plastic processing and waste disposal, suggesting a need for more stringent emission control of OPFRs from these sources in Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong
Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Chin Wai Leung
- Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong
Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong
Kong 999077, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Di Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong
Kong 999077, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
- HKBU
Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
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26
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Tian YX, Chen HY, Ma J, Liu QY, Qu YJ, Zhao WH. A critical review on sources and environmental behavior of organophosphorus flame retardants in the soil: Current knowledge and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131161. [PMID: 37030217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been widely used in industrial and commercial applications. Unfortunately, the chemical constituents of OPFRs, organophosphate esters (OPEs), which have been proven to be carcinogenic and biotoxic, can release into the environment and pose potential risks to human health. This paper reviews the research progress of OPEs in the soil through bibliometric analysis and comprehensively elaborates on their pollution status, potential sources, and environmental behaviors. The OPE pollution is widely distributed in the soil at concentrations ranging from several to tens of thousands of ng/g dw. Some novel OPEs, newly discovered OPEs in the environment in recent years, are also detected. OPE concentrations vary substantially among landuses, and waste processing areas are important point sources of OPE pollution in the soil. Emission source intensity, physicochemical properties of compounds, and soil properties play important roles in the transfer process of OPEs in the soil. Biodegradation, especially microbial degradation, has potential application prospects in the remediation of OPE-contaminated soil. Brevibacillus brevis, Sphingomonas, Sphingopyxis, Rhodococcus, and other microorganisms can degrade some OPEs. This review helps clarify the pollution status of OPEs in the soil and highlights perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y X Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - H Y Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - J Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Q Y Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Y J Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - W H Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Qin Z, Bian R, Liu LY, Stubbings WA, Zhao X, Li F, Wu F, Wang S. Determination of polyoxymethylene-water partition coefficients for diverse organophosphate esters (OPEs) and prediction of the free-dissolved OPEs in OPE-contaminated soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162528. [PMID: 36894077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing attention on the estimation of bioavailability of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soil or sediment has urged the development of techniques to measure soil-/sediment-associated porewater concentrations of OPEs. In this study, we investigated the sorption dynamics of 8 OPEs to polyoxymethylene (POM) spanning one order of magnitude of aqueous OPE concentrations and proposed POM-water partitioning coefficients (Kpom/w) for OPEs. The results showed that the Kpom/w values were mainly affected by the hydrophobicity of OPEs. OPEs with high solubility preferentially partitioned into the aqueous phase indicated by the low log Kpom/w values; while lipophilic OPEs were observed to be taken up by POM. The concentration of lipophilic OPEs in the aqueous phase had a strong impact on their sorption dynamics on POM, with higher aqueous concentrations accelerating the sorption dynamics and shortening the time for equilibration. We proposed that the required time to reach equilibration for targeted OPEs should be 42 d. The proposed equilibration time and Kpom/w values were further validated by applying POM to soil artificially contaminated with OPEs to measure OPEs soil-water partitioning coefficients (Ks). The variations of Ks among soil types implied the need to elucidate the effects of soil properties and chemical properties of OPEs on their distribution between soil and water in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifei Qin
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Renjie Bian
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - William A Stubbings
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fangbai Li
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shaorui Wang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Rodgers TFM, Ablimit M, Li J, Tan F. Identifying the contributions of root and foliage gaseous/particle uptakes to indoor plants for phthalates, OPFRs and PAHs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 883:163644. [PMID: 37088388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the uptake pathways of organic chemicals in plants can help us use plants as biosentinels for human exposure, and as remediation tools for contaminated sites. Herein, we investigated the relative contributions of root and foliar (gas and particle) uptake pathways to indoor ornamental plants for phthalates (PAEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We looked at different kinds of indoor ornamental plants via pot and hydroponic control experiments, comparing the levels between their leaves and indoor air gaseous and particle phases, floor dust, and window film. Contributions of soil and foliage uptakes were calculated based on chemical concentrations in leaves of hydroponic and soil cultured plants and their mass uptake rates. Across all compounds, the contributions of root uptake to the chemicals in soil cultured plants ranged from 47.5 % to 88.5 %. We used binary first-order mass conservation equations to calculate the contributions of foliage uptake via gaseous and particle phases to the chemicals with similar Kow in plant leaves. Foliar uptake of PAEs occurred mainly via particle adsorption, for light PAHs via gaseous absorption, and for OPFRs via both particle and gaseous uptakes. Negative correlations between chemicals' foliage uptake ratios and their Kow and Koa values suggest that foliage uptake may be influenced by both chemical hydrophilicity and lipophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Timothy F M Rodgers
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mukaddas Ablimit
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Junze Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Feng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Lian M, Wang J, Wang B, Xin M, Lin C, Gu X, He M, Liu X, Ouyang W. Spatiotemporal variations and the ecological risks of organophosphate esters in Laizhou Bay waters between 2019 and 2021: Implying the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119783. [PMID: 36842327 PMCID: PMC9943543 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are a group of synthetic chemicals used in numerous consumer products such as plastics and furniture. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic significantly slowed anthropogenic activities and reduced the emissions of pollutants. Meanwhile, the mismanagement of large quantities of disposable plastic facemasks intensified the problems of plastic pollution and leachable pollutants in coastal waters. In this study, the joint effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on the occurrence of 12 targeted OPEs in the waters of Laizhou Bay (LZB) were investigated. The results showed that the median total OPE concentrations were 725, 363, and 109 ng L-1 in the sewage treatment plant effluent, river water, and bay water in 2021, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by 67%, 68%, and 70%, respectively, compared with those before the COVID-19 outbreak. The release potential of targeted OPEs from disposable surgical masks in the LZB area was ∼0.24 kg yr-1, which was insufficient to increase the OPE concentration in the LZB waters. The concentrations of most individual OPEs significantly decreased in LZB waters from 2019 to 2021, except for TBOEP and TNBP. Spatially, a lower concentration of OPEs was found in the Yellow River estuary area in 2021 compared with that before the COVID-19 pandemic due to the high content of suspended particulate matter in the YR. A higher total OPE concentration was observed along the northeastern coast of LZB, mainly owing to the construction of an artificial island since 2020. The ecological risks of the OPE mixture in LZB waters were lower than those before the COVID-19 outbreak. However, TCEP, TNBP, and BDP should receive continuous attention because of their potential ecological risks to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshan Lian
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ming Xin
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiang Gu
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Liang Y, Zhou X, Wu Y, Wu Y, Zeng X, Yu Z, Peng P. Meta-omics elucidates key degraders in a bacterial tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP)-degrading enrichment culture. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119774. [PMID: 36848852 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are emerging contaminants of growing concern, and there is limited information about the bacterial transformation of OPEs. In this study, we investigated the biotransformation of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), a frequently detected alkyl-OPE by a bacterial enrichment culture under aerobic conditions. The enrichment culture degraded 5 mg/L TBOEP following the first-order kinetics with a reaction rate constant of 0.314 h-1. TBOEP was mainly degraded via ether bond cleavage, evidenced by the production of bis(2-butoxyethyl) hydroxyethyl phosphate, 2-butoxyethyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl) phosphate, and 2-butoxyethyl (2-hydroxyethyl) hydrogen phosphate. Other transformation pathways include terminal oxidation of the butoxyethyl group and phosphoester bond hydrolysis. Metagenomic sequencing generated 14 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), showing that the enrichment culture primarily consisted of Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Myxococcota, and Actinobacteriota. One MAG assigned to Rhodocuccus ruber strain C1 was the most active in the community, showing upregulation of various monooxygenase, dehydrogenase, and phosphoesterase genes throughout the degradation process, and thus was identified as the key degrader of TBOEP and the metabolites. Another MAG affiliated with Ottowia mainly contributed to TBOEP hydroxylation. Our results provided a comprehensive understanding of the bacterial TBOEP degradation at community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiding Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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31
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Zhu M, He L, Liu J, Long Y, Shentu J, Lu L, Shen D. Dynamic processes in conjunction with microbial response to unveil the attenuation mechanisms of tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) in non-sanitary landfill soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120666. [PMID: 36403879 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although the environmental and health risks of chlorinated organophosphate esters (OPEs-Cl) have drawn much attention, its environmental behaviors have been insufficiently characterized. As a notable sink of this emerging contaminant, non-sanitary landfills, which may decompose/accumulate OPEs-Cl, is of particular concern. In the present study, the dynamic processes of the typical OPEs-Cl, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), in non-sanitary landfill soils were analyzed under anaerobic condition, and the microbial taxa involved in these processes were explored. Our results showed that TCEP could be simultaneously reduced by abiotic and biotic processes, as it was reduced by 73.9% and 65.5% over the 120-day experiment in landfill humus and subsoil, respectively. Notably, the degradation of TCEP was significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced under the stress of a high TCEP concentration (10 μg g-1), while its ecological consequences were found insignificant regarding the microbial diversity and community structure and the typical soil redox processes, including Fe(III)/SO42- reduction and methanogenesis, in both soils. The microbial diversity of subsoil was significantly lower, and acetate was an important factor in changing microbial communities in landfill soils. The microbes in the family Nocardioidaceae and genus Pseudomonas might contribute to in the degradation of TCEP in landfill humus and subsoil, respectively. The metabolism related to sulfur and sulfate respiration were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with TCEP reduction, and Desulfosporosinus were found as a potentially functional microbial taxon in TCEP degradation in both soils. The results could advance our understanding of the environmental behavior of OPEs-Cl in landfill-like complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China; Instrumental Analysis Center of Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Lisha He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Yuyang Long
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China; Instrumental Analysis Center of Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Jiali Shentu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China; Instrumental Analysis Center of Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Li Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China; Instrumental Analysis Center of Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Dongsheng Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China; Instrumental Analysis Center of Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China.
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32
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Wang C, Su ZH, He MJ. Dynamic variation and inhalation exposure of organophosphates esters and phthalic acid esters in face masks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120703. [PMID: 36403876 PMCID: PMC9671703 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has posed a huge global health threat since December 2019. Wearing face masks is known as an effective measure for controlling the wide spread of COVID-19 and its variants. But on the other hand, face masks could be a potential source of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) as they are extensively added in masks. However, knowledge associated with the occurrence as well as inhalation risks of OPEs and PAEs in masks is limited. In this study, OPEs and PAEs were determined in different types of mask samples collected from the local market. OPEs and PAEs were detected in mask samples ranging from 36.7 to 855 ng/g, and from 251 to 3830 ng/g, respectively. Relatively lower OPEs and PAEs concentrations were observed in disposable mask for toddlers. Simulated inhalation experiment indicated that the mass loss of OPEs and PAEs was 136 and 3910 ng/mask in disposable masks, 71.9 and 763 ng/mask in disposable mask for toddlers, 924 and 1020 ng/mask in N95 mask after 12 h, respectively. Significantly negative correlations were exhibited between the decrement of OPEs in masks and the increment of OPEs in corresponding polyurethane foams (PUFs) during the course, elucidating OPEs released from masks could be well captured by PUFs. With regard to the variation over time, predominant OPE and PAE analogues showed semblable release and absorption tendency in mask and corresponding PUF. Inhalation exposure risk of OPEs and PAEs was estimated based on the increment of pollutants in PUF. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs), hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR) were also calculated and they were within the threshold levels. This study provides the evidence of OPEs and PAEs releasing from the face masks during wearing and unveiled a potential source of OPEs and PAEs exposure to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Zi-Han Su
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Ming-Jing He
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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Wang C, Yuan RY, Wei SQ, He MJ. Occurrence, correlation, and partitioning of organophosphate esters in soil and tree bark from a megacity, Western China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:4359-4371. [PMID: 35965297 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Concern over the influences of constant addition of emerging anthropogenic chemicals to the environment has become a public issue during the rapid urbanization. Here, we investigated the occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soil and corresponding tree bark in a megacity, Western China. Our results showed levels of OPEs in tree bark (1250 ± 573 ng/g dry weight (dw)) were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than those in soil (40.4 ± 30.8 ng/g dw). Rooster Mountain is a background mountain area, exhibiting significantly lower concentrations of OPEs in soil and tree bark than those in other sites with relatively high population density. This result highlights the effect of human activities on the distribution of OPEs in environmental matrices. Alkyl-OPEs were predominant compounds in soil, whereas halogenated- (Cl-) OPEs were characterized in tree bark. Furthermore, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) positively correlated with tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) in soil (r2 = 0.43, P < 0.05) while negatively correlated with TCIPP in tree bark (r2 = 0.31, P < 0.05). The ratios of logarithm concentrations of OPEs in tree bark to those in soil correlated well with logKOA values of OPEs from 6 to 10, indicating the equilibrium status was achieved between OPE partitioning in soil and in tree bark. Nevertheless, tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) with high values of logKOA deviated from this linear tendency, which was possibly due to the fact that they were subjected to the particle-bound deposition process, leading to partition into the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Rui-Yu Yuan
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Shi-Qiang Wei
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Ming-Jing He
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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34
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Yang W, Braun JM, Vuong AM, Percy Z, Xu Y, Xie C, Deka R, Calafat AM, Ospina M, Burris HH, Yolton K, Cecil KM, Lanphear BP, Chen A. Associations of gestational exposure to organophosphate esters with gestational age and neonatal anthropometric measures: The HOME study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120516. [PMID: 36341822 PMCID: PMC9884151 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are developmental toxicants in experimental studies of animals, but limited evidence is available in humans. We included 340 mother-infant pairs in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study (Cincinnati, Ohio, USA) for the analysis. We evaluated gestational exposure to OPEs with gestation age at birth and newborn anthropometric measures. We quantified four OPE urinary metabolites at 16 weeks and 26 weeks of gestation. We extracted gestational age at birth, newborn weight, length, and head circumference from the chart review. We calculated z-scores for these anthropometric measures and the ponderal index. We used multiple informant models to examine the associations between repeated OPE measurements and the outcomes. We used modified Poisson regression to estimate the association of gestational exposure to OPEs with preterm birth. We also explored effect modification by infant sex and the potential mediation effect by the highest maternal blood pressure and glucose levels. We found that bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) at 16 weeks and diphenyl phosphate at 26 weeks of pregnancy were positively associated with gestational age and inversely associated with preterm birth. In female newborns, BCEP at 16 weeks was inversely related to birth weight and length z-scores. In male newborns, we observed negative associations of 26-week di-n-butyl phosphate with the ponderal index at birth. No mediation by the highest maternal blood pressure or glucose levels during pregnancy was identified. In this cohort, gestational exposure to some OPEs was associated with gestational age, preterm birth, and neonatal anthropometric measures. Certain associations tended to be window- and infant sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Yang
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ann M Vuong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Zana Percy
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Changchun Xie
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ranjan Deka
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria Ospina
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Heather H Burris
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kim M Cecil
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Wang B, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Yang G, Zhang D, Guo H. Phytic acid-Fe chelate cold-pressed self-forming high-strength polyurethane/marigold straw composite with flame retardance and smoke suppression. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Effective degradation of organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in coastal sediments under high urban pressure. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20228. [PMID: 36418387 PMCID: PMC9684566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24685-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Empirical evidence of the effective degradation at environmentally relevant conditions of organophosphate esters (OPEs) flame retardants and plasticizers in coastal sediments from an impacted area in the NW Mediterranean Sea is provided. Half-lives varied from 23.3 to 77.0 (abiotic conditions) and from 16.8 to 46.8 days (biotic conditions), depending on the compound, highlighting the relevant role of microbial assemblages enhancing OPE degradation. After an immediate significant reduction of the bacterial abundance due to OPE addition to the sediment at the very beginning of the experiment, the observed biodegradation was associated to a general stimulation of the growth of the bacterial community during a first period, but without a marked change of the structure of the community. However, OPE contamination induced a decrease on the diversity of the bacterial community in the coastal sediment, noticeable after 14 days of incubation. It is likely that on one side the contamination had favoured the growth of some bacterial groups maybe involved in the biodegradation of these compounds but, on the other side, had also impacted some sensitive bacteria. The estimated half-lives fill a data gap concerning OPE degradation rates in marine sediments and will be valuable data for the refinement of OPE chemical risk assessment in marine environments, particularly on impacted sites.
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Alexandre-Franco MF, Fernández-González C, Reguero-Padilla G, Cuerda-Correa EM. Olive-tree polyphenols and urban mining. A greener alternative for the recovery of valuable metals from scrap printed circuit boards. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114112. [PMID: 36007571 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recycling printed circuit boards (PCBs) is becoming a source of precious metals and an alternative to conventional mining. This phenomenon is now known as "urban mining." In this work, a polyphenols-rich plant extract has been obtained from olive-tree leaves, and its ability to contribute to reducing four metals, namely, Ag, Cu, Cr, and Sn, that are present in scrap PCBs has been studied. Three reductants (NaBH4, Fe°, and the olive-tree leaves extract) have been used to recover these valuable metals. An attempt has been made to minimize the concentration of the first two, replacing them with a natural, cheaper, and less toxic reductant. To achieve this goal, a computer-assisted factorial, composed, centered, orthogonal, and rotatable statistical design of experiments (FCCORD) has been used to build the experimental matrix to be carried out in the laboratory and, next, for the statistical treatment of the results. The results show that it is possible to achieve only a partial recovery of the four metals (silver, copper, chromium, and tin) from PCBs leachates by using sodium borohydride, iron, and the extract separately. In other words, none of these three reductants alone can completely remove any of the four metals in the leachate. Nevertheless, using the statistical design of experiments, the total recovery of the four metals has been achieved by combining the three reductants in the appropriate concentrations. Hence, polyphenols-rich plant extracts in general and olive-tree leaves extract in particular can be regarded as promising coadjuvants in the rising field of urban mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Alexandre-Franco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas S/n, 06006-Badajoz, Spain
| | - Carmen Fernández-González
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas S/n, 06006-Badajoz, Spain
| | - Gemma Reguero-Padilla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas S/n, 06006-Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eduardo M Cuerda-Correa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas S/n, 06006-Badajoz, Spain.
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Chai H, Hu W, Dai Y, Zhu X, Qian P, Zhu J. Environmental exposure to organophosphate esters and suspected non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among US adults: A mixture analysis. Front Public Health 2022; 10:995649. [PMID: 36339157 PMCID: PMC9631026 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.995649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. We evaluated NAFLD using the US FLI to determine whether there is an association between urinary organophosphorus (OPE) levels and the "prevalence" of NAFLD in US individuals. Methods The current study included 1,102 people aged 20 years and older with information from the 2011-2014 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. NAFLD was assessed using the U.S. FLI. Individual OPE metabolites and OPE combinations were linked to NAFLD using logistic regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression. All analyzes were carried out separately on males and females. The possible impacts of age, serum total testosterone (TT), and menopausal state, as well as the importance of the interaction term with exposure, were investigated using stratified analysis. Results Bis (2-chloroethyl) phosphate and bis (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate were associated with NAFLD in all males after adjusting for covariates (P < 0.05). A combination of OPEs (OPE index) was positively linked with NAFLD in the WQS analysis of all males (odds ratio for OPE index: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.19). Stratified analyzes for males revealed that considerable connections were largely confined to individuals over 60 years old or with low total testosterone. In women, the connection was limited and inconsistent, except for the OPE index, which was positively linked with NAFLD in post-menopausal women. Conclusions In this study, environmental exposure to OPE was linked to an elevated risk of NAFLD in males, particularly those over 60 years old or with low TT levels. Aside from the continuous positive connection of a combination of OPEs with NAFLD risk in post-menopausal women, these correlations were weaker in women. However, these findings should be taken with caution and verified in future investigations by collecting numerous urine samples in advance to strengthen OPE exposure estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Chai
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiye Hu
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaoyao Dai
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhu
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping'an Qian
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Junfeng Zhu
| | - Junfeng Zhu
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Department of Hepatology, Yueyang Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Ping'an Qian
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Han B, Chen L, Li Y, Yu L, Zhang J, Tao S, Liu W. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of 11 organophosphate flame retardants in soils from different regions of agricultural farmlands in mainland China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156806. [PMID: 35738380 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in nationwide farmland soils of mainland China are rarely measured. The current study was the first to collect 325 farmland soil samples from 109 cities throughout mainland China. Ten organophosphate esters (OPEs), including alkyl-OPEs, Cl-OPEs, and aryl-OPEs, together with an organophosphate intermediates (TPPO), were determined. The results indicated that ΣOPFRs ranged from 2.41 ng/g to 35.8 ng/g dry weight (dw), and ΣOPFRs in northeastern and southern China were significantly (p < 0.01) higher than those in northwestern and central China. Alkyl-OPEs and Cl-OPEs served as the main components of OPEs, and the novel aryl-OPEs showed the highest detection frequency (> 92 %). Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to identify the different sources of OPEs, in which atmospheric deposition, irrigation, or direct release of plastic mulch acted as the main input routes in farmland soils. The potential risks of OPFRs were assessed through soil ingestion exposure and ecotoxicological impacts. Our results showed that direct exposure to farmland soils had no high risks to the human body and ecological environments. This study provides new evidence for further understanding the spatial distributions and contamination status of OPFRs in farmland soils throughout mainland China.
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Affiliation(s)
- BingJun Han
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - LiYuan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - YuJun Li
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - JiaoDi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - WenXin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Lao JY, Lin H, Qin X, Ruan Y, Leung KMY, Zeng EY, Lam PKS. Insights into the Atmospheric Persistence, Transformation, and Health Implications of Organophosphate Esters in Urban Ambient Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12003-12013. [PMID: 35948419 PMCID: PMC9454243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in natural ambient air and potential health risks from coexposure to OPEs and their transformation products are largely unclear. Therefore, a novel framework combining field-based investigation, in silico prediction, and target and suspect screening was employed to understand atmospheric persistence and health impacts of OPEs. Alkyl-OPE transformation products ubiquitously occurred in urban ambient air. The transformation ratios of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate were size-dependent, implying that transformation processes may be affected by particle size. Transformation products of chlorinated- and aryl-OPEs were not detected in atmospheric particles, and atmospheric dry deposition might significantly contribute to their removal. Although inhalation risk of coexposure to OPEs and transformation products in urban ambient air was low, health risks related to OPEs may be underestimated as constrained by the identification of plausible transformation products and their toxicity testing in vitro or in vivo at current stage. The present study highlights the significant impact of particle size on the atmospheric persistence of OPEs and suggests that health risk assessments should be conducted with concurrent consideration of both parental compounds and transformation products of OPEs, in view of the nonnegligible abundances of transformation products in the air and their potential toxicity in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yong Lao
- State
Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Huiju Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xian Qin
- State
Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State
Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Research
Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- ; . Tel: + 852 3442-7833. Fax: + 852 3442-0524
| | - Kenneth M. Y. Leung
- State
Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Eddy Y. Zeng
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Paul K. S. Lam
- State
Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Office
of the President, Hong Kong Metropolitan
University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- ; . Tel: +852 2768-6089. Fax: +852 3442-0524
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Gong S, Ren K, Ye L, Deng Y, Su G. Suspect and nontarget screening of known and unknown organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soil samples. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129273. [PMID: 35739788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ninety-five soil samples (n = 95) were analyzed using an integrated suspect and non-target organophosphate ester (OPE) screening strategy. This suspect and non-target screening strategy allowed us to fully or tentatively identify 26 OPEs or OPE-like substances. Among these 26 newly identified contaminants, bisphenol A bis(diphenylphosphate) (BPABDP) exhibited the highest detection frequency of 83.2 %, with a concentration range of ND - 385 ng/g dry weight (dw). We also observed that BPABDP was significantly correlated with all other OPEs (p < 0.001 in all pairs), suggesting that BPABDP is widely used as a plasticizer and flame retardant in various commercial products. Another interesting finding was the discovery of four novel OPE structures with tentatively proposed chemical structures. Among these four non-target OPEs, (tert-butyl) phenyl bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPBDTBPP) shared a backbone structure very similar to that of the well-known OPE, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (TDTBPP). Detection frequency of this newly discovered OPE was high, up to 69.5 %, and it was significantly correlated with isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (IDDP), BPABDP, diphenyl 2-isopropylphenyl phosphate (2IPPDPP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCrP, p < 0.05 in all pairs), respectively. This study reported the most comprehensive suite of OPEs in soil samples, and 16 out of them were recognized in soil for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kefan Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Langjie Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yirong Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Contaminated Sites Environmental Management and Remediation, Guangzhou 510045, China.
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Li X, Yao Y, Chen H, Zhang Q, Li C, Zhao L, Guo S, Cheng Z, Wang Y, Wang L, Sun H. Identification of Novel Organophosphate Esters in Hydroponic Lettuces ( Lactuca sativa L.): Biotransformation and Acropetal Translocation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10699-10709. [PMID: 35849551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The absorption, translocation, and biotransformation behaviors of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and diesters (OPdEs) in a hydroponic system were investigated. The lateral root was found as the main accumulation and biotransformation place of OPEs and OPdEs in lettuce. The nontarget analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed five hydroxylated metabolites and five conjugating metabolites in the OPE exposure group, among which methylation, acetylation, and palmitoyl conjugating OPEs were reported as metabolites for the first time. Particularly, methylation on phosphate can be a significant process for plant metabolism, and methyl diphenyl phosphate (MDPP) accounted for the majority of metabolites. The translocation factor values of most identified OPE metabolites are negatively associated with their predicted logarithmic octanol-water partitioning coefficient (log Kow) values (0.75-2.45), indicating that hydrophilicity is a dominant factor in the translocation of OPE metabolites in lettuce. In contrast, palmitoyl conjugation may lead to an enhanced acropetal translocation and those with log Kow values < 0 may have limited translocation potential. Additionally, OPE diesters produced from the biotransformation of OPEs in lettuce showed a higher acropetal translocation potential than those exposed directly. These results further emphasize the necessity to consider biotransformation as an utmost important factor in the accumulation and acropetal translocation potential of OPEs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- School of Environmental and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cheng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Sai Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Development of magnetic molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for rapid and selective determination of urinary diphenyl phosphate of college students. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1678:463344. [PMID: 35872539 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), known as novel alternative flame retardants, are a class of environmental endocrine disruptors. Long-term exposure to OPEs may bring a non-negligible health risk to human. Urinary OPE metabolites (mOPEs) are generally used as biomarkers to evaluate the internal exposure to OPEs. Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), the main metabolite of aryl-OPEs, exhibited high detection rates and concentrations in urine samples. To establish a selective and simple analytical method for biomonitoring urinary DPHP, a specific magnetic molecular imprinted polymer (MMIP) was fabricated via a sol-gel method. Under optimum magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) conditions, the resultant MMIP exhibited selective recognition ability, ideal adsorption capacity and good reusability on urinary DPHP enrichment. The developed MSPE method coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (U-HPLC-MS/MS) exhibited good precision and accuracy (spiked recoveries of 85.8%-109% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged from 5.1%-13%), low detection limit of 0.035 ng/mL, and negligible matrix inhibition. Then we used this proposed method to detect urinary DPHP levels of recruited 30 college students and investigate the time variability and potential determinants. All urine samples revealed the presence of DPHP at a median concentration of 0.56 μg/g Creatinine (Cr). Moderate reproducibility of DPHP level was observed in first morning urine samples (ICC>0.40). Significant correlations were found between urinary DPHP levels and gender (β=0.72; 95% CI: 0.48∼0.96), sampling time (β=0.36; 95% CI: 0.08∼0.65) as well as the frequency for take-out food (β=0.45; 95% CI: 0.07∼0.74) (p< 0.05). Hence, a fast and sensitive MSPE-U-HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully built to quantify urinary DPHP.
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Chen Z, An C, Elektorowicz M, Tian X. Sources, behaviors, transformations, and environmental risks of organophosphate esters in the coastal environment: A review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 180:113779. [PMID: 35635887 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth in the global production of organophosphate esters (OPEs) has resulted in their high environmental concentrations. The low removal rate of OPEs makes the effluents of wastewater treatment plants be one of the major sources of OPEs. Due to relatively high solubility and mobility, OPEs can be carried to the coastal environment through river discharge and atmospheric deposition. Therefore, the coastal environment can be an important OPE sink. Previous studies have shown that OPEs were widely detected in coastal atmospheres, water, sediments, and even aquatic organisms. OPEs can undergo various environmental processes in the coastal environment, including adsorption/desorption, air-water exchange, and degradation. In addition, bioaccumulation of OPEs was observed in coastal biota but current concentrations would not cause significant ecological risks. More efforts are required to understand the environmental behaviors of OPEs and address resultant environmental and health risks, especially in the complicated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Chen
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Chunjiang An
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal H3G 1M8, Canada.
| | - Maria Elektorowicz
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Xuelin Tian
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal H3G 1M8, Canada
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