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Ramirez-Cando LJ, Rodríguez-Cazar LG, Acosta-Tobar LA, Ballaz SJ. Molecular docking analysis of chlorpyrifos at the human α7-nAChR and its potential relationship with neurocytoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2024; 59:277-284. [PMID: 38600794 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2024.2340929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, has raised serious concerns about human safety. Apart from inducing synaptic acetylcholine accumulation, CPF could also act at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, like the α7-isoform (α7-nAChR), which could potentially be harmful to developing brains. Our aims were to use molecular docking to assess the binding interactions between CPF and α7-nAChR through, to test the neurocytotoxic and oxidative effects of very low concentrations of CPF on SH-SY5Y cells, and to hypothesize about the potential mediation of α7-nAChR. Docking analysis showed a significant binding affinity of CPH for the E fragment of the α7-nAChR (ΔGibbs: -5.63 to -6.85 Kcal/mol). According to the MTT- and Trypan Blue-based viability assays, commercial CPF showed concentration- and time-dependent neurotoxic effects at a concentration range (2.5-20 µM), ten-folds lower than those reported to have crucial effects for sheer CPF. A rise of the production of radical oxygen species (ROS) was seen at even lower concentrations (1-2.5 µM) of CPF after 24h. Notably, our docking analysis supports the antagonistic actions of CPF on α7-nAChR that were recently published. In conclusion, while α7-nAChR is responsible for neuronal survival and neurodevelopmental processes, its activity may also mediate the neurotoxicity of CPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenin J Ramirez-Cando
- School of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Universidad Yachay Tech, Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | | | - Luis A Acosta-Tobar
- School of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Universidad Yachay Tech, Urcuquí, Ecuador
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2
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Yadav B, Kaur S, Yadav A, Verma H, Kar S, Sahu BK, Pati KR, Sarkar B, Dhiman M, Mantha AK. Implications of organophosphate pesticides on brain cells and their contribution toward progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23660. [PMID: 38356323 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The most widespread neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by severe behavioral abnormalities, cognitive and functional impairments. It is inextricably linked with the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and tau protein in the brain. Loss of white matter, neurons, synapses, and reactive microgliosis are also frequently observed in patients of AD. Although the causative mechanisms behind the neuropathological alterations in AD are not fully understood, they are likely influenced by hereditary and environmental factors. The etiology and pathogenesis of AD are significantly influenced by the cells of the central nervous system, namely, glial cells and neurons, which are directly engaged in the transmission of electrical signals and the processing of information. Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) can trigger inflammatory responses in glial cells, leading to various cascades of events that contribute to neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, and ultimately, AD pathogenesis. Furthermore, there are striking similarities between the biomarkers associated with AD and OPPs, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, dysregulation of microRNA, and accumulation of toxic protein aggregates, such as amyloid β. These shared markers suggest a potential mechanistic link between OPP exposure and AD pathology. In this review, we attempt to address the role of OPPs on altered cell physiology of the brain cells leading to neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress linked with AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sharanjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Harkomal Verma
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Swastitapa Kar
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Binit Kumar Sahu
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Kumari Riya Pati
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Bibekanada Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anil Kumar Mantha
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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3
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Abd-Elhakim YM, El Sharkawy NI, Gharib HSA, Hassan MA, Metwally MMM, Elbohi KM, Hassan BA, Mohammed AT. Neurobehavioral Responses and Toxic Brain Reactions of Juvenile Rats Exposed to Iprodione and Chlorpyrifos, Alone and in a Mixture. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050431. [PMID: 37235246 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Herein, male juvenile rats (23th postnatal days (PND)) were exposed to chlorpyrifos (CPS) (7.5 mg/kg b.wt) and/or iprodione (IPD) (200 mg IPD /kg b.wt) until the onset of puberty (60th day PND). Our results demonstrated that IPD and/or CPS exposure considerably reduced locomotion and exploration. However, CPS single exposure induced anxiolytic effects. Yet, neither IPD nor IPD + CPS exposure significantly affected the anxiety index. Of note, IPD and/or CPS-exposed rats showed reduced swimming time. Moreover, IPD induced significant depression. Nonetheless, the CPS- and IPD + CPS-exposed rats showed reduced depression. The individual or concurrent IPD and CPS exposure significantly reduced TAC, NE, and AChE but increased MDA with the maximum alteration at the co-exposure. Moreover, many notable structural encephalopathic alterations were detected in IPD and/or CPS-exposed rat brain tissues. The IPD + CPS co-exposed rats revealed significantly more severe lesions with higher frequencies than the IPD or CPS-exposed ones. Conclusively, IPD exposure induced evident neurobehavioral alterations and toxic reactions in the brain tissues. IPD and CPS have different neurobehavioral effects, particularly regarding depression and anxiety. Hence, co-exposure to IPD and CPS resulted in fewer neurobehavioral aberrations relative to each exposure. Nevertheless, their simultaneous exposure resulted in more brain biochemistry and histological architecture disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina M Abd-Elhakim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Nabela I El Sharkawy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Heba S A Gharib
- Department of Behaviour and Management of Animal, Poultry, and Aquatics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mona A Hassan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M M Metwally
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Khlood M Elbohi
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Bayan A Hassan
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Amany Tharwat Mohammed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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4
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Wang L, Ma P, Chen H, Chang M, Lu P, Chen N, Yuan Y, Chen N, Zhang X. Rapid Determination of Mixed Pesticide Residues on Apple Surfaces by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081089. [PMID: 35454676 PMCID: PMC9031303 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) are insecticides and herbicides which has been widely used on farms. However, CPF and 2,4-D residues on corps can bring high risks to human health. Accurate detection of pesticide residues is important for controlling health risks caused by CPF and 2,4-D. Therefore, we developed a fast, sensitive, economical, and lossless surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based method for pesticide detection. It can rapidly and simultaneously determine the CPF and 2,4-D mixed pesticide residues on an apple surface at a minimum of 0.001 mg L−1 concentration, which is far below the pesticide residue standard in China and the EU. The limits of detection reach down to 1.28 × 10−9 mol L−1 for CPF and 2.47 × 10−10 mol L−1 for 2,4-D. The limits of quantification are 4.27 × 10−9 mol L−1 and 8.23 × 10−10 mol L−1 for CPF and 2,4-D. This method has a great potential for the accurate detection of pesticide residues, and may be applied to other fields of agricultural products and food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.W.); (P.M.); (H.C.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (N.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Pei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.W.); (P.M.); (H.C.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (N.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.W.); (P.M.); (H.C.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (N.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Min Chang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.W.); (P.M.); (H.C.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (N.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.W.); (P.M.); (H.C.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (N.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.W.); (P.M.); (H.C.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (N.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yanbing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.W.); (P.M.); (H.C.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (N.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Nan Chen
- School of Electrical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China;
| | - Xuedian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.W.); (P.M.); (H.C.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (N.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Correspondence:
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Zhang W, Fan R, Luo S, Jin Y, Li Y, Xiong M, Yuan X, Jia L, Chen Y. Antagonistic effects and mechanisms of carbendazim and chlorpyrifos on the neurobehavior of larval zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133522. [PMID: 34995633 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Residues from multiple pesticides are frequently detected on vegetables, which may produce combined toxicity not predicted by individual toxicity data. As these combined effects present additional dangers to food safety, we have compared individual to combined effects for a variety of pesticides. Carbendazim and chlorpyrifos are the two most commonly detected pesticides in vegetables, and previous studies reported that combined exposure results in synergistic developmental toxicity to zebrafish embryos. In this study, individual and combined effects on zebrafish motor activity were examined following individual and combined exposure to assess nervous system toxicity. Further, transcriptomics methods were used to identify potential molecular mechanisms for individual and combined toxicity. Carbendazim alone induced a disorganized swim pattern characterized by increased angular velocity, turn angle, meander, and acceleration during light-dark transition, while chlorpyrifos alone reduced average swim speed and light-dark acceleration. Combined treatment significantly reduced average swim velocity and total distance traveled. Combination indices indicated strong antagonism between compounds for average speed and light-dark acceleration. Transcriptomics (RNA-seq) showed that carbendazim significantly altered the expression of genes involved in antigen processing and presentation, apoptosis, autophagy, and metabolism, including ctslb, cyp7a1, hsp70l, and ugt1a1. Alternatively, chlorpyrifos significantly altered genes involved in various nervous system-related pathways, including glutamatergic, GABAergic, dopaminergic, and calcium signaling. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis suggested that chlorpyrifos significantly downregulated genes related to light transduction, resulting in decreased sensitivity to light-dark transitions, while antagonism mainly reflected divergent effects on phototransduction and retinol metabolism. Carbendazim had no significant effects on vision-related genes such as gnat1 and gngt1, while chlorpyrifos downregulated expression, an effect reversed by the combination. Comprehensive toxicity analyses must include joint effects of co-applied pesticides for enhanced food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China; Center of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ruiqi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China; Center of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, PR China
| | - Sunlin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yongpeng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yongchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mengqin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Yuan
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, PR China; School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, PR China
| | - Li Jia
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Yiqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China.
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6
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Nunes C, Gorczyca G, Mendoza-deGyves E, Ponti J, Bogni A, Carpi D, Bal-Price A, Pistollato F. Upscaling biological complexity to boost neuronal and oligodendroglia maturation and improve in vitro developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) evaluation. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 110:124-140. [PMID: 35378221 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neuronal and glial cell models are suitable to assess the effects of environmental chemicals on the developing brain. Such test systems can recapitulate several key neurodevelopmental features, such as neural stem cell formation and differentiation towards different neuronal subtypes and astrocytes, neurite outgrowth, synapse formation and neuronal network formation and function, which are crucial for brain development. While monolayer, two-dimensional (2D) cultures of human iPSC-neuronal or glial derivatives are generally suited for high-throughput testing, they also show some limitations. In particular, differentiation towards myelinating oligodendrocytes can only be achieved after extended periods in differentiation. In recent years, the implementation of three-dimensional (3D) neuronal and glial models obtained from human iPSCs has been shown to compensate for such limitations, enabling robust differentiation towards both neuronal and glial cell populations, myelination and formation of more mature neuronal network activity. Here we compared the differentiation capacity of human iPSC-derived neural stem cells cultured either as 2D monolayer or as 3D neurospheres, and assessed chlorpyrifos (CPF) effects. Data indicate that 3D neurospheres differentiate towards neurons and oligodendroglia more rapidly than 2D cultures; however, the 2D model is more suitable to assess neuronal functionality by analysis of spontaneous electrical activity using multielectrode array. Moreover, 2D and 3D test systems are diversely susceptible to CPF treatment. In conclusion, the selection of the most suitable in vitro test system (either 2D or 3D) should take into account the context of use and intended research goals ('fit for purpose' principle).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Nunes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Gorczyca
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Jessica Ponti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Alessia Bogni
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Donatella Carpi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Anna Bal-Price
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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Gestational exposures to organophosphorus insecticides: From acute poisoning to developmental neurotoxicity. Neuropharmacology 2020; 180:108271. [PMID: 32814088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For over three-quarters of a century, organophosphorus (OP) insecticides have been ubiquitously used in agricultural, residential, and commercial settings and in public health programs to mitigate insect-borne diseases. Their broad-spectrum insecticidal effectiveness is accounted for by the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that catalyzes acetylcholine (ACh) hydrolysis, in the nervous system of insects. However, because AChE is evolutionarily conserved, OP insecticides are also toxic to mammals, including humans, and acute OP intoxication remains a major public health concern in countries where OP insecticide usage is poorly regulated. Environmental exposures to OP levels that are generally too low to cause marked inhibition of AChE and to trigger acute signs of intoxication, on the other hand, represent an insidious public health issue worldwide. Gestational exposures to OP insecticides are particularly concerning because of the exquisite sensitivity of the developing brain to these insecticides. The present article overviews and discusses: (i) the health effects and therapeutic management of acute OP poisoning during pregnancy, (ii) epidemiological studies examining associations between environmental OP exposures during gestation and health outcomes of offspring, (iii) preclinical evidence that OP insecticides are developmental neurotoxicants, and (iv) potential mechanisms underlying the developmental neurotoxicity of OP insecticides. Understanding how gestational exposures to different levels of OP insecticides affect pregnancy and childhood development is critical to guiding implementation of preventive measures and direct research aimed at identifying effective therapeutic interventions that can limit the negative impact of these exposures on public health.
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8
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Pesticides, cognitive functions and dementia: A review. Toxicol Lett 2020; 326:31-51. [PMID: 32145396 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely-used chemicals commonly applied in agriculture for the protection of crops from pests. Depending on the class of pesticides, the specific substances may have a specific set of adverse effects on humans, especially in cases of acute poisoning. In past years, evidence regarding sequelae of chronic, low-level exposure has been accumulating. Cognitive impairment and dementia heavily affect a person's quality of life and scientific data has been hinting towards an association between them and antecedent chronic pesticide exposure. Here, we reviewed animal and human studies exploring the association between pesticide exposure, cognition and dementia. Additionally, we present potential mechanisms through which pesticides may act neurotoxically and lead to neurodegeneration. Study designs rarely presented homogeneity and the estimation of the exposure to pesticides has been most frequently performed without measuring the synergic effects and the possible interactions between the toxicants within mixtures, and also overlooking low exposures to environmental toxicants. It is possible that a Real-Life Risk Simulation approach would represent a robust alternative for future studies, so that the safe exposure limits and the net risk that pesticides confer to impaired cognitive function can be examined. Previous studies that evaluated the effect of low dose chronic exposure to mixtures of pesticides and other chemicals intending to simulate real life exposure scenarios showed that hormetic neurobehavioral effects can appear after mixture exposure at doses considered safe for individual compounds and these effects can be exacerbated by a coexistence with specific conditions such as vitamin deficiency. However, there is an overall indication, derived from both epidemiologic and laboratory evidence, supporting an association between exposure to neurotoxic pesticides and cognitive dysfunction, dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
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9
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Rapid quantitative determination of chlorpyrifos pesticide residues in tomatoes by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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10
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Nesan D, Kurrasch DM. Gestational Exposure to Common Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Their Impact on Neurodevelopment and Behavior. Annu Rev Physiol 2019; 82:177-202. [PMID: 31738670 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals are common in our environment and act on hormone systems and signaling pathways to alter physiological homeostasis. Gestational exposure can disrupt developmental programs, permanently altering tissues with impacts lasting into adulthood. The brain is a critical target for developmental endocrine disruption, resulting in altered neuroendocrine control of hormonal signaling, altered neurotransmitter control of nervous system function, and fundamental changes in behaviors such as learning, memory, and social interactions. Human cohort studies reveal correlations between maternal/fetal exposure to endocrine disruptors and incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we summarize the major literature findings of endocrine disruption of neurodevelopment and concomitant changes in behavior by four major endocrine disruptor classes:bisphenol A, polychlorinated biphenyls, organophosphates, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. We specifically review studies of gestational and/or lactational exposure to understand the effects of early life exposure to these compounds and summarize animal studies that help explain human correlative data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinushan Nesan
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; , .,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Deborah M Kurrasch
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; , .,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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11
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Sandoval L, Rosca A, Oniga A, Zambrano A, Ramos JJ, González MC, Liste I, Motas M. Effects of chlorpyrifos on cell death and cellular phenotypic specification of human neural stem cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:445-454. [PMID: 31136966 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate pesticide widely used in agriculture, whose traditional and well-known mechanism of action is the inhibition of the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Subacute exposures to CPF have been associated with alterations different from the inhibition of AChE. Because of the vulnerability of the developing nervous system, prenatal and early postnatal exposures are of special concern. Human neural stem cells (hNSC) provide the opportunity to study early stages of neural development and may be a valuable tool for developmental neurotoxicology (DNT). In the current work, the cell line hNS1 was used as a model system with the aim of validating this cell line as a reliable testing method. To evaluate the effects of CPF on early developmental stages, hNS1 cells were exposed to different concentrations of the pesticide and cell death, proliferation and cell fate specification were analyzed under differentiation conditions. Since hNS1 cells responded to CPF in a similar way to other human cell lines, we consider it may be a valid model for DNT chemical assessment. CPF induced apoptotic cell death only at the highest doses tested, suggesting that it is not toxic for the specific developmental stage here addressed under short term exposure. In addition, the higher doses of CPF promoted the generation of astroglial cells, without affecting neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sandoval
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreea Rosca
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreea Oniga
- Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Zambrano
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Ramos
- Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Carmen González
- Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Liste
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Motas
- Toxicología Ambiental, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Silver MK, Shao J, Ji C, Zhu B, Xu L, Li M, Chen M, Xia Y, Kaciroti N, Lozoff B, Meeker JD. Prenatal organophosphate insecticide exposure and infant sensory function. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 221:469-478. [PMID: 29402694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational studies suggest that exposure to organophosphate insecticides (OPs) can lead to vision or hearing loss. Yet the effects of early-life exposure on visual and auditory function are unknown. Here we examined associations between prenatal OP exposure and grating visual acuity (VA) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) during infancy. METHODS 30 OPs were measured in umbilical cord blood using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in a cohort of Chinese infants. Grating visual acuity (VA) (n = 179-200) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) (n = 139-183) were assessed at 6 weeks, 9 months, and 18 months. Outcomes included VA score, ABR wave V latency and central conduction time, and head circumference (HC). Associations between sensory outcomes during infancy and cord OPs were examined using linear mixed models. RESULTS Prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure was associated with lower 9-month grating VA scores; scores were 0.64 (95% CI: -1.22, -0.06) points lower for exposed versus unexposed infants (p = 0.03). The OPs examined were not associated with infant ABR latencies, but chlorpyrifos and phorate were both significantly inversely associated with HC at 9 months; HCs were 0.41 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.6) cm and 0.44 (95% CI: 0.88, 0.1) cm smaller for chlorpyrifos (p = 0.02) and phorate (p = 0.04), respectively. CONCLUSIONS We found deficits in grating VA and HC in 9-month-old infants with prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos. The clinical significance of these small but statistically significant deficits is unclear. However, the disruption of visual or auditory pathway maturation in infancy could potentially negatively affect downstream cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica K Silver
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chai Ji
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Binquan Zhu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Mingyan Li
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Minjian Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yankai Xia
- Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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13
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Postnatal chlorpyrifos exposure and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype differentially affect cholinergic expression and developmental parameters in transgenic mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:42-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Zhang J, Guo J, Lu D, Qi X, Chang X, Wu C, Zhang Y, Liang W, Fang X, Cao Y, Zhou Z. Maternal urinary carbofuranphenol levels before delivery and birth outcomes in Sheyang Birth Cohort. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1667-1672. [PMID: 29102186 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to carbamates has been linked with adverse health effects on developmental period. This study aimed to monitor exposure to carbofuranphenol of pregnant women from Sheyang Birth Cohort and investigate associations between prenatal exposure to carbofuranphenol and birth outcomes. During June 2009 to January 2010, 1100 pregnant women living in Sheyang County participated in our study and donated urine sample. Urinary carbofuranphenol concentration was measured by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Associations between urinary carbofuranphenol levels and infant birth outcomes were assessed by generalized linear models. Urinary carbofuranphenol concentrations varied from 0.01 to 395.40μg/L (0.01-303.93μg/g for creatinine adjusted), the geometric mean, median and inter quartile range are 0.81μg/L (1.28μg/g cr), 0.80μg/L (1.23μg/g cr) and 0.27-2.20μg/L (0.47-3.11μg/g cr), respectively. No statistically significant association between maternal urinary carbofuranphenol levels and birth outcomes was found in total infants and female infants. In male neonates, carbofuranphenol level was significantly associated with head circumference (b=-0.226; 95% confidence interval: -0.411, -0.041; P=0.01) and ponderal index (b=0.043, 95% CI: 0.004, 0.083; P=0.03). These findings suggested that the pregnant women were generally exposed to carbofuranphenol and prenatal exposure to carbofuranphenol might have adverse effects on fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiming Zhang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianqiu Guo
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dasheng Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399, Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Xiaojuan Qi
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399, Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Xiuli Chang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chunhua Wu
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weijiu Liang
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.39 Yunwushan Road, Changning District, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Yang Cao
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden; Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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15
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Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Seidler FJ. Developmental neurotoxicity resulting from pharmacotherapy of preterm labor, modeled in vitro: Terbutaline and dexamethasone, separately and together. Toxicology 2018. [PMID: 29524569 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Terbutaline and dexamethasone are used in the management of preterm labor, often for durations of treatment exceeding those recommended, and both have been implicated in increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. We used a variety of cell models to establish the critical stages at which neurodifferentiation is vulnerable to these agents and to determine whether combined exposures produce a worsened outcome. Terbutaline selectively promoted the initial emergence of glia from embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs). The target for terbutaline shifted with developmental stage: at later developmental stages modeled with C6 and PC12 cells, terbutaline had little effect on glial differentiation (C6 cells) but impaired the differentiation of neuronotypic PC12 cells into neurotransmitter phenotypes. In contrast to the specificity shown by terbutaline, dexamethasone affected both neuronal and glial differentiation at all stages, impairing the emergence of both cell types in NSCs but with a much greater impairment for glia. At later stages, dexamethasone promoted glial cell differentiation (C6 cells), while shifting neuronal cell differentiation so as to distort the balance of neurotransmitter phenotypes (PC12 cells). Finally, terbutaline and dexamethasone interacted synergistically at the level of late stage glial cell differentiation, with dexamethasone boosting the ability of terbutaline to enhance indices of glial cell growth and neurite formation while producing further decrements in glial cell numbers. Our results support the conclusion that terbutaline and dexamethasone are directly-acting neuroteratogens, and further indicate the potential for their combined use in preterm labor to worsen neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Samantha Skavicus
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Frederic J Seidler
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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16
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Ahmadian E, Khosroushahi AY, Eghbal MA, Eftekhari A. Betanin reduces organophosphate induced cytotoxicity in primary hepatocyte via an anti-oxidative and mitochondrial dependent pathway. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 144:71-78. [PMID: 29463411 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OP) are potent pesticide commonly utilized in agricultural and domestic use. However, plentitude of data represent their side effects in different body tissues. We attempted to study whether betanin (a natural pigment) is able to mitigate some OPs-induced hepatotoxicity in primary rat hepatocytes. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH) depletion and mitochondrial depolarization were tested as toxicity markers. The outcomes revealed that betanin (25μM) significantly increased cell viability, plummeted ROS formation and LPO, restored cellular GSH reservoirs and protected mitochondria after chlorpyrifos (CPF) (300μM), diazinon (DZN) (600μM) and dichlrovos (DDVP) (400μM) treatment. Taken together, all data suggests the potential protective role of betanin in OPs-induced hepatotoxicity in which the mechanism appears to be inhibition of ROS formation and mitochondrial protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ahmadian
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Toxicology Research Center, , Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Eghbal
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Aziz Eftekhari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Toxicology Research Center, , Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Department of Basic Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
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17
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Silver MK, Shao J, Zhu B, Chen M, Xia Y, Kaciroti N, Lozoff B, Meeker JD. Prenatal naled and chlorpyrifos exposure is associated with deficits in infant motor function in a cohort of Chinese infants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 106:248-256. [PMID: 28602489 PMCID: PMC5533622 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate insecticides (OPs) are used worldwide, yet despite nearly ubiquitous exposure in the general population, few have been studied outside the laboratory. Fetal brains undergo rapid growth and development, leaving them susceptible to long-term effects of neurotoxic OPs. The objective here was to investigate the extent to which prenatal exposure to OPs affects infant motor development. METHODS 30 OPs were measured in umbilical cord blood using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in a cohort of Chinese infants. Motor function was assessed at 6-weeks and 9-months using Peabody Developmental Motor Scales 2nd edition (PDMS-2) (n=199). Outcomes included subtest scores: reflexes, stationary, locomotion, grasping, visual-motor integration (V-M), composite scores: gross (GM), fine (FM), total motor (TM), and standardized motor quotients: gross (GMQ), fine (FMQ), total motor (TMQ). RESULTS Naled, methamidophos, trichlorfon, chlorpyrifos, and phorate were detected in ≥10% of samples. Prenatal naled and chlorpyrifos were associated with decreased 9-month motor function. Scores were 0.55, 0.85, and 0.90 points lower per 1ng/mL increase in log-naled, for V-M (p=0.04), FM (p=0.04), and FMQ (p=0.08), respectively. For chlorpyrifos, scores were 0.50, 1.98, 0.80, 1.91, 3.49, 2.71, 6.29, 2.56, 2.04, and 2.59 points lower for exposed versus unexposed infants, for reflexes (p=0.04), locomotion (p=0.02), grasping (p=0.05), V-M (p<0.001), GM (p=0.007), FM (p=0.002), TM (p<0.001), GMQ (p=0.01), FMQ (p=0.07), and TMQ (p=0.008), respectively. Girls appeared to be more sensitive to the negative effects of OPs on 9-month motor function than boys. CONCLUSIONS We found deficits in 9-month motor function in infants with prenatal exposure to naled and chlorpyrifos. Naled is being aerially sprayed to combat mosquitoes carrying Zika virus, yet this is the first non-occupational human study of its health effects. Delays in early-motor skill acquisition may be detrimental for downstream development and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica K Silver
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Binquan Zhu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Minjian Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yankai Xia
- Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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18
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Silva JG, Boareto AC, Schreiber AK, Redivo DDB, Gambeta E, Vergara F, Morais H, Zanoveli JM, Dalsenter PR. Chlorpyrifos induces anxiety-like behavior in offspring rats exposed during pregnancy. Neurosci Lett 2017; 641:94-100. [PMID: 28130185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos is a pesticide, member of the organophosphate class, widely used in several countries to manage insect pests on many agricultural crops. Currently, chlorpyrifos health risks are being reevaluated due to possible adverse effects, especially on the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible action of this pesticide on the behaviors related to anxiety and depression of offspring rats exposed during pregnancy. Wistar rats were treated orally with chlorpyrifos (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10mg/kg/day) on gestational days 14-20. Male offspring behavior was evaluated on post-natal days 21 and 70 by the elevated plus-maze test, open field test and forced swimming test. The results demonstrated that exposure to 0.1, 1 or 10mg/kg/day of chlorpyrifos could induce anxiogenic-like, but not depressive-like behavior at post-natal day 21, without causing fetal toxicity. This effect was reversed on post-natal day 70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas G Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 81280-340, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 81540-990 Brazil.
| | - Ana C Boareto
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 81540-990 Brazil
| | - Anne K Schreiber
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 81540-990 Brazil
| | - Daiany D B Redivo
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 81540-990 Brazil
| | - Eder Gambeta
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 81540-990 Brazil
| | - Fernanda Vergara
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 81540-990 Brazil
| | - Helen Morais
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 81540-990 Brazil
| | - Janaína M Zanoveli
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 81540-990 Brazil
| | - Paulo R Dalsenter
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 81540-990 Brazil
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19
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Pamies D, Barreras P, Block K, Makri G, Kumar A, Wiersma D, Smirnova L, Zang C, Bressler J, Christian KM, Harris G, Ming GL, Berlinicke CJ, Kyro K, Song H, Pardo CA, Hartung T, Hogberg HT. A human brain microphysiological system derived from induced pluripotent stem cells to study neurological diseases and toxicity. ALTEX-ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 2016; 34:362-376. [PMID: 27883356 PMCID: PMC6047513 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1609122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human in vitro models of brain neurophysiology are needed to investigate molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with neurological disorders and neurotoxicity. We have developed a reproducible iPSC-derived human 3D brain microphysiological system (BMPS), comprised of differentiated mature neurons and glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) that reproduce neuronal-glial interactions and connectivity. BMPS mature over eight weeks and show the critical elements of neuronal function: synaptogenesis and neuron-to-neuron (e.g., spontaneous electric field potentials) and neuronal-glial interactions (e.g., myelination), which mimic the microenvironment of the central nervous system, rarely seen in vitro before. The BMPS shows 40% overall myelination after 8 weeks of differentiation. Myelin was observed by immunohistochemistry and confirmed by confocal microscopy 3D reconstruction and electron microscopy. These findings are of particular relevance since myelin is crucial for proper neuronal function and development. The ability to assess oligodendroglial function and mechanisms associated with myelination in this BMPS model provide an excellent tool for future studies of neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases. The BMPS provides a suitable and reliable model to investigate neuron-neuroglia function as well as pathogenic mechanisms in neurotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pamies
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Paula Barreras
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.,Division of Neuroimmunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Katharina Block
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Georgia Makri
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.,Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Anupama Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.,Division of Neuroimmunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Daphne Wiersma
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Lenna Smirnova
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ce Zang
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.,Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Joseph Bressler
- Hugo Moser Institute at the Kennedy Krieger, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Kimberly M Christian
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.,Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Georgina Harris
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.,Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.,The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Kelly Kyro
- US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.,Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.,The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Carlos A Pardo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.,Division of Neuroimmunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.,University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Helena T Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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20
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Dubińska-Magiera M, Daczewska M, Lewicka A, Migocka-Patrzałek M, Niedbalska-Tarnowska J, Jagla K. Zebrafish: A Model for the Study of Toxicants Affecting Muscle Development and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1941. [PMID: 27869769 PMCID: PMC5133936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid progress in medicine, agriculture, and allied sciences has enabled the development of a large amount of potentially useful bioactive compounds, such as drugs and pesticides. However, there is another side of this phenomenon, which includes side effects and environmental pollution. To avoid or minimize the uncontrollable consequences of using the newly developed compounds, researchers seek a quick and effective means of their evaluation. In achieving this goal, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has proven to be a highly useful tool, mostly because of its fast growth and development, as well as the ability to absorb the molecules diluted in water through its skin and gills. In this review, we focus on the reports concerning the application of zebrafish as a model for assessing the impact of toxicants on skeletal muscles, which share many structural and functional similarities among vertebrates, including zebrafish and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Dubińska-Magiera
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 21 Sienkiewicza Street, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Daczewska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 21 Sienkiewicza Street, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Lewicka
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 21 Sienkiewicza Street, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Migocka-Patrzałek
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 21 Sienkiewicza Street, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Niedbalska-Tarnowska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 21 Sienkiewicza Street, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Jagla
- GReD-Genetics, Reproduction and Development Laboratory, INSERM U1103, CNRS UMR6293, University of Clermont-Auvergne, 28 Place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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21
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Slotkin TA, Skavicus S, Card J, Levin ED, Seidler FJ. Diverse neurotoxicants target the differentiation of embryonic neural stem cells into neuronal and glial phenotypes. Toxicology 2016; 372:42-51. [PMID: 27816694 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The large number of compounds that needs to be tested for developmental neurotoxicity drives the need to establish in vitro models to evaluate specific neurotoxic endpoints. We used neural stem cells derived from rat neuroepithelium on embryonic day 14 to evaluate the impact of diverse toxicants on their ability to differentiate into glia and neurons: a glucocorticoid (dexamethasone), organophosphate insecticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, parathion), insecticides targeting the GABAA receptor (dieldrin, fipronil), heavy metals (Ni2+, Ag+), nicotine and tobacco smoke extract. We found three broad groupings of effects. One diverse set of compounds, dexamethasone, the organophosphate pesticides, Ni2+ and nicotine, suppressed expression of the glial phenotype while having little or no effect on the neuronal phenotype. The second pattern was restricted to the pesticides acting on GABAA receptors. These compounds promoted the glial phenotype and suppressed the neuronal phenotype. Notably, the actions of compounds eliciting either of these differentiation patterns were clearly unrelated to deficits in cell numbers: dexamethasone, dieldrin and fipronil all reduced cell numbers, whereas organophosphates and Ni2+ had no effect. The third pattern, shared by Ag+ and tobacco smoke extract, clearly delineated cytotoxicity, characterized by major cell loss with suppression of differentiation into both glial and neuronal phenotypes; but here again, there was some selectivity in that glia were suppressed more than neurons. Our results, from this survey with diverse compounds, point to convergence of neurotoxicant effects on a specific "decision node" that controls the emergence of neurons and glia from neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Samantha Skavicus
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jennifer Card
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Frederic J Seidler
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Sturza J, Silver MK, Xu L, Li M, Mai X, Xia Y, Shao J, Lozoff B, Meeker J. Prenatal exposure to multiple pesticides is associated with auditory brainstem response at 9months in a cohort study of Chinese infants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:478-485. [PMID: 27166702 PMCID: PMC4902769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticides are associated with poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes, but little is known about the effects on sensory functioning. METHODS Auditory brainstem response (ABR) and pesticide data were available for 27 healthy, full-term 9-month-old infants participating in a larger study of early iron deficiency and neurodevelopment. Cord blood was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for levels of 20 common pesticides. The ABR forward-masking condition consisted of a click stimulus (masker) delivered via ear canal transducers followed by an identical stimulus delayed by 8, 16, or 64 milliseconds (ms). ABR peak latencies were evaluated as a function of masker-stimulus time interval. Shorter wave latencies reflect faster neural conduction, more mature auditory pathways, and greater degree of myelination. Linear regression models were used to evaluate associations between total number of pesticides detected and ABR outcomes. We considered an additive or synergistic effect of poor iron status by stratifying our analysis by newborn ferritin (based on median split). RESULTS Infants in the sample were highly exposed to pesticides; a mean of 4.1 pesticides were detected (range 0-9). ABR Wave V latency and central conduction time (CCT) were associated with the number of pesticides detected in cord blood for the 64ms and non-masker conditions. A similar pattern seen for CCT from the 8ms and 16ms conditions, although statistical significance was not reached. Increased pesticide exposure was associated with longer latency. The relation between number of pesticides detected in cord blood and CCT depended on the infant's cord blood ferritin level. Specifically, the relation was present in the lower cord blood ferritin group but not the higher cord blood ferritin group. CONCLUSIONS ABR processing was slower in infants with greater prenatal pesticide exposure, indicating impaired neuromaturation. Infants with lower cord blood ferritin appeared to be more sensitive to the effects of prenatal pesticide exposure on ABR latency delay, suggesting an additive or multiplicative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sturza
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Monica K Silver
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Mingyan Li
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Mai
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China.
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - John Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Silver MK, Shao J, Chen M, Xia Y, Lozoff B, Meeker JD. Distribution and Predictors of Pesticides in the Umbilical Cord Blood of Chinese Newborns. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 13:E94. [PMID: 26729147 PMCID: PMC4730485 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rates of pesticide use in Chinese agriculture are five times greater than the global average, leading to high exposure via the diet. Many are neurotoxic, making prenatal pesticide exposure a concern. Previous studies of prenatal exposure in China focused almost entirely on organochlorines. Here the study goals were to characterize the exposure of Chinese newborns to all classes of pesticides and identify predictors of those exposures. Eighty-four pesticides and 12 metabolites were measured in the umbilical cord plasma of 336 infants. Composite variables were created for totals detected overall and by class. Individual pesticides were analyzed as dichotomous or continuous, based on detection rates. Relationships between demographic characteristics and pesticides were evaluated using generalized linear regression. Seventy-five pesticides were detected. The mean number of detects per sample was 15.3. Increased pesticide detects were found in the cord blood of infants born in the summer (β = 2.2, p = 0.01), particularly in July (β = 4.0, p = 0.03). Similar trends were observed for individual insecticide classes. Thus, a summer birth was the strongest predictor of pesticide evidence in cord blood. Associations were more striking for overall pesticide exposure than for individual pesticides, highlighting the importance of considering exposure to mixtures of pesticides, rather than individual agents or classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica K Silver
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Minjian Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Yankai Xia
- Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, MI 41809, USA.
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, MI 48109, USA.
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Pesticides exposure as etiological factors of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases—A mechanistic approach. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:85-103. [PMID: 24503016 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Lee JE, Lim MS, Park JH, Park CH, Koh HC. Nuclear NF-κB contributes to chlorpyrifos-induced apoptosis through p53 signaling in human neural precursor cells. Neurotoxicology 2014; 42:58-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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26
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Sunkaria A, Sharma DR, Wani WY, Gill KD. 4-Hydroxy TEMPO attenuates dichlorvos induced microglial activation and apoptosis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:115-27. [PMID: 24369695 DOI: 10.1021/cn400206w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells have been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies from our lab have shown that dichlorvos (an organophosphate) could induce Parkinson's like features in rats. Recently, we have shown that dichlorvos can induce microglial activation, and if not checked in time could ultimately induce neuronal apoptosis. However, this activation does not always pose a threat to the neurons. Activated microglia also secrete various neuronal growth factors, suggesting that they have beneficial roles in CNS repair. Therefore, it is essential to control their detrimental functions selectively. Here, we tried to find out how microglial cells behave when exposed to dichlorvos in either the presence or absence of potent nitric oxide scavenger and superoxide dismutase mimetic, 4-hydroxy TEMPO (4-HT). Wistar rat pups (1 day) were used to isolate and culture primary microglial cells. We found 4-HT pretreatment successfully attenuated the dichlorvos mediated microglial activation. Moreover, 4-HT pretreatment decreased the up-regulated levels of p53 and its downstream effector, p21. The expression of various cell cycle regulators such as Chk2, CDC25a, and cyclin A remained close to their basal levels when 4-HT pretreatment was given. DNA fragmentation analysis showed significant reduction in the DNA damage of 4-HT pretreated microglia as compared to dichlorvos treated cells. In addition to this, we found 4-HT pretreatment prevented the microglial cells from undergoing apoptotic cell death even after 48 h of dichlorvos exposure. Taken together, our results showed 4-HT pretreatment could successfully ameliorate the dichlorvos induced microglial cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Sunkaria
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Deep Raj Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Willayat Yousuf Wani
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Kiran Dip Gill
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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27
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Fortenberry GZ, Meeker JD, Sánchez BN, Barr DB, Panuwet P, Bellinger D, Schnaas L, Solano-González M, Ettinger AS, Hernandez-Avila M, Hu H, Tellez-Rojo MM. Urinary 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY) in pregnant women from Mexico City: distribution, temporal variability, and relationship with child attention and hyperactivity. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 217:405-12. [PMID: 24001412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed and studied cognitive and behavioral disorder in school-age children. The etiology of ADHD and ADHD-related behavior is unclear, but genetic and environmental factors, such as pesticides, have been hypothesized. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between in utero exposure to chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and/or 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY) and ADHD in school-age Mexican children using TCPY as a biomarker of exposure. The temporal reliability of repeated maternal urinary TCPY concentrations across trimesters was also explored (N=21). To explore associations with ADHD-related outcomes in children, third trimester urinary TCPY concentrations in were measured in 187 mother-child pairs from a prospective birth cohort. Child neurodevelopment in children 6-11 years of age was assessed using Conners' Parental Rating Scales-Revised (CRS-R), Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CPT), and Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 (BASC-2). Multivariable linear regression models were used to test relationships for all children combined and also stratified by sex. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) calculations were based on a random effects model. The ICC was 0.41 for uncorrected TCPY, and ranged from 0.29 to 0.32 for specific gravity-corrected TCPY. We did not observe any statistically significant associations between tertiles of maternal TCPY concentrations and ADHD-related outcomes in children. However, compared to the lowest tertile we found suggestive evidence for increased ADHD index in the highest TCPY tertile in boys (β=5.55 points; 95% CI (-0.19, 11.3); p=0.06) and increased attention problems for the middle tertile in girls (β=5.81 points; 95% CI (-0.75, 12.4); p=0.08). Considering the continued widespread agricultural and possible residential use of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl in Mexico and the educational implications of cognitive and behavior deficits, these relationships deserve further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamola Z Fortenberry
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Brisa N Sánchez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Bellinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lourdes Schnaas
- Division of Research on Public Health, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maritsa Solano-González
- Center for Evaluation Research and Surveys, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Adrienne S Ettinger
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Howard Hu
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Martha Maria Tellez-Rojo
- Division of Statistics, Center for Surveys and Evaluation Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Wang L, Ohishi T, Akane H, Shiraki A, Itahashi M, Mitsumori K, Shibutani M. Reversible effect of developmental exposure to chlorpyrifos on late-stage neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus in mouse offspring. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 38:25-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Mullins RJ, Xu S, Pereira EFR, Mamczarz J, Albuquerque EX, Gullapalli RP. Delayed hippocampal effects from a single exposure of prepubertal guinea pigs to sub-lethal dose of chlorpyrifos: a magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study. Neurotoxicology 2013; 36:42-8. [PMID: 23411083 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to test the hypothesis that in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) can detect in adulthood the neurotoxic effects of a single exposure of prepubertal guinea pigs to the organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos. Twelve female guinea pigs were given either a single dose of chlorpyrifos (0.6×LD50 or 300mg/kg, sc) or peanut oil (vehicle; 0.5ml/kg, sc) at 35-40 days of age. One year after the exposure, the animals were tested in the Morris water maze. Three days after the end of the behavioral testing, the metabolic and structural integrity of the brain of the animals was examined by means of MRI/MRS. In the Morris water maze, the chlorpyrifos-exposed guinea pigs showed significant memory deficit. Although no significant anatomical differences were found between the chlorpyrifos-exposed guinea pigs and the control animals by in vivo MRI, the chlorpyrifos-exposed animals showed significant decreases in hippocampal myo-inositol concentration using MRS. The present results indicate that a single sub-lethal exposure of prepubertal guinea pigs to the organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos can lead to long-term memory deficits that are accompanied by significant reductions in the levels of hippocampal myo-inositol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J Mullins
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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30
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Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ. Developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphates targets cell cycle and apoptosis, revealed by transcriptional profiles in vivo and in vitro. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2011; 34:232-41. [PMID: 22222554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Developmental organophosphate exposure reduces the numbers of neural cells, contributing to neurobehavioral deficits. We administered chlorpyrifos or diazinon to newborn rats on postnatal days 1-4, in doses straddling the threshold for barely-detectable cholinesterase inhibition, and evaluated gene expression in the cell cycle and apoptosis pathways on postnatal day 5. Both organophosphates evoked transcriptional changes in 20-25% of the genes in each category; chlorpyrifos and diazinon targeted the same genes, with similar magnitudes of change, as evidenced by high concordance. Furthermore, the same effects were obtained with doses above or below the threshold for cholinesterase inhibition, indicating a mechanism unrelated to anticholinesterase actions. We then evaluated the effects of chlorpyrifos in undifferentiated and differentiating PC12 cells and found even greater targeting of cell cycle and apoptosis genes, affecting up to 40% of all genes in the pathways. Notably, the genes affected in undifferentiated cells were not concordant with those in differentiating cells, pointing to dissimilar outcomes dependent on developmental stage. The in vitro model successfully identified 60-70% of the genes affected by chlorpyrifos in vivo, indicating that the effects are exerted directly on developing neural cells. Our results show that organophosphates target the genes regulating the cell cycle and apoptosis in the developing brain and in neuronotypic cells in culture, with the pattern of vulnerability dependent on the specific stage of development. Equally important, these effects do not reflect actions on cholinesterase and operate at exposures below the threshold for any detectable inhibition of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Chlorpyrifos Induced Region Specific Vulnerability in Rat CNS and Modulation by Age and Cold Stress: An Interactive Study. Neurochem Res 2010; 36:241-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Yao D, Ru S, Katow H. The neurotoxic effects of monocrotophos on the formation of the serotonergic nervous system and swimming activity in the larvae of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 30:181-187. [PMID: 21787650 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The neurotoxicity of monocrotophos (MCP) in the development of the serotonergic nervous system and swimming activity of larvae of the sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, was examined. Lethal dose 50% of MCP was 43μg/ml. Overall morphology was not affected in larvae that received up to 30μg/ml of MCP soon after fertilization until the 53h post-fertilization pluteus stage. However, while 70±0.6% of larvae in 5μg/ml MCP swam actively, the proportion decreased to 30±1.7% in 30μg/ml MCP. Accordingly, immunoblotting indicated that MCP decreased the relative intensity of immunoreaction of serotonin receptor protein. Whole-mount immunohistochemistry indicated that MCP inhibited serotonergic axon growth, reduced the number of serotonergic cells at the apical ganglion, and perturbed formation of the serotonin receptor cell network. The present study demonstrated that sea urchin larva is a useful model for evaluating the working mechanism of environmental toxicants in neurogenesis and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yao
- Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Research Center for Marine Biology, Tohoku University, Asamushi, Aomori, Aomori 039-3501, Japan
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Kozawa K, Aoyama Y, Mashimo S, Kimura H. Toxicity and actual regulation of organophosphate pesticides. TOXIN REV 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/15569540903297808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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34
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Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ. Oxidative and excitatory mechanisms of developmental neurotoxicity: transcriptional profiles for chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dieldrin, and divalent nickel in PC12 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:587-596. [PMID: 19440498 PMCID: PMC2679603 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0800251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and excitotoxicity underlie the developmental neurotoxicity of numerous chemicals. OBJECTIVES We compared the effects of organophosphates (chlorpyrifos and diazinon), an organo-chlorine (dieldrin), and a metal [divalent nickel (Ni2+)] to determine how these mechanisms contribute to similar or dissimilar neurotoxic outcomes. METHODS We used PC12 cells as a model of developing neurons and evaluated transcriptional profiles for genes for oxidative stress responses and glutamate receptors. RESULTS Chlorpyrifos had a greater effect on oxidative-stress-related genes in differentiating cells compared with the undifferentiated state. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon showed significant concordance in their effects on glutathione-related genes, but they were negatively correlated for effects on catalase and superoxide dismutase isoforms and had no concordance for effects on ionotropic glutamate receptors. Surprisingly, the correlations were stronger between diazinon and dieldrin than between the two organophosphates. The effects of Ni2+ were the least similar for genes related to oxidative stress but had significant concordance with dieldrin for effects on glutamate receptors. CONCLUSIONS Our results point to underlying mechanisms by which different organophosphates produce disparate neurotoxic outcomes despite their shared property as cholinesterase inhibitors. Further, apparently unrelated neurotoxicants may produce similar outcomes because of convergence on oxidative stress and excitotoxicity. The combined use of cell cultures and microarrays points to specific end points that can distinguish similarities and disparities in the effects of diverse developmental neurotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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35
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Buznikov GA, Nikitina LA, Rakić LM, Milosević I, Bezuglov VV, Lauder JM, Slotkin TA. The sea urchin embryo, an invertebrate model for mammalian developmental neurotoxicity, reveals multiple neurotransmitter mechanisms for effects of chlorpyrifos: therapeutic interventions and a comparison with the monoamine depleter, reserpine. Brain Res Bull 2007; 74:221-31. [PMID: 17720543 PMCID: PMC2042487 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lower organisms show promise for the screening of neurotoxicants that might target mammalian brain development. Sea urchins use neurotransmitters as embryonic growth regulatory signals, so that adverse effects on neural substrates for mammalian brain development can be studied in this simple organism. We compared the effects of the organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos in sea urchin embryos with those of the monoamine depleter, reserpine, so as to investigate multiple neurotransmitter mechanisms involved in developmental toxicity and to evaluate different therapeutic interventions corresponding to each neurotransmitter system. Whereas reserpine interfered with all stages of embryonic development, the effects of chlorpyrifos did not emerge until the mid-blastula stage. After that point, the effects of the two agents were similar. Treatment with membrane permeable analogs of the monoamine neurotransmitters, serotonin and dopamine, prevented the adverse effects of either chlorpyrifos or reserpine, despite the fact that chlorpyrifos works simultaneously through actions on acetylcholine, monoamines and other neurotransmitter pathways. This suggests that different neurotransmitters, converging on the same downstream signaling events, could work together or in parallel to offset the developmental disruption caused by exposure to disparate agents. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating membrane permeable analogs of acetylcholine and cannabinoids, both of which proved effective against chlorpyrifos- or reserpine-induced teratogenesis. Invertebrate test systems can provide both a screening procedure for mammalian neuroteratogenesis and may uncover novel mechanisms underlying developmental vulnerability as well as possible therapeutic approaches to prevent teratogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady A Buznikov
- N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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36
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Ncibi S, Ben Othman M, Akacha A, Krifi MN, Zourgui L. Opuntia ficus indica extract protects against chlorpyrifos-induced damage on mice liver. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 46:797-802. [PMID: 17980473 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This original study investigates the role of Opuntia ficus indica (cactus) cladodes extract against liver damage induced in male SWISS mice by an organophosphorous insecticide, the chlorpyrifos (CPF). Liver damage was evaluated by the measure of its weight and the quantification of some biochemical parameters, such as alanine amino transferase (ALAT), aspartate amino transferase (ASAT), phosphatase alkaline (PAL), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cholesterol and albumin in serum by spectrophotometric techniques. The experimental approach lasted 48 h and consisted of 6 treatments of six mice each one; (1) control, (2) 10 mg/kg (b.w) CPF, (3) 10mg/kg (b.w) CPF with 100 mg/kg (b.w) cactus, (4) 150 mg/kg (b.w)CPF, (5) 150 mg/kg (b.w) CPF with 1.5 g/kg cactus, (6) 1.5 g/kg cactus. Both chlorpyrifos and cactus were administrated orally via gavages. Our results showed that CPF affects significantly all parameters studied. However, when this pesticide was administrated associated to cactus, we noticed a recovery of all their levels. In the other hand, cactus alone did not affect the studied parameters. These results allow us to conclude firstly that CPF is hepatotoxic and secondly that Opuntia ficus indica stem extract protects the liver and decreases the toxicity induced by this organophosphorous pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saida Ncibi
- Unité de recherche de biochimie macromoléculaire et génétique, Faculté des sciences de Gafsa, cité Zarroug 2112 Gafsa, Tunisie.
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Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ. Comparative developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphates in vivo: transcriptional responses of pathways for brain cell development, cell signaling, cytotoxicity and neurotransmitter systems. Brain Res Bull 2007; 72:232-74. [PMID: 17452286 PMCID: PMC1945108 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates affect mammalian brain development through a variety of mechanisms beyond their shared property of cholinesterase inhibition. We used microarrays to characterize similarities and differences in transcriptional responses to chlorpyrifos and diazinon, assessing defined gene groupings for the pathways known to be associated with the mechanisms and/or outcomes of chlorpyrifos-induced developmental neurotoxicity. We exposed neonatal rats to daily doses of chlorpyrifos (1mg/kg) or diazinon (1 or 2mg/kg) on postnatal days 1-4 and evaluated gene expression profiles in brainstem and forebrain on day 5; these doses produce little or no cholinesterase inhibition. We evaluated pathways for general neural cell development, cell signaling, cytotoxicity and neurotransmitter systems, and identified significant differences for >60% of 252 genes. Chlorpyrifos elicited major transcriptional changes in genes involved in neural cell growth, development of glia and myelin, transcriptional factors involved in neural cell differentiation, cAMP-related cell signaling, apoptosis, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and development of neurotransmitter synthesis, storage and receptors for acetylcholine, serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine. Diazinon had similar effects on many of the same processes but also showed major differences from chlorpyrifos. Our results buttress the idea that different organophosphates target multiple pathways involved in neural cell development but also that they deviate in key aspects that may contribute to disparate neurodevelopmental outcomes. Equally important, these pathways are compromised at exposures that are unrelated to biologically significant cholinesterase inhibition and its associated signs of systemic toxicity. The approach used here demonstrates how planned comparisons with microarrays can be used to screen for developmental neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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38
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Furlong CE, Holland N, Richter RJ, Bradman A, Ho A, Eskenazi B. PON1 status of farmworker mothers and children as a predictor of organophosphate sensitivity. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2006; 16:183-90. [PMID: 16495777 DOI: 10.1097/01.fpc.0000189796.21770.d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to determine PON1 status as a predictor for organophosphorus insecticide sensitivity in a cohort of Latina mothers and newborns from the Salinas Valley, California, an area with high levels of organophosphorus insecticide use. PON1 status was established for 130 pregnant Latina women and their newborns using a high-throughput two substrate activity/analysis method which plots rates of diazoxon (DZO) hydrolysis against rates of paraoxon (PO) hydrolysis. Arylesterase activity (AREase) was determined using phenylacetate as a substrate, allowing comparison of PON1 levels across PON1192 genotypes in mothers and children. Phenylacetate hydrolysis is not affected by the Q192R polymorphism. Among newborns, levels of PON1 (AREase) varied by 26-fold (4.3-110.7 U/ml) and among mothers by 14-fold (19.8-281.4 U/ml). On average, children's PON1 levels were four-fold lower than the mothers' PON1 levels (P<0.001). Average PON1 levels in newborns were comparable with reported hPON1 levels in transgenic mice expressing human PON1Q192 or PON1R192, allowing for prediction of relative sensitivity to chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) and DZO. The predicted range of variability in sensitivity of mothers and children in the same Latino cohort was 65-fold for DZO and 131 to 164-fold for CPO. Overall, these findings indicate that many of the newborns and some of the mothers in this cohort would be more susceptible to the adverse effects of specific organophosphorus pesticide exposure due to their PON1 status. Of particular concern are exposures of pregnant mothers and newborns with low PON1 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement E Furlong
- Department of Genome Sciences, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7720, USA.
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Venerosi A, Calamandrei G, Ricceri L. A social recognition test for female mice reveals behavioral effects of developmental chlorpyrifos exposure. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2006; 28:466-71. [PMID: 16814983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CD-1 mice were exposed to the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) both prenatally (gestational days 15-18; doses 0, 3 or 6 mg/kg) and postnatally (postnatal days 11-14, doses 0, 1 or 3 mg/kg). When four-month-olds, females underwent a social recognition test in which ultrasound vocalizations (USVs) and social investigation behavior emitted by a resident female in the presence of a female partner were measured during two subsequent 3 min sessions (interval between the two sessions 45 min). Throughout the social recognition test a marked increase in USVs was found in females prenatally treated with the highest CPF dose; USV increase was also paralleled by a selective increase in frequency and not in duration of social investigation. These results confirm that developmental exposure to CPF induces long-lasting alterations in the social behavior repertoire of the mouse, thus extending our previous observations on the effects of postnatal CPF on male agonistic behavior to the female sex. They also suggest that social recognition can be easily and rapidly assessed in the female mouse making it possible to evaluate, primarily by means of USV emission, even subtle alteration of social behavioral patterns dissociated from cognitive components of individual recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldina Venerosi
- Section of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299 I-00161 Rome, Italy
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40
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Costa LG. Current issues in organophosphate toxicology. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 366:1-13. [PMID: 16337171 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are one of the main classes of insecticides, in use since the mid 1940s. OPs can exert significant adverse effects in non-target species including humans. Because of the phosphorylation of acetylcholinesterase, they exert primarily a cholinergic toxicity, however, some can also cause a delayed polyneuropathy. Currently debated and investigated issues in the toxicology of OPs are presented in this review. These include: 1) possible long-term effects of chronic low-level exposures; 2) genetic susceptibility to OP toxicity; 3) developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity; 4) common mechanism of action; 5) mechanisms of delayed neurotoxicity; and 6) possible additional OP targets. Continuing and recent debates, and molecular advances in these areas, and their contributions to our understanding of the toxicology of OPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100 Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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Watson RE, Desesso JM, Hurtt ME, Cappon GD. Postnatal growth and morphological development of the brain: a species comparison. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 77:471-84. [PMID: 17066419 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this report is to summarize the available literature regarding the postnatal growth and morphological development of the brain and compare the timelines for these events between humans and experimental species. While not the primary focus of this report, in acknowledgement of the evident role of maturation of neurotransmitter systems in development, a brief description of the comparative development of the NMDA receptor is included. To illustrate the challenges faced in estimating developmental toxicity potential in humans, the importance of postnatal experience in CNS development is also briefly reviewed. This review is part of the initial phase of a project undertaken by the Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Technical Committee of the ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) to bring together information on a selected number of organ systems and compare their postnatal development across several species (Hurtt and Sandler: Birth Defects Res Part B 68:307-308, 2003).
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