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Phelps DW, Connors AM, Ferrero G, DeWitt JC, Yoder JA. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances alter innate immune function: evidence and data gaps. J Immunotoxicol 2024; 21:2343362. [PMID: 38712868 PMCID: PMC11249028 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2024.2343362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a large class of compounds used in a variety of processes and consumer products. Their unique chemical properties make them ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants while also making them economically viable and socially convenient. To date, several reviews have been published to synthesize information regarding the immunotoxic effects of PFASs on the adaptive immune system. However, these reviews often do not include data on the impact of these compounds on innate immunity. Here, current literature is reviewed to identify and incorporate data regarding the effects of PFASs on innate immunity in humans, experimental models, and wildlife. Known mechanisms by which PFASs modulate innate immune function are also reviewed, including disruption of cell signaling, metabolism, and tissue-level effects. For PFASs where innate immune data are available, results are equivocal, raising additional questions about common mechanisms or pathways of toxicity, but highlighting that the innate immune system within several species can be perturbed by exposure to PFASs. Recommendations are provided for future research to inform hazard identification, risk assessment, and risk management practices for PFASs to protect the immune systems of exposed organisms as well as environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drake W. Phelps
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Center for Environmental and Health Effects of PFAS, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Ashley M. Connors
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Center for Environmental and Health Effects of PFAS, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Genetics and Genomics Academy, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Giuliano Ferrero
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Center for Environmental and Health Effects of PFAS, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Jamie C. DeWitt
- Center for Environmental and Health Effects of PFAS, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Jeffrey A. Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Center for Environmental and Health Effects of PFAS, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Genetics and Genomics Academy, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Narizzano AM, Lent EM, East AG, Bohannon ME, Quinn MJ. Threshold for increased liver weight is protective of other effects in Peromyscus exposed to PFNA. Toxicol Sci 2024; 201:38-47. [PMID: 38876971 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) is a commercially relevant, long-chain (8 fully fluorinated carbon) perfluorinated carboxylic acid. PFNA has limited terrestrial ecotoxicity data and is detected in humans, animals, and the environment. This study is the fourth in a series with the objective of investigating the toxicity of a suite of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) detected on military installations in a mammal indigenous to North America. Peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mice, ∼25/sex/dose) were exposed via oral gavage to either 0, 0.03, 0.14, 1, or 3 mg PFNA/kg-d for 112 consecutive days (4 wk premating exposure followed by an additional 12 wk of exposure after onset of mating). Parental generation animals were assessed for potential reproductive and developmental effects, organ weight changes, thyroid modulation, and immunotoxicity. Pup weight and survival were assessed at postnatal days 0, 1, 4, 7, and 10. Change in liver weight was determined to yield the most sensitive dose response according to benchmark dose analysis, and serves as the most protective point of departure (BMDL = 0.37 mg/kg-d PFNA). Other effects of PFNA exposure included reduced formation of plaque-forming cells, which are indicative of functional immune deficits (BMDL = 2.31 mg/kg-d); decreased serum thyroxine (BMDL = 0.93 mg/kg-d) without changes in some other hormones; and increased stillbirths (BMDL = 0.61 mg/kg-d PFNA). Pup weight and survival were not affected by PFNA exposure. Combined with data from previous studies, data from Peromyscus provide a One Health perspective on health effects of PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Narizzano
- Toxicology Directorate, Defense Centers for Public Health-Aberdeen, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, United States
| | - Emily May Lent
- Toxicology Directorate, Defense Centers for Public Health-Aberdeen, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, United States
| | - Andrew G East
- Toxicology Directorate, Defense Centers for Public Health-Aberdeen, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, United States
| | - Meredith E Bohannon
- Toxicology Directorate, Defense Centers for Public Health-Aberdeen, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, United States
| | - Michael J Quinn
- Toxicology Directorate, Defense Centers for Public Health-Aberdeen, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, United States
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Ma X, Fisher JA, VoPham T, Vasiliou V, Jones RR. Associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, liver function, and daily alcohol consumption in a sample of U.S. adults. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116651. [PMID: 37451576 PMCID: PMC10948014 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in the environment and in the serum of the U.S. POPULATION We sought to evaluate the association of PFAS independently and jointly with alcohol intake on liver function biomarkers in a sample of the U.S. general population. METHODS Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003-2016; N = 11,794), we examined the five most historically prevalent PFAS with >75% detection rates. We estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between PFAS (quartiles and log-transformed continuous, ng/mL) and high levels (>95th percentile) of liver injury biomarkers using logistic regression models adjusted for key confounders. We evaluated interactions between PFAS and alcohol consumption and sex via stratified analyses and conducted sub-analyses adjusting for daily alcohol intake among those with available drinking history (N = 10,316). RESULT Serum perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was positively associated with high levels of alanine transferase (ALT) without monotonic trend (ORQ4vsQ1 = 1.45, CI: 0.99-2.12; p-trend = 0.18), and with increased aspartate transaminase when modeled continuously (OR = 1.15, CI: 1.02-1.30; p-trend = 0.03). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were both inversely associated with alkaline phosphatase while a trend was evident only for PFHxS (p = 0.02). A non-monotonic inverse association was observed with PFOA (p-trend = 0.10). The highest quartile of PFOS was associated with high total bilirubin (TB; ORQ4vsQ1 = 1.57, CI: 1.01-2.43, p-trend = 0.02). No significant associations were found between any PFAS and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. We found no associations for perfluorodecanoic acid and perfluorononanoic acid. We observed some suggestive interactions with alcohol intake, particularly among heavy drinkers. CONCLUSION Consistent with other studies, serum levels of PFOA, PFHxS and PFNA were positively associated with high levels of ALT, and we also observed weak positive associations between some PFAS and TB. Associations observed among heavy drinkers warrant additional evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqi Ma
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Jared A Fisher
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Trang VoPham
- Epidemiology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rena R Jones
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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Zhang L, Louie A, Rigutto G, Guo H, Zhao Y, Ahn S, Dahlberg S, Sholinbeck M, Smith MT. A systematic evidence map of chronic inflammation and immunosuppression related to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115188. [PMID: 36592815 PMCID: PMC10044447 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to induce chronic inflammation and immunosuppression are two key characteristics of carcinogens and important forms of immunotoxicity. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) evaluated the immunotoxicity of two per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) and PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate), in 2016. However, the potential pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of other PFASs remain largely uncharacterized. METHODS We developed an expanded set of search terms pertaining to the chronic inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of PFASs based on those of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and NTP. To confirm searching effectiveness and scope, we compared our search term results with those of IARC and NTP for both PFASs and two other known carcinogens, chromium (VI) and benzene. Systematic evidence maps (SEMs) were also produced using Tableau to visualize the distribution of study numbers and types reporting immunotoxic effects and specific biomarkers elicited by PFAS exposures. RESULTS In total, 1155 PFAS studies were retrieved, of which 321 qualified for inclusion in our dataset. Using our search terms, we identified a greater number of relevant studies than those obtained using IARC and NTP's search terms. From the SEM findings, increased cytokine production strengthened an association between PFAS exposure and chronic inflammation, and decreased B-cell activation and altered levels of T-cell subtypes and immunoglobulins confirmed PFAS-induced immunosuppression. CONCLUSION Our SEM findings confirm that several PFASs commonly found in both in the environment, including those that are lesser-known, may induce immunosuppression and chronic inflammation, two key characteristics of carcinogens. This approach, including development of search terms, study screening process, data coding, and evidence mapping visualizations, can be applied to other key characteristics of chemical carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Allen Louie
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gabrielle Rigutto
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Helen Guo
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yun Zhao
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stacy Ahn
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sarah Dahlberg
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Michael Sholinbeck
- Bioscience, Natural Resources & Public Health Library, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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mTOR inhibitor, gemcitabine and PD-L1 antibody blockade combination therapy suppresses pancreatic cancer progression via metabolic reprogramming and immune microenvironment remodeling in Trp53 flox/+LSL-Kras G12D/+Pdx-1-Cre murine models. Cancer Lett 2023; 554:216020. [PMID: 36442772 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.216020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resistance to immunotherapy and chemotherapy hinders the prognosis of pancreatic cancer(PC). We hypothesized that the combination of mTOR inhibitor sirolimus and gemcitabine would change the metabolic landscape of PC and enhance the anti-PD-L1 therapy. METHODS In KPC mice, the following regimens were administered and tumor growth inhibition rates(TGI%) were calculated: sirolimus(S), PD-L1 antibody(P), gemcitabine(G), sirolimus + PD-L1 antibody(SP), sirolimus + gemcitabine(SG), PD-L1 + gemcitabine(PG) and sirolimus + PD-L1 antibody + gemcitabine(SPG). The metabolic changes of tumors were identified by LC-MS and subpopulations of immune cells were measured by flow cytometry. Sirolimus treated macrophages were co-cultured with PC cells in vitro, and the metabolic changes of macrophages and tumor cells as well as tumor cells' viability were detected. RESULTS The monotherapy of S, P and G didn't inhibit tumor growth significantly. The combination of SP, PG and SG didn't improve the TGI% significantly compared with monotherapy. However, the TGI% of SPG combination was higher than other groups. The proportion of CD68+ macrophages increased in the peripheral blood and CD8+ T cells decreased in the tumor tissues after SPG treatment. LC-MS identified 42 differential metabolites caused by sirolimus in SPG group, among which 10 metabolites had potential effects on macrophages. Sirolimus treated M1 and M2 macrophages inhibited the proliferation of tumor cells and decreased tumor cells' glycolysis. The glycolysis of M2 macrophages was increased by sirolimus. CONCLUSIONS mTOR inhibitor can change the immune microenvironment of PC via metabolic reprogramming, thus promoting the efficacy of PD-L1 blockade when combined with gemcitabine.
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Perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers: from physics to physiology. Pflugers Arch 2020; 473:139-150. [PMID: 33141239 PMCID: PMC7607370 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Developing biocompatible, synthetic oxygen carriers is a consistently challenging task that researchers have been pursuing for decades. Perfluorocarbons (PFC) are fascinating compounds with a huge capacity to dissolve gases, where the respiratory gases are of special interest for current investigations. Although largely chemically and biologically inert, pure PFCs are not suitable for injection into the vascular system. Extensive research created stable PFC nano-emulsions that avoid (i) fast clearance from the blood and (ii) long organ retention time, which leads to undesired transient side effects. PFC-based oxygen carriers (PFOCs) show a variety of application fields, which are worthwhile to investigate. To understand the difficulties that challenge researchers in creating formulations for clinical applications, this review provides the physical background of PFCs’ properties and then illuminates the reasons for instabilities of PFC emulsions. By linking the unique properties of PFCs and PFOCs to physiology, it elaborates on the response, processing and dysregulation, which the body experiences through intravascular PFOCs. Thereby the reader will receive a scientific and easily comprehensible overview why PFOCs are precious tools for so many diverse application areas from cancer therapeutics to blood substitutes up to organ preservation and diving disease.
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Barregård L, Ceccatelli S, Cravedi J, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, Knutsen HK, Rose M, Roudot A, Van Loveren H, Vollmer G, Mackay K, Riolo F, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06223. [PMID: 32994824 PMCID: PMC7507523 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in food. Based on several similar effects in animals, toxicokinetics and observed concentrations in human blood, the CONTAM Panel decided to perform the assessment for the sum of four PFASs: PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS. These made up half of the lower bound (LB) exposure to those PFASs with available occurrence data, the remaining contribution being primarily from PFASs with short half-lives. Equal potencies were assumed for the four PFASs included in the assessment. The mean LB exposure in adolescents and adult age groups ranged from 3 to 22, the 95th percentile from 9 to 70 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week. Toddlers and 'other children' showed a twofold higher exposure. Upper bound exposure was 4- to 49-fold higher than LB levels, but the latter were considered more reliable. 'Fish meat', 'Fruit and fruit products' and 'Eggs and egg products' contributed most to the exposure. Based on available studies in animals and humans, effects on the immune system were considered the most critical for the risk assessment. From a human study, a lowest BMDL 10 of 17.5 ng/mL for the sum of the four PFASs in serum was identified for 1-year-old children. Using PBPK modelling, this serum level of 17.5 ng/mL in children was estimated to correspond to long-term maternal exposure of 0.63 ng/kg bw per day. Since accumulation over time is important, a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 4.4 ng/kg bw per week was established. This TWI also protects against other potential adverse effects observed in humans. Based on the estimated LB exposure, but also reported serum levels, the CONTAM Panel concluded that parts of the European population exceed this TWI, which is of concern.
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Yang K, Zhan L, Lu T, Zhou C, Chen X, Dong Y, Lv G, Chen S. Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides protected against ethanol-induced acute liver injury in vivo and in vitro via the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Cytokine 2020; 130:155058. [PMID: 32222695 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-induced liver injury is characterized by strong inflammation. Polysaccharides separated from herbs can prevent ethanol-induced liver injury. Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo leaves (D. officinale) are a new food resource that contains a certain amount of polysaccharide. However, the hepatoprotective effects and the potential mechanisms of D. officinale polysaccharide (DOP) remain unknown. Thus, this study aimed to assess the hepatoprotective effects and potential mechanism in vivo and in vitro of DOP. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish alcohol-induced liver injury models through the oral gavage of absolute alcohol (5 mL/kg) after the oral administration of DOP (400 and 100 mg/kg) for 30 days. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used for the histological assessments of hepatocyte degeneration, and the AST and ALT levels in the serum and liver tissue were measured. The inflammatory markers were evaluated using ELISA and immunohistochemistry. The potential mechanism of DOP in alcohol-induced liver cell (LO2) injury in vitro was further identified. Results showed that DOP clearly decreased the AST in the serum and hepatic tissue, obviously reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), and can successfully inhibit NF-κB phosphorylation in vivo. In vitro experiments indicated that DOP increased the LO2 cell viability; prevented LDH release prominently; reduced the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α; and reversed the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, caspase 1, NLRP3, p-NF-κB, and TLR4. Overall, DOP can alleviate ethanol-induced acute liver injury via the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Lianghui Zhan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Tingting Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yingjie Dong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Guiyuan Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, No. 548, Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Suhong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
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Dong H, Lu G, Yan Z, Liu J, Ji Y. Molecular and phenotypic responses of male crucian carp (Carassius auratus) exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:1395-1406. [PMID: 30759578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has long been produced and widely used due to its excellent water and oil repellent properties. However, this trend has facilitated to the ubiquitous existence of PFOA in environmental matrix, and the potential ecotoxicity on aquatic organisms has not been fully elucidated. To study the tissue-specific bioconcentration and the nervous system- and energy-related biochemical effects of PFOA, as well as the phenotypic alterations by this chemical, male crucian carp (Carassius auratus) were exposed to gradient concentrations of PFOA (nominal 0.2, 10, 500 and 25,000 μg/L) in a flow-through apparatus for 7 days. PFOA was enriched in tissues following an order of blood > kidney ≥ liver > gill > brain > muscle. The bioconcentration factors ranged from 0.1 to 60.4. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the fish brain was inhibited, while liver carboxylesterase was induced in most cases and attenuated with time. The acyl-CoA oxidase activity was dose-dependently elevated and accompanied by a decline of ATP contents. PFOA treatments also inhibited the activity of the electron transport system (ETS). At the transcriptional level, ETS component complexes II and IV were concordantly depressed, and ATP synthesis was also downregulated. The mRNA level of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α was increasingly upregulated, with related downstream genes upregulated in varying degrees. The phenotypes showed patterns of increased liver pathology and reduced swimming activity. In summary, PFOA leads to adverse effects in Carassius auratus related to multiple aspects, which may be associated with the nervous system, fundamental energy metabolism and other unpredictable factors. The results obtained in this study are expected to help clarify the PFOA toxic mechanisms on energy relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huike Dong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China.
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Yong Ji
- College of Water Conservancy and Ecological Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330099, China
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Zhang H, He J, Li N, Gao N, Du Q, Chen B, Chen F, Shan X, Ding Y, Zhu W, Wu Y, Tang J, Jia X. Lipid accumulation responses in the liver of Rana nigromaculata induced by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 167:29-35. [PMID: 30292973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a perfluorinated compound that is widely distributed, is persistent in the environment, and has a low-level chronic exposure effect on human health. The aim of this study was to investigate the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors γ (PPARγ) and the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) signaling pathways in regulating the lipid damage response to PFOA in the livers of amphibians. Male and female frogs (Rana nigromaculata) were exposed to 0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/L PFOA. After treatment, we evaluated the pathological changes in the liver by Oil Red O, staining and examined the total cholesterol (T-CHO) and triglyceride (TG) contents. The mRNA expression levels of PPARγ, Fatty acid synthase (FAS), Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), SREBP2 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The administration of PFOA caused marked lipid accumulation damage in the amphibian livers. The T-CHO contents were elevated significantly after PFOA treatment; these results show a dose-dependent manner in both sexes. The TG content showed a significant increase in male livers, while it was elevated significantly in female livers. The RT-PCR results showed that the mRNA expression levels of PPARγ, ACC, FAS, GPAT, SREBP2 and HMG-CoA were significantly dose-dependently increased in the PFOA-treated groups compared with those of the control group. Our results demonstrated that PFOA-induced lipid accumulation also affected the expression levels of genes FAS, ACC, GPAT and HMG-CoA in the PPARγ and SREBP2 signaling pathways in the liver. These finding will provide a scientific theoretical basis for the protection of Rana nigromaculata against PFOA effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjun Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China
| | - Jianbo He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China
| | - Nana Gao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China
| | - Qiongxia Du
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China
| | - Bin Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China
| | - Feifei Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China
| | - Xiaodong Shan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China
| | - Ying Ding
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China
| | - Weiqin Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China
| | - Yingzhu Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China
| | - Juan Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China
| | - Xiuying Jia
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310036, China.
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11
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Exploring sex differences in human health risk assessment for PFNA and PFDA using a PBPK model. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:311-330. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2365-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Tang J, Jia X, Gao N, Wu Y, Liu Z, Lu X, Du Q, He J, Li N, Chen B, Jiang J, Liu W, Ding Y, Zhu W, Zhang H. Role of the Nrf2-ARE pathway in perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)-induced hepatotoxicity in Rana nigromaculata. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:1035-1043. [PMID: 29459119 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is widely distributed in various environmental media and is toxic to organisms. This study demonstrated that PFOA induces hepatotoxicity in the frog and evaluated the role of CYP3A and the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway in regulating responses to PFOA-induced hepatotoxicity. Rana nigromaculata were exposed to 0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 mg/L PFOA solutions in a static-renewal system for 14 days. Liver tissue samples were collected 24 h after the last treatment. Hepatic histology was observed by HE staining and transmission electron microscopy. The oxidative stress levels in the liver were measured. The expression levels of CYP3A, Nrf2, NQO1, and HO-1 mRNA were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. PFOA-treated frog liver tissue exhibited diffuse cell borders, cytoplasmic vacuolization, broken nuclei, nuclear chromatin margination, and swollen mitochondria. In addition, the livers of PFOA-treated frogs showed a significantly elevated content of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, glutathione and glutathione S-transferase activity compared to the livers of control frogs. However, the glutathione peroxidase activities concomitantly decreased in PFOA-treated frogs compared to those in the control group. Furthermore, compared with control frogs, the expression levels of CYP3A, Nrf2, and NQO1 mRNA significantly increased in PFOA-treated frogs. HO-1 mRNA expression remarkably increased only in groups treated with 0.5 or 1 mg/L PFOA. Our results indicate that PFOA induces hepatotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the results of the comparison analysis between different gender groups illustrated that PFOA is more toxic to female frogs than male frogs. Our results demonstrated that PFOA causes liver damage and that CYP3A enhances PFOA-induced female frogs hepatotoxicity are more virulent than male through biotransformation, and the activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway is induced to protect against hepatotoxicity in Rana nigromaculata, all of which provide the scientific basis for the protection of amphibians against environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Xiuying Jia
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Nana Gao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Yingzhu Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Zhengquan Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Xiangjun Lu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Qiongxia Du
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Jianbo He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Bin Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Jinxiao Jiang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Wenli Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Ying Ding
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Weiqin Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China.
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13
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Han R, Zhang F, Wan C, Liu L, Zhong Q, Ding W. Effect of perfluorooctane sulphonate-induced Kupffer cell activation on hepatocyte proliferation through the NF-κB/TNF-α/IL-6-dependent pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 200:283-294. [PMID: 29494909 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), one member of polyfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFASs), persist in the environment and are found in relatively high concentrations in animal livers. PFOS has been shown to induce tumour of the liver in rats following chronic dietary administration. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in PFOS-induced hepatocellular hypertrophy are still not well characterized. In this study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were daily gavaged with PFOS (1 or 10 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days. Rat primary cultured Kupffer cells or hepatocytes were exposed to 100 μM PFOS for 0-48 h. Our results showed that PFOS exposure caused serious hepatocellular damage and obvious inflammatory cell infiltration and increased serum tumour necrosis factor-ɑ (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. Particularly, PFOS exposure triggered Kupffer cell activation and significantly upregulated the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), c-Jun, c-MYC and Cyclin D1 (CyD1) in liver. In vitro, PFOS significantly induced production of TNF-α and IL-6 in Kupffer cells and increased PCNA, c-Jun, c-MYC and CyD1 expression in the primary hepatocytes co-cultured with Kupffer cells. However, Kupffer cell activation was mostly abolished by anti-TNF-α or anti-IL6 treatment. Furthermore, blockage of TNF-α and IL-6 significantly inhibited hepatocyte proliferation by gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) pre-treatment in PFOS-treated mice and primary cultured Kupffer cells. On the other hand, NF-κB inhibitor (PDTC) and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor (SP600125) significantly inhibited production of PFOS-induced TNF-α and IL-6. Taken together, these data suggest that PFOS induces Kupffer cell activation, leading to hepatocyte proliferation by through the NF-κB/TNF-ɑ/IL-6-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Han
- Laboratory of Environment and Health, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Laboratory of Environment and Health, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Wan
- Laboratory of Environment and Health, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Liu
- Laboratory of Environment and Health, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College Huazhong, University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Wenjun Ding
- Laboratory of Environment and Health, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Sun X, Wang P, Yao LP, Wang W, Gao YM, Zhang J, Fu YJ. Paeonol alleviated acute alcohol-induced liver injury via SIRT1/Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 60:110-117. [PMID: 29704732 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the beneficial effect of paeonol on acute alcohol-induced liver injury and the basic mechanisms were investigated. in vitro, HepG2 cells were treated with paeonol for 24 h before it were exposed to alcohol for 24 h. in vivo, male C57BL/6 mice were used to establish alcohol-induced liver injury models by oral gavage of alcohol (5 g/kg BW). Paeonol pretreatment showed statistically significant reduction in alcohol-induced ROS, MDA, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and nitric oxide, while GSH content was retained (P < 0.05). Furthermore, paeonol treatment resulted in the increase of Nrf2 nuclear translocation, the increase of NQO-1 and HO-1 expression, and the suppression of NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. However, pretreatment with NAM (inhibitor of SIRT1) not only inhibited the effect of paeonol on reducing nuclear translocation of NF-κBp65, but also inhibited the effect of paeonol on promoting the expression of nuclear Nrf2, NQO1 and HO-1. Besides, paeonol pretreatment at test doses significantly ameliorated alcohol-induced edema, hepatocyte necrosis and hepatic cord irregular. These results demonstrated that paeonol has the high potential for relieving acute alcohol-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Li-Ping Yao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yi-Meng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yu-Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; The college of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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15
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Cytotoxicity of novel fluorinated alternatives to long-chain perfluoroalkyl substances to human liver cell line and their binding capacity to human liver fatty acid binding protein. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:359-369. [PMID: 28864880 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although shorter chain homologues and other types of fluorinated chemicals are currently used as alternatives to long-chain perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), their safety information remains unclear and urgently needed. Here, the cytotoxicity of several fluorinated alternatives (i.e., 6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (6:2 FTCA), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA), 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA), and hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO) homologues) to human liver HL-7702 cell line were measured and compared with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Their binding mode and affinity to human liver fatty acid binding protein (hL-FABP) were also determined. Compared with PFOA and PFOS, 6:2 Cl-PFESA, HFPO trimer acid (HFPO-TA), HFPO tetramer acid (HFPO-TeA), and 6:2 FTSA showed greater toxic effects on cell viabilities. At low exposure doses, these alternatives induced cell proliferation with similar mechanism which was different from that of PFOA and PFOS. Furthermore, binding affinity to hL-FABP decreased in the order of 6:2 FTCA < 6:2 FTSA < HFPO dimer acid (HFPO-DA) < PFOA < PFOS/6:2 Cl-PFESA/HFPO-TA. Due to their distinctive structure, 6:2 Cl-PFESA and HFPO homologues were bound to the hL-FABP inner pocket with unique binding modes and higher binding energy compared with PFOA and PFOS. This research enhances our understanding of the toxicity of PFAS alternatives during usage and provides useful evidence for the development of new alternatives.
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16
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Vagus Nerve Attenuates Hepatocyte Apoptosis upon Ischemia-Reperfusion via α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor on Kupffer Cells in Mice. Anesthesiology 2017; 125:1005-1016. [PMID: 27560466 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (HIR) injury is a complication of liver surgery. As much as 50% of hepatocytes undergo apoptosis within the first 24 h of reperfusion. The neurotransmitters of the vagus nerve can activate α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) on macrophages. The function of Kupffer cells (KCs) determines HIR injury. We hypothesize that the vagus nerve could attenuate HIR-induced hepatocyte apoptosis by activating α7nAChR on KCs. METHODS Hepatic vagotomized C57BL/6J mice, KC-eliminated C57BL/6J mice, and α7nAChR mice were used for HIR. Primary KCs and hepatocytes were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR). Liver injury, hepatocyte apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and soluble CD163 were measured. RESULTS Hepatic vagotomy and α7nAChR caused higher levels of alanine transaminase and liver caspase-3 and -8 activity by HIR. Activating α7nAChR attenuated these changes in wild-type but not in the α7nAChR mice. Furthermore, activating α7nAChR diminished hepatic injury and reduced liver apoptosis by HIR in vagotomized mice. In vitro, activating α7nAChR reduced apoptosis of hepatocytes cocultured with KCs that suffered HR. Similar to the effects by catalase, activating α7nAChR on KCs reduced ROS and H2O2 by HR. The supernatant from KCs, with α7nAChR activated or catalase treated, prevented hepatocyte apoptosis by HR. Finally, KC elimination reduced HIR-induced H2O2 production in mice. Activating α7nAChR significantly attenuated soluble CD163 both in mice by HIR (serum: 240 ± 34 vs. 446 ± 72; mean ± SD; n = 8; P < 0.01) and in KCs by HR (supernatant: 4.23 ± 0.06 vs. 5.60 ± 0.18; n = 3; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The vagus nerve could minimize HIR-induced liver apoptosis through activating α7nAChR on KCs possibly by preventing their excessive ROS production.
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Yao L, Gu X, Song Q, Wang X, Huang M, Hu M, Hou L, Kang T, Chen J, Chen H, Gao X. Nanoformulated alpha-mangostin ameliorates Alzheimer's disease neuropathology by elevating LDLR expression and accelerating amyloid-beta clearance. J Control Release 2016; 226:1-14. [PMID: 26836197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is now representing one of the largest global healthcare challenges. However, an effective therapy is still lacking. Accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the brain is supposed to trigger pathogenic cascades that eventually lead to AD. Therefore, Aβ clearance strategy is being actively pursued as a promising disease modifying therapy. Here, we found that α-mangostin (α-M), a polyphenolic xanthone derivative from mangosteen, up-regulated low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression in microglia and liver cells, and efficiently facilitated Aβ clearance. However, the in vivo application of α-M is limited due to its hydrophobic nature, poor aqueous solubility and stability, and thus low bioavailability and accumulation in the target organs. To overcome this limitation, α-M was encapsulated into the core of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(l-lactide) (PEG-PLA) nanoparticles [NP(α-M)]. Such nanoencapsulation improved the biodistribution of α-M in both the brain and liver, enhanced the brain clearance of (125)I-radiolabeled Aβ1-42 in an LDLR-dependent manner, reduced Aβ deposition, attenuated neuroinflammatory responses, ameliorated neurologic changes and reversed behavioral deficits in AD model mice. These findings justified the concept that polyphenol-mediated modulation of LDLR expression might serve as a safe and efficient disease-modifying therapy for AD by accelerating Aβ clearance. It also demonstrated the powerful capacity of nanotechnology in modulating the biodistribution behavior of drug to improve its therapeutic efficacy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Xiao Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Qingxiang Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Meng Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Meng Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Lina Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Ting Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Hongzhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
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Mostafalou S. Persistent Organic Pollutants and Concern Over the Link with Insulin Resistance Related Metabolic Diseases. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 238:69-89. [PMID: 26670033 DOI: 10.1007/398_2015_5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are mostly halogenated compounds tending to persist in the environment, enter into the food chain, and accumulate in fat mass of mammals due to their high lipophilicity. They include some organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Some of these chemicals were widely used in the past so that their residues can be detected in the human body, though their usage has been banned for years. POPs have been shown to perturb the health of biological systems in different ways evidenced by carcinogenicity and disrupting effects on endocrine, immune, and reproductive systems. There are many epidemiologic and experimental studies on the association of exposure to POPs with insulin resistance and related metabolic disorders like obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Inflammation as a known mechanism accompanying insulin resistance has also been shown to arise in insulin target tissues exposed to POPs. This review addresses the breast milk concentration of POPs in different regions of the world, synthesizes the current information on the association of POPs with insulin resistance related metabolic disorders, and discusses the inflammation as an involved mechanism. Considering high prevalence of insulin resistance related metabolic diseases and their relation with POPs, much need is felt regarding international and regional programs to not only limit their production and usage but eliminate these persistent pollutants from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mostafalou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, 5618953141, Ardabil, Iran.
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Fang X, Gao G, Zhang X, Wang H. Perfluorononanoic acid disturbed the metabolism of lipid in the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2015; 25:622-7. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1053649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Developmental toxicity of perfluorononanoic acid in mice. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 51:133-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kumar J, Lind PM, Salihovic S, van Bavel B, Ingelsson E, Lind L. Persistent organic pollutants and inflammatory markers in a cross-sectional study of elderly Swedish people: the PIVUS cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:977-83. [PMID: 24911359 PMCID: PMC4154217 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are compounds that are generated through various industrial activities and released in the surrounding environment. Different animal studies have shown effects of different POPs on various inflammatory markers. OBJECTIVE Because very few studies have been conducted in humans, we assessed the associations between different POPs and inflammatory markers in a large population-based sample of elderly men and women (all 70 years of age) from Sweden. METHODS This cross-sectional study investigated the concentrations of several polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, and brominated diphenyl ether congeners and their association with a number of inflammatory markers [vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), total leucocyte count, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6)] in 992 individuals. These individuals were recruited from the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) cohort. We used a total toxic equivalency (TEQ) value that measures toxicological effects with the relative potencies of various POPs. RESULTS Following adjustment for potential confounders, the TEQ value (driven mainly by PCB-126) was significantly associated with levels of ICAM-1 (p < 10-5). A similar trend was also observed between sum of PCBs and VCAM-1 (p < 0.001). No significant associations were observed between levels of POPs and other inflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS TEQ values were associated with levels of ICAM-1, to a lesser degree also with VCAM-1, but not with CRP and several other inflammatory markers. These findings suggest an activation of vascular adhesion molecules by POPs, and particularly by PCB-126.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Kumar
- Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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