1
|
Farkhakfar A, Hassanpour S, Zendehdel M. Resveratrol plays neuroprotective role on ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors and oxidative damage in mice. Neurosci Lett 2023; 813:137436. [PMID: 37586559 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine effects of the resveratrol on ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors and oxidative damage in mice. Twenty-four male mice were allocated into four experimental groups as control, ketamine (20 mg/kg), resveratrol (80 mg/kg) and co-administration of the ketamine (20 mg/kg) + resveratrol (80 mg/kg). Mice were received resveratrol for 30 days and ketamine was used for an animal model of schizophrenia and was injected from days 16 to 30 of the study. After the drug administration was finished, schizophrenia-like behaviors were evaluated using object recognition test, tail suspension test, forced swimming test and open field test and brain malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase levels were determined. According to the results, ketamine treatment significantly decreased body weight and pretreatment with resveratrol elevated body weight compared to ketamine group (P < 0.05). Ketamine treatment significantly decreased number of the cross in open field test and pretreatment with resveratrol improved i (P < 0.05). Immobility time in tail suspension and forced swimming tests increased in mice treated with ketamine (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with resveratrol diminished immobility time compared to ketamine group (P < 0.05). Ketamine significantly decreased memory deficits while pretreatment with resveratrol significantly reduced the memory deficits induced by ketamine (P < 0.05). Brain MDA increased in both cortical and sub-cortical area in ketamine treated mice while pretreatment with resveratrol decreased ketamine-induced elevation in MDA (P < 0.05). Ketamine significantly decreased brain SOD, GPx and CAT levels while pretreatment with resveratrol improved SOD, GPx and CAT levels (P < 0.05). Findings suggested resveratrol has neuroprotective effects against ketamine-induced behavioral deficits and oxidative damages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Farkhakfar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Hassanpour
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Morteza Zendehdel
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 14155-6453 Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nano-hesperetin attenuates ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like symptoms in mice: participation of antioxidant parameters. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1063-1074. [PMID: 36879073 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Antioxidant natural herb hesperetin (Hst) offers powerful medicinal properties. Despite having noticeable antioxidant properties, it has limited absorption, which is a major pharmacological obstacle. OBJECTIVES The goal of the current investigation was to determine if Hst and nano-Hst might protect mice against oxidative stress and schizophrenia (SCZ)-like behaviors brought on by ketamine (KET). METHODS Seven treatment groups (n=7) were created for the animals. For 10 days, they received distilled water or KET (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p). From the 11th to the 40th day, they received daily oral administration of Hst and nano-Hst (10, 20 mg/kg) or vehicle. With the use of the forced swimming test (FST), open field test (OFT), and novel object recognition test (NORT), SCZ-like behaviors were evaluated. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione levels and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed in the cerebral cortex. RESULTS Our findings displayed that behavioral disorders induced by KET would be improved by nano-Hst treated. MDA levels were much lower after treatment with nano-Hst, and brain antioxidant levels and activities were noticeably higher. The mice treated with nano-Hst had improved outcomes in the behavioral and biochemical tests when compared to the Hst group. CONCLUSIONS Our study's findings showed that nano-Hst had a stronger neuroprotective impact than Hst. In cerebral cortex tissues, nano-Hst treatment dramatically reduced KET-induced (SCZ)-like behavior and oxidative stress indicators. As a result, nano-Hst may have more therapeutic potential and may be effective in treating behavioral impairments and oxidative damage brought on by KET.
Collapse
|
3
|
Golitabari N, Mohammadian F, Salari AA, Amani M. Neonatal NMDA blockade alters the LTP, LTD and cognitive functions in male and female Wistar rats. Neuropharmacology 2021; 205:108896. [PMID: 34822815 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that neonatal blockade of NMDA receptors by phencyclidine (PCP) is associated with cognitive impairment in adulthood but little is known about the effects of early life PCP treatment on synaptic function later in life. Here, we sought to determine whether early life exposure to PCP alters the electrophysiologic function of hippocampal CA1 neurons in adult rats. To this end, male and female Wistar rats received either saline or PCP (10 mg/kg) on postnatal days (PND) 7, 9, and 11, and then underwent separate behavioral and electrophysiology tests in adulthood. Neonatal PCP treatment did not alter basic synaptic transmission and had only a modest effect on frequency following (FF) capacity but significantly decreased the paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) in the Schaffer collateral (SC)-CA1 pathway. We found that PCP treatment significantly attenuated the long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) in CA1 neurons accompanied by pronounced alteration in complex response profile in adult rats. The electrophysiology data were comparable in male and female rats and reliably associated with impaired spatial reference and working memories in these animals. Overall, this study suggests that blockade of NMDA receptors during early life deteriorates the short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity and complex response profile of CA1 neurons in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Golitabari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Forouzan Mohammadian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Salari
- Salari Institute of Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders (SICBD), Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moghaddam AH, Maboudi K, Bavaghar B, Sangdehi SRM, Zare M. Neuroprotective effects of curcumin-loaded nanophytosome on ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors and oxidative damage in male mice. Neurosci Lett 2021; 765:136249. [PMID: 34536510 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin as an antioxidant natural herb has shown numerous pharmacological effects. However, the poor bioavailability of curcumin is a significant pharmacological barrier for its antioxidant activities. The present study was conducted to develop curcumin-loaded nanophytosome (CNP) and explore their therapeutic potential in a ketamine (KET)-induced schizophrenia (SCZ) model. The mice in our experiment were treated orally with curcumin and CNP (20 mg/kg) for 30 consecutive days. In addition, the animals received intraperitoneal injection of KET (30 mg/kg/day) from the 16th to the 30th day. SCZ-like behaviors were evaluated employing forced swimming test (FST), open field test (OFT), and novel object recognition test (NORT), and oxidative stress markers in the brain were estimated. Our results revealed that CNP has a greater neuroprotective effect compared to free curcumin. CNP pretreatment significantly ameliorated KET-induced brain injury evidenced by a marked reduction in the depressive and anxiety-like behaviors, memory deficits, and oxidative stress markers in cortical and subcortical tissues. Therefore, CNP, as a suitable drug delivery system, may improve curcumin bioavailability and confer stronger neuroprotective effects against KET-induced behavioral deficits and oxidative damages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Khadijeh Maboudi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Bita Bavaghar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | | | - Mahboobeh Zare
- Faculty of Herbs, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Loureiro CM, Fachim HA, Corsi-Zuelli F, Shuhama R, Joca S, Menezes PR, Dalton CF, Del-Ben CM, Louzada-Junior P, Reynolds GP. Epigenetic-mediated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor changes in the brain of isolated reared rats. Epigenomics 2020; 12:1983-1997. [PMID: 33242253 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2020-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We investigated: Grin1, Grin2a, Grin2b DNA methylation; NR1 and NR2 mRNA/protein in the prefrontal cortex (PFC); and hippocampus of male Wistar rats exposed to isolation rearing. Materials & methods: Animals were kept isolated or grouped (n = 10/group) from weaning for 10 weeks. Tissues were dissected for RNA/DNA extraction and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, ELISA and pyrosequencing. Results: Isolated-reared animals had: decreased mRNA in PFC for all markers, increased NR1 protein in hippocampus and hypermethylation of Grin1 in PFC and Grin2b in hippocampus, compared with grouped rats. Associations between mRNA/protein and DNA methylation were found for both brain areas. Conclusion: This study indicates that epigenetic DNA methylation may underlie N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mRNA/protein expression alterations caused by isolation rearing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Marcelino Loureiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology. Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil.,Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Helene Aparecida Fachim
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Department of Neurosciences & Behaviour, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Corsi-Zuelli
- Department of Neurosciences & Behaviour, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosana Shuhama
- Department of Neurosciences & Behaviour, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sâmia Joca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Paulo Rossi Menezes
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline F Dalton
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Cristina Marta Del-Ben
- Department of Neurosciences & Behaviour, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Louzada-Junior
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology. Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gavin P Reynolds
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Osborne AL, Solowij N, Babic I, Lum JS, Newell KA, Huang XF, Weston-Green K. Effect of cannabidiol on endocannabinoid, glutamatergic and GABAergic signalling markers in male offspring of a maternal immune activation (poly I:C) model relevant to schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 95:109666. [PMID: 31202911 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mainstay treatment for schizophrenia is antipsychotic drugs (APDs), which are mostly effective against the positive symptoms (e.g. hallucinations), but provide minimal benefits for the negative symptoms (e.g. social withdrawal) and cognitive deficits. We have recently shown that treatment with the non-intoxicating phytocannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), can improve cognition and social interaction deficits in a maternal immune activation (MIA) model relevant to the aetiology of schizophrenia, however, the mechanisms underlying this effect are unknown. An imbalance in the main excitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmitter systems in the brain plays a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Therefore, the endocannabinoid system could represent a therapeutic target for schizophrenia as a regulator of glutamate and GABA release via the CB1 receptor (CB1R). This study investigated the effects of chronic CBD treatment on markers of glutamatergic, GABAergic and endocannabinoid signalling in brain regions implicated in social behaviour and cognitive function, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HPC). Time-mated pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 16) were administered poly I:C (4 mg/kg, i.v.) or saline (control) on gestational day 15. Male offspring were injected with CBD (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle twice daily from postnatal day 56 for 3 weeks. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HPC) were collected for post-mortem receptor binding and Western blot analyses (n = 8 per group). CBD treatment attenuated poly I:C-induced deficits in cannabinoid CB1 receptor binding in the PFC and glutamate decarboxylase 67, the enzyme that converts glutamate to GABA, in the HPC. CBD treatment increased parvalbumin levels in the HPC, regardless of whether offspring were exposed to poly I:C in utero. Conversely, CBD did not affect N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor binding or protein levels of fatty acid amide hydrolase, the enzyme that degrades the endocannabinoid, anandamide. Overall, these findings show that CBD can restore cannabinoid/GABAergic signalling deficits in regions of the brain implicated in schizophrenia pathophysiology following maternal poly I:C exposure. These findings provide novel evidence for the potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of CBD treatment in the poly I:C model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh L Osborne
- Neuropharmacology and Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Nadia Solowij
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Ilijana Babic
- Neuropharmacology and Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra and Shoalhaven Health District, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Jeremy S Lum
- Neuropharmacology and Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Kelly A Newell
- Neuropharmacology and Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Katrina Weston-Green
- Neuropharmacology and Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Differential effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade during the second and third postnatal weeks on spatial working and reference memory in adult rats. Brain Res 2019; 1721:146339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
8
|
Osborne AL, Solowij N, Babic I, Lum JS, Huang XF, Newell KA, Weston-Green K. Cannabidiol improves behavioural and neurochemical deficits in adult female offspring of the maternal immune activation (poly I:C) model of neurodevelopmental disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:574-587. [PMID: 31326506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a major source of disability in schizophrenia and current antipsychotic drugs (APDs) have minimal efficacy for this symptom domain. Cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-intoxicating component of Cannabis sativa L., exhibits antipsychotic and neuroprotective properties. We recently reported the effects of CBD on cognition in male offspring of a maternal immune activation (polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid (poly I:C)) model relevant to the aetiology of schizophrenia; however, the effects of CBD treatment in females are unknown. Sex differences are observed in the onset of schizophrenia symptoms and response to APD treatment. Furthermore, the endogenous cannabinoid system, a direct target of CBD, is sexually dimorphic in humans and rodents. Therefore, the present work aimed to assess the therapeutic impact of CBD treatment on behaviour and neurochemical signalling markers in female poly I:C offspring. Time-mated pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 16) were administered poly I:C (4 mg/kg; i.v.) or saline (control) on gestational day 15. From postnatal day 56, female offspring received CBD (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle treatment for approximately 3 weeks. Following 2 weeks of CBD treatment, offspring underwent behavioural testing, including the novel object recognition, rewarded alternation T-maze and social interaction tests to assess recognition memory, working memory and sociability, respectively. After 3 weeks of CBD treatment, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HPC) were collected to assess effects on endocannabinoid, glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signalling markers. CBD attenuated poly I:C-induced deficits in recognition memory, social interaction and glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) binding in the PFC of poly I:C offspring. Working memory performance was similar between treatment groups. CBD also increased glutamate decarboxylase 67, the rate-limiting enzyme that converts glutamate to GABA, and parvalbumin protein levels in the HPC. In contrast to the CBD treatment effects observed in poly I:C offspring, CBD administration to control rats reduced social interaction, cannabinoid CB1 receptor and NMDAR binding density in the PFC, suggesting that CBD administration to healthy rats may have negative consequences on social behaviour and brain maturation in adulthood. Overall, the findings of this study support the therapeutic benefits of CBD on recognition memory and sociability in female poly I:C offspring, and provide insight into the neurochemical changes that may underlie the therapeutic benefits of CBD in the poly I:C model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh L Osborne
- Neuropharmacology and Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Nadia Solowij
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Ilijana Babic
- Neuropharmacology and Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra and Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Jeremy S Lum
- Neuropharmacology and Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Kelly A Newell
- Neuropharmacology and Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Katrina Weston-Green
- Neuropharmacology and Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Perinatal administration of phencyclidine alters expression of Lingo-1 signaling pathway proteins in the prefrontal cortex of juvenile and adult rats. Neuronal Signal 2018; 2:NS20180059. [PMID: 32714588 PMCID: PMC7373234 DOI: 10.1042/ns20180059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal administration of phencyclidine (PCP) in rodents causes major brain dysfunction leading to severe disturbances in behavior lasting into adulthood. This model is routinely employed to model psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, as it reflects schizophrenia-related brain disturbances including increased apoptosis, and disruptions to myelin and plasticity processes. Leucine-rich repeat and Immunoglobin-like domain-containing protein 1 (Lingo-1) is a potent negative regulator of both axonal myelination and neurite extension. The Nogo receptor (NgR)/tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor orphan Y (TROY) and/or p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75) complex, with no lysine (K) (WNK1) and myelin transcription factor 1 (Myt1) are co-receptors or cofactors in Lingo-1 signaling pathways in the brain. We have examined the developmental trajectory of these proteins in a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia using PCP to determine if Lingo-1 pathways are altered in the prefrontal cortex throughout different stages of life. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with PCP (10 mg/kg) or saline on postnatal days (PN)7, 9, and 11 and killed at PN12, 5 or 14 weeks for measurement of Lingo-1 signaling proteins in the prefrontal cortex. Myt1 was decreased by PCP at PN12 (P=0.045), and at 14 weeks PCP increased Lingo-1 (P=0.037), TROY (P=0.017), and WNK1 (P=0.003) expression. This is the first study reporting an alteration in Lingo-1 signaling proteins in the rat prefrontal cortex both directly after PCP treatment in early development and in adulthood. We propose that Lingo-1 pathways may be negatively regulating myelination and neurite outgrowth following the administration of PCP, and that this may have implications for the cortical dysfunction observed in schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
10
|
Luoni A, Gass P, Brambilla P, Ruggeri M, Riva MA, Inta D. Altered expression of schizophrenia-related genes in mice lacking mGlu5 receptors. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:77-87. [PMID: 27581816 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-016-0728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The evidence underlying the so-called glutamatergic hypothesis ranges from NMDA receptor hypofunction to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory circuits in specific brain structures. Among all glutamatergic system components, metabotropic receptors play a main role in regulating neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity. Here, we investigated, using qRT-PCR and western blot, consequences in the hippocampus and prefrontal/frontal cortex (PFC/FC) of mice with a genetic deletion of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5), addressing key components of the GABAergic and glutamatergic systems. We found that mGlu5 knockout (KO) mice showed a significant reduction of reelin, GAD65, GAD67 and parvalbumin mRNA levels, which is specific for the PFC/FC, and that is paralleled by a significant reduction of protein levels in male KO mice. We next analyzed the main NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits, namely GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2B and GluA1, and we found that mGlu5 deletion determined a significant reduction of their mRNA levels, also within the hippocampus, with differences between the two genders. Our data suggest that neurochemical abnormalities impinging the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems may be responsible for the behavioral phenotype associated with mGlu5 KO animals and point to the close interaction of these molecular players for the development of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. These data could contribute to a better understanding of the involvement of mGlu5 alterations in the molecular imbalance between excitation and inhibition underlying the emergence of a schizophrenic-like phenotype and to understand the potential of mGlu5 modulators in reversing the deficits characterizing the schizophrenic pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Luoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Neuropharmacology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J 5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirella Ruggeri
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco A Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Neuropharmacology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dragos Inta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J 5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ghoshal A, Moran SP, Dickerson JW, Joffe ME, Grueter BA, Xiang Z, Lindsley CW, Rook JM, Conn PJ. Role of mGlu 5 Receptors and Inhibitory Neurotransmission in M 1 Dependent Muscarinic LTD in the Prefrontal Cortex: Implications in Schizophrenia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2254-2265. [PMID: 28679049 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective potentiation of the mGlu5 subtype of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor using positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) has robust cognition-enhancing effects in rodent models that are relevant for schizophrenia. Until recently, these effects were thought to be due to potentiation of mGlu5-induced modulation of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) currents and NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity. However, "biased" mGlu5 PAMs that do not potentiate mGlu5 effects on NMDAR currents show efficacy that is similar to that of prototypical mGlu5 PAMs, suggesting that NMDAR-independent mechanisms must be involved in these actions. We now report that synaptic activation of mGlu5 is required for a form of long-term depression (mLTD) in mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC) that is induced by activation of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine (mAChR) receptors, which was previously thought to be independent of mGlu5 activation. Interestingly, a biased mGlu5 PAM, VU0409551, that does not potentiate mGlu5 modulation of NMDAR currents, potentiated induction of mLTD. Furthermore, coactivation of mGlu5 and M1 receptors increased GABAA-dependent inhibitory tone in the PFC pyramidal neurons, which likely contributes to the observed mLTD. Finally, systemic administration of the biased mGlu5 PAM reversed deficits in mLTD and associated cognitive deficits in a model of cortical disruption caused by repeated phencyclidine exposure that is relevant for schizophrenia and was previously shown to be responsive to selective M1 muscarinic receptor PAMs. These studies provide exciting new insights into a novel mechanism by which mGlu5 PAMs can reverse deficits in PFC function and cognition that is independent of modulation of NMDAR currents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Ghoshal
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Sean P. Moran
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Dickerson
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Max E. Joffe
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Brad A. Grueter
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Zixiu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Jerri M. Rook
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Andrews JL, Goodfellow FJ, Matosin N, Snelling MK, Newell KA, Huang XF, Fernandez-Enright F. Alterations of ubiquitin related proteins in the pathology and development of schizophrenia: Evidence from human and animal studies. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 90:31-39. [PMID: 28226265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression analyses in post-mortem schizophrenia brains suggest that a number of ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) genes are associated with schizophrenia; however the status of UPS proteins in the schizophrenia brain is largely unknown. Ubiquitin related proteins are inherently involved in memory, neuronal survival and morphology, which are processes implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia. We examined levels of five UPS proteins (Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT2 [PIAS2], F-Box and Leucine rich repeat protein 21 [FBXL21], Mouse Double Minute 2 homolog [MDM2], Ubiquitin Carboxyl-Terminal Hydrolase-L1 [UCHL1] and Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme E2D1 [UBE2D1]) involved in these neuronal processes, within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of post-mortem schizophrenia subjects and matched controls (n = 30/group), in addition to across neurodevelopmental time-points (juvenile, adolescent and adult stages of life), utilizing a well-established neurodevelopmental phencyclidine (PCP) animal model of schizophrenia. We observed significant reductions in PIAS2, FBXL21 and MDM2 in schizophrenia subjects compared to controls (p-values ranging from 0.002 to 0.004). In our developmental PCP model, MDM2 protein was significantly reduced in adult PCP-treated rats compared to controls (p = 0.034). Additionally, FBXL21 (p = 0.022) and UCHL1 (p = 0.022) were significantly decreased, whilst UBE2D1 was increased (p = 0.022), in juvenile phencyclidine-treated rats compared to controls. This is the first study reporting alterations of UPS proteins in post-mortem human schizophrenia subjects and in a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. The findings from this study provide strong support for a role of these UPS proteins in the pathology and development of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Andrews
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Frederic J Goodfellow
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Natalie Matosin
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Mollie K Snelling
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Kelly A Newell
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Francesca Fernandez-Enright
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fujáková-Lipski M, Kaping D, Šírová J, Horáček J, Páleníček T, Zach P, Klaschka J, Kačer P, Syslová K, Vrajová M, Bubenikova-Valešová V, Beste C, Šlamberová R. Trans-generational neurochemical modulation of methamphetamine in the adult brain of the Wistar rat. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3373-3384. [PMID: 28477265 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1969-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic methamphetamine (METH) abuse has been shown to elicit strong neurotoxic effects. Yet, with an increasing number of children born to METH abusing mothers maturing into adulthood, one important question is how far do the neurotoxic effects of METH alter various neurotransmitter systems in the adult METH-exposed offspring. The purpose of this study was to investigate long-term trans-generational neurochemical changes, following prenatal METH exposure, in the adult Wistar rat brain. METH or saline (SAL-control animals) was administered to pregnant dams throughout the entire gestation period (G0-G22). At postnatal day 90, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate and GABA were measured in the adult brain before (baseline) and after a METH re-administration using in vivo microdialysis and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results show that METH-exposure increased basal levels of monoamines and glutamate, but decreased GABA levels in all measured brain regions. Acute challenge with METH injection in the METH-exposed group induced a lower increase in the monoamine system relative to the increase in the GABAergic and glutamatergic system. The data show that prenatal METH exposure has strong effects on the monoaminergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic system even when exposure to METH was limited to the prenatal phase. Toxicological effects of METH have therefore longer lasting effects as currently considered and seem to affect the excitatory-inhibitory balance in the brain having strong implications for cognitive and behavioral functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Fujáková-Lipski
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Daniel Kaping
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jana Šírová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horáček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Páleníček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zach
- Department of Anatomy, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Klaschka
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Institute of Computer Science, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kačer
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Syslová
- Department of Organic Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Vrajová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | | | - Christian Beste
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Romana Šlamberová
- Department of Normal, Pathological and Clinical Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lum JS, Fernandez F, Matosin N, Andrews JL, Huang XF, Ooi L, Newell KA. Neurodevelopmental Expression Profile of Dimeric and Monomeric Group 1 mGluRs: Relevance to Schizophrenia Pathogenesis and Treatment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34391. [PMID: 27721389 PMCID: PMC5056358 DOI: 10.1038/srep34391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1/mGluR5) play an integral role in neurodevelopment and are implicated in psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. mGluR1 and mGluR5 are expressed as homodimers, which is important for their functionality and pharmacology. We examined the protein expression of dimeric and monomeric mGluR1α and mGluR5 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus throughout development (juvenile/adolescence/adulthood) and in the perinatal phencyclidine (PCP) model of schizophrenia. Under control conditions, mGluR1α dimer expression increased between juvenile and adolescence (209-328%), while monomeric levels remained consistent. Dimeric mGluR5 was steadily expressed across all time points; monomeric mGluR5 was present in juveniles, dramatically declining at adolescence and adulthood (-97-99%). The mGluR regulators, Homer 1b/c and Norbin, significantly increased with age in the PFC and hippocampus. Perinatal PCP treatment significantly increased juvenile dimeric mGluR5 levels in the PFC and hippocampus (37-50%) but decreased hippocampal mGluR1α (-50-56%). Perinatal PCP treatment also reduced mGluR1α dimer levels in the PFC at adulthood (-31%). These results suggest that Group 1 mGluRs have distinct dimeric and monomeric neurodevelopmental patterns, which may impact their pharmacological profiles at specific ages. Perinatal PCP treatment disrupted the early expression of Group 1 mGluRs which may underlie neurodevelopmental alterations observed in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S. Lum
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia
| | - Francesca Fernandez
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Natalie Matosin
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10 Munich Germany
| | - Jessica L. Andrews
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Kelly A. Newell
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Possibility of a sex-specific role for a genetic variant in FRMPD4 in schizophrenia, but not cognitive function. Neuroreport 2016; 27:33-8. [PMID: 26555035 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter disturbances responsible for cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia are hypothesized to originate with alterations in postsynaptic scaffold proteins. We have recently reported that protein levels of FRMPD4, a multiscaffolding protein that modulates both Homer1 and postsynaptic density protein 95 activity, is altered in the schizophrenia postmortem brain, in regions involved in cognition. Here, we set out to investigate whether genetic variation in FRMPD4 is associated with cognitive function in people with schizophrenia. We selected and examined a novel single nucleotide polymorphism, rs5979717 (positioned in the noncoding 3' untranslated region of FRMPD4 and potentially influencing protein expression), for its association with schizophrenia and nine measures of cognitive function, using age-matched and sex-matched samples from 268 schizophrenia cases and 268 healthy controls. Brain samples from 20 schizophrenia patients and 20 healthy controls were additionally genotyped to study the influence of this variant on protein expression of FRMPD4. Allelic distribution of rs5979717 was associated with schizophrenia in females (χ=4.52, P=0.030). No effects of rs5979717 were observed on cognitive performance, nor an influence of rs5979717 genotypes on the expression of FRMPD4 proteins in postmortem brain samples. These data provide initial support for a sex-specific role for common variation in rs5979717 in schizophrenia, which now warrants further investigation.
Collapse
|
16
|
Engel M, Snikeris P, Matosin N, Newell KA, Huang XF, Frank E. mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268 rescues NMDA and GABAA receptor level deficits induced in a two-hit mouse model of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1349-59. [PMID: 26861891 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE An imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission underlies the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia. Agonists of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR2/3, have been proposed as novel therapeutic agents to correct this imbalance. However, the influence of mGluR2/3 activity on excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors has not been explored. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the ability of a novel mGluR2/3 agonist, LY379268, to modulate the availability of the excitatory N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) and the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyrate-A receptor (GABAA-R), in a two-hit mouse model of schizophrenia. METHODS Wild type (WT) and heterozygous neuregulin 1 transmembrane domain mutant mice (NRG1 HET) were treated daily with phencyclidine (10 mg/kg ip) or saline for 14 days. After a 14-day washout, an acute dose of the mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268 (3 mg/kg), olanzapine (antipsychotic drug comparison, 1.5 mg/kg), or saline was administered. NMDA-R and GABAA-R binding densities were examined by receptor autoradiography in several schizophrenia-relevant brain regions. RESULTS In both WT and NRG1 HET mice, phencyclidine treatment significantly reduced NMDA-R and GABAA-R binding density in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens. Acute treatment with LY379268 restored NMDA-R and GABAA-R levels in the two-hit mouse model comparable to olanzapine. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that the mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268 restores excitatory and inhibitory deficits with similar efficiency as olanzapine in our two-hit schizophrenia mouse model. This study significantly contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of LY379268 and supports the use of agents aimed at mGluR2/3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Engel
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia. .,Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia. .,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Peta Snikeris
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Natalie Matosin
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Kelly Anne Newell
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Frank
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Andrews JL, Newell KA, Matosin N, Huang XF, Fernandez-Enright F. Alterations of p75 neurotrophin receptor and Myelin transcription factor 1 in the hippocampus of perinatal phencyclidine treated rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 63:91-7. [PMID: 26071990 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal administration of phencyclidine (PCP) in rodents causes major disturbances to neurological processes resulting in severe modifications to normal behavioral traits into adulthood. It is routinely used to model psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, producing many of the dysfunctional processes in the brain that are present in this devastating disorder, including elevated levels of apoptosis during neurodevelopment and disruptions to myelin and plasticity processes. Lingo-1 (or Leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin domain-containing protein) is responsible for negatively regulating neurite outgrowth and the myelination of axons. Recent findings using a postmortem human brain cohort showed that Lingo-1 signaling partners in the Nogo receptor (NgR)/p75/TNF receptor orphan Y (TROY) signaling complex, and downstream signaling partners With No Lysine (K) (WNK1) and Myelin transcription factor 1 (Myt1), play a significant part in schizophrenia pathophysiology. Here we have examined the implication of Lingo-1 and its signaling partners in a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia using PCP to determine if these pathways are altered in the hippocampus throughout different stages of neurodevelopment. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected subcutaneously with PCP (10mg/kg) or saline solution on postnatal days (PN) 7, 9, and 11. Rats (n=6/group) were sacrificed at PN12, 5weeks, or 14weeks. Relative expression levels of Lingo-1 signaling proteins were examined in the hippocampus of the treated rats. p75 and Myt1 were decreased (0.001≤p≤0.011) in the PCP treated rats at PN12. There were no significant changes in any of the tested proteins at 5weeks (p>0.05). At 14weeks, p75, TROY, and Myt1 were increased in the PCP treated rats (0.014≤p≤0.022). This is the first report of an alteration in Lingo-1 signaling proteins in the rat hippocampus, both directly after PCP treatment in early development and in adulthood. Based on our results, we propose that components of the Lingo-1 signaling pathways may be involved in the acute neurotoxicity induced by perinatal administration of PCP in rats early in development and suggest that this may have implications for the hippocampal deficits seen in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Andrews
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010 Australia.
| | - Kelly A Newell
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010 Australia.
| | - Natalie Matosin
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010 Australia.
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010 Australia.
| | - Francesca Fernandez-Enright
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010 Australia; School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522 Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Environmental enrichment does not reverse the effects of maternal deprivation on NMDAR and Balb/c mice behaviors. Brain Res 2015; 1624:479-488. [PMID: 26300221 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Early adverse life experiences have been associated with anxiety-like behavior and memory impairment. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play an important role in brain development. Enriched environments are known to positively influence emotional and cognitive functions in the brain. We examined the effects of maternal deprivation (MD) on NMDAR subunits in the hippocampus, locomotor activity, anxiety behaviors, and learning-memory performance of Balb/c mice. We also examined whether these effects could be reversed by raising the offspring in an enriched environment. The mice were separated from their mothers for a single 24h episode on postnatal day (PND) 9. The mice were weaned on day 21 and were housed under either standard (SE) or enriched (EE) environmental conditions. Emotional behaviors and cognitive processes of mice were evaluated using an open field (OF) test, an elevated plus maze (EPM) test, and a Morris water-maze (MWM). NMDAR subunits (GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B) mRNA expression levels in the hippocampus were examined by real-time PCR. In OF, MD had no effect on horizontal locomotor activity. MD increased anxiety-like behaviors in the EPM and decreased spatial learning performance in MWM; however, these effects were not reversed by EE. MD (in SE and EE conditions) increased GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B mRNA expressions in the hippocampus. In conclusion, MD led to the deterioration of the emotional and cognitive processes during adulthood. Moreover, environmental enrichment did not reverse the deleterious effects of the MD on emotional and cognitive functions and increased the NMDAR levels.
Collapse
|
19
|
Pınar N, Akillioglu K, Sefil F, Alp H, Sagir M, Acet A. Effect of clozapine on locomotor activity and anxiety-related behavior in the neonatal mice administered MK-801. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2015; 15:74-9. [PMID: 26295298 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2015.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotics have been used to treat fear and anxiety disturbance that are highly common in schizophrenic patients. It is suggested that disruptions of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated transmission of glutamate may underlie the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The present study was conducted to analyze the effectiveness of clozapine on the anxiety-related behavior and locomotor function of the adult brain, which had previously undergone NMDA receptor blockade during a developmental period. In order to block the NMDA receptor, male mice were administered 0.25 mg/kg of MK-801 on days 7 to 10 postnatal. In adulthood, they were administered intraperitoneally 0.5 mg/kg of clozapine and tested with open-field and elevated plus maze test, to assess their emotional behavior and locomotor activity. In the group receiving MK-801 in the early developmental period the elevated plus maze test revealed a reduction in the anxiety-related behavior (p<0.05), while the open-field test indicated a decrease in locomotor activity (p<0.01). Despite these reductions, clozapine could not reverse the NMDA receptor blockade. Also, as an atypical antipsychotic agent, clozapine could not reverse impairment in the locomotor activity and anxiety-related behavior, induced by administration of the MK-801 in neonatal period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Pınar
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Pharmacology, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lodge D, Mercier MS. Ketamine and phencyclidine: the good, the bad and the unexpected. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4254-76. [PMID: 26075331 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of ketamine and phencyclidine from their development as potential clinical anaesthetics through drugs of abuse and animal models of schizophrenia to potential rapidly acting antidepressants is reviewed. The discovery in 1983 of the NMDA receptor antagonist property of ketamine and phencyclidine was a key step to understanding their pharmacology, including their psychotomimetic effects in man. This review describes the historical context and the course of that discovery and its expansion into other hallucinatory drugs. The relevance of these findings to modern hypotheses of schizophrenia and the implications for drug discovery are reviewed. The findings of the rapidly acting antidepressant effects of ketamine in man are discussed in relation to other glutamatergic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Lodge
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M S Mercier
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nozari M, Shabani M, Farhangi AM, Mazhari S, Atapour N. Sex-specific restoration of MK-801-induced sensorimotor gating deficit by environmental enrichment. Neuroscience 2015; 299:28-34. [PMID: 25934034 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite ample evidence of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor dysfunction in schizophrenia, no study has addressed the effects of enriched environment (EE) on sensorimotor gating deficits induced by postnatal NMDA receptor blockade. We evaluated the effect of EE on sensorimotor gating (measured by prepulse inhibition, PPI), or on sensorimotor gating deficit induced by the NMDA receptor antagonist (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801) in both sexes of Wistar rats. Rats were injected with MK-801 (1 mg/kg) on postnatal days (P) 6-10. EE was provided from birth up to the time of experiments on P28-30 or P58-60. PPI data were collected at three prepulse intensities and then averaged to yield global PPI. MK-801 treatment reduced PPI significantly in both sexes. While EE per se had no significant effect on PPI, it restored MK-801-induced PPI deficit only in male rats. An extended period of EE did not influence PPI deficit in female rats. Our results indicate that postnatal exposure to MK-801 may exert long-lasting effects on neuronal circuits underlying sensorimotor gating. Sex-specific modulation of such effects by EE suggests sexually dimorphic mechanisms are involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Nozari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - M Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - A M Farhangi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - S Mazhari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - N Atapour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
MK-801-induced and scopolamine-induced hyperactivity in rats neonatally treated chronically with MK-801. Behav Pharmacol 2014; 24:678-83. [PMID: 24113081 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of chronic neonatal blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors on NMDA and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated neurotransmission in adulthood. Rats neonatally treated chronically with MK-801/saline were tested for 40 min, at the age of 14-16 weeks, for locomotor activity in an open field immediately after acute administration of MK-801 (0.2 mg/kg) or scopolamine (0.4-2.0 mg/kg). Rats neonatally treated with MK-801 showed significantly higher locomotor activity than those treated with saline. Acute MK-801 administration caused hyperlocomotion regardless of neonatal treatment, but the effect was more potent in rats neonatally treated with MK-801. In contrast, acute scopolamine administration did not cause hyperlocomotion in rats neonatally treated with saline, but significantly increased locomotion in those neonatally treated with MK-801. The results suggest that chronic neonatal NMDA receptor blockade causes changes in glutamatergic and cholinergic transmission in adulthood long after the cessation of treatment.
Collapse
|
23
|
Antipsychotic treatment modulates glutamate transport and NMDA receptor expression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 264 Suppl 1:S67-82. [PMID: 25214389 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-014-0534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients often suffer from treatment-resistant cognitive and negative symptoms, both of which are influenced by glutamate neurotransmission. Innovative therapeutic strategies such as agonists at metabotropic glutamate receptors or glycin reuptake inhibitors try to modulate the brain's glutamate network. Interactions of amino acids with monoamines have been described on several levels, and first- and second-generation antipsychotic agents (FGAs, SGAs) are known to exert modulatory effects on the glutamatergic system. This review summarizes the current knowledge on effects of FGAs and SGAs on glutamate transport and receptor expression derived from pharmacological studies. Such studies serve as a control for molecular findings in schizophrenia brain tissue and are clinically relevant. Moreover, they may validate animal models for psychosis, foster basic research on antipsychotic substances and finally lead to a better understanding of how monoaminergic and amino acid neurotransmissions are intertwined. In the light of these results, important differences dependent on antipsychotic substances, dosage and duration of treatment became obvious. While some post-mortem findings might be confounded with multifold drug effects, others are unlikely to be influenced by antipsychotic treatment and could represent important markers of schizophrenia pathophysiology. In similarity to the convergence of toxic and psychotomimetic effects of dopaminergic, serotonergic and anti-glutamatergic substances, the therapeutic mechanisms of SGAs might merge on a yet to be defined molecular level. In particular, serotonergic effects of SGAs, such as an agonism at 5HT1A receptors, represent important targets for further clinical research.
Collapse
|
24
|
Su YA, Huang RH, Wang XD, Li JT, Si TM. Impaired working memory by repeated neonatal MK-801 treatment is ameliorated by galantamine in adult rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 725:32-9. [PMID: 24440172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Early life blockade of the NMDA receptor by using MK-801, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, induces behavioral changes that mimic several features of schizophrenia. In the current study, we first examined the effects of neonatal MK-801 treatment in male Sprague-Dawley rats on locomotor activity, prepulse inhibition and spatial working memory in adolescence (postnatal day 35, PND35) and adulthood (PND63). Next, we investigated the effects of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, galantamine, on working memory deficits induced by MK-801 treatment. Rats were treated with either saline or MK-801 (0.25mg/kg twice daily) at PND 5-14, and the long-term behavioral effects were investigated. MK-801 treated rats showed moderate working memory impairments in adolescence but a pronounced deficit in adulthood. However, locomotion and prepulse inhibition at two life stages were not affected by this treatment. Systemic administration of galantamine (1mg/kg) 30 min before each training session significantly improved neonatal MK-801-induced working memory deficits in adulthood. In conclusion, these results suggest that the neonatal MK-801 treatment-induced selective working memory deficit is related to a change in brain cholinergic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ai Su
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, PR China; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Run-Hu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, PR China; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China; Shanxi Dayi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, PR China; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ji-Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, PR China; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tian-Mei Si
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, PR China; Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhao YY, Li JT, Wang XD, Li YH, Huang RH, Su YA, Si TM. Neonatal MK-801 treatment differentially alters the effect of adolescent or adult MK-801 challenge on locomotion and PPI in male and female rats. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:845-53. [PMID: 23863926 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113497613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder and is typically "triggered" by subsequent insults in life. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801) induces locomotor hyperactivity and prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits, which can mimic the schizophrenia phenotype. In this experiment, we assessed whether neonatal exposure to MK-801 (postnatal days 5-14) could induce sensitization to both hyperactivity and PPI deficit caused by later-life acute MK-801 treatment during adolescence or adulthood. Our results showed that the hyperactivity induced by an acute MK-801 challenge was enhanced in male and female rats after neonatal MK-801 treatment. Notably, in the PPI test, adult female rats neonatally exposed to MK-801 exhibited a significantly greater reduction in PPI in response to acute MK-801 administration, whereas male rats receiving neonatal MK-801 treatment expressed attenuated PPI disruption in adulthood. Our data indicate that a combination of neonatal and later-life NMDA receptor blockades could induce sensitization in the locomotor activity of both sexes in adolescence and adulthood. In addition, a sex difference was observed in the effects of this treatment regime on PPI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Broberg BV, Madsen KH, Plath N, Olsen CK, Glenthøj BY, Paulson OB, Bjelke B, Søgaard LV. A schizophrenia rat model induced by early postnatal phencyclidine treatment and characterized by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Behav Brain Res 2013; 250:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
27
|
Han M, Huang XF, Chen DC, Xiu M, Kosten TR, Zhang XY. Diabetes and cognitive deficits in chronic schizophrenia: a case-control study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66299. [PMID: 23840437 PMCID: PMC3688788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment occurs in both schizophrenia and diabetes. There is currently limited understanding whether schizophrenia with diabetes has more serious cognitive deficits than schizophrenia without diabetes or diabetes only. This study assessed cognitive performance in 190 healthy controls, 106 diabetes only, 127 schizophrenia without diabetes and 55 schizophrenia with diabetes. This study was conducted from January 2008 to December 2010. Compared to healthy controls, all patient groups had significantly decreased total and five index RBANS scores (all p<0.01-p<0.001), except for the visuospatial/constructional index. Schizophrenia with diabetes performed worse than schizophrenia without diabetes in immediate memory (p<0.01) and total RBANS scores (<0.05), and showed a trend for decreased attention (p = 0.052) and visuospatial/constructional capacity (p = 0.063). Schizophrenia with diabetes performed worse than diabetes only in immediate memory (p<0.001) and attention (p<0.05), and showed a trend for decreased total RBANS scores (p = 0.069). Regression analysis showed that the RBANS had modest correlations with schizophrenia' PANSS scores, their duration of current antipsychotic treatment, and diagnosis of diabetes. Schizophrenia with co-morbid diabetes showed more cognitive impairment than schizophrenia without diabetes and diabetes only, especially in immediate memory and attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Han
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Health Sciences, IHMRI, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Health Sciences, IHMRI, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Da Chun Chen
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Meihong Xiu
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Thomas R. Kosten
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, and Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiang Yang Zhang
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, and Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Amani M, Samadi H, Doosti MH, Azarfarin M, Bakhtiari A, Majidi-Zolbanin N, Mirza-Rahimi M, Salari AA. Neonatal NMDA receptor blockade alters anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in a sex-dependent manner in mice. Neuropharmacology 2013; 73:87-97. [PMID: 23688920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade in the neonatal period has a long-lasting influence on brain and behavior development and has been linked to an increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders in later life. We sought to determine whether postnatal NMDA receptor blockade can affect normal development of body weight, corticosterone levels, anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in male and female mice in adulthood. For this purpose, male and female NMRI mice were treated with either saline or phencyclidine (PCP; 5 and 10 mg/kg, s.c.) on postnatal days (PND) 7, 9, and 11, and then subjected to different behavioral tests, including open field, elevated plus-maze, elevated zero-maze, light-dark box, tail suspension test and forced swimming test in adulthood. The results indicated that neonatal PCP treatment reduced body weight during neonatal and adulthood periods, and did not alter baseline corticosterone levels in both male and female mice. Moreover, this study obtained some experimental evidence showing the PCP at dose of 10 mg/kg increases stress-induced corticosterone levels, anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in males, while decreasing levels of anxiety without any significant effect on depression in female mice in adulthood. These data support the argument that neonatal NMDA receptor blockade can lead to behavioral abnormalities and psychiatric diseases in adulthood. Collectively, our findings suggest that neonatal exposure to PCP may have profound effects on the development of anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in a sex- and dose-dependent manner in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kjaerby C, Broberg BV, Kristiansen U, Dalby NO. Impaired GABAergic inhibition in the prefrontal cortex of early postnatal phencyclidine (PCP)-treated rats. Cereb Cortex 2013; 24:2522-32. [PMID: 23613110 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A compromised γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system is hypothesized to be part of the underlying pathophysiology of schizophrenia. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunction during neurodevelopment is proposed to disrupt maturation of interneurons causing an impaired GABAergic transmission in adulthood. The present study examines prefrontal GABAergic transmission in adult rats administered with the NMDA receptor channel blocker, phencyclidine (PCP), for 3 days during the second postnatal week. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from pyramidal cells in PCP-treated rats showed a 22% reduction in the frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in layer II/III, but not in layer V pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, early postnatal PCP treatment caused insensitivity toward effects of the GABA transporter 1 (GAT-1) inhibitor, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-[2-[[(diphenyl-methylene)amino]oxy]ethyl]-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid, and also diminished currents passed by δ-subunit-containing GABAA receptors in layer II/III pyramidal neurons. The observed impairments in GABAergic function are compatible with the alteration of GABAergic markers as well as cognitive dysfunction observed in early postnatal PCP-treated rats and support the hypothesis that PCP administration during neurodevelopment affects the functionality of interneurons in later life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia Kjaerby
- Synaptic Transmission I, H. Lundbeck A/S, 2500 Valby, Denmark Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian V Broberg
- Synaptic Transmission I, H. Lundbeck A/S, 2500 Valby, Denmark Center for Psychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Psychiatric Center Glostrup, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Uffe Kristiansen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nils Ole Dalby
- Synaptic Transmission I, H. Lundbeck A/S, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Clifton NE, Morisot N, Girardon S, Millan MJ, Loiseau F. Enhancement of social novelty discrimination by positive allosteric modulators at metabotropic glutamate 5 receptors: adolescent administration prevents adult-onset deficits induced by neonatal treatment with phencyclidine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:579-94. [PMID: 22983144 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate-5 receptors (mGluR5), which physically and functionally interact with N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors, likewise control cognitive processes and have been proposed as targets for novel classes of antipsychotic agent. Since social cognition is impaired in schizophrenia and disrupted by NMDA receptor antagonists like dizocilpine, we evaluated its potential modulation by mGluR5. Acute administration (0.63-40 mg/kg) of the mGluR5 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB) and ADX47273, reversed a delay-induced impairment in social novelty discrimination (SND) in adult rats. The action of CDPPB was blocked by the mGluR5 antagonist, 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (2.5-10 mg/kg), and was also expressed upon microinjection into frontal cortex (0.63-10 μg/side), but not striatum. Supporting an interrelationship between mGluR5 and NMDA receptors, enhancement of SND by CDPPB was blocked by dizocilpine (0.08 mg/kg) while, reciprocally, dizocilpine-induced impairment in SND was attenuated by CDPPB (10 mg/kg). The SND deficit elicited by post-natal administration of phencyclidine (10 mg/kg, days 7-11) was reversed by CDPPB or ADX47273 in adults at week 8. This phencyclidine-induced impairment in cognition emerged in adult rats from week 7 on, and chronic, pre-symptomatic treatment of adolescent rats with CDPPB over weeks 5-6 (10 mg/kg per day) prevented the appearance of SND deficits in adults until at least week 13. In conclusion, as evaluated by a SND procedure, mGluR5 PAMs promote social cognition via actions expressed in interaction with NMDA receptors and exerted in frontal cortex. MGluR5 PAMs not only reverse but also (when given during adolescence) prevent the emergence of cognitive impairment associated with a developmental model of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Clifton
- Neuroscience Research and Development Unit, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de ronde, Croissy-sur-Seine, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
du Bois TM, Newell KA, Huang XF. Perinatal phencyclidine treatment alters neuregulin 1/erbB4 expression and activation in later life. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 22:356-63. [PMID: 21962913 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex and devastating mental disorder of unknown etiology. Hypofunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are implicated in the disorder, since phencyclidine (PCP) and other NMDA receptor antagonists mimic schizophrenia-like symptoms in humans and animals so well. Moreover, genetic linkage and post mortem studies strongly suggest a role for altered neuregulin 1 (Nrg1)/erbB4 signaling in schizophrenia pathology. This study investigated the relationship between the NMDA receptor and Nrg1 signaling pathways using the perinatal PCP animal model. Rats (n=5/group) were treated with PCP (10 mg/kg) or saline on postnatal days (PN) 7, 9 and 11 and were sacrificed on PN12, 5 weeks and 20 weeks for biochemical analyses. Western blotting was used to determine total and phosphorylated levels of proteins involved in NMDA receptor/Nrg1 signaling in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In the cortex, PCP treatment altered Nrg1/erbB4 expression levels throughout development, including decreased Nrg1 and erbB4 at PN12 (-25-30%; p<0.05); increased erbB4 and p-erbB4 (+18-27%; p<0.01) at 5 weeks; and decreased erbB4 and p-erbB4 (-16-18%; p<0.05) along with increased Nrg1 (+33%; p<0.01) at 20 weeks. In the hippocampus, levels of Nrg1/erbB4 were largely unaffected apart from a significant decrease in p-erbB4 at 20 weeks (-13%; p<0.001); however NMDA receptor subunits and PSD-95 showed increases at PN12 and 5 weeks (+20-32%; p<0.05), and decreases at 20 weeks (-22-29%; p<0.05). This study shows that NMDA receptor antagonism early in development can have long term effects on Nrg1/erbB4 expression which could be important in understanding pathological processes which might be involved in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Marie du Bois
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Health Sciences, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Uehara T, Itoh H, Matsuoka T, Rujescu D, Genius J, Seo T, Sumiyoshi T. Effect of transient blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors at neonatal stage on stress-induced lactate metabolism in the medial prefrontal cortex of adult rats: role of 5-HT1A receptor agonism. Synapse 2012; 66:408-17. [PMID: 22213269 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Decreased activity of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been considered a basis for core symptoms of schizophrenia, an illness associated with a neurodevelopmental origin. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies indicates that serotonin (5-HT)1A receptors play a crucial role in the energy metabolism of the mPFC. This study was undertaken to determine (1) if transient blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors during the neonatal stage inhibit energy demands in response to stress, as measured by extracellular lactate concentrations, in the mPFC at the young adult stage, and (2) if tandospirone, a 5-HT1A partial agonist, reverses the effect of the neonatal insult on energy metabolism. Male pups received MK-801 (0.20 mg/kg) on postnatal days (PDs) 7-10. On PD 63, footshock stress-induced lactate levels were measured using in vivo microdialysis technique. Tandospirone (0.1, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/kg) was administered once daily for 14 days before the measurement of lactate levels. Neonatal MK-801 treatment suppressed footshock stress-induced lactate production in the mPFC, but not caudate-putamen, whereas basal lactate levels were not significantly changed in either brain region. The MK-801-induced suppression of footshock stress-induced lactate production in the mPFC was attenuated by tandospirone at 1.0mg/kg/day, but not 0.1 or 5.0 mg/kg/day, which is an effect antagonized by coadministration of WAY-100635, a selective 5-HT1A antagonist. These results suggest a role for impaired lactate metabolism in some of the core symptoms of schizophrenia, for example, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits. The implications for the ability of 5-HT1A agonism to ameliorate impaired lactate production in the mPFC of this animal model are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Uehara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Synaptic transmission changes in fear memory circuits underlie key features of an animal model of schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2012; 227:184-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
34
|
Demontis D, Nyegaard M, Buttenschøn HN, Hedemand A, Pedersen CB, Grove J, Flint TJ, Nordentoft M, Werge T, Hougaard DM, Sørensen KM, Yolken RH, Mors O, Børglum AD, Mortensen PB. Association of GRIN1 and GRIN2A-D with schizophrenia and genetic interaction with maternal herpes simplex virus-2 infection affecting disease risk. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011; 156B:913-22. [PMID: 21919190 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are very important for proper brain development and several lines of evidence support that hypofunction of the NMDA receptors are involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Gene variation and gene-environmental interactions involving the genes encoding the NMDA receptors are therefore likely to influence the risk of schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to determine (1) whether SNP variation in the genes (GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIN2B, GRIN2C, and GRIN2D) encoding the NMDA receptor were associated with schizophrenia; (2) whether GRIN gene variation in the offspring interacted with maternal herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) seropositivity during pregnancy influencing the risk of schizophrenia later in life. Individuals from three independently collected Danish case control samples were genotyped for 81 tagSNPs (in total 984 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and 1,500 control persons) and antibodies against maternal HSV-2 infection were measured in one of the samples (365 cases and 365 controls). Nine SNPs out of 30 in GRIN2B were significantly associated with schizophrenia. One SNP remained significant after Bonferroni correction (rs1806194, P(nominal) = 0.0008). Significant interaction between maternal HSV-2 seropositivity and GRIN2B genetic variation in the offspring were observed for seven SNPs and two remained significant after Bonferroni correction (rs1805539, P(nominal) = 0.0001 and rs1806205, P(nominal) = 0.0008). The significant associations and interactions were located at the 3' region of GRIN2B suggesting that genetic variation in this part of the gene may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Demontis
- Department of Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Segnitz N, Ferbert T, Schmitt A, Gass P, Gebicke-Haerter PJ, Zink M. Effects of chronic oral treatment with aripiprazole on the expression of NMDA receptor subunits and binding sites in rat brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 217:127-42. [PMID: 21484241 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The glutamatergic theory of schizophrenia proposes a dysfunction of ionotropic N-methyl-D: -aspartate receptors (NMDA-R). Several therapeutic strategies address NMDA-R function and the effects of antipsychotic agents on NMDA-R expression have been described. Within the second-generation antipsychotics, the partial dopaminergic and serotonergic agonist aripiprazole (APZ) was able to counteract the behavioral effects of NMDA-R antagonists. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the effects of APZ on NMDA-R subunit expression and binding. METHODS We treated Sprague-Dawley rats for 4 weeks or 4 months with APZ in daily oral doses of 10 and 40 mg per kilogram of body weight. Gene expression of the NMDA-R subunits NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, and NR2D, respectively, was assessed by semiquantitative radioactive in situ hybridization and in parallel receptor binding using (3)H-MK-801 receptor autoradiography. RESULTS Increased expression levels of NR1 (4 weeks), NR2A (4 weeks), NR2C (4 weeks and 4 months), and NR2D (4 months) were observed in several hippocampal and cortical brain regions. The parallel reduced expression of NR2B mRNAs (4 months) resulted in a relative increase of the NR2A/NR2B ratio. Marked differences between specific brain regions, the doses of APZ, and the time points of assessment became obvious. On the receptor level, increased MK-801-binding was found after 4 weeks in the 40-mg group and after 4 months in the 10-mg group. CONCLUSIONS The effects of APZ converge in enhanced NMDA receptor expression and a shift of subunit composition towards adult-type receptors. Our results confirm the regulatory connections between dopaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmissions with relevance for cognitive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Segnitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, P.O. Box 122120, 68072 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Geddes AE, Huang XF, Newell KA. Reciprocal signalling between NR2 subunits of the NMDA receptor and neuregulin1 and their role in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:896-904. [PMID: 21371516 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder. Both the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and neuregulin1 (NRG1) are key molecules involved in normal brain development that have been linked to schizophrenia pathology and aetiology. The NR2 proteins are critical structural and functional subunits of the NMDAR and are developmentally and spatially regulated. Altered NR2 gene and protein expression has been found in human post-mortem schizophrenia brain tissue together with changes in NRG1 and its receptor ErbB4. The NR2 subunits and ErbB4 share a common anchoring domain on the postsynaptic density and therefore a disruption to either of these molecules may influence the functioning of the other. It has been shown that NRG1 signalling can affect NMDAR levels and function, particularly phosphorylation of the NR2 subunits. However little is known about the possible effects of NMDAR dysfunction on NRG1 signalling, which is important with regards to schizophrenia aetiology as numerous risk factors for the disorder can alter NMDAR functioning during early brain development. This review focuses on the role of the NMDA receptor subunits and NRG1 signalling in schizophrenia and proposes a mechanism by which a disruption to the NMDAR, particularly via altering the balance of NR2 subunits during early development, could influence NRG1 signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Geddes
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nakatani-Pawlak A, Yamaguchi K, Tatsumi Y, Mizoguchi H, Yoneda Y. Neonatal phencyclidine treatment in mice induces behavioral, histological and neurochemical abnormalities in adulthood. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 32:1576-83. [PMID: 19721235 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the involvement of glutamic acid in neural development by injecting phencyclidine (PCP) into neonatal ICR mice. Neonatal mice were injected with PCP at 10 mg/kg or saline on postnatal days 7, 9 and 11, and their behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical changes were analyzed in adulthood. PCP-treated mice exhibited an increase in PCP-induced hyperactivity and impairments of spatial working memory and social interaction behavior. The impairment of social interaction behavior was significantly reversed by administration of clozapine, D-cycloserine, flumazenil, or SHC50911, a gamma-aminobutyrate B (GABA(B)) receptor antagonist. A decrease in the number of parvalbumin-positive cells and spine density in the frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and hippocampus were evident in the brains of PCP-treated mice. Measurement of brain monoamine and their metabolite contents in adulthood indicated brain area-dependent and neurotransmitter-specific changes in monoamine metabolism. These findings suggest that neonatal treatment with PCP in mice leads to enhanced sensitivity to PCP and impairment of spatial working memory and social interaction behaviors in adulthood, which may be associated with reduced spine density and GABAergic interneurons and changes in monoamine metabolism. Furthermore, pharmacologic experiments suggest the potential applicability of neonatally PCP-treated mice as a useful animal model for new antipsychotic drug screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nakatani-Pawlak
- Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kakuma-machi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Assessment of auditory sensory processing in a neurodevelopmental animal model of schizophrenia--gating of auditory-evoked potentials and prepulse inhibition. Behav Brain Res 2010; 213:142-7. [PMID: 20417666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The use of translational approaches to validate animal models is needed for the development of treatments that can effectively alleviate cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia, which are unsuccessfully treated by the current available therapies. Deficits in pre-attentive stages of sensory information processing seen in schizophrenia patients, can be assessed by highly homologues methods in both humans and rodents, evident by the prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the auditory startle response and the P50 (termed P1 here) suppression paradigms. Treatment with the NMDA receptor antagonist PCP on postnatal days 7, 9, and 11 reliably induce cognitive impairments resembling those presented by schizophrenia patients. Here we evaluate the potential of early postnatal PCP (20mg/kg) treatment in Lister Hooded rats to induce post-pubertal deficits in PPI and changes, such as reduced gating, in the P1 suppression paradigm in the EEG. The results indicate that early postnatal PCP treatment to rats leads to a reduction in PPI of the acoustic startle response. Furthermore, treated animals were assessed in the P1 suppression paradigm and produced significant changes in auditory-evoked potentials (AEP), specifically by an increased P1 amplitude and reduced P2 (P200 in humans) gating. However, the treatment neither disrupted normal P1 gating nor reduced N1 (N100 in humans) amplitude, representing two phenomena that are usually found to be disturbed in schizophrenia. In conclusion, the current findings confirm measures of early information processing to show high resemblance between rodents and humans, and indicate that early postnatal PCP-treated rats show deficits in pre-attentional processing, which are distinct from those observed in schizophrenia patients.
Collapse
|
39
|
Subchronic phencyclidine in rats: alterations in locomotor activity, maze performance, and GABA(A) receptor binding. Behav Pharmacol 2010; 21:1-10. [PMID: 19949321 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3283347091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phencyclidine (PCP), an antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of ionotropic glutamatergic receptors, decreases gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibition, suggesting that changes in GABAergic receptor function underlie behavioral and cognitive deficits resulting from repeated administration of PCP. To test this hypothesis, male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with PCP (4.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, twice a day for 7 consecutive days) or saline were tested in behavioral and cognitive tasks 7 days after injections. The PCP group showed increased amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg)-stimulated locomotor activity, and exhibited a greater number of errors in the double Y-maze memory task, when compared with controls. Subchronic PCP treatment increased [H]muscimol-binding sites and decreased affinity for [H]muscimol binding in frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum in comparison with controls. There were no changes in the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase or the GABA membrane transporter protein. These data show that subchronic PCP administration induces an impaired performance of a previously learned task and an enhanced response to amphetamine in the rat. The observed changes in GABAA receptors in the rat brain are consistent with the notion that alterations in GABAergic receptor function contribute to the behavioral and cognitive impairments associated with repeated exposure to PCP.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia asserts that the underlying pathology of schizophrenia has its roots in brain development and that these brain abnormalities do not manifest themselves until adolescence or early adulthood. Animal models based on developmental manipulations have provided insight into the vulnerability of the developing fetus and the importance of the early environment for normal maturation. These models have provided a wide range of validated approaches to answer questions regarding environmental influences on both neural and behavioral development. In an effort to better understand the developmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, animal models have been developed, which seek to model the etiology and/or the pathophysiology of schizophrenia or specific behaviors associated with the disease. Developmental models specific to schizophrenia have focused on epidemiological risk factors (e.g., prenatal viral insult, birth complications) or more heuristic models aimed at understanding the developmental neuropathology of the disease (e.g., ventral hippocampal lesions). The combined approach of behavioral and neuroanatomical evaluation of these models strengthens their utility in improving our understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and developing new treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan B Powell
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Anastasio NC, Xia Y, O'Connor ZR, Johnson KM. Differential role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits 2A and 2B in mediating phencyclidine-induced perinatal neuronal apoptosis and behavioral deficits. Neuroscience 2009; 163:1181-91. [PMID: 19654040 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying phencyclidine (PCP)-induced apoptosis in perinatal rats and the development of schizophrenia-like behaviors is incompletely understood. We used antagonists for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit NR2A- and NR2B-containing NMDA receptor to test the hypothesis that the behavioral and apoptotic effects of PCP are mediated by blockade of NR1/NR2A-containing receptors, rather than NR1/NR2B-containing receptors. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated on PN7, PN9, and PN11 with PCP (10 mg/kg), PEAQX (NR2A-preferring antagonist; 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg), or ifenprodil (selective NR2B antagonist; 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg) and sacrificed for measurement of caspase-3 activity (an index of apoptosis) or allowed to age and tested for locomotor sensitization to PCP challenge on PN28-PN35. PCP or PEAQX on PN7, PN9, and PN11 markedly elevated caspase-3 activity in the cortex; ifenprodil showed no effect. Striatal apoptosis was evident only after subchronic treatment with a high dose of PEAQX (20 mg/kg). Animals treated with PCP or PEAQX on PN7, PN9, and PN11 showed a sensitized locomotor response to PCP challenge on PN28-PN35. Ifenprodil treatment had no effect on either measure. Therefore, PCP blockade of cortical NR1/NR2A, rather than NR1/NR2B, appears to be responsible for PCP-induced apoptosis and the development of long-lasting behavioral deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N C Anastasio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0617, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|