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Raj A, Yousfi M, Prashantha K, Samuel C. Morphologies, Compatibilization and Properties of Immiscible PLA-Based Blends with Engineering Polymers: An Overview of Recent Works. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1776. [PMID: 39000632 PMCID: PMC11244106 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(L-Lactide) (PLA), a fully biobased aliphatic polyester, has attracted significant attention in the last decade due to its exceptional set of properties, such as high tensile modulus/strength, biocompatibility, (bio)degradability in various media, easy recyclability and good melt-state processability by the conventional processes of the plastic/textile industry. Blending PLA with other polymers represents one of the most cost-effective and efficient approaches to develop a next-generation of PLA-based materials with superior properties. In particular, intensive research has been carried out on PLA-based blends with engineering polymers such as polycarbonate (PC), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and various polyamides (PA). This overview, consequently, aims to gather recent works over the last 10 years on these immiscible PLA-based blends processed by melt extrusion, such as twin screw compounding. Furthermore, for a better scientific understanding of various ultimate properties, processing by internal mixers has also been ventured. A specific emphasis on blend morphologies, compatibilization strategies and final (thermo)mechanical properties (tensile/impact strength, ductility and heat deflection temperature) for potential durable and high-performance applications, such as electronic parts (3C parts, electronic cases) to replace PC/ABS blends, has been made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amulya Raj
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Materials and Processes, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Mohamed Yousfi
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Kalappa Prashantha
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Materials and Processes, 59000 Lille, France
- ACU-Centre for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagara, Mandya 571448, Karnataka, India
| | - Cédric Samuel
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Materials and Processes, 59000 Lille, France
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2
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Ayan U, Nouranian S, Majdoub M, Al-Ostaz A, Ucak-Astarlioglu MG, Villacorta BS. Supertoughened Polylactic Acid/Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate Blends Compatibilized with Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate-Glycidyl Methacrylate: Morphology and Mechanical Properties by the Response Surface Methodology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:26833-26848. [PMID: 38742590 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Optimized extrusion melt-blending of polylactic acid (PLA) polymer with a minor biopolymeric phase, polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), and compatibilized with random ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (EMA-GMA, Trademark: Lotader AX-8900) led to an outstanding improvement in mechanical properties. At the noncompatibilized PLA-PBAT (80-20) blend point, significant enhancement (∼4500%) in toughness and elongation-at-break was already obtained without compromising any elastic properties. The effect of the compatibilizer content on the mechanical properties of the PLA-PBAT (80-20) blend was investigated by an optimal custom response surface methodology. Thus, 2 wt % Lotader content was determined to be optimal by a numerical optimization methodology with a desirability value, D, of 0.882 to maximize toughness and elongation-at-break. The compatibilization and thermal behavior of the Lotader-modified blends were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Upon adding the compatibilizer, the original phase-separated morphology of the blends changed from PBAT quasi-spherical domains to nearly elongated elliptical ones. It was also found that the interfacial boundary line of the domains faded away, which revealed that interfacial compatibility was achieved. The thermostability of the blends remained largely unaltered following the incorporation of PBAT and Lotader. Moreover, while PBAT exhibited a minor influence on the crystallinity of PLA, Lotader had no discernible impact on crystallinity, as evidenced by the DSC thermograms. Thus, the compatibilizer at the optimal point in the optimized blend ratio led to the formation of a phase-separated morphology that combined internal cavitation, interfacial cavitation, and strong adhesion features at the right proportions in the microstructure which underlies the micromechanisms driving the remarkable enhancement of as much as 7100% in toughness and ductility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsab Ayan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Center for Graphene Research and Innovation, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Sasan Nouranian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Center for Graphene Research and Innovation, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Mohammed Majdoub
- Center for Graphene Research and Innovation, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Ahmed Al-Ostaz
- Center for Graphene Research and Innovation, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Mine G Ucak-Astarlioglu
- Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-6199, United States
| | - Byron S Villacorta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Center for Graphene Research and Innovation, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Centre for Advanced Material Processing and Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
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3
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Dezianian S, Azadi M, Razavi SMJ. Topology optimization on metamaterial cells for replacement possibility in non-pneumatic tire and the capability of 3D-printing. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290345. [PMID: 37831705 PMCID: PMC10575546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the applications of mechanical metamaterials is in car tires, as a non-pneumatic tire (NPT). Therefore, to find a suitable cell to replace the pneumatic part of the tire, three different solution methods were used, including topology optimization of the cubic unit cell, cylindrical unit cell, and fatigue testing cylindrical sample (FTCS). First, to find the mechanical properties, a tensile test was conducted for materials made of polylactic acid (PLA) and then, the optimization was done based on the weight and overhang control for the possibility of manufacturing with 3D printers, as constraints, besides, the objective of minimum compliance. In the optimization of the cubic unit cell, the sample with a minimum remaining weight of 35% was selected as the optimal sample. However, for the cylindrical unit cell, a sample with a weight limit of 20% was the most optimal state. In contrast, in the FTCS optimization, a specimen with lower remaining weight equal to 60% of the initial weight was selected. After obtaining the answer, five cells in the FTCS and two mentioned cells were evaluated under compressive testing. The samples were also subjected to bending fatigue loadings. The results demonstrated that cellular structures with 15% of lower weight than the optimized samples had the same fatigue lifetime. In the compressive test, the line slope of the specimens with cellular structures in the elastic region of the force-displacement diagram was reduced by 37%, compared to the completely solid samples. However, the weight of these samples decreased by 59%. Furthermore, the fracture surface was also investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. It was observed that a weak connection between the layers was the cause of failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Azadi
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Javad Razavi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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4
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Pregi E, Romsics I, Várdai R, Pukánszky B. Interactions, Structure and Properties of PLA/lignin/PBAT Hybrid Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3237. [PMID: 37571133 PMCID: PMC10422597 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) was added to poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/lignin blends to decrease the considerable stiffness and brittleness of the blends. Two- and three-component blends were prepared in a wide composition range through homogenization in an internal mixer followed by compression molding. Interactions among the components were estimated by comparing the solubility parameters of the materials used and through thermal analysis. Mechanical properties were characterized by tensile testing. The structure of the blends was studied using scanning electron (SEM) and digital optical (DOM) microscopy. The results showed that the interactions between PBAT and lignin are somewhat stronger than those between PLA and the other two components. The maleic anhydride grafted PLA added as a coupling agent proved completely ineffective; it does not modify the interactions. The structural analysis confirmed the immiscibility of the components; the structure of the blends was heterogeneous at each composition. A dispersed structure formed when the concentration of one of the components was small, while, depending on lignin content, an interpenetrating network-like structure developed and phase inversion took place in the range of 30-60 vol% PBAT content. Lignin was located mainly in the PBAT phase. Properties were determined by the relative amount of PBAT and PLA; the addition of lignin deteriorated properties, mainly the deformability of the blends. Other means, such as reactive processing, must be used to improve compatibility and blend properties. The results contribute considerably to a better understanding of structure-property correlations in lignin-based hybrid blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Pregi
- Laboratory of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary (B.P.)
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Romsics
- Laboratory of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary (B.P.)
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Várdai
- Laboratory of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary (B.P.)
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Pukánszky
- Laboratory of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary (B.P.)
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Rajabifar N, Rostami A. Investigation of the Effect of Hybrid Nanofiller on the Mechanical Performance and Surface Properties of Bio-Based Polylactic Acid/Polyolefin Elastomer (PLA/POE) Blend. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2708. [PMID: 37376354 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid has stood out among bio-based polymers for its usage in the food packaging industry and biomedical fields. Through the melt mixing process, the toughened poly(lactic) acid (PLA) was prepared with polyolefin elastomer (POE), incorporated via various ratios of nanoclay and a fixed amount of nanosilver particles (AgNPs). The correlation between the compatibility and morphology, mechanical properties, and surface roughness of samples with nanoclay was studied. The calculated surface tension and melt rheology confirmed the interfacial interaction demonstrated by droplet size, impact strength, and elongation at break. Each blend sample exhibited matrix-dispersed droplets, and the size of POE droplets steadily dropped with increasing nanoclay content, corresponding to the enhanced thermodynamic affinity between PLA and POE. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) acknowledged that the inclusion of nanoclay in the PLA/POE blend ameliorated the mechanical performance by preferable localization in the interface of used components. The optimum value of elongation at break was acquired at about 32.44%, where the incorporation of 1 wt.% nanoclay led, respectively, to 171.4% and 24% enhancement rather than the PLA/POE blend with the composition of 80/20 and the virgin PLA. Similarly, the impact strength reached 3.46 ± 0.18 kJ m-1 as the highest obtained amount, showing the proximity of 23% progress to the unfilled PLA/POE blend. Surface analysis indicated that adding nanoclay caused the augment of surface roughness from 23.78 ± 5.80 µm in the unfilled PLA/POE blend to 57.65 ± 18.2 µm in PLA/POE contained 3 wt.% nanoclay. Rheological measurements implied that organoclay resulted in the strengthening of melt viscosity as well as the rheological parameters such as storage modulus and loss modulus. Han plot further showed that the storage modulus is always higher than the loss modulus in all prepared PLA/POE nanocomposite samples, corresponding to the restriction of polymer chains mobility induced by the formation of strong molecular interaction between nanofillers and polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariman Rajabifar
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran
| | - Amir Rostami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr P.O. Box 75169-13817, Iran
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6
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dos Santos Filho EA, Luna CBB, Ferreira EDSB, Siqueira DD, Araújo EM. Production of PLA/NR blends compatibilized with EE-g-GMA and POE-g-GMA: an investigation of mechanical, thermal, thermomechanical properties and morphology. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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7
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Zytner P, Pal AK, Wu F, Rodriguez-Uribe A, Mohanty AK, Misra M. Morphology and Performance Relationship Studies on Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/Poly(butylene adipate- co-terephthalate)-Based Biodegradable Blends. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:1946-1956. [PMID: 36687037 PMCID: PMC9850484 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blends hold great potential for use in sustainable packaging applications for their advanced performance. Understanding the structure-property relationship in the blends at various proportions is significantly important for their future application, which is addressed in this work. The study found that the inherent brittleness of PHBV can only be modified with the addition of 50 wt % PBAT, where co-continuous structures formed in the blend as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The elongation at break (%) of the blends increased from 3.81 (30% PBAT) to 138.5% (50% PBAT) and 345.3% (70 wt % PBAT), respectively. The fibrous structures of the PBAT formed during breaking are beneficial for energy dissipation, which greatly increased the toughness of the blends. Both the SEM observation and glass-transition temperature study by dynamic mechanical analysis indicated that the PHBV and PBAT are naturally immiscible. However, by simply mixing the two polymers with different composition ratios, the properties including melt flow index, heat deflection temperature, and mechanical properties can be tailored for different processing methods and applications. Our research work herein illustrates the fundamental structure-property relationship in this popular blend of PHBV/PBAT, aiming to guide the future modification direction in improving their properties and realizing their commercial applications in different scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zytner
- Bioproducts
Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, OntarioN1G 2W1, Canada
- School
of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University
of Guelph, 50 Stone Road
East, Guelph, OntarioN1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Pal
- Bioproducts
Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, OntarioN1G 2W1, Canada
- School
of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University
of Guelph, 50 Stone Road
East, Guelph, OntarioN1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Feng Wu
- The
Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Phosphorus Chemical Engineering
of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan650500, China
| | - Arturo Rodriguez-Uribe
- Bioproducts
Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, OntarioN1G 2W1, Canada
- School
of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University
of Guelph, 50 Stone Road
East, Guelph, OntarioN1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amar K. Mohanty
- Bioproducts
Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, OntarioN1G 2W1, Canada
- School
of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University
of Guelph, 50 Stone Road
East, Guelph, OntarioN1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Manjusri Misra
- Bioproducts
Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, OntarioN1G 2W1, Canada
- School
of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University
of Guelph, 50 Stone Road
East, Guelph, OntarioN1G 2W1, Canada
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8
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Shin H, Thanakkasaranee S, Sadeghi K, Seo J. Preparation and characterization of ductile PLA/PEG blend films for eco-friendly flexible packaging application. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Chung HY, Hong JS, Ahn KH. Rheological and mechanical behavior of non‐spherical poly(lactic acid) particles embedded poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) blend. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Chung
- Institute of Chemical Processes School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Joung Sook Hong
- Institute of Chemical Processes School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Ahn
- Institute of Chemical Processes School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
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10
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Upcycling of Poly(Lactic Acid) by Reactive Extrusion with Recycled Polycarbonate: Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235058. [PMID: 36501453 PMCID: PMC9740999 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most promising renewable polymers to be employed to foster ecological and renewable materials in many fields of application. To develop high-performance products, however, the thermal resistance and the impact properties should be improved. At the same time, it is also necessary to consider the end of life through the exploration of property assessment, following reprocessing. In this context the aim of the paper is to develop PLA/PC blends, obtained from recycled materials, in particular scraps from secondary processing, to close the recycling loop. Indeed, the blending of PLA with polycarbonate (PC) was demonstrated to be a successful strategy to improve thermomechanical properties that happens after several work cycles. The correlation between the compositions and properties was then investigated by considering the morphology of the blends; in addition, the reactive extrusions resulting in the formation of a PLA-PC co-polymer were investigated. The materials obtained are then examined by means of a dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMTA) to study the relaxations and transitions.
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11
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Long L, Xu W, Xu T, Xu G, Xiang Y, Shan C, He M, Qin S, Yu J. Reactable versus soluble
DOPO
derivatives in poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) composites: Flame retardance, mechanical properties and morphology. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Long
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Tao Xu
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Guomin Xu
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Yushu Xiang
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
| | - Chunyan Shan
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
| | - Min He
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Jie Yu
- Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
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12
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Zhang Y, Gao W, Mo A, Jiang J, He D. Degradation of polylactic acid/polybutylene adipate films in different ratios and the response of bacterial community in soil environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 313:120167. [PMID: 36115492 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable plastic mulch film (BDM) is an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional polyethylene mulch, and has been growingly used in agriculture. However, practical degradation performance of BDM, especially the widely used type of blended polylactic acid (PLA)/polybutylene adipate (PBAT) in different ratios, and microbial alteration in soil environments, remain largely unrevealed. In this study, four types of BDM blended with 40-80% PLA and 20-60% PBAT were comparatively investigated through microcosm soil incubation experiments for 105 days, and combined with conditions of different soil moisture or pH. Microbiome within film-surrounding soil were assayed using 16 S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Results showed a trend of increasing degradation efficiency with the increase of PLA proportion, and 70% PLA and 30% PBAT group presented the highest weight loss rate, i.e., 60.16 ± 5.86%. In addition, degradation and aging of PLA/PBAT varied among different soil moisture and pH values. A moderate moisture, i.e., 60% and a neutral pH7.0 caused significantly high degradation efficiency compared to other moisture or pH conditions. Moreover, bacterial abundance and community structure in the surrounding soil were related to soil moisture and pH. PLA/PBAT incubation treatment induced a remarkable increase in abundance of degradation-related species Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas. Bacterial richness and diversity in soil correspondingly respond to ratio-different PLA/PBAT's degradation under moisture/pH-different conditions through a redundancy analysis. Altogether, these findings indicate that practical degradation of PLA/PBAT film is closely related to soil environments and bacterial community. It is significant for the application of biodegradable plastics in agriculture on the perspective of soil sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Zhang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Aoyun Mo
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Defu He
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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13
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Tailoring and Long-Term Preservation of the Properties of PLA Composites with "Green" Plasticizers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224836. [PMID: 36432967 PMCID: PMC9696962 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerning new polylactide (PLA) applications, the study investigates the toughening of PLA-CaSO4 β-anhydrite II (AII) composites with bio-sourced tributyl citrate (TBC). The effects of 5-20 wt.% TBC were evaluated in terms of morphology, mechanical and thermal properties, focusing on the enhancement of PLA crystallization and modification of glass transition temperature (Tg). Due to the strong plasticizing effects of TBC (even at 10%), the plasticized composites are characterized by significant decrease of Tg and rigidity, increase of ductility and impact resistance. Correlated with the amounts of plasticizer, a dramatic drop in melt viscosity is also revealed. Therefore, for applications requiring increased viscosity and enhanced melt strength (extrusion, thermoforming), the reactive modification, with up to 1% epoxy functional styrene-acrylic oligomers, was explored to enhance their rheology. Moreover, larger quantities of products were obtained by reactive extrusion (REX) and characterized to evidence their lower stiffness, enhanced ductility, and toughness. In current prospects, selected samples were tested for the extrusion of tubes (straws) and films. The migration of plasticizer was not noted (at 10% TBC), whereas the mechanical and thermal characterizations of films after two years of aging evidenced a surprising preservation of properties.
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14
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Wang G, Zhang L, Wang J, Hao X, Dong Y, Sun R. Ductile polylactic acid-based blend derived from bio-based poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene furandicarboxylate). Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Poly(lactic acid)/vinyl acetate ethylene blends: effect of crosslinking on their rheological, mechanical and thermal stability behavior. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-022-01097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Biocomoposites of polylactic acid/ poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blends loaded with quinoa husk agro-waste: thermal and mechanical properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Huang A, Song X, Liu F, Wang H, Geng L, Chen B, Peng X, Wang Z, Tian G. Facile preparation of anisotropic
PLA
/
CNT
nanocomposites by hot and cold rolling processes for improving mechanical and conductive properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- An Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products, School of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Xincheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products, School of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Fan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products, School of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Haokun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products, School of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Lihong Geng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products, School of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Binyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products, School of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Xiangfang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products, School of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products, School of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Genlin Tian
- Department of Biomaterials International Center for Bamboo and Rattan Beijing China
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18
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Hao C, Zheng S, Sun S. Modification of reactive
PB‐g‐SAG
core–shell particles to achieve higher toughening ability for brittle polylactide. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Hao
- North Huajin Chemical Industries Group Corporation Liaoning China
| | - Shusong Zheng
- North Huajin Chemical Industries Group Corporation Liaoning China
| | - Shulin Sun
- North Huajin Chemical Industries Group Corporation Liaoning China
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Resin and Special Fiber, Ministry of Education Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
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19
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Wannawitayapa W, Yoksan R. Toughening polylactic acid by melt blending with polybutylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate and natural rubber, and the performance of the resulting ternary blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanchana Wannawitayapa
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro‐Industry Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Rangrong Yoksan
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro‐Industry Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
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20
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Yang J, Li W, Mu B, Xu H, Hou X, Yang Y. Simultaneous toughness and stiffness of 3D printed nano-reinforced polylactide matrix with complete stereo-complexation via hierarchical crystallinity and reactivity. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:482-493. [PMID: 35051500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy adaptive to 3D printing of stereo-complexed polylactide matrix for simultaneous toughness and stiffness was designed. Stereo-complexation is a potent way to enhance both aqueous stability and heat resistance of polylactide, but also aggravates brittleness problem of polylactide. Though poly(butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate) elastomer with epoxidized compatibilizer improved stiffness and toughness of common polylactide, their effectiveness on mechanical and crystallization properties of stereo-complexed polylactide remained unknown. More importantly, incorporation of above techniques into 3D printing kept a fundamental challenge. Both stereo-complexation of polylactide and covalent coupling of polylactide and poly(butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate) by epoxidized compatibilizer are easy to occur when preparing the filaments for printing, impeding the following 3D printing procedure. The hypothesis for this research is that controlled hierarchical crystallization and reaction in three thermal processes could ensure simultaneous toughness and stiffness, and complete stereo-complexation in polylactide matrices. Reinforcing effects of a selected epoxidized compatibilizer, POSS(epoxy)8, on crystallinities, thermal properties, mechanical properties and morphologies were systematically studied. Such a strategy not only removed the obstacles in incorporating stereo-complexation and coupling techniques of polylactide into 3D printing, but also revealed the mechanism to produce high-performance 3D printed polylactide matrix via hierarchical crystallization and reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Bingnan Mu
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 234, HECO Building, Lincoln, NE 68583-0802, United States
| | - Helan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiuliang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yiqi Yang
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 234, HECO Building, Lincoln, NE 68583-0802, United States; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, 234, HECO Building, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0802, United States; Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 234, HECO Building, Lincoln, NE 68583-0802, United States.
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21
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Verbeek CJR, Yapa PM. Influence of morphology on the dynamic and quasi‐static energy absorption of polylactic acid‐based lattice structures. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Priyal Madubhashana Yapa
- Plastics Centre of Excellence, Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Auckland Auckland
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22
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Zhang L, Tian H, Chen J, Hao Y, Liu Y, Sun Y, Duan H. Insight into roles of different types of additives on mechanical and crystalline properties of polylactic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Zhang
- New Biodegradable Products R&D Department Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
| | - Hongchi Tian
- New Biodegradable Products R&D Department Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
| | - Jun Chen
- New Biodegradable Products R&D Department Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
| | - Yanping Hao
- New Biodegradable Products R&D Department Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
| | - Yang Liu
- New Biodegradable Products R&D Department Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
| | - Yawei Sun
- New Biodegradable Products R&D Department Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
| | - Hongyun Duan
- New Biodegradable Products R&D Department Shandong Dawn Polymer Co., LTD Longkou China
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23
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Akhir MAM, Mustapha M. Formulation of Biodegradable Plastic Mulch Film for Agriculture Crop Protection: A Review. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2041031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maisara Azad Mat Akhir
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, University Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Kimia, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Mariatti Mustapha
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, University Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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24
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Aliotta L, Seggiani M, Lazzeri A, Gigante V, Cinelli P. A Brief Review of Poly (Butylene Succinate) (PBS) and Its Main Copolymers: Synthesis, Blends, Composites, Biodegradability, and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040844. [PMID: 35215757 PMCID: PMC8963078 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PBS, an acronym for poly (butylene succinate), is an aliphatic polyester that is attracting increasing attention due to the possibility of bio-based production, as well as its balanced properties, enhanced processability, and excellent biodegradability. This brief review has the aim to provide the status concerning the synthesis, production, thermal, morphological and mechanical properties underlying biodegradation ability, and major applications of PBS and its principal copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Aliotta
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizia Seggiani
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.G.); (P.C.)
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25
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Aliotta L, Vannozzi A, Cinelli P, Coltelli MB, Lazzeri A. Essential Work of Fracture and Evaluation of the Interfacial Adhesion of Plasticized PLA/PBSA Blends with the Addition of Wheat Bran by-Product. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030615. [PMID: 35160603 PMCID: PMC8838359 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work biocomposites based on plasticized poly(lactic acid) (PLA)–poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) matrix containing wheat bran fiber (a low value by-product of food industry) were investigated. The effect of the bran addition on the mechanical properties is strictly correlated to the fiber-matrix adhesion and several analytical models, based on static and dynamic tests, were applied in order to estimate the interfacial shear strength of the biocomposites. Finally, the essential work of fracture approach was carried out to investigate the effect of the bran addition on composite fracture toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Aliotta
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (P.C.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (M.-B.C.)
| | - Alessandro Vannozzi
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (P.C.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (P.C.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Planet Bioplastics s.r.l., Via San Giovanni Bosco 23, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (P.C.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (M.-B.C.)
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (P.C.); (A.L.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Planet Bioplastics s.r.l., Via San Giovanni Bosco 23, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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26
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Seyed Khabbaz H, Garmabi H. Modification of polylactide by reactive blending with polyhydroxybutyrate oligomers formed by thermal recycling through E1cB-elimination pathway. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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27
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dos Santos Filho EA, Luna CBB, Siqueira DD, Ferreira EDSB, Araújo EM. Tailoring Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Properties: Effect of the Impact Modifiers EE-g-GMA and POE-g-GMA. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:136. [PMID: 35012156 PMCID: PMC8747380 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene-octene) grafted with glycidyl methacrylate (POE-g-GMA) and ethylene elastomeric grafted with glycidyl methacrylate (EE-g-GMA) were used as impact modifiers, aiming for tailoring poly(lactic acid) (PLA) properties. POE-g-GMA and EE-g-GMA was used in a proportion of 5; 7.5 and 10%, considering a good balance of properties for PLA. The PLA/POE-g-GMA and PLA/EE-g-GMA blends were processed in a twin-screw extruder and injection molded. The FTIR spectra indicated interactions between the PLA and the modifiers. The 10% addition of EE-g-GMA and POE-g-GMA promoted significant increases in impact strength, with gains of 108% and 140%, respectively. These acted as heterogeneous nucleating agents in the PLA matrix, generating a higher crystallinity degree for the blends. This impacted to keep the thermal deflection temperature (HDT) and Shore D hardness at the same level as PLA. By thermogravimetry (TG), the blends showed increased thermal stability, suggesting a stabilizing effect of the modifiers POE-g-GMA and EE-g-GMA on the PLA matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed dispersed POE-g-GMA and EE-g-GMA particles, as well as the presence of ligand reinforcing the systems interaction. The PLA properties can be tailored and improved by adding small concentrations of POE-g-GMA and EE-g-GMA. In light of this, new environmentally friendly and semi-biodegradable materials can be manufactured for application in the packaging industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Antonio dos Santos Filho
- Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil; (C.B.B.L.); (D.D.S.); (E.d.S.B.F.); (E.M.A.)
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28
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Gigante V, Bosi L, Parlanti P, Gemmi M, Aliotta L, Lazzeri A. Analysis of the Damage Mechanism around the Crack Tip for Two Rubber-Toughened PLA-Based Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4053. [PMID: 34833352 PMCID: PMC8625029 DOI: 10.3390/polym13224053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The toughening mechanisms of poly(lactic acid; PLA) blended with two different elastomers, namely poly (butylene adipate-co-terephtalate; PBAT) and polyolefin elastomers with grafted glycidyl methacrylate (POE-g-GMA), at 10 and 20 wt.%, were investigated. Tensile and Charpy impact tests showed a general improvement in the performance of the PLA. The morphology of the dispersed phases showed that PBAT is in the form of spheres while POE-g-GMA has a dual sphere/fibre morphology. To correlate the micromechanical deformation mechanism with the macroscopical mechanical behaviour, the analysis of the subcritical crack tip damaged zone of double-notched specimens subjected to a four-point bending test (according to the single-edge double-notch four-point bend (SEDN-4PB) technique) was carried out using several microscopic techniques (SEM, polarized TOM and TEM). The damage was mainly generated by shear yielding deformation although voids associated with dilatational bands were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi, 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.B.)
- Interuniversity National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Bosi
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi, 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.B.)
| | - Paola Parlanti
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Materials Interfaces, Electron Crystallography, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy; (P.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Mauro Gemmi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Materials Interfaces, Electron Crystallography, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy; (P.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Laura Aliotta
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi, 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.B.)
- Interuniversity National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi, 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.B.)
- Interuniversity National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
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29
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Production of Eco-Sustainable Materials: Compatibilizing Action in Poly (Lactic Acid)/High-Density Biopolyethylene Bioblends. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132112157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by environment preservation, the increased use of eco-friendly materials such as biodegradable polymers and biopolymers has raised the interest of researchers and the polymer industry. In this approach, this work aimed to produce bioblends using poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and high-density biopolyethylene (BioPE); due to the low compatibility between these polymers, this work evaluated the additional influence of the compatibilizing agents: poly (ethylene octene) and ethylene elastomer grafted with glycidyl methacrylate (POE-g-GMA and EE-g-GMA, respectively), polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA), polyethylene grafted with acrylic acid (PE-g-AA) and the block copolymer styrene (ethylene-butylene)-styrene grafted with maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA) to the thermal, mechanical, thermomechanical, wettability and morphological properties of PLA/BioPE. Upon the compatibilizing agents’ addition, there was an increase in the degree of crystallinity observed by DSC (2.3–7.6% related to PLA), in the thermal stability as verified by TG (6–15 °C for TD10%, 6–11 °C TD50% and 112–121 °C for TD99.9% compared to PLA) and in the mechanical properties such as elongation at break (with more expressive values for the addition of POE-g-GMA and SEBS-g-MA, 9 and 10%, respectively), tensile strength (6–19% increase compared to PLA/BioPE bioblend) and a significant increase in impact strength, with evidence of plastic deformation as observed through SEM, promoted by the PLA/ BioPE phases improvement. Based on the gathered data, the added compatibilizers provided higher performing PLA/BioPE. The POE-g-GMA compatibilizer was considered to provide the best properties in relation to the PLA/BioPE bioblend, as well as the PLA matrix, mainly in relation to impact strength, with an increase of approximately 133 and 100% in relation to PLA and PLA/BioPE bioblend, respectively. Therefore, new ecological materials can be manufactured, aiming at benefits for the environment and society, contributing to sustainable development and stimulating the consumption of eco-products.
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30
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Yoksan R, Dang KM, Boontanimitr A, Chirachanchai S. Relationship between microstructure and performances of simultaneous biaxially stretched films based on thermoplastic starch and biodegradable polyesters. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:141-150. [PMID: 34481849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although thermoplastic starch (TPS) is a good candidate to overcome the limitations of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) due to its relatively low cost and high flexibility, the toughness and barrier properties of PLA/TPS blends are still insufficient for film applications. Therefore, the present work aims to improve the performance of PLA/TPS blend by simultaneous biaxial stretching and partially replacing PLA with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) for packaging film applications. PLA/TPS and PLA/PBAT/TPS sheets were prepared by melt cast extrusion and simultaneously biaxially stretched to form films. The mechanical, morphological, thermal, and water vapor and oxygen barrier properties and crystallinity of both intermediate sheets and their corresponding stretched films were examined. After stretching, PLA/TPS and PLA/PBAT/TPS blends showed markedly improved extensibility, impact strength, crystallinity, water vapor and oxygen barrier properties, and surface hydrophobicity. The stretched films demonstrated stacked-layer planar morphology, in which their outermost layers were a biodegradable polyester-rich phase. The synergistic effects of simultaneous biaxial stretching and partial replacing PLA with PBAT were extremely impressive for toughness improvement. The stretched films have the potential to replace non-biodegradable plastic packaging films, particularly where good mechanical and barrier properties are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangrong Yoksan
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Khanh Minh Dang
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Apinya Boontanimitr
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Suwabun Chirachanchai
- Bioresources Advanced Materials (B2A), The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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31
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Experimental Determination of Molecular Weight-Dependent Miscibility of PBAT/PLA Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213686. [PMID: 34771243 PMCID: PMC8586918 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Blends of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and polylactide (PLA) have attracted the attention of academia and industry as a sustainable material. Unfortunately, this combination results in problems related to poor miscibility on the molecular level. This study mainly aims to determine the influence of molecular weights on the miscibility of PBAT/PLA blends. First, polymers with various molecular weights were obtained by the hydrolysis of PBAT and methanolysis of PLA. Second, the two components were solution-blended with different molecular weights and weight ratios. Third, each blend was heated to the molten state and subsequently stored at room temperature. Finally, the samples were tested using DSC and SEM. The thermal analysis indicated that the difference in glass transition temperature between both components decreased from about 91 °C to 57 °C and 0 °C, as the number-average molecular weights (Mn) decreased from 52/127 to 9.4/9 and 6.3/6.6 kg/mol. Moreover, the morphology changed from phase-separated with dispersed large particles gradually to uniform and homogeneous. This experimental work validated the trends predicted in the previous study, namely that PBAT/PLA blends changed the state from immiscible to partially miscible to fully miscible with decreasing Mn values. Moreover, we discussed the influencing factors such as weight ratio, temperature, and molecular structure on the miscibility. Based on the results, this work contributes to developing partially miscible and compatible blends without additives.
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32
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Dispersion of Micro Fibrillated Cellulose (MFC) in Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) from Lab-Scale to Semi-Industrial Processing Using Biobased Plasticizers as Dispersing Aids. CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry3030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, two commercial typologies of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) (Exilva and Celish) with 2% wt % were firstly melt-compounded at the laboratory scale into polylactic acid (PLA) by a microcompounder. To reach an MFC proper dispersion and avoid the well-known aglomeration problems, the use of two kinds of biobased plasticisers (poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and lactic acid oligomer (OLA)) were investigated. The plasticizers had the dual effect of dispersing the MFC, and at the same time, they counterbalanced the excessive stiffness caused by the addition of MFC to the PLA matrix. Several preliminaries dilution tests, with different aqueous cellulose suspension/plasticizer weight ratios were carried out. These tests were accompanied by SEM observations and IR and mechanical tests on compression-molded films in order to select the best plasticizer content. The best formulation was then scaled up in a semi-industrial twin-screw extruder, feeding the solution by a peristaltic pump, to optimize the industrial-scale production of commercial MFC-based composites with a solvent-free method. From this study, it can be seen that the use of plasticisers as dispersing aids is a biobased and green solution that can be easily used in conventional extrusion techniques.
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Wang S, Liu B, Qin Y, Guo H. Effects of Processing Conditions and Plasticizing-Reinforcing Modification on the Crystallization and Physical Properties of PLA Films. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11080640. [PMID: 34436403 PMCID: PMC8400887 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The polylactic acid (PLA) resin Ingeo 4032D was selected as the research object. Epoxy soybean oil (ESO) and zeolite (3A molecular sieve) were used as plasticizer and reinforcing filler, respectively, for PLA blend modification. The mixture was granulated in an extruder and then blown to obtain films under different conditions to determine the optimum processing temperatures and screw rotation. Then, the thermal behaviour, crystallinity, optical transparency, micro phase structure and physical properties of the film were investigated. The results showed that with increasing zeolite content, the crystallization behaviour of PLA changed, and the haze of the film increased from 5% to 40% compared to the pure PLA film. Zeolite and ESO dispersed in the PLA matrix played a role in toughening and strengthening. The PLA/8 wt% zeolite/3 wt% ESO film had the highest longitudinal tensile strength at 77 MPa. The PLA/2 wt% zeolite/3 wt% ESO film had the highest longitudinal elongation at 13%. The physical properties depended heavily on the dispersion of zeolite and ESO in the matrix.
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Coiai S, Di Lorenzo ML, Cinelli P, Righetti MC, Passaglia E. Binary Green Blends of Poly(lactic acid) with Poly(butylene adipate- co-butylene terephthalate) and Poly(butylene succinate- co-butylene adipate) and Their Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2489. [PMID: 34372090 PMCID: PMC8348712 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is the most widely produced biobased, biodegradable and biocompatible polyester. Despite many of its properties are similar to those of common petroleum-based polymers, some drawbacks limit its utilization, especially high brittleness and low toughness. To overcome these problems and improve the ductility and the impact resistance, PLA is often blended with other biobased and biodegradable polymers. For this purpose, poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA) are very advantageous copolymers, because their toughness and elongation at break are complementary to those of PLA. Similar to PLA, both these copolymers are biodegradable and can be produced from annual renewable resources. This literature review aims to collect results on the mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of PLA/PBAT and PLA/PBSA blends, as binary blends with and without addition of coupling agents. The effect of different compatibilizers on the PLA/PBAT and PLA/PBSA blends properties is here elucidated, to highlight how the PLA toughness and ductility can be improved and tuned by using appropriate additives. In addition, the incorporation of solid nanoparticles to the PLA/PBAT and PLA/PBSA blends is discussed in detail, to demonstrate how the nanofillers can act as morphology stabilizers, and so improve the properties of these PLA-based formulations, especially mechanical performance, thermal stability and gas/vapor barrier properties. Key points about the biodegradation of the blends and the nanocomposites are presented, together with current applications of these novel green materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Coiai
- CNR-ICCOM, National Research Council—Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
- CNR-IPCB, National Research Council—Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Maria Cristina Righetti
- CNR-IPCF, National Research Council—Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Passaglia
- CNR-ICCOM, National Research Council—Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
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Volume Change during Creep and Micromechanical Deformation Processes in PLA-PBSA Binary Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142379. [PMID: 34301135 PMCID: PMC8309598 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, creep measurements were carried out on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and its blends with poly(butylene succinate-adipate) (PBSA) to investigate the specific micromechanical behavior of these materials, which are promising for replacing fossil-based plastics in several applications. Two different PBSA contents at 15 and 20 wt.% were investigated, and the binary blends were named 85-15 and 80-20, respectively. Measurements of the volume strain, using an optical extensometer, were carried out with a universal testing machine in creep configuration to determine, accompanied by SEM images, the deformation processes occurring in a biopolymeric blend. With the aim of correlating the creep and the dilatation variation, analytical models were applied for the first time in biopolymeric binary blends. By using an Eyring plot, a significant change in the curves was found, and it coincided with the onset of the cavitation/debonding mechanism. Furthermore, starting from the data of the pure PLA matrix, using the Eyring relationship, an apparent stress concentration factor was calculated for PLA-PBSA systems. From this study, it emerged that the introduction of PBSA particles causes an increment in the apparent stress intensity factor, and this can be ascribed to the lower adhesion between the two biopolymers. Furthermore, as also confirmed by SEM analysis, it was found that debonding was the main micromechanical mechanism responsible for the volume variation under creep configuration; it was found that debonding starts earlier (at a lower stress level) for the 85-15 blend.
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Gigante V, Cinelli P, Sandroni M, D’ambrosio R, Lazzeri A, Seggiani M. On the Use of Paper Sludge as Filler in Biocomposites for Injection Moulding. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14102688. [PMID: 34065569 PMCID: PMC8160863 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential use of paper sludge (PS) as filler in the production of bio-composites based on poly lactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) was investigated. PS/PLA/PBAT composites, with addition of acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) as biobased plasticizer, were produced with PS loadings up to 30 wt.% by twin-screw extrusion followed by injection moulding. The composites were characterized by rheological measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and mechanical tests (tensile and impact resistance) to study the effect of PS on the processability, thermal stability, crystallinity and mechanical performance of polymeric matrix. The optimized composites at higher PS content were successfully processed to produce pots for horticulture and, in view of this application, preliminary phytotoxicity tests were conducted using the germination test on Lepidium sativum L. seeds. Results revealed that developed composites up to 30 wt.% PS had good processability by extrusion and injection moulding showing that PS is a potential substitute of calcium carbonate as filler in the production of bio-composites, and the absence of phytotoxic effects showed the possibility of their use in the production of pots/items for applications in floriculture and/or horticulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (R.D.); (A.L.)
- Department Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (R.D.); (A.L.)
- Department Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Marco Sandroni
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (R.D.); (A.L.)
- Department Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto D’ambrosio
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (R.D.); (A.L.)
- Department Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (R.D.); (A.L.)
- Department Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizia Seggiani
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (R.D.); (A.L.)
- Department Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (M.S.)
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Synergistic reinforcing of poly(lactic acid) by poly(butylene adipate‐
co
‐terephthalate) and alumina nanoparticles. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ding Y, Zhang C, Luo C, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Yao B, Dong L, Du X, Ji J. Effect of talc and diatomite on compatible, morphological, and mechanical behavior of PLA/PBAT blends. E-POLYMERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2021-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biodegradable nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT) (70/30, w/w) with diatomite or talc (1–7%). From the SEM test, the particles were transported to the interface of two phases, which acted as an interface modifier to strengthen the interfacial adhesion between PLA and PBAT. Talc and diatomite acted as nucleating agents to improve the crystallization of PBAT in the blends by DSC analysis. Moreover, adding the particles improved the tensile and impact toughness of the blends. The elongation at break with 5% talc was 78% (vs ∼21%) and the impact strength was 15 kJ/m2 (vs ∼6.5 kJ/m2). The rheological measurement revealed that the talc and diatomite reduced the viscosity of the blends. The results showed a good possibility of using talc- and diatomite-filled PLA/PBAT blends with high toughness for green-packaging and bio-membranes application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ding
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology , Xuzhou 221018 , China
| | - Cai Zhang
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology , Xuzhou 221018 , China
| | - Congcong Luo
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology , Xuzhou 221018 , China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology , Xuzhou 221018 , China
| | - Yingmei Zhou
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology , Xuzhou 221018 , China
| | - Bing Yao
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology , Xuzhou 221018 , China
| | - Liming Dong
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology , Xuzhou 221018 , China
| | - Xihua Du
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology , Xuzhou 221018 , China
| | - Junhui Ji
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
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Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/Poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) Compatibilized Binary Biobased Blends: Melt Fluidity, Morphological, Thermo-Mechanical and Micromechanical Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020218. [PMID: 33435479 PMCID: PMC7827856 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work poly(lactic) acid (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) biobased binary blends were investigated. PLA/PBSA mixtures with different compositions of PBSA (from 15 up to 40 wt.%) were produced by twin screw-extrusion. A first screening study was performed on these blends that were characterized from the melt fluidity, morphological and thermo-mechanical point of view. Starting from the obtained results, the effect of an epoxy oligomer (EO) (added at 2 wt.%) was further investigated. In this case a novel approach was introduced studying the micromechanical deformation processes by dilatometric uniaxial tensile tests, carried out with a videoextensometer. The characterization was then completed adopting the elasto-plastic fracture approach, by the measurement of the capability of the selected blends to absorb energy at a slow rate. The obtained results showed that EO acts as a good compatibilizer, improving the compatibility of the rubber phase into the PLA matrix. Dilatometric results showed different micromechanical responses for the 80–20 and 60–40 blends (probably linked to the different morphology). The 80–20 showed a cavitational behavior while the 60–40 a deviatoric one. It has been observed that while the addition of EO does not alter the micromechanical response of the 60–40 blend, it profoundly changes the response of the 80–20, that passed to a deviatoric behavior with the EO addition.
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Han Y, Shi J, Mao L, Wang Z, Zhang L. Improvement of Compatibility and Mechanical Performances of PLA/PBAT Composites with Epoxidized Soybean Oil as Compatibilizer. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jinwei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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Gigante V, Aliotta L, Coltelli MB, Cinelli P, Botta L, La Mantia FP, Lazzeri A. Fracture behavior and mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of biodegradable films extruded by flat die and calender. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | - Laura Aliotta
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | - Luigi Botta
- Department of Engineering, RU INSTM of Palermo University of Palermo Palermo Italy
| | | | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Pisa Pisa Italy
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42
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Uncompatibilized PBAT/PLA Blends: Manufacturability, Miscibility and Properties. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13214897. [PMID: 33142823 PMCID: PMC7662590 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymer blends of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and polylactide (PLA) have been drawn attention due to the application potential as packaging or agricultural films. This study aims to determine the manufacturability, miscibility and mechanical properties of uncompatibilized PBAT/PLA blends prepared using different techniques. First, PBAT and PLA are melt-blended in a wide range of ratios from 90/10 to 10/90. The compounds are then processed into pressed panels, flat films and blown films. Finally, the thermal, morphological, rheological and mechanical properties of these blends are investigated. PBAT/PLA blends have a small difference of solubility parameters, predicting theoretically good miscibility. However, they show two almost unchanged glass transition temperatures in the DSC, phase separation in SEM and two relaxation mechanisms in the Cole–Cole plot. The phase morphology varies depending on both the blend ratios and the preparation techniques. Tensile tests indicate that with increasing PLA content the elongation at break decreases. A good correlation between the elongation at break and the tear propagation resistance is found. Furthermore, the trouser tear method is proven to be more applicable to differentiate highly extensible blown films compared with the Elmendorf tear method.
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Gálvez J, Correa Aguirre JP, Hidalgo Salazar MA, Vera Mondragón B, Wagner E, Caicedo C. Effect of Extrusion Screw Speed and Plasticizer Proportions on the Rheological, Thermal, Mechanical, Morphological and Superficial Properties of PLA. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2111. [PMID: 32948042 PMCID: PMC7570249 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the critical processing parameters-the speed of the extrusion process for plasticized poly (lactic acid) (PLA)-was investigated in the presence of acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) as plasticizer. The mixtures were obtained by varying the content of plasticizer (ATBC, 10-30% by weight), using a twin screw extruder as a processing medium for which a temperature profile with peak was established that ended at 160 °C, two mixing zones and different screw rotation speeds (60 and 150 rpm). To evaluate the thermo-mechanical properties of the blend and hydrophilicity, the miscibility of the plasticizing and PLA matrix, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), oscillatory rheological analysis, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), mechanical analysis, as well as the contact angle were tested. The results derived from the oscillatory rheological analysis had a viscous behavior in the PLA samples with the presence of ATBC; the lower process speed promotes the transitions from viscous to elastic as well as higher values of loss modulus, storage modulus and complex viscosity, which means less loss of molecular weight and lower residual energy in the transition from the viscous state to the elastic state. The mechanical and thermal performance was optimized considering a greater capacity in the energy absorption and integration of the components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Gálvez
- Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo de Materiales y Productos—GIDEMP, Centro Nacional de Asistencia Técnica a la Industria—ASTIN, SENA, Calle 52 No 2bis 15, Cali 760035, Colombia; (J.G.); (B.V.M.); (E.W.)
| | - Juan P. Correa Aguirre
- Research Group for Manufacturing Technologies (GITEM), Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Cali 760035, Colombia; (J.P.C.A.); (M.A.H.S.)
| | - Miguel A. Hidalgo Salazar
- Research Group for Manufacturing Technologies (GITEM), Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Cali 760035, Colombia; (J.P.C.A.); (M.A.H.S.)
| | - Bairo Vera Mondragón
- Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo de Materiales y Productos—GIDEMP, Centro Nacional de Asistencia Técnica a la Industria—ASTIN, SENA, Calle 52 No 2bis 15, Cali 760035, Colombia; (J.G.); (B.V.M.); (E.W.)
| | - Elizabeth Wagner
- Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo de Materiales y Productos—GIDEMP, Centro Nacional de Asistencia Técnica a la Industria—ASTIN, SENA, Calle 52 No 2bis 15, Cali 760035, Colombia; (J.G.); (B.V.M.); (E.W.)
| | - Carolina Caicedo
- Grupo de Investigación en Química y Biotecnología (QUIBIO), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Calle 5 No. 62-00, Cali 760035, Colombia
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Gigante V, Cinelli P, Righetti MC, Sandroni M, Tognotti L, Seggiani M, Lazzeri A. Evaluation of Mussel Shells Powder as Reinforcement for PLA-Based Biocomposites. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155364. [PMID: 32731554 PMCID: PMC7432286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biopolyesters, as polymeric matrices, and natural fillers derived from wastes or by-products of food production to achieve biocomposites is nowadays a reality. The present paper aims to valorize mussel shells, 95% made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), converting them into high-value added products. The objective of this work was to verify if CaCO3, obtained from Mediterranean Sea mussel shells, can be used as filler for a compostable matrix made of Polylactic acid (PLA) and Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). Thermal, mechanical, morphological and physical properties of these biocomposites were evaluated, and the micromechanical mechanism controlling stiffness and strength was investigated by analytical predictive models. The performances of these biocomposites were comparable with those of biocomposites produced with standard calcium carbonate. Thus, the present study has proved that the utilization of a waste, such as mussel shell, can become a resource for biocomposites production, and can be an effective option for further industrial scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (L.T.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (L.T.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
- National Research Council, Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (CNR-IPCF), 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Maria Cristina Righetti
- National Research Council, Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (CNR-IPCF), 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Marco Sandroni
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (L.T.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Leonardo Tognotti
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (L.T.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Maurizia Seggiani
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (L.T.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (L.T.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
- National Research Council, Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (CNR-IPCF), 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Aliotta L, Vannozzi A, Panariello L, Gigante V, Coltelli MB, Lazzeri A. Sustainable Micro and Nano Additives for Controlling the Migration of a Biobased Plasticizer from PLA-Based Flexible Films. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061366. [PMID: 32560520 PMCID: PMC7361961 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticized poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) blend-based films containing chitin nanofibrils (CN) and calcium carbonate were prepared by extrusion and compression molding. On the basis of previous studies, processability was controlled by the use of a few percent of a commercial acrylic copolymer acting as melt strength enhancer and calcium carbonate. Furthermore, acetyl n-tributyl citrate (ATBC), a renewable and biodegradable plasticizer (notoriously adopted in PLA based products) was added to facilitate not only the processability but also to increase the mechanical flexibility and toughness. However, during the storage of these films, a partial loss of plasticizer was observed. The consequence of this is not only correlated to the change of the mechanical properties making the films more rigid but also to the crystallization and development of surficial oiliness. The effect of the addition of calcium carbonate (nanometric and micrometric) and natural nanofibers (chitin nanofibrils) to reduce/control the plasticizer migration was investigated. The prediction of plasticizer migration from the films’ core to the external surface was carried out and the diffusion coefficients, obtained by regression of the experimental migration data plotted as the square root of time, were evaluated for different blends compositions. The results of the diffusion coefficients, obtained thanks to migration tests, showed that the CN can slow the plasticizer migration. However, the best result was achieved with micrometric calcium carbonate while nanometric calcium carbonate results were less effective due to favoring of some bio polyesters’ chain scission. The use of both micrometric calcium carbonate and CN was counterproductive due to the agglomeration phenomena that were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Aliotta
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (L.P.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (M.-B.C.)
| | - Alessandro Vannozzi
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (L.P.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Panariello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (L.P.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (L.P.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (L.P.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (M.-B.C.)
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (L.P.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
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Pietrosanto A, Scarfato P, Di Maio L, Nobile MR, Incarnato L. Evaluation of the Suitability of Poly(Lactide)/Poly(Butylene-Adipate- co-Terephthalate) Blown Films for Chilled and Frozen Food Packaging Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040804. [PMID: 32260170 PMCID: PMC7240708 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biopolymers can reduce the environmental impact generated by plastic materials. Among biopolymers, blends made of poly(lactide) (PLA) and poly(butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) prove to have adequate performances for food packaging applications. Therefore, the present work deals with the production and the characterization of blown films based on PLA and PBAT blends in a wide range of compositions, in order to evaluate their suitability as chilled and frozen food packaging materials, thus extending their range of applications. The blends were fully characterized: they showed the typical two-phase structure, with a morphology varying from fibrillar to globular in accordance with their viscosity ratio. The increase of PBAT content in the blends led to a decrease of the barrier properties to oxygen and water vapor, and to an increase of the toughness of the films. The mechanical properties of the most ductile blends were also evaluated at 4 °C and -25 °C. The decrease in temperature caused an increase of the stiffness and a decrease of the ductility of the films to a different extent, depending upon the blend composition. The blend with 40% of PLA revealed to be a good candidate for chilled food packaging applications, while the blend with a PLA content of 20% revealed to be the best composition as frozen food packaging material.
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Nakayama Y, Yagumo W, Tanaka R, Shiono T, Inumaru K, Tsutsumi C, Kawasaki N, Yamano N, Nakayama A. Synthesis, properties and biodegradation of periodic copolyesters composed of hydroxy acids, ethylene glycol, and terephthalic acid. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Coltelli MB, Aliotta L, Vannozzi A, Morganti P, Panariello L, Danti S, Neri S, Fernandez-Avila C, Fusco A, Donnarumma G, Lazzeri A. Properties and Skin Compatibility of Films Based on Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) Bionanocomposites Incorporating Chitin Nanofibrils (CN). J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:E21. [PMID: 32244595 PMCID: PMC7353621 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanobiocomposites suitable for preparing skin compatible films by flat die extrusion were prepared by using plasticized poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA), and Chitin nanofibrils as functional filler. Chitin nanofibrils (CNs) were dispersed in the blends thanks to the preparation of pre-nanocomposites containing poly(ethylene glycol). Thanks to the use of a melt strength enhancer (Plastistrength) and calcium carbonate, the processability and thermal properties of bionanocomposites films containing CNs could be tuned in a wide range. Moreover, the resultant films were flexible and highly resistant. The addition of CNs in the presence of starch proved not advantageous because of an extensive chain scission resulting in low values of melt viscosity. The films containing CNs or CNs and calcium carbonate resulted biocompatible and enabled the production of cells defensins, acting as indirect anti-microbial. Nevertheless, tests made with Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter spp. (Gram positive and negative respectively) by the qualitative agar diffusion test did not show any direct anti-microbial activity of the films. The results are explained considering the morphology of the film and the different mechanisms of direct and indirect anti-microbial action generated by the nanobiocomposite based films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (A.V.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.F.); (G.D.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Aliotta
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (A.V.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.F.); (G.D.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vannozzi
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (A.V.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.F.); (G.D.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Luca Panariello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (A.V.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.F.); (G.D.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Danti
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (A.V.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.F.); (G.D.); (A.L.)
| | - Simona Neri
- IRIS Technology Solutions S.L, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain; (S.N.); (C.F.-A.)
| | | | - Alessandra Fusco
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (A.V.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.F.); (G.D.); (A.L.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Donnarumma
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (A.V.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.F.); (G.D.); (A.L.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.A.); (A.V.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.F.); (G.D.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
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Coltelli MB, Danti S, De Clerk K, Lazzeri A, Morganti P. Pullulan for Advanced Sustainable Body- and Skin-Contact Applications. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:jfb11010020. [PMID: 32197310 PMCID: PMC7151585 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review had the aim of describing the methodologies of synthesis and properties of biobased pullulan, a microbial polysaccharide investigated in the last decade because of its interesting potentialities in several applications. After describing the implications of pullulan in nano-technology, biodegradation, compatibility with body and skin, and sustainability, the current applications of pullulan are described, with the aim of assessing the potentialities of this biopolymer in the biomedical, personal care, and cosmetic sector, especially in applications in contact with skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.-B.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Serena Danti
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (S.D.); (A.L.)
| | - Karen De Clerk
- Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 70A, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Morganti
- Department of Mental Health and Physics and Preventive Medicine, Unit of Dermatology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Academy of History of Health Care Art, 00193 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.-B.C.); (P.M.)
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Correa-Pacheco ZN, Black-Solís JD, Ortega-Gudiño P, Sabino-Gutiérrez MA, Benítez-Jiménez JJ, Barajas-Cervantes A, Bautista-Baños S, Hurtado-Colmenares LB. Preparation and Characterization of Bio-Based PLA/PBAT and Cinnamon Essential Oil Polymer Fibers and Life-Cycle Assessment from Hydrolytic Degradation. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:E38. [PMID: 31881746 PMCID: PMC7023530 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the need to reduce the dependence on fuel products and to achieve a sustainable development is of special importance due to environmental concerns. Therefore, new alternatives must be sought. In this work, extruded fibers from poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) added with cinnamon essential oil (CEO) were prepared and characterized, and the hydrolytic degradation was assessed. A two-phase system was observed with spherical particles of PBAT embedded in the PLA matrix. The thermal analysis showed partial miscibility between PLA and PBAT. Mechanically, Young's modulus decreased and the elongation at break increased with the incorporation of PBAT and CEO into the blends. The variation in weight loss for the fibers was below 5% during the period of hydrolytic degradation studied with the most important changes at 37 °C and pH 8.50. From microscopy, the formation of cracks in the fiber surface was evidenced, especially for PLA fibers in alkaline medium at 37 °C. This study shows the importance of the variables that influence the performance of polyester-cinnamon essential oil-based fibers in agro-industrial applications for horticultural product preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zormy Nacary Correa-Pacheco
- CONACYT-Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, km 6, calle CEPROBI, No. 8, San Isidro, Yautepec, Morelos 62731, Mexico
| | - Jaime Daniel Black-Solís
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Km. 6, calle CEPROBI No. 8, San Isidro, Yautepec, Morelos 62731, Mexico; (J.D.B.-S.); (S.B.-B.)
| | - Pedro Ortega-Gudiño
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán # 1451, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, Mexico; (P.O.-G.); (A.B.-C.)
| | - Marcos Antonio Sabino-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química, Grupo B5IDA, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Apartado 89000, Caracas C. P. 1080-A, Venezuela; (M.A.S.-G.); (L.B.H.-C.)
| | - José Jesús Benítez-Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Alfonso Barajas-Cervantes
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán # 1451, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, Mexico; (P.O.-G.); (A.B.-C.)
| | - Silvia Bautista-Baños
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Km. 6, calle CEPROBI No. 8, San Isidro, Yautepec, Morelos 62731, Mexico; (J.D.B.-S.); (S.B.-B.)
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