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Aloy-Reverté C, Bandeira F, Otero N, Rebollo-Morell A, Nieto-Nicolau N, Álvaro P. Gomes J, Güell JL, Casaroli-Marano RP. Corneal Endothelial Cell Cultures from Organotypic Preservation of Older Donor Corneas Are Suitable for Advanced Cell Therapy. Ophthalmic Res 2023; 66:1254-1265. [PMID: 37722372 PMCID: PMC10614447 DOI: 10.1159/000533701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this work was to evaluate the in vitro growth capacity and functionality of human corneal endothelial cells (hCEC) expanded from corneas of elderly (>60 years) donors that were preserved using an organotypic culture method (>15 days, 31°C) and did not meet the clinical criteria for keratoplasty. METHODS Cell cultures were obtained from prior descemetorhexis (≥10 mm) and a controlled incubation with collagenase type I followed by recombinant trypsin. Cells were seeded on coated plates (fibronectin-albumin-collagen I) and cultures were expanded using the dual supplemented medium approach (maintenance medium and growth medium), in the presence of a 10 μm Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor (Y-27632). Cell passages were obtained at culture confluency (∼2 weeks). A quantitative colorimetric WST-1 cell growth assay was performed at different time points of the culture. Morphometric analysis (area assessment and circularity), immunocytochemistry (ZO-1, Na+/K+-ATPase α, Ki67), and transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) were performed on confluent monolayers. RESULTS There was no difference between the cell growth profiles of hCEC cultures obtained from corneas older than 60 years, whether preserved cold or cultivated organotypic corneas. Primary cultures were able to maintain a certain cell circularity index (around 0.8) and morphology (hexagonal) similar to corneal endothelial mosaic. The ZO-1 and Na+/K+-ATPase pump markers were highly positive in confluent cell monolayers at 21 days after isolation (passage 0; P0), but significantly decreased in confluent monolayers after the first passage (P1). A weak expression of Ki67 was observed in both P0 and P1 monolayers. The P0 monolayers showed a progressive increase in TEER values between days 6 and 11 and remained stable until day 18 of culture, indicating a state of controlled permeability in monolayers. The P1 monolayers also showed some functional ability but with decreased TEER values compared to monolayers at P0. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that it is possible to obtain functional hCEC cultures in eye banks, using simplified and standardized protocols, from older donor corneas (>60 years of age), previously preserved under organotypic culture conditions. This tissue is more readily available in our setting, due to the profile of the donor population or due to the low endothelial count (<2,000 cells/mm2) of the donated cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Bandeira
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nausica Otero
- Barcelona Tissue Bank (BTB), Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - José Álvaro P. Gomes
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José L. Güell
- Instituto de Microcirugía Ocular (IMO), IMO Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo P. Casaroli-Marano
- Barcelona Tissue Bank (BTB), Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Health Sciences and Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Zhu YT, Tighe S, Chen SL, Zhang Y, Chen SY, Kao WWY, Tseng SCG. Manufacturing of human corneal endothelial grafts. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:301-310. [PMID: 37268293 PMCID: PMC10529356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) play a significant role in maintaining visual function. However, these cells are notorious for their limited proliferative capacity in vivo. Current treatment of corneal endothelial dysfunction resorts to corneal transplantation. Herein we describe an ex vivo engineering method to manufacture HCEC grafts suitable for transplantation through reprogramming into neural crest progenitors. METHODS HCECs were isolated by collagenase A from stripped Descemet membrane of cadaveric corneoscleral rims, and induced reprogramming via knockdown with p120 and Kaiso siRNAs on collagen IV-coated atelocollagen. Engineered HCEC grafts were released after assessing their identity, potency, viability, purity and sterility. Phase contrast was used for monitoring cell shape, graft size, and cell density. Immunostaining was used to determine the normal HCEC phenotype with expression of N-cadherin, ZO-1, ATPase, acetyl-α-tubulin, γ-tubulin, p75NTR, α-catenin, β-catenin, and F-actin. Stability of manufactured HCEC graft was evaluated after transit and storage for up to 3 weeks. The pump function of HCEC grafts was measured by lactate efflux. RESULTS One HCEC graft suitable for corneal transplantation was generated from 1/8th of the donor corneoscleral rim with normal hexagonal cell shape, density, and phenotype. The manufactured grafts were stable for up to 3 weeks at 37 °C or up to 1 week at 22 °C in MESCM medium and after transcontinental shipping at room temperature by retaining normal morphology (hexagonal, >2000 cells/mm2, >8 mm diameter), phenotype, and pump function. CONCLUSIONS This regenerative strategy through knockdown with p120 and Kaiso siRNAs can be used to manufacture HCEC grafts with normal phenotype, morphology and pump function following prolonged storage and shipping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean Tighe
- R&D Department, BioTissue, Miami, FL, 33126, USA
| | | | - Yuan Zhang
- R&D Department, BioTissue, Miami, FL, 33126, USA
| | - Szu-Yu Chen
- R&D Department, BioTissue, Miami, FL, 33126, USA
| | - Winston W Y Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, 2600 Clifton Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
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Peng Q, Shan D, Cui K, Li K, Zhu B, Wu H, Wang B, Wong S, Norton V, Dong Y, Lu YW, Zhou C, Chen H. The Role of Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Cardiovascular Disease. Cells 2022; 11:1834. [PMID: 35681530 PMCID: PMC9180466 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) is the process of endothelial cells progressively losing endothelial-specific markers and gaining mesenchymal phenotypes. In the normal physiological condition, EndoMT plays a fundamental role in forming the cardiac valves of the developing heart. However, EndoMT contributes to the development of various cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as atherosclerosis, valve diseases, fibrosis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Therefore, a deeper understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying EndoMT in CVD should provide urgently needed insights into reversing this condition. This review summarizes a 30-year span of relevant literature, delineating the EndoMT process in particular, key signaling pathways, and the underlying regulatory networks involved in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianman Peng
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Q.P.); (D.S.); (K.C.); (K.L.); (B.Z.); (H.W.); (B.W.); (S.W.); (V.N.); (Y.D.); (Y.W.L.)
| | - Dan Shan
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Q.P.); (D.S.); (K.C.); (K.L.); (B.Z.); (H.W.); (B.W.); (S.W.); (V.N.); (Y.D.); (Y.W.L.)
| | - Kui Cui
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Q.P.); (D.S.); (K.C.); (K.L.); (B.Z.); (H.W.); (B.W.); (S.W.); (V.N.); (Y.D.); (Y.W.L.)
| | - Kathryn Li
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Q.P.); (D.S.); (K.C.); (K.L.); (B.Z.); (H.W.); (B.W.); (S.W.); (V.N.); (Y.D.); (Y.W.L.)
| | - Bo Zhu
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Q.P.); (D.S.); (K.C.); (K.L.); (B.Z.); (H.W.); (B.W.); (S.W.); (V.N.); (Y.D.); (Y.W.L.)
| | - Hao Wu
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Q.P.); (D.S.); (K.C.); (K.L.); (B.Z.); (H.W.); (B.W.); (S.W.); (V.N.); (Y.D.); (Y.W.L.)
| | - Beibei Wang
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Q.P.); (D.S.); (K.C.); (K.L.); (B.Z.); (H.W.); (B.W.); (S.W.); (V.N.); (Y.D.); (Y.W.L.)
| | - Scott Wong
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Q.P.); (D.S.); (K.C.); (K.L.); (B.Z.); (H.W.); (B.W.); (S.W.); (V.N.); (Y.D.); (Y.W.L.)
| | - Vikram Norton
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Q.P.); (D.S.); (K.C.); (K.L.); (B.Z.); (H.W.); (B.W.); (S.W.); (V.N.); (Y.D.); (Y.W.L.)
| | - Yunzhou Dong
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Q.P.); (D.S.); (K.C.); (K.L.); (B.Z.); (H.W.); (B.W.); (S.W.); (V.N.); (Y.D.); (Y.W.L.)
| | - Yao Wei Lu
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Q.P.); (D.S.); (K.C.); (K.L.); (B.Z.); (H.W.); (B.W.); (S.W.); (V.N.); (Y.D.); (Y.W.L.)
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Q.P.); (D.S.); (K.C.); (K.L.); (B.Z.); (H.W.); (B.W.); (S.W.); (V.N.); (Y.D.); (Y.W.L.)
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Masuda H, Harano K, Miura S, Wang Y, Hirota Y, Harada O, Jolly MK, Matsunaga Y, Lim B, Wood AL, Parinyanitikul N, Jin Lee H, Gong G, George JT, Levine H, Lee J, Wang X, Lucci A, Rao A, Schweitzer BL, Lawrence OR, Seitz RS, Morris SW, Hout DR, Nakamura S, Krishnamurthy S, Ueno NT. Changes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes in Patients Without Pathologic Complete Response After Neoadjuvant Systemic Chemotherapy. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2000368. [PMID: 35294223 PMCID: PMC8939918 DOI: 10.1200/po.20.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lehmann et al have identified four molecular subtypes of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)-basal-like (BL) 1, BL2, mesenchymal (M), and luminal androgen receptor-and an immunomodulatory (IM) gene expression signature modifier. Our group previously showed that the response of TNBC to neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy (NST) differs by molecular subtype, but whether NST affects the subtype was unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that in patients without pathologic complete response, TNBC subtypes can change after NST. Moreover, in cases with the changed subtype, we determined whether epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) had occurred. MATERIALS AND METHODS From the Pan-Pacific TNBC Consortium data set containing TNBC patient samples from four countries, we examined 64 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded pairs of matched pre- and post-NST tumor samples. The TNBC subtype was determined using the TNBCtype-IM assay. We analyzed a partial EMT gene expression scoring metric using mRNA data. RESULTS Of the 64 matched pairs, 36 (56%) showed a change in the TNBC subtype after NST. The most frequent change was from BL1 to M subtypes (38%). No tumors changed from M to BL1. The IM signature was positive in 14 (22%) patients before NST and eight (12.5%) patients after NST. The EMT score increased after NST in 28 (78%) of the 36 patients with the changed subtype (v 39% of the 28 patients without change; P = .002254). CONCLUSION We report, to our knowledge, for the first time that the TNBC molecular subtype and IM signature frequently change after NST. Our results also suggest that EMT is promoted by NST. Our findings may lead to innovative adjuvant therapy strategies in TNBC cases with residual tumor after NST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Masuda
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kenichi Harano
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Sakiko Miura
- Department of Pathology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yuko Hirota
- Department of Pathology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Oi Harada
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Kameda General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Yuki Matsunaga
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bora Lim
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Anita L. Wood
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Napa Parinyanitikul
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hee Jin Lee
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyungyub Gong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jason T. George
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
- Intercollegiate School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX
| | - Herbert Levine
- Departments of Bioengineering and Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Jangsoon Lee
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Anthony Lucci
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Arvind Rao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Robert S. Seitz
- Oncocyte Corporation (formerly Insight Genetics), Nashville, TN
| | | | - David R. Hout
- Oncocyte Corporation (formerly Insight Genetics), Nashville, TN
| | - Seigo Nakamura
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Savitri Krishnamurthy
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Naoto T. Ueno
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Park S, Leonard BC, Raghunathan VK, Kim S, Li JY, Mannis MJ, Murphy CJ, Thomasy SM. Animal models of corneal endothelial dysfunction to facilitate development of novel therapies. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1271. [PMID: 34532408 PMCID: PMC8421955 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progressive corneal endothelial disease eventually leads to corneal edema and vision loss due to the limited regenerative capacity of the corneal endothelium in vivo and is a major indication for corneal transplantation. Despite the relatively high success rate of corneal transplantation, there remains a pressing global clinical need to identify improved therapeutic strategies to address this debilitating condition. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of novel therapeutics, there is a growing demand for pre-clinical animal models of corneal endothelial dysfunction. In this review, experimentally induced, spontaneously occurring and genetically modified animal models of corneal endothelial dysfunction are described to assist researchers in making informed decisions regarding the selection of the most appropriate animal models to meet their research goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwan Park
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian C Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Vijay Krishna Raghunathan
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Basic Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mark J Mannis
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Di Benedetto P, Ruscitti P, Berardicurti O, Vomero M, Navarini L, Dolo V, Cipriani P, Giacomelli R. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 205:12-27. [PMID: 33772754 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by significant vascular alterations and multi-organ fibrosis. Microvascular alterations are the first event of SSc and injured endothelial cells (ECs) may transdifferentiate towards myofibroblasts, the cells responsible for fibrosis and collagen deposition. This process is identified as endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and understanding of its development is pivotal to identify early pathogenetic events and new therapeutic targets for SSc. In this review, we have highlighted the molecular mechanisms of EndMT and summarize the evidence of the role played by EndMT during the development of progressive fibrosis in SSc, also exploring the possible therapeutic role of its inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Di Benedetto
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - P Ruscitti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - O Berardicurti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - M Vomero
- Unit of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Rome 'Campus Biomedico', Rome, Italy
| | - L Navarini
- Unit of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Rome 'Campus Biomedico', Rome, Italy
| | - V Dolo
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - P Cipriani
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - R Giacomelli
- Unit of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Rome 'Campus Biomedico', Rome, Italy
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Bakhshinyan D, Savage N, Salim SK, Venugopal C, Singh SK. The Strange Case of Jekyll and Hyde: Parallels Between Neural Stem Cells and Glioblastoma-Initiating Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 10:603738. [PMID: 33489908 PMCID: PMC7820896 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.603738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, radial glial precursor cells give rise to neural lineages, and a small proportion persist in the adult mammalian brain to contribute to long-term neuroplasticity. Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in two neurogenic niches of the adult brain, the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). NSCs in the SVZ are endowed with the defining stem cell properties of self-renewal and multipotent differentiation, which are maintained by intrinsic cellular programs, and extrinsic cellular and niche-specific interactions. In glioblastoma, the most aggressive primary malignant brain cancer, a subpopulation of cells termed glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) exhibit similar stem-like properties. While there is an extensive overlap between NSCs and GSCs in function, distinct genetic profiles, transcriptional programs, and external environmental cues influence their divergent behavior. This review highlights the similarities and differences between GSCs and SVZ NSCs in terms of their gene expression, regulatory molecular pathways, niche organization, metabolic programs, and current therapies designed to exploit these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bakhshinyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Neil Savage
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sabra Khalid Salim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sheila K. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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8
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Maurizi E, Schiroli D, Zini R, Limongelli A, Mistò R, Macaluso C, Pellegrini G. A fine-tuned β-catenin regulation during proliferation of corneal endothelial cells revealed using proteomics analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13841. [PMID: 32796906 PMCID: PMC7427785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70800-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal endothelial (CE) dysfunction is the main indication for corneal transplantation, an invasive procedure with several limitations. Developing novel strategies to re-activate CE regenerative capacity is, therefore, of fundamental importance. This goal has proved to be challenging as corneal endothelial cells (CEnC) are blocked in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle in vivo and, albeit retaining proliferative capacity in vitro, this is further hindered by endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Herein we investigated the mechanisms regulating CEnC proliferation in vitro. Comparing the proteome of non-proliferating (in vivo-G0/G1) and proliferating (in vitro-G2/M) rabbit CEnC (rCEnC), 77 proteins, out of 3,328 identified, were differentially expressed in the two groups (p < 0.005). Literature and Gene Ontology analysis revealed β-catenin and transforming growth factor (TGF-β) pathways to be correlated with the identified proteins. Treatment of rCEnC with a β-catenin activator and inhibitor showed that β-catenin activation was necessary during rCEnC proliferation, but not sufficient for its induction. Furthermore, both pro-proliferative activity of basic fibroblast growth factor and anti-proliferative effects of TGF-β were regulated through β-catenin. Overall, these results provide novel insights into the molecular basis underlying the proliferation process that CEnC re-activate in vitro, consolidating the role of β-catenin and TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Maurizi
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine "S. Ferrari", Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Dentistry Center, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Davide Schiroli
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Roberta Zini
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine "S. Ferrari", Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudio Macaluso
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Dentistry Center, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Graziella Pellegrini
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine "S. Ferrari", Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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Su CC, Ho WT, Peng FT, Gao CM, Jou TS, Wang IJ. Exploring a peptidomimetic approach of N-cadherin in modulating fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling for corneal endothelial regeneration. FASEB J 2020; 34:11698-11713. [PMID: 32654299 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902525rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial rejection and a critical shortage of corneal transplants present an unmet medical need in corneal regeneration research area. Although basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a potent mitogenic factor for corneal ex vivo expansion, it is also a morphogen eliciting unfavorable endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EnMT) of corneal endothelial cells. A pharmacological reagent that retains the beneficial proliferative effect while lacking the EnMT effect of bFGF would be of great potential in corneal regeneration. In present study, we demonstrated that bFGF not only activated the canonical fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) tyrosine kinase pathway, but also further upregulated matrix metalloproteinase activity to cleave N-cadherin into N-terminus and C-terminus fragments, which activated the classical FGFR1 tyrosine kinase pathway and a cryptic β-catenin pathway to affect corneal proliferation and EnMT, respectively. We generated the synthetic peptides resembling a critical motif in the ectodomain of N-cadherin and found these peptides enhanced downstream proliferative signaling of FGFR1 but without seemingly EnMT effect. The potential of these peptides can be demonstrated on both ex vivo cell culture and in vivo rat cryo-injury model. Our study indicated this peptidomimetic approach of N-cadherin can stimulate corneal regeneration and offer a promising therapeutic option to treat corneal endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chia Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.,College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Wei-Ting Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Fu-Ti Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chia-Mao Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Tzuu-Shuh Jou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.,College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.,Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - I-Jong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.,College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C
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10
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Platel V, Faure S, Corre I, Clere N. Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EndoMT): Roles in Tumorigenesis, Metastatic Extravasation and Therapy Resistance. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:8361945. [PMID: 31467544 PMCID: PMC6701373 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8361945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells evolve in a very complex tumor microenvironment, composed of several cell types, among which the endothelial cells are the major actors of the tumor angiogenesis. Today, these cells are also characterized for their plasticity, as endothelial cells have demonstrated their potential to modify their phenotype to differentiate into mesenchymal cells through the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). This cellular plasticity is mediated by various stimuli including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and is modulated dependently of experimental conditions. Recently, emerging evidences have shown that EndoMT is involved in the development and dissemination of cancer and also in cancer cell to escape from therapeutic treatment. In this review, we summarize current updates on EndoMT and its main induction pathways. In addition, we discuss the role of EndoMT in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and its potential implication in cancer therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Platel
- Micro & Nanomédecines Translationnelles-MINT, Univ Angers, INSERM U1066, CNRS UMR 6021, Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Faure
- Micro & Nanomédecines Translationnelles-MINT, Univ Angers, INSERM U1066, CNRS UMR 6021, Angers, France
| | - Isabelle Corre
- Sarcomes Osseux et Remodelage des Tissus Calcifiés Phy-OS, Université de Nantes INSERM UMR U1238, Faculté de Médecine, F-44035 Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Clere
- Micro & Nanomédecines Translationnelles-MINT, Univ Angers, INSERM U1066, CNRS UMR 6021, Angers, France
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11
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Li Z, Duan H, Li W, Jia Y, Zhang S, Zhao C, Zhou Q, Shi W. Nicotinamide inhibits corneal endothelial mesenchymal transition and accelerates wound healing. Exp Eye Res 2019; 184:227-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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12
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Wang YH, Young TH, Wang TJ. Investigating the effect of chitosan/ polycaprolactone blends in differentiation of corneal endothelial cells and extracellular matrix compositions. Exp Eye Res 2019; 185:107679. [PMID: 31129253 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of corneal endothelial cells (CECs) differentiation and identify the extracellular matrix (ECM) compositions using chitosan/polycaprolactone (PCL) blended membrane, hence exploring the potential use of chitosan/PCL blends in tissue engineering of CECs. We utilized the chitosan/PCL blends named as PCL25 consisting of PCL at 25% by weight. The surface characteristics of PCL25 were confirmed by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Bovine CECs were cultured on the blends, compared with TCPS and pure chitosan membrane. Cell behaviors in terms of cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation phenotype and expression of differentiation proteins were examined. Furthermore, ECM protein productions were also analyzed. From the experiments, we found the topography (roughness) of PCL25 membrane examined by AFM was greater than pure chitosan membrane. FTIR results confirmed the functional groups of C=O bond of PCL. The CECs displayed hexagonal morphology and similar proliferation rate on both PCL25 membrane and TCPS. In addition, the immunofluorescence evidence showed well-localized ZO-1 and Na+/K+ ATPase expression of membrane proteins. ECM protein productions of CECs on PCL were no inferior to TCPS. Moreover, western blot results verified the higher amount of collagen type IV, and reduced TGF-β2 expression on PCL25 membrane compared to TCPS substrate. In conclusions, chitosan/PCL blends membrane provided a favorable environment for CECs in terms of ECM compositions, therefore enhancing the growth and differentiation. Accordingly, for CEC tissue engineering applications, PCL 25 might be a suitable alternative for cadaveric cornea transplantation in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Horng Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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13
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Chen S, Zhu Q, Sun H, Zhang Y, Tighe S, Xu L, Zhu Y. Advances in culture, expansion and mechanistic studies of corneal endothelial cells: a systematic review. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:2. [PMID: 30609919 PMCID: PMC6320592 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human corneal endothelial cells are notorious for their restricted proliferative ability in vivo and in vitro. Hence, injury or dysfunction of these cells may easily result in blindness. Currently, the only treatment is to transplant a donor cornea that contains a healthy corneal endothelium. However there is a severe global shortage of donor corneas and there remains an unmet clinical need to engineer human corneal grafts with healthy corneal endothelium. In this review, we present current advances in the culture, expansion, and molecular understandings of corneal endothelial cells in vitro in order to help establish methods of engineering human corneal endothelial grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangling Chen
- Tissue Tech, Inc., 7235 Corporate Center Drive, Suite B, Miami, Florida, 33126, USA
| | - Qin Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province), Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology, Provincial Innovation Team for Cataract and Ocular Fundus Disease, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Expert Workstation of Yao Ke, Yunnan Eye Institute, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Tissue Tech, Inc., 7235 Corporate Center Drive, Suite B, Miami, Florida, 33126, USA
| | - Sean Tighe
- Tissue Tech, Inc., 7235 Corporate Center Drive, Suite B, Miami, Florida, 33126, USA
| | - Li Xu
- The Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Tongdao North Rd, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yingting Zhu
- Tissue Tech, Inc., 7235 Corporate Center Drive, Suite B, Miami, Florida, 33126, USA.
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14
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Zhu Q, Zhu Y, Tighe S, Liu Y, Hu M. Engineering of Human Corneal Endothelial Cells In Vitro. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:507-512. [PMID: 31171901 PMCID: PMC6535652 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.30759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human corneal endothelial cells are responsible for controlling corneal transparency, however they are notorious for their limited proliferative capability. Thus, damage to these cells may cause irreversible blindness. Currently, the only way to cure blindness caused by corneal endothelial dysfunction is via corneal transplantation of a cadaver donor cornea with healthy corneal endothelium. Due to severe shortage of donor corneas worldwide, it has become paramount to develop human corneal endothelial grafts in vitro that can subsequently be transplanted in humans. Recently, we have reported effective expansion of human corneal endothelial cells by reprogramming the cells into progenitor status through use of p120-Kaiso siRNA knockdown. This new reprogramming approach circumvents the need of using induced pluripotent stem cells or embryonic stem cells. Successful promotion of this technology will encourage scientists to re-think how "contact inhibition" can safely be perturbed to our benefit, i.e., effective engineering of an in vivo-like tissue while successful maintaining the normal phenotype. In this review, we present current advances in reprogramming corneal endothelial cells in vitro, detail the methods to successful engineer human corneal endothelial grafts, and discuss their future clinical applications to cure corneal blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University); Yunnan Eye Institute; Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province for the Prevention and Treatment of ophthalmology (2017DG008); Provincial Innovation Team for Cataract and Ocular Fundus Disease (2017HC010); Expert Workstation of Yao Ke (2017IC064), Kunming, 650021 China
| | - Yingting Zhu
- Tissue Tech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, FL, 33173 USA
| | - Sean Tighe
- Tissue Tech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, FL, 33173 USA
| | - Yongsong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yan' An Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University); Yunnan Eye Institute; Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province for the Prevention and Treatment of ophthalmology (2017DG008); Provincial Innovation Team for Cataract and Ocular Fundus Disease (2017HC010); Expert Workstation of Yao Ke (2017IC064), Kunming, 650021 China
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15
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Bartakova A, Kuzmenko O, Alvarez-Delfin K, Kunzevitzky NJ, Goldberg JL. A Cell Culture Approach to Optimized Human Corneal Endothelial Cell Function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:1617-1629. [PMID: 29625488 PMCID: PMC5869002 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cell-based therapies to replace corneal endothelium depend on culture methods to optimize human corneal endothelial cell (HCEC) function and minimize endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EnMT). Here we explore contribution of low-mitogenic media on stabilization of phenotypes in vitro that mimic those of HCECs in vivo. Methods HCECs were isolated from cadaveric donor corneas and expanded in vitro, comparing continuous presence of exogenous growth factors (“proliferative media”) to media without those factors (“stabilizing media”). Identity based on canonical morphology and expression of surface marker CD56, and function based on formation of tight junction barriers measured by trans-endothelial electrical resistance assays (TEER) were assessed. Results Primary HCECs cultured in proliferative media underwent EnMT after three to four passages, becoming increasingly fibroblastic. Stabilizing the cells before each passage by switching them to a media low in mitogenic growth factors and serum preserved canonical morphology and yielded a higher number of cells. HCECs cultured in stabilizing media increased both expression of the identity marker CD56 and also tight junction monolayer integrity compared to cells cultured without stabilization. Conclusions HCECs isolated from donor corneas and expanded in vitro with a low-mitogenic media stabilizing step before each passage demonstrate more canonical structural and functional features and defer EnMT, increasing the number of passages and total canonical cell yield. This approach may facilitate development of HCEC-based cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Bartakova
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Olga Kuzmenko
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Karen Alvarez-Delfin
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida, United States
| | - Noelia J Kunzevitzky
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States.,Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida, United States.,Emmecell, Bridgewater, Connecticut, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States.,Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida, United States
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16
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Murugavel S, Bugyei-Twum A, Matkar PN, Al-Mubarak H, Chen HH, Adam M, Jain S, Narang T, Abdin RM, Qadura M, Connelly KA, Leong-Poi H, Singh KK. Valproic Acid Induces Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition-Like Phenotypic Switching. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:737. [PMID: 30050438 PMCID: PMC6050396 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, is a widely used anticonvulsant drug that is currently undergoing clinical evaluation for anticancer therapy due to its anti-angiogenic potential. Endothelial cells (ECs) can transition into mesenchymal cells and this form of EC plasticity is called endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), which is widely implicated in several pathologies including cancer and organ fibrosis. However, the effect of VPA on EC plasticity and EndMT remains completely unknown. We report herein that VPA-treatment significantly inhibits tube formation, migration, nitric oxide production, proliferation and migration in ECs. A microscopic evaluation revealed, and qPCR, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting data confirmed EndMT-like phenotypic switching as well as an increased expression of pro-fibrotic genes in VPA-treated ECs. Furthermore, our data confirmed important and regulatory role played by TGFβ-signaling in VPA-induced EndMT. Our qPCR array data performed for 84 endothelial genes further supported our findings and demonstrated 28 significantly and differentially regulated genes mainly implicated in angiogenesis, endothelial function, EndMT and fibrosis. We, for the first time report that VPA-treatment associated EndMT contributes to the VPA-associated loss of endothelial function. Our data also suggest that VPA based therapeutics may exacerbate endothelial dysfunction and EndMT-related phenotype in patients undergoing anticonvulsant or anticancer therapy, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoinette Bugyei-Twum
- Division of Cardiology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pratiek N Matkar
- Division of Cardiology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Husain Al-Mubarak
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hao H Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohamed Adam
- Division of Cardiology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shubha Jain
- Vascular Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tanya Narang
- Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rawand M Abdin
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammad Qadura
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Vascular Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kim A Connelly
- Division of Cardiology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Howard Leong-Poi
- Division of Cardiology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Krishna K Singh
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Vascular Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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17
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Sabbineni H, Verma A, Somanath PR. Isoform-specific effects of transforming growth factor β on endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:8418-8428. [PMID: 29856065 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) was first reported in the embryogenesis. Recent studies show that EndMT also occurs in the disease progression of atherosclerosis, cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, and cancer. Although transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is crucial for EndMT, it is not clear which isoform elicits a predominant effect. The current study aims to directly compare the dose-dependent effects of TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and TGFβ3 on EndMT and characterize the underlying mechanisms. In our results, all three TGFβ isoforms induced EndMT in human microvascular endothelial cells after 72 hr, as evidenced by the increased expression of mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and α-smooth muscle actin as well as the decreased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Interestingly, the effect of TGFβ2 was the most pronounced. At 1 ng/ml, only TGFβ2 treatment resulted in significantly increased phosphorylation (activation) of Smad2/3 and p38-MAPK and increased expression of mesenchymal transcription factors Snail and FoxC2. Intriguingly, we observed that treatment with 1 ng/ml TGFβ1 and TGFβ3, but not TGFβ2, resulted in an increased expression of TGFβ2, thus indicating that EndMT with TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 treatments was due to the secondary effects through TGFβ2 secretion. Furthermore, silencing TGFβ2 using small interfering RNA blunted the expression of EndMT markers in TGFβ1- and TGFβ3-treated cells. Together, our results indicate that TGFβ2 is the most potent inducer of EndMT and that TGFβ1- and TGFβ3-induced EndMT necessitates a paracrine loop involving TGFβ2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harika Sabbineni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Arti Verma
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Payaningal R Somanath
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia.,Department of Medicine and Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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18
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Matkar PN, Singh KK, Rudenko D, Kim YJ, Kuliszewski MA, Prud'homme GJ, Hedley DW, Leong-Poi H. Novel regulatory role of neuropilin-1 in endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and fibrosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:69489-69506. [PMID: 27542226 PMCID: PMC5342493 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by an intense fibrotic reaction termed tumor desmoplasia, which is in part responsible for its aggressiveness. Endothelial cells have been shown to display cellular plasticity in the form of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) that serves as an important source of fibroblasts in pathological disorders, including cancer. Angiogenic co-receptor, neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) actively binds TGFβ1, the primary mediator of EndMT and is involved in oncogenic processes like epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). NRP-1 and TGFβ1 signaling have been shown to be aberrantly up-regulated in PDAC. We report herein a positive correlation between NRP-1 levels, EndMT and fibrosis in human PDAC xenografts. Loss of NRP-1 in HUVECs limited TGFβ1-induced EndMT as demonstrated by gain of endothelial and loss of mesenchymal markers, while maintaining endothelial cell architecture. Knockdown of NRP-1 down-regulated TGFβ canonical signaling (pSMAD2) and associated pro-fibrotic genes. Overexpression of NRP-1 exacerbated TGFβ1-induced EndMT and up-regulated TGFβ signaling and expression of pro-fibrotic genes. In vivo, loss of NRP-1 attenuated tumor perfusion and size, accompanied by reduction in EndMT and fibrosis. This study defines a previously unrecognized role of NRP-1 in regulating TGFβ1-induced EndMT and fibrosis, and advocates NRP-1 as a therapeutic target to reduce tumor fibrosis and PDAC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiek N Matkar
- Division of Cardiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Krishna Kumar Singh
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dmitriy Rudenko
- Division of Cardiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael A Kuliszewski
- Division of Cardiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gerald J Prud'homme
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - David W Hedley
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Howard Leong-Poi
- Division of Cardiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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19
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Patel J, Baz B, Wong HY, Lee JS, Khosrotehrani K. Accelerated Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition Increased Fibrosis via Deleting Notch Signaling in Wound Vasculature. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:1166-1175. [PMID: 29248546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skin wound healing in adults is characterized by a peak of angiogenesis followed by regression of the excessive vasculature in parallel with collagen deposition and fibrosis in the wound. We hypothesized that regressing vessels in healing wounds were in fact entering an endothelial to mesenchymal transition contributing to scarring. Using vascular-specific fate tracking (Cdh5-creERt2/ROSA-YFP mice), full-thickness excisional wounds were analyzed to reveal a time-dependent transition from endothelial phenotype characterized by vascular endothelial-cadherin, CD31, and CD34 toward a mesenchymal phenotype characterized by alpha-smooth muscle actin and fibroblast-specific protein 1 expression. We next conditionally ablated RBPJ in the vasculature (Rbpjfl/fl/Cdh5-creERt2ROSA-YFP) to evaluate the role of canonical Notch signaling in this process. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition was clearly accelerated after the loss of Notch signaling within the vasculature. The acceleration of endothelial to mesenchymal transition resulted in delayed wound healing, increased fibrosis, and extensive scar tissue formation, with the rapid loss of key endothelial genes and proteins and upregulation of mesenchymal protein expression (alpha-smooth muscle actin and fibroblast-specific protein 1) in vessels. Our findings here uncover a cellular contributor to skin wound scarring through the process of endothelial to mesenchymal transition in skin wounds and demonstrate the importance of Notch signaling in regulating this critical process during healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Patel
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Betoul Baz
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ho Yi Wong
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James S Lee
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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20
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Shu DY, Lovicu FJ. Myofibroblast transdifferentiation: The dark force in ocular wound healing and fibrosis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 60:44-65. [PMID: 28807717 PMCID: PMC5600870 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is one of the most complex biological processes to occur in life. Repair of tissue following injury involves dynamic interactions between multiple cell types, growth factors, inflammatory mediators and components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Aberrant and uncontrolled wound healing leads to a non-functional mass of fibrotic tissue. In the eye, fibrotic disease disrupts the normally transparent ocular tissues resulting in irreversible loss of vision. A common feature in fibrotic eye disease is the transdifferentiation of cells into myofibroblasts that can occur through a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Myofibroblasts rapidly produce excessive amounts of ECM and exert tractional forces across the ECM, resulting in the distortion of tissue architecture. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) plays a major role in myofibroblast transdifferentiation and has been implicated in numerous fibrotic eye diseases including corneal opacification, pterygium, anterior subcapsular cataract, posterior capsular opacification, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, fibrovascular membrane formation associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, submacular fibrosis, glaucoma and orbital fibrosis. This review serves to introduce the pathological functions of the myofibroblast in fibrotic eye disease. We also highlight recent developments in elucidating the multiple signaling pathways involved in fibrogenesis that may be exploited in the development of novel anti-fibrotic therapies to reduce ocular morbidity due to scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Y Shu
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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21
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Chen J, Li Z, Zhang L, Ou S, Wang Y, He X, Zou D, Jia C, Hu Q, Yang S, Li X, Li J, Wang J, Sun H, Chen Y, Zhu YT, Tseng SCG, Liu Z, Li W. Descemet's Membrane Supports Corneal Endothelial Cell Regeneration in Rabbits. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6983. [PMID: 28765543 PMCID: PMC5539296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Descemet’s membrane (DM) helps maintain phenotype and function of corneal endothelial cells under physiological conditions, while little is known about the function of DM in corneal endothelial wound healing process. In the current study, we performed in vivo rabbit corneal endothelial cell (CEC) injury via CEC scraping, in which DM remained intact after CECs removal, or via DM stripping, in which DM was removed together with CECs. We found rabbit corneas in the CEC scraping group healed with transparency restoration, while there was posterior fibrosis tissue formation in the corneas after DM stripping on day 14. Following CEC scraping on day 3, cells that had migrated toward the central cornea underwent a transient fibrotic endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which was reversed back to an endothelial phenotype on day 14. However, in the corneas injured via DM stripping, most of the cells in the posterior fibrosis tissue did not originate from the corneal endothelium, and they maintained fibroblastic phenotype on day 14. We concluded that corneal endothelial wound healing in rabbits has different outcomes depending upon the presence or absence of Descemet’s membrane. Descemet’s membrane supports corneal endothelial cell regeneration in rabbits after endothelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Chen
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Yan'an Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medicine University in Chenzhou, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shangkun Ou
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yanzi Wang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xin He
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Dulei Zou
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Shandong Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Changkai Jia
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qianqian Hu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xian Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Juan Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Junqi Wang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yongxiong Chen
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | | | | | - Zuguo Liu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China. .,Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China. .,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China. .,Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China. .,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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22
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Dahal S, Huang P, Murray BT, Mahler GJ. Endothelial to mesenchymal transformation is induced by altered extracellular matrix in aortic valve endothelial cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2729-2741. [PMID: 28589644 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in shear stress, mechanical deformation, extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and exposure to inflammatory conditions are known to cause endothelial to mesenchymal transformation (EndMT). This change in endothelial phenotype has only recently been linked to adult pathologies such as cancer progression, organ fibrosis, and calcific aortic valve disease; and its function in adult physiology, especially in response to tissue mechanics, has not been rigorously investigated. EndMT is a response to mechanical and biochemical signals that results in the remodeling of underlying tissues. In diseased aortic valves, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are present in the collagen-rich valve fibrosa, and are deposited near calcified nodules. In this study, in vitro models of early and late-stage valve disease were developed by incorporating the GAGs chondroitin sulfate (CS), hyaluronic acid, and dermatan sulfate into 3D collagen hydrogels with or without exposure to TGF-β1 to simulate EndMT in response to microenvironmental changes. High levels of CS induced the highest rate of EndMT and led to the most collagen I and GAG production by mesenchymally transformed cells, which indicates a cell phenotype most likely to promote fibrotic disease. Mesenchymal transformation due to altered ECM was found to depend on cell-ECM bond strength and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 signaling. Determining the environmental conditions that induce and promote EndMT, and the subsequent behavior of mesenchymally transformed cells, will advance understanding on the role of endothelial cells in tissue regeneration or disease progression. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2729-2741, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Dahal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Peter Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Bruce T Murray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
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23
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Bartakova A, Alvarez-Delfin K, Weisman AD, Salero E, Raffa GA, Merkhofer RM, Kunzevitzky NJ, Goldberg JL. Novel Identity and Functional Markers for Human Corneal Endothelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:2749-62. [PMID: 27196322 PMCID: PMC4884060 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Human corneal endothelial cell (HCEC) density decreases with age, surgical complications, or disease, leading to vision impairment. Such endothelial dysfunction is an indication for corneal transplantation, although there is a worldwide shortage of transplant-grade tissue. To overcome the current poor donor availability, here we isolate, expand, and characterize HCECs in vitro as a step toward cell therapy. Methods Human corneal endothelial cells were isolated from cadaveric corneas and expanded in vitro. Cell identity was evaluated based on morphology and immunocytochemistry, and gene expression analysis and flow cytometry were used to identify novel HCEC-specific markers. The functional ability of HCEC to form barriers was assessed by transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) assays. Results Cultured HCECs demonstrated canonical morphology for up to four passages and later underwent endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EnMT). Quality of donor tissue influenced cell measures in culture including proliferation rate. Cultured HCECs expressed identity markers, and microarray analysis revealed novel endothelial-specific markers that were validated by flow cytometry. Finally, canonical HCECs expressed higher levels of CD56, which correlated with higher TEER than fibroblastic HCECs. Conclusions In vitro expansion of HCECs from cadaveric donor corneas yields functional cells identifiable by morphology and a panel of novel markers. Markers described correlated with function in culture, suggesting a basis for cell therapy for corneal endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Bartakova
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Karen Alvarez-Delfin
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Alejandra D Weisman
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Enrique Salero
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Gabriella A Raffa
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Richard M Merkhofer
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Noelia J Kunzevitzky
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States 2Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States 3Emmecell, K
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States 2Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States 4Byers Eye I
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24
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Liu Y, Sun H, Hu M, Zhu M, Tighe S, Chen S, Zhang Y, Su C, Cai S, Guo P. Human Corneal Endothelial Cells Expanded In Vitro Are a Powerful Resource for Tissue Engineering. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:128-135. [PMID: 28260988 PMCID: PMC5332841 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.17624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human corneal endothelial cells have two major functions: barrier function mediated by proteins such as ZO-1 and pump function mediated by Na-K-ATPase which help to maintain visual function. However, human corneal endothelial cells are notorious for their limited proliferative capability in vivo and are therefore prone to corneal endothelial dysfunction that eventually may lead to blindness. At present, the only method to cure corneal endothelial dysfunction is by transplantation of a cadaver donor cornea with normal corneal endothelial cells. Due to the global shortage of donor corneas, it is vital to engineer corneal tissue in vitro that could potentially be transplanted clinically. In this review, we summarize the advances in understanding the behavior of human corneal endothelial cells, their current engineering strategy in vitro and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yan' An Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Public Health, the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85709, USA
| | - Sean Tighe
- Research and Development Department, TissueTech, Inc., 7000 SW 97th Avenue, Suite 212, Miami, FL 33173, USA
| | - Shuangling Chen
- Research and Development Department, TissueTech, Inc., 7000 SW 97th Avenue, Suite 212, Miami, FL 33173, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Research and Development Department, TissueTech, Inc., 7000 SW 97th Avenue, Suite 212, Miami, FL 33173, USA
| | - Chenwei Su
- Research and Development Department, TissueTech, Inc., 7000 SW 97th Avenue, Suite 212, Miami, FL 33173, USA
| | - Subo Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ping Guo
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, School of Optometry & Ophthalmology of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen, 518000, China
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25
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Xiao L, Dudley AC. Fine-tuning vascular fate during endothelial-mesenchymal transition. J Pathol 2017; 241:25-35. [PMID: 27701751 PMCID: PMC5164846 DOI: 10.1002/path.4814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the heart and other organs, endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has emerged as an important developmental process that involves coordinated migration, differentiation, and proliferation of the endothelium. In multiple disease states including cancer angiogenesis and cardiovascular disease, the processes that regulate EndMT are recapitulated, albeit in an uncoordinated and dysregulated manner. Members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily are well known to impart cellular plasticity during EndMT by the timely activation (or repression) of transcription factors and miRNAs in addition to epigenetic regulation of gene expression. On the other hand, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are reported to augment or oppose TGFβ-driven EndMT in specific contexts. Here, we have synthesized the currently understood roles of TGFβ and FGF signalling during EndMT and have provided a new, comprehensive paradigm that delineates how an autocrine and paracrine TGFβ/FGF axis coordinates endothelial cell specification and plasticity. We also provide new guidelines and nomenclature that considers factors such as endothelial cell heterogeneity to better define EndMT across different vascular beds. This perspective should therefore help to clarify why TGFβ and FGF can both cooperate with or oppose one another during the complex process of EndMT in both health and disease. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrew C. Dudley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Emily Couric Cancer Center, The University of Virginia
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26
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Liu Y, Sun H, Guo P, Hu M, Zhang Y, Tighe S, Chen S, Zhu Y. Characterization and Prospective of Human Corneal Endothelial Progenitors. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:705-710. [PMID: 28824304 PMCID: PMC5562123 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.19018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal endothelial cells play a critical role in maintaining corneal transparency and dysfunction of these cells caused by aging, diseases (such as Fuch's dystrophy), injury or surgical trauma, which can lead to corneal edema and blindness. Due to their limited proliferative capacity in vivo, the only treatment method is via transplantation of a cadaver donor cornea. However, there is a severe global shortage of donor corneas. To circumvent such issues, tissue engineering of corneal tissue is a viable option thanks to the recent discoveries in this field. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in reprogramming adult human corneal endothelial cells into their progenitor status, the expansion methods and characteristics of human corneal endothelial progenitors, and their potential clinical applications as corneal endothelial cell grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yan' An Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ping Guo
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, School of Optometry & Ophthalmology of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Research and Development Department, TissueTech, Inc., 7000 SW 97th Avenue, Suite 212, Miami, FL 33173, USA
| | - Sean Tighe
- Research and Development Department, TissueTech, Inc., 7000 SW 97th Avenue, Suite 212, Miami, FL 33173, USA
| | - Shuangling Chen
- Research and Development Department, TissueTech, Inc., 7000 SW 97th Avenue, Suite 212, Miami, FL 33173, USA
| | - Yingting Zhu
- Research and Development Department, TissueTech, Inc., 7000 SW 97th Avenue, Suite 212, Miami, FL 33173, USA
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27
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Nakamichi M, Akishima-Fukasawa Y, Fujisawa C, Mikami T, Onishi K, Akasaka Y. Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Induces Angiogenic Properties of Fibrocytes to Stimulate Vascular Formation during Wound Healing. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:3203-3216. [PMID: 27773739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of fibrocytes in wound angiogenesis remains unclear. We therefore demonstrated the specific changes in fibrocyte accumulation for angiogesis in basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-treated wounds. bFGF-treated wounds exhibited marked formation of arterioles and inhibition of podoplanin+ lymph vessels that were lacking in vascular endothelial growth factor-A-treated wounds. Real-time PCR in bFGF-treated wounds manifested enhanced expression of CD34, CD31, and bFGF mRNA and reduced expression of podoplanin and collagen type I, III, and IV mRNA. Double immunofluorescence staining focusing on fibrocyte detection in bFGF-treated wounds showed increased formation of capillary-like structures composed of CD34+/procollagen I+ fibrocytes, with a lack of capillary-like structures formed by CD45+/procollagen I+ or CD11b+/procollagen I+ fibrocytes. However, vascular endothelial growth factor-A-treated wounds lacked capillary-like structures composed of CD34+/procollagen I+ fibrocytes, with increased numbers of CD34+/fetal liver kinase-1+ endothelial progenitor cells. Furthermore, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 siRNA injection into wounds, followed by bFGF, inhibited the formation of capillary-like structures composed of CD34+/procollagen I+ fibrocytes, together with inhibited mRNA expression of CD34 and CD31 and enhanced mRNA expression of collagen type I, indicating the requirements of bFGF/fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 system for capillary structure formation. This study highlights the angiogenic properties of CD34+/procollagen I+ fibrocytes specifically induced by bFGF, providing new insight into the active contribution of fibrocytes for vascular formation during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Nakamichi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Chie Fujisawa
- Division of Research Promotion and Development, Advanced Research Center, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetuo Mikami
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Onishi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Akasaka
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan; Regenerative Disease Research Unit, Advanced Research Center, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan.
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28
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Liu X, Tseng SCG, Zhang MC, Chen SY, Tighe S, Lu WJ, Zhu YT. LIF-JAK1-STAT3 signaling delays contact inhibition of human corneal endothelial cells. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1197-206. [PMID: 25695744 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1013667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) responsible for corneal transparency have limited proliferative capacity in vivo because of "contact-inhibition." This feature has hampered the ability to engineer HCECs for transplantation. Previously we have reported an in vitro model of HCECs in which contact inhibition was re-established at Day 21, even though cell junction and cell matrix interaction were not perturbed during isolation. Herein, we observe that such HCEC monolayers continue to expand and retain a normal phenotype for 2 more weeks if cultured in a leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-containing serum-free medium. Such expansion is accompanied initially by upregulation of Cyclin E2 colocalized with nuclear translocation of phosphorylated retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (p-Rb) at Day 21 followed by a delay in contact inhibition through activation of LIF-Janus kinase1 (JAK1)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling at Day 35. The LIF-JAK1-STAT3 signaling is coupled with upregulation of E2F2 colocalized with nuclear p-Rb and with concomitant downregulation of p16(INK4a), of which upregulation is linked to senescence. Hence, activation of LIF-JAK1-STAT3 signaling to delay contact inhibition can be used as another strategy to facilitate engineering of HCEC grafts to solve the unmet global shortage of corneal grafts.
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Key Words
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CKI, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- E2F2
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EMT, endothelial mesenchymal transition
- ESC, embryonic stem cell
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase
- HBSS, Hanks’ balanced salt solution
- HCEC, human corneal endothelial cell
- ID, inhibitor of differentiation
- ITS, insulin-transferrin-sodium selenite
- JAK, Janus kinase
- JAK1
- LEF1, lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1
- LIF
- LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor
- MESCM, modified embryonic stem cell medium
- NC, neural crest
- NFkB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RPE, retinal pigment epithelial cells
- Rb, retinoblastoma tumor suppressor
- SHEM, supplemental hormonal epithelial medium
- STAT3
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- ZO-1, Zona occludens protein 1
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- contact inhibition
- corneal endothelium
- iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells
- p120, p120 catenin
- p16INK4a
- proliferation
- scRNA, scramble RNA
- siRNA, small interfering ribonucleic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- a Department of Ophthalmology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College ; Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan , China
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29
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Ho WT, Chang JS, Su CC, Chang SW, Hu FR, Jou TS, Wang IJ. Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity Reverses Corneal Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Zhu YT, Tighe S, Chen SL, John T, Kao WY, Tseng SCG. Engineering of Human Corneal Endothelial Grafts. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 3:207-217. [PMID: 26509105 DOI: 10.1007/s40135-015-0077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human corneal endothelial cells (HCEC) play a pivotal role in maintaining corneal transparency. Unlike in other species, HCEC are notorious for their limited proliferative capacity in vivo after diseases, injury, aging, and surgery. Persistent HCEC dysfunction leads to sight-threatening bullous keratopathy with either an insufficient cell density or retrocorneal membrane due to endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Presently, the only solution to restore vision in eyes inflicted with bullous keratopathy or retrocorneal membrane relies upon transplantation of a cadaver human donor cornea containing a healthy corneal endothelium. Due to a severe global shortage of donor corneas, in conjunction with an increasing trend toward endothelial keratoplasty, it is opportune to develop a tissue engineering strategy to produce HCEC grafts. Prior attempts of producing these grafts by unlocking the contact inhibition-mediated mitotic block using trypsin-EDTA and culturing of single HCEC in a bFGF-containing medium run the risk of losing the normal phenotype to EMT by activating canonical Wnt signaling and TGF-β signaling. Herein, we summarize our novel approach in engineering HCEC grafts based on selective activation of p120-Kaiso signaling that is coordinated with activation of Rho-ROCK-canonical BMP signaling to reprogram HCEC into neural crest progenitors. Successful commercialization of this engineering technology will not only fulfill the global unmet need but also encourage the scientific community to re-think how cell-cell junctions can be safely perturbed to uncover novel therapeutic potentials in other model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ting Zhu
- R&D Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, 7000 SW 97 Ave #212, Miami, FL, 33173, USA
| | - Sean Tighe
- R&D Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, 7000 SW 97 Ave #212, Miami, FL, 33173, USA
| | - Shuang-Ling Chen
- R&D Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, 7000 SW 97 Ave #212, Miami, FL, 33173, USA
| | - Thomas John
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University at Chicago, 2160 1 Ave, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Winston Y Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, 2600 Clifton Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - Scheffer C G Tseng
- R&D Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, 7000 SW 97 Ave #212, Miami, FL 33173, USA, Telephone: (305) 274-1299
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Singh KK, Lovren F, Pan Y, Quan A, Ramadan A, Matkar PN, Ehsan M, Sandhu P, Mantella LE, Gupta N, Teoh H, Parotto M, Tabuchi A, Kuebler WM, Al-Omran M, Finkel T, Verma S. The essential autophagy gene ATG7 modulates organ fibrosis via regulation of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:2547-59. [PMID: 25527499 PMCID: PMC4317030 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.604603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive disease characterized by fibroblast proliferation and excess deposition of collagen and other extracellular matrix components. Although the origin of fibroblasts is multifactorial, recent data implicate endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition as an important source of fibroblasts. We report herein that loss of the essential autophagy gene ATG7 in endothelial cells (ECs) leads to impaired autophagic flux accompanied by marked changes in EC architecture, loss of endothelial, and gain of mesenchymal markers consistent with endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Loss of ATG7 also up-regulates TGFβ signaling and key pro-fibrotic genes in vitro. In vivo, EC-specific ATG7 knock-out mice exhibit a basal reduction in endothelial-specific markers and demonstrate an increased susceptibility to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and collagen accumulation. Our findings help define the role of endothelial autophagy as a potential therapeutic target to limit organ fibrosis, a condition for which presently there are no effective available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna K Singh
- From the Divisions of Cardiac Surgery, Vascular Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Departments of Surgery and
| | - Fina Lovren
- From the Divisions of Cardiac Surgery, Departments of Surgery and
| | - Yi Pan
- From the Divisions of Cardiac Surgery, Departments of Surgery and
| | - Adrian Quan
- From the Divisions of Cardiac Surgery, Departments of Surgery and
| | - Azza Ramadan
- From the Divisions of Cardiac Surgery, Departments of Surgery and
| | - Pratiek N Matkar
- Cardiology, Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Mehroz Ehsan
- From the Divisions of Cardiac Surgery, Departments of Surgery and
| | - Paul Sandhu
- From the Divisions of Cardiac Surgery, Departments of Surgery and
| | - Laura E Mantella
- From the Divisions of Cardiac Surgery, Departments of Surgery and
| | - Nandini Gupta
- From the Divisions of Cardiac Surgery, Departments of Surgery and
| | - Hwee Teoh
- From the Divisions of Cardiac Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Matteo Parotto
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2J7, Canada
| | | | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Departments of Surgery and Departments of Surgery and Physiology and Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin Germany
| | - Mohammed Al-Omran
- Vascular Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Departments of Surgery and King Saud University-Li Ka Shing Collaborative Research Program, Riyadh 12372, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and
| | - Toren Finkel
- Center for Molecular Medicine, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Subodh Verma
- From the Divisions of Cardiac Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Departments of Surgery and King Saud University-Li Ka Shing Collaborative Research Program, Riyadh 12372, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and
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Correia AC, Moonen JRA, Brinker MG, Krenning G. FGF-2 inhibits Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition through microRNA-20a-mediated repression of canonical TGF-β Signaling. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:569-79. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.176248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is characterized by the loss of endothelial cell markers and functions, and coincides with de novo expression of mesenchymal markers. EndMT is induced by TGFβ1 and changes endothelial microRNA expression. We found that miR-20a is decreased during EndMT and ectopic expression of miR-20a inhibits EndMT induction.
TGFβ1 induces cellular hypertrophy in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and abrogates VE-Cadherin expression, reduces endothelial sprouting capacity and induces the expression of the mesenchymal marker SM22α. We identified ALK5, TGFBR2 and SARA as direct miR-20a targets. Expression of miR-20a mimics abrogates the endothelial responsiveness to TGFβ1 by decreasing ALK5, TGFBR2, and SARA and inhibits EndMT, indicated by the maintenance of VE-Cadherin expression and sprouting ability and absence of SM22α expression. FGF2 increases miR-20a expression and inhibits EndMT in TGFβ1-stimulated endothelial cells.
In summary, FGF2 controls endothelial TGFβ1 signaling by regulating ALK5, TGFBR2 and SARA expression, through miR-20a. Loss of FGF2 signaling combined with a TGFβ1 challenge reduces miR-20a levels and increases endothelial responsiveness to TGFβ1 through elevated receptor complex levels and activation of Smad2/3, which culminates in EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C.P. Correia
- From the Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Dept. Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Renier A.J. Moonen
- From the Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Dept. Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marja G.L. Brinker
- From the Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Dept. Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Krenning
- From the Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Dept. Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Morales-Piga A, Bachiller-Corral FJ, Sánchez-Duffhues G. ¿Es la «fibrodisplasia osificante progresiva» una enfermedad de origen vascular? Un modelo patogénico innovador. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 10:389-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Grolik M, Szczubiałka K, Wowra B, Dobrowolski D, Orzechowska-Wylęgała B, Wylęgała E, Nowakowska M. Corneal Epithelial Scaffolds Based on Chitosan Membranes Containing Collagen and Keratin. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2014.909425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zhu YT, Li F, Han B, Tighe S, Zhang S, Chen SY, Liu X, Tseng SCG. Activation of RhoA-ROCK-BMP signaling reprograms adult human corneal endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:799-811. [PMID: 25202030 PMCID: PMC4164941 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201404032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of RhoA-ROCK-BMP signaling reprograms adult human corneal endothelial cells into neural crest–like progenitors, which effectively form corneal endothelial monolayers that may eliminate the need for corneal transplantation. Currently there are limited treatment options for corneal blindness caused by dysfunctional corneal endothelial cells. The primary treatment involves transplantation of healthy donor human corneal endothelial cells, but a global shortage of donor corneas necessitates other options. Conventional tissue approaches for corneal endothelial cells are based on EDTA-trypsin treatment and run the risk of irreversible endothelial mesenchymal transition by activating canonical Wingless-related integration site (Wnt) and TGF-β signaling. Herein, we demonstrate an alternative strategy that avoids disruption of cell–cell junctions and instead activates Ras homologue gene family A (RhoA)–Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK)–canonical bone morphogenic protein signaling to reprogram adult human corneal endothelial cells to neural crest–like progenitors via activation of the miR302b-Oct4-Sox2-Nanog network. This approach allowed us to engineer eight human corneal endothelial monolayers of transplantable size, with a normal density and phenotype from one corneoscleral rim. Given that a similar signal network also exists in the retinal pigment epithelium, this partial reprogramming approach may have widespread relevance and potential for treating degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ting Zhu
- TissueTech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, FL 33173
| | - Fu Li
- Pediatric Research Institute and Department of Pediatric Hematology, Qilu Children's Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Sean Tighe
- TissueTech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, FL 33173
| | - Suzhen Zhang
- TissueTech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, FL 33173
| | - Szu-Yu Chen
- TissueTech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, FL 33173
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Scheffer C G Tseng
- TissueTech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, FL 33173
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Bartakova A, Kunzevitzky NJ, Goldberg JL. Regenerative Cell Therapy for Corneal Endothelium. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 2:81-90. [PMID: 25328857 PMCID: PMC4196268 DOI: 10.1007/s40135-014-0043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell dysfunction as in Fuchs dystrophy or pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, and the limited regenerative capacity of human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs), drive the need for corneal transplant. In response to limited donor corneal availability, significant effort has been directed towards cell therapy as an alternative to surgery. Stimulation of endogenous progenitors, or transplant of stem cell-derived HCECs or in vitro-expanded, donor-derived HCECs could replace traditional surgery with regenerative therapy. Ex vivo expansion of HCECs is technically challenging, and the basis for molecular identification of functional HCECs is not established. Delivery of cells to the inner layer of the human cornea is another challenge: different techniques, from simple injection to artificial corneal scaffolds, are being investigated. Despite remaining questions, corneal endothelial cell therapies, translated to the clinic, represent the future for the treatment of corneal endotheliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Bartakova
- Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Noelia J. Kunzevitzky
- Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Emmetrope Ophthalmics, Key Biscayne, FL 33149
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Prasad S, Hogaboam CM, Jarai G. Deficient repair response of IPF fibroblasts in a co-culture model of epithelial injury and repair. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2014; 7:7. [PMID: 24834127 PMCID: PMC4021590 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-7-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disorder marked by relentless fibrosis and damage of the lung architecture. A growing body of evidence now suggests that IPF progresses as a result of aberrant epithelial-fibroblast crosstalk. Injured epithelia are a major source of growth factors such as PDGF which guide resident fibroblasts to injury sites. RESULTS In this study, we utilized a novel co-culture system to investigate the effect of fibroblast phenotype on their response to epithelial injury. Fibroblasts from normal lungs (NHLF) responded to epithelial injury and populated the wound site forming a fibroblast plug/mechanical barrier which prevented epithelial wound closure. IPF fibroblasts were impaired in their response to epithelial injury. They also expressed reduced PDGFRα compared to NHLFs and were defective towards PDGF-AA mediated directional movement. Neutralization of PDGF-AA and pan-PDGF but not PDGF-BB reduced the injury response of NHLFs thereby preventing the formation of the mechanical barrier and promoting epithelial wound closure. Co-culture of epithelial cells with IPF fibroblasts led to marked increase in the levels of pro-fibrotic growth factors - bFGF and PDGF and significant depletion of anti-fibrotic HGF in the culture medium. Furthermore, IPF fibroblasts but not NHLFs induced a transient increase in mesenchymal marker expression in the wound lining epithelial cells. This was accompanied by increased migration and faster wound closure in co-cultures with IPF fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that the IPF fibroblasts have an aberrant repair response to epithelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sony Prasad
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Respiratory Disease Area, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, UK
| | - Cory M Hogaboam
- Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, AHSP Room A9108, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048-3311, USA
| | - Gabor Jarai
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Respiratory Disease Area, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, UK
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Zhu YT, Han B, Li F, Chen SY, Tighe S, Zhang S, Tseng SCG. Knockdown of both p120 catenin and Kaiso promotes expansion of human corneal endothelial monolayers via RhoA-ROCK-noncanonical BMP-NFκB pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:1509-18. [PMID: 24474278 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the signaling pathway involved in expanding contact-inhibited human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) using p120 and Kaiso small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). METHODS Expansion of HCEC monolayers on collagen IV in SHEM using p120 siRNA was optimized regarding various dosage, frequency, and starting date before being added Kaiso siRNA or various inhibitors of Rho, ROCK, NFκB, and TAK1. Phase contrast micrographs were used for monitoring cell shape, monolayer size, and cell density. Immunostaining was used to determine cytolocalization of BrdU, p120, pNFkB, F-actin, α-catenin, β-catenin, LEF1, Na+/K+-ATPase, N-cadherin, ZO-1, and S100A4. Western blotting was used to determine the protein level of RhoA and RhoA-guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP). RESULTS The HCEC monolayer size in diameter was expanded from 2.1 ± 0.4 mm to 4.3 ± 0.3 mm (P < 0.05) by increasing p120 siRNA from 40 nM to 100 nM starting at day 7, to 5.0 ± 0.4 mm (P < 0.05) by adding 100 nM Kaiso siRNA, to 6.8 ± 0.3 mm by using one-fourth corneoscleral rim (P < 0.05), and to 8.1 ± 0.5 mm by using one-half corneoscleral rim (P < 0.05). Such proliferative effect required activation of RhoA-ROCK-noncanonical bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling and nuclear translocation of phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (pNFκB). After withdrawal of siRNAs for 1 week, the resultant HCEC monolayer maintained a hexagonal shape, the average cell density of 2254 ± 87 mm(2) (n = 3), and normal expression patterns of F-actin, α-catenin, β-catenin, N-cadherin, ZO-1, and Na+/K+-ATPase without S100A4 and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). CONCLUSIONS The optimized knockdown with p120 and Kaiso siRNAs further expands the size of HCEC monolayers without endothelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) via selective activation of p120/Kaiso signaling that requires the RhoA-ROCK-noncanonical BMP-NFkB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ting Zhu
- Tissue Tech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, and Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, Florida
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Grek CL, Rhett JM, Ghatnekar GS. Cardiac to cancer: connecting connexins to clinical opportunity. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1349-64. [PMID: 24607540 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions and their connexin components are indispensable in mediating the cellular coordination required for tissue and organ homeostasis. The critical nature of their existence mandates a connection to disease while at the same time offering therapeutic potential. Therapeutic intervention may be offered through the pharmacological and molecular disruption of the pathways involved in connexin biosynthesis, gap junction assembly, stabilization, or degradation. Chemical inhibitors aimed at closing connexin channels, peptide mimetics corresponding to short connexin sequences, and gene therapy approaches have been incredibly useful molecular tools in deciphering the complexities associated with connexin biology. Recently, therapeutic potential in targeting connexins has evolved from basic research in cell-based models to clinical opportunity in the form of human trials. Clinical promise is particularly evident with regards to targeting connexin43 in the context of wound healing. The following review is aimed at highlighting novel advances where the pharmacological manipulation of connexin biology has proven beneficial in animals or humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Grek
- FirstString Research, Inc., 300 W. Coleman Blvd., Suite 203, Mount Pleasant, SC, United States
| | - J Matthew Rhett
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Gautam S Ghatnekar
- FirstString Research, Inc., 300 W. Coleman Blvd., Suite 203, Mount Pleasant, SC, United States.
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Windus LCE, Glover TT, Avery VM. Bone-stromal cells up-regulate tumourigenic markers in a tumour-stromal 3D model of prostate cancer. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:112. [PMID: 24073816 PMCID: PMC3850923 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate interactions between tumour cells and the surrounding bone stroma are to date largely undetermined in prostate cancer (PCa) progression. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of alpha 6 and beta 1 integrin subunits in mediating tumour-stromal interactions. Methods Utilising 3D in vitro assays we evaluated and compared 1. Monocultures of prostate metastatic PC3, bone stromal derived HS5 and prostate epithelial RWPE-1 cells and 2. Tumour-stromal co-cultures (PC3 + HS5) to ascertain changes in cellular phenotype, function and expression of metastatic markers. Results In comparison to 3D monocultures of PC3 or HS5 cells, when cultured together, these cells displayed up-regulated invasive and proliferative qualities, along with altered expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal and chemokine protein constituents implicated in metastatic dissemination. When co-cultured, HS5 cells were found to re-express N-Cadherin and chemokine receptor CXCR7. Alterations in N-Cadherin expression were found to be mediated by soluble factors secreted by PC3 tumour cells, while chemokine receptor re-expression was dependent on direct cell-cell interactions. We have also shown that integrins beta 1 and alpha 6 play an integral role in maintaining cell homeostasis and mediating expression of E-Cadherin, N-Cadherin and vimentin, in addition to chemokine receptor CXCR7. Conclusions Collectively our results suggest that both PC3 and HS5 cells provide a “protective” and reciprocal milieu that promotes tumour growth. As such 3D co-cultures may serve as a more complex and valid biological model in the drug discovery pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa C E Windus
- Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Brisbane, QLD, Canada.
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Li C, Dong F, Jia Y, Du H, Dong N, Xu Y, Wang S, Wu H, Liu Z, Li W. Notch signal regulates corneal endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:786-95. [PMID: 23850080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EnMT) is a cell transformation process involved in both morphogenesis and pathogenesis. EnMT of corneal endothelial cells happens after endothelial injury and during ex vivo culture. Previous studies have shown that the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway is involved in this transition. In this study, we found that rat corneal endothelial cells could spontaneously undergo EnMT during ex vivo culture. This change in rat corneal endothelial cells was associated with Notch signaling pathway activation after the first passage, which was blocked by the Notch inhibitor N-[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT). This inhibitor also prevented transforming growth factor β1-, β2-, and β3-induced EnMT and reversed transformed rat corneal endothelial cells to a normal phenotype. Furthermore, DAPT treatment blocked retrocorneal membrane formation in a rat corneal endothelium damage model. Our study indicates that the Notch signaling pathway is involved in the corneal EnMT process, which may be a novel therapeutic target for treating corneal endothelial fibrogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Discovery of endothelium and mesenchymal properties of primo vessels in the mesentery. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:205951. [PMID: 23662116 PMCID: PMC3639629 DOI: 10.1155/2013/205951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidences demonstrated that endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has a crucial role in cancer and is recognized as a unique source of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Primo vascular system (PVS) is a new circulatory system which may play an important role in cancer metastasis and regeneration. In the current study, we applied previously established time-saving method to identify primo vessels and further investigated the immunocytochemical properties of primo vessels. Both primo vessels and primary primo vessel cells in the mesentery expressed endothelial markers and fibroblast markers. Double-labeling experiments demonstrated that endothelial and fibroblast markers are coexpressed in primo vessels. In addition, under the stimulation of TGF-β1 in vitro, primary primo vessel cells differentiated into fibroblasts. Therefore, we found that primo vessels in the mesentery had a transitional structure between endothelium and mesenchymal. This is a new finding of EndMT in normal postnatal animals.
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Sabater AL, Guarnieri A, Espana EM, Li W, Prósper F, Moreno-Montañés J. Strategies of human corneal endothelial tissue regeneration. Regen Med 2013; 8:183-95. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Kim KH, Chung JK, Ryu JS, Koh AY, Kim MK, Wee WR. Effect of ROCK Inhibitor on the Expansion and Wound Healing of Human Corneal Endothelial Cell. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2013.54.3.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Hwan Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Corneal Regenerative Medicine and Ocular Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kwon Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Corneal Regenerative Medicine and Ocular Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Suk Ryu
- Laboratory of Corneal Regenerative Medicine and Ocular Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ah Young Koh
- Laboratory of Corneal Regenerative Medicine and Ocular Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mee Kum Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Corneal Regenerative Medicine and Ocular Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Ryang Wee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Corneal Regenerative Medicine and Ocular Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
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Medici D, Kalluri R. Endothelial-mesenchymal transition and its contribution to the emergence of stem cell phenotype. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:379-84. [PMID: 22554794 PMCID: PMC3422405 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells can demonstrate considerable plasticity to generate other cell types during embryonic development and disease progression. This process occurs through a cell differentiation mechanism known as endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). The generation of mesenchymal cells from endothelium is a crucial step in endothelial cell differentiation to several lineages including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, mural cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. Such differentiation patterns have been observed in systems of cardiac development, fibrosis, diabetic nephropathy, heterotopic ossification and cancer. Here we describe the EndMT program and discuss the current evidence of EndMT-mediated acquisition of stem cell characteristics and multipotent differentiation capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Medici
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Medici D, Olsen BR. The role of endothelial-mesenchymal transition in heterotopic ossification. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:1619-22. [PMID: 22806925 PMCID: PMC3432417 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a process by which bone forms in soft tissues, in response to injury, inflammation, or genetic disease. This usually occurs by initial cartilage formation, followed by endochondral ossification. A rare disease called fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) allows this mechanism to be induced by a combination of genetic mutation and acute inflammatory responses. FOP patients experience progressive HO throughout their lifetime and form an ectopic skeleton. Recent studies on FOP have suggested that heterotopic cartilage and bone is of endothelial origin. Vascular endothelial cells differentiate into skeletal cells through a mesenchymal stem cell intermediate that is generated by endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). Local inflammatory signals and/or other changes in the tissue microenvironment mediate the differentiation of endothelial-derived mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes and osteoblasts to induce HO. We discuss the current evidence for the endothelial contribution to heterotopic bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Medici
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Zhu YT, Chen HC, Chen SY, Tseng SCG. Nuclear p120 catenin unlocks mitotic block of contact-inhibited human corneal endothelial monolayers without disrupting adherent junctions. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3636-48. [PMID: 22505615 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.103267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact inhibition ubiquitously exists in non-transformed cells that are in contact with neighboring cells. This phenomenon explains the poor regenerative capacity of in vivo human corneal endothelial cells during aging, injury and surgery. This study demonstrated that the conventional approach of expanding human corneal endothelial cells by disrupting contact inhibition with EDTA followed by bFGF activated canonical Wnt signaling and lost the normal phenotype to endothelial-mesenchymal transition, especially if TGFβ1 was added. By contrast, siRNA against p120 catenin (CTNND1) also uniquely promoted proliferation of the endothelial cells by activating trafficking of p120 catenin to the nucleus, thus relieving repression by nuclear Kaiso. This nuclear p120-catenin-Kaiso signaling is associated with activation of RhoA-ROCK signaling, destabilization of microtubules and inhibition of Hippo signaling, but not with activation of Wnt-β-catenin signaling. Consequently, proliferating human corneal endothelial cells maintained a hexagonal shape, with junctional expression of N-cadherin, ZO-1 and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. Further expansion of human corneal endothelial monolayers with a normal phenotype and a higher density was possible by prolonging treatment with p120 catenin siRNA followed by its withdrawal. This new strategy of perturbing contact inhibition by selective activation of p120-catenin-Kaiso signaling without disrupting adherent junction could be used to engineer surgical grafts containing normal human corneal endothelial cells to meet a global corneal shortage and for endothelial keratoplasties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ting Zhu
- Research and Development Department, TissueTech Inc, Ocular Surface Center and Ocular Surface Research and Education Foundation, Miami, FL 33173, USA
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Transforming growth factor-β2 promotes Snail-mediated endothelial-mesenchymal transition through convergence of Smad-dependent and Smad-independent signalling. Biochem J 2011; 437:515-20. [PMID: 21585337 DOI: 10.1042/bj20101500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
EndMT (endothelial-mesenchymal transition) is a critical process of cardiac development and disease progression. However, little is know about the signalling mechanisms that cause endothelial cells to transform into mesenchymal cells. In the present paper we show that TGF-β2 (transforming growth factor-β2) stimulates EndMT through the Smad, MEK [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase], PI3K (phosphinositide 3-kinase) and p38 MAPK signalling pathways. Inhibitors of these pathways prevent TGF-β2-induced EndMT. Furthermore, we show that all of these pathways are essential for increasing expression of the cell-adhesion-suppressing transcription factor Snail. Inhibition of Snail with siRNA (small interfering RNA) prevents TGF-β2-induced EndMT. However, overexpression of Snail is not sufficient to cause EndMT. Chemical inhibition of GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β) allows EndMT to be induced by Snail overexpression. Expression of a mutant Snail protein that is resistant to GSK-3β-dependent inactivation also promotes EndMT. These results provide the foundation for understanding the roles of specific signalling pathways in mediating EndMT.
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