1
|
Zinflou C, Rochette PJ. Indenopyrene and Blue-Light Co-Exposure Impairs the Tightly Controlled Activation of Xenobiotic Metabolism in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: A Mechanism for Synergistic Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17385. [PMID: 38139215 PMCID: PMC10744144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
High energy visible (HEV) blue light is an increasing source of concern for visual health. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), a group of compounds found in high concentrations in smokers and polluted environments, accumulate in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). HEV absorption by indeno [1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcdP), a common PAH, synergizes their toxicities and promotes degenerative changes in RPE cells comparable to the ones observed in age-related macular degeneration. In this study, we decipher the processes underlying IcdP and HEV synergic toxicity in human RPE cells. We found that IcdP-HEV toxicity is caused by the loss of the tight coupling between the two metabolic phases ensuring IcdP efficient detoxification. Indeed, IcdP/HEV co-exposure induces an overactivation of key actors in phase I metabolism. IcdP/HEV interaction is also associated with a downregulation of proteins involved in phase II. Our data thus indicate that phase II is hindered in response to co-exposure and that it is insufficient to sustain the enhanced phase I induction. This is reflected by an accelerated production of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an increased accumulation of IcdP-related bulky DNA damage. Our work raises the prospect that lifestyle and environmental pollution may be significant modulators of HEV toxicity in the retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Zinflou
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada;
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Patrick J. Rochette
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada;
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie et ORL—Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sayin O, Altinkaynak H. Macular Pigment Optical Density in First Degree Relatives of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Patients. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:1057-1062. [PMID: 37494149 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2242012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure the macular pigment optical density in first-degree relatives of patients with age-related macular degeneration and compare it with a healthy control group. METHODS One hundred and twenty-eight healthy subjects who were first-degree relatives of age-related macular degeneration patients were included in the study (Group 1). As the control group, 74 healthy subjects were included in the study (Group 2). The right eyes of all cases were included in the study. Macular pigment optical density was measured with a commercially available device (MPSII®, Elektron Technology, Switzerland) using technology based on heterochromatic flicker photometry. Central foveal thickness and subfoveal choroidal thickness were measured with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Values were compared between the two groups. RESULTS There were 54 males and 74 females in Group 1 and 32 males and 42 females in Group 2. The mean ± SD ages of Group 1 and Group 2 were 49.0 ± 7.6 and 41.8 ± 8.6, respectively. Mean ± SD macular pigment optical density values of Group 1 and Group 2 were 0.43 ± 0.09 and 0.47 ± 0.12 (p = 0.048), mean ± SD central foveal thickness were 208 ± 19 and 216 ± 8 µm (p = 0.014), and mean ± SD subfoveal choroidal thickness were 232 ± 29 and 250 ± 21 µm (p = 0.002), respectively. CONCLUSION The macular pigment optical density values were significantly lower in the first-degree relatives of patients with age-related macular degeneration than in the control group. Macular pigment optical density may be a marker for the development of age-related macular degeneration in the future in the first-degree relatives of age-related macular degeneration patients. Further prospective studies with a larger number of participants will be needed to confirm our results moreover, to clarify its benefit as an early diagnostic biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osman Sayin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konya City Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Evans JR, Lawrenson JG. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 9:CD000254. [PMID: 37702300 PMCID: PMC10498493 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd000254.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative condition of the back of the eye that occurs in people over the age of 50 years. Antioxidants may prevent cellular damage in the retina by reacting with free radicals that are produced in the process of light absorption. Higher dietary levels of antioxidant vitamins and minerals may reduce the risk of progression of AMD. This is the third update of the review. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements on the progression of AMD in people with AMD. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, one other database, and three trials registers, most recently on 29 November 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared antioxidant vitamin or mineral supplementation to placebo or no intervention, in people with AMD. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methods expected by Cochrane. MAIN RESULTS We included 26 studies conducted in the USA, Europe, China, and Australia. These studies enroled 11,952 people aged 65 to 75 years and included slightly more women (on average 56% women). We judged the studies that contributed data to the review to be at low or unclear risk of bias. Thirteen studies compared multivitamins with control in people with early and intermediate AMD. Most evidence came from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) in the USA. People taking antioxidant vitamins were less likely to progress to late AMD (odds ratio (OR) 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58 to 0.90; 3 studies, 2445 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). In people with early AMD, who are at low risk of progression, this means there would be approximately four fewer cases of progression to late AMD for every 1000 people taking vitamins (one fewer to six fewer cases). In people with intermediate AMD at higher risk of progression, this corresponds to approximately 78 fewer cases of progression for every 1000 people taking vitamins (26 fewer to 126 fewer). AREDS also provided evidence of a lower risk of progression for both neovascular AMD (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.82; moderate-certainty evidence) and geographic atrophy (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.10; moderate-certainty evidence), and a lower risk of losing 3 or more lines of visual acuity (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.96; moderate-certainty evidence). Low-certainty evidence from one study of 110 people suggested higher quality of life scores (measured with the Visual Function Questionnaire) in treated compared with non-treated people after 24 months (mean difference (MD) 12.30, 95% CI 4.24 to 20.36). In exploratory subgroup analyses in the follow-on study to AREDS (AREDS2), replacing beta-carotene with lutein/zeaxanthin gave hazard ratios (HR) of 0.82 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.96), 0.78 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.94), 0.94 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.26), and 0.88 (95% CI 0.75 to 1.03) for progression to late AMD, neovascular AMD, geographic atrophy, and vision loss, respectively. Six studies compared lutein (with or without zeaxanthin) with placebo and one study compared a multivitamin including lutein/zeaxanthin with multivitamin alone. The duration of supplementation and follow-up ranged from six months to five years. Most evidence came from the AREDS2 study in the USA; almost all participants in AREDS2 also took the original AREDS supplementation formula. People taking lutein/zeaxanthin may have similar or slightly reduced risk of progression to late AMD (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.01), neovascular AMD (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.02), and geographic atrophy (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.05) compared with control (1 study, 4176 participants, 6891 eyes; low-certainty evidence). A similar risk of progression to visual loss of 15 or more letters was seen in the lutein/zeaxanthin and control groups (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.05; 6656 eyes; low-certainty evidence). Quality of life (Visual Function Questionnaire) was similar between groups (MD 1.21, 95% CI -2.59 to 5.01; 2 studies, 308 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). One study in Australia randomised 1204 people to vitamin E or placebo with four years of follow-up; 19% of participants had AMD. The number of late AMD events was low (N = 7) and the estimate of effect was uncertain (RR 1.36, 95% CI 0.31 to 6.05; very low-certainty evidence). There was no evidence of any effect of treatment on visual loss (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.47; low-certainty evidence). There were no data on neovascular AMD, geographic atrophy, or quality of life. Five studies compared zinc with placebo. Evidence largely drawn from the largest study (AREDS) found a lower progression to late AMD over six years (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.98; 3 studies, 3790 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), neovascular AMD (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.93; moderate-certainty evidence), geographic atrophy (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.10; moderate-certainty evidence), or visual loss (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.00; 2 studies, 3791 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). There were no data on quality of life. Gastrointestinal symptoms were the main reported adverse effect. In AREDS, zinc was associated with a higher risk of genitourinary problems in men, but no difference was seen between high- and low-dose zinc groups in AREDS2. Most studies were too small to detect rare adverse effects. Data from larger studies (AREDS/AREDS2) suggested there may be little or no effect on mortality with multivitamin (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.25; low-certainty evidence) or lutein/zeaxanthin supplementation (HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.31; very low-certainty evidence), but confirmed the increased risk of lung cancer with beta-carotene, mostly in former smokers. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Moderate-certainty evidence suggests that antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplementation (AREDS: vitamin C, E, beta-carotene, and zinc) probably slows down progression to late AMD. People with intermediate AMD have a higher chance of benefiting from antioxidant supplements because their risk of progression is higher than people with early AMD. Although low-certainty evidence suggested little effect with lutein/zeaxanthin alone compared with placebo, exploratory subgroup analyses from one large American study support the view that lutein/zeaxanthin may be a suitable replacement for the beta-carotene used in the original AREDS formula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Evans
- Centre for Public Health, International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Belfast, UK
| | - John G Lawrenson
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, School of Health Sciences, City University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McGwin G, Kar D, Berlin A, Clark ME, Swain TA, Crosson JN, Sloan KR, Owsley C, Curcio CA. Macular and Plasma Xanthophylls Are Higher in Age-related Macular Degeneration than in Normal Aging: Alabama Study on Early Age-related Macular Degeneration 2 Baseline. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2023; 3:100263. [PMID: 36864830 PMCID: PMC9972499 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2022.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Quantification of retinal xanthophyll carotenoids in eyes with and without age-related macular degeneration (AMD) via macular pigment optical volume (MPOV), a metric for xanthophyll abundance from dual wavelength autofluorescence, plus correlations to plasma levels, could clarify the role of lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) in health, AMD progression, and supplementation strategies. Design Cross-sectional observational study (NCT04112667). Participants Adults ≥ 60 years from a comprehensive ophthalmology clinic, with healthy maculas or maculas meeting fundus criteria for early or intermediate AMD. Methods Macular health and supplement use was assessed by the Age-related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) 9-step scale and self-report, respectively. Macular pigment optical volume was measured from dual wavelength autofluorescence emissions (Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering). Non-fasting blood draws were assayed for L and Z using high-performance liquid chromatography. Associations among plasma xanthophylls and MPOV were assessed adjusting for age. Main Outcome Measures Age-related macular degeneration presence and severity, MPOV in fovea-centered regions of radius 2.0° and 9.0°; plasma L and Z (μM/ml). Results Of 809 eyes from 434 persons (89% aged 60-79, 61% female), 53.3% eyes were normal, 28.2% early AMD, and 18.5% intermediate AMD. Macular pigment optical volume 2° and 9° were similar in phakic and pseudophakic eyes, which were combined for analysis. Macular pigment optical volume 2° and 9° and plasma L and Z were higher in early AMD than normal and higher still in intermediate AMD (P < 0.0001). For all participants, higher plasma L was correlated with higher MPOV 2° (Spearman correlation coefficient [Rs] = 0.49; P < 0.0001). These correlations were significant (P < 0.0001) but lower in normal (Rs = 0.37) than early and intermediate AMD (Rs = 0.52 and 0.51, respectively). Results were similar for MPOV 9°. Plasma Z, MPOV 2°, and MPOV 9° followed this same pattern of associations. Associations were not affected by supplement use or smoking status. Conclusions A moderate positive correlation of MPOV with plasma L and Z comports with regulated xanthophyll bioavailability and a hypothesized role for xanthophyll transfer in soft drusen biology. An assumption that xanthophylls are low in AMD retina underlies supplementation strategies to reduce progression risk, which our data do not support. Whether higher xanthophyll levels in AMD are due to supplement use cannot be determined in this study.
Collapse
Key Words
- ALSTAR2, Alabama Study on Early Age-related Macular Degeneration 2
- AMD, age-related macular degeneration
- AREDS, age-related eye disease studies
- Age-related macular degeneration
- Autofluorescence
- BrM, Bruch’s membrane
- HDL, high density lipoprotein
- L, Lutein
- Lutein
- MP, macular pigment
- MPOD, macular pigment optical density
- MPOV, macular pigment optical volume
- Macular xanthophyll pigment
- RPE, retinal pigment epithelium
- Z, Zeaxanthin
- Zeaxanthin
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald McGwin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Deepayan Kar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Andreas Berlin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Mark E. Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Thomas A. Swain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jason N. Crosson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Retina Consultants of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kenneth R. Sloan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Computer Science, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Cynthia Owsley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Christine A. Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Akuffo KO, Wooten BR, Ofori-Asare W, Osei Duah Junior I, Kumah DB, Awuni M, Obiri-Yeboah SR, Horthman SE, Addo EK, Acquah EA, Boateng BS, Johnson EJ. Macular Pigment, Cognition, and Visual Function in Younger Healthy Adults in Ghana. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:405-413. [PMID: 37355904 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) remains an indispensable biomarker to measure fruit and vegetable intake, with a biologically plausible correlation to vision and cognition. However, evidence in the sub-Saharan regions, including Ghana, is lacking. OBJECTIVE This study explored dietary carotenoid intake on MPOD and its influence on cognitive and visual function in a healthy Ghanaian sample. METHODS The MPOD of 301 healthy subjects (aged 21.1±1.9 years) was evaluated using the customized Macular DensitometerTM. A battery of cognitive tests and standard vision assessments were employed to assess cognition and visual function, respectively. Dietary lutein and zeaxanthin (L and Z) were estimated based on a twenty-four-hour repeated dietary recall. RESULTS The mean MPOD at 0.5° and 1.0° eccentricities were 0.37±0.16 and 0.34±0.15 optical density units, respectively. Dietary intake of L (4.06±10.54 mg/day) was considerably higher than Z (0.33±2.25 mg/day), with cumulative L+Z estimated at 4.39±11.58 mg/day. MPOD was not significantly influenced by demographic, dietary, and visual measures (p≥0.05). However, after statistical adjustment, we found a small but statistically significant positive relationship between F-A-S phonemic verbal fluency (Unstandardized co-efficient (β) = 0.002, p = 0.016) and the never consumed alcohol category (β= 0.062, p = 0.02) with MPOD. CONCLUSION The findings in this population showed significant positive relationships between measures of cognition and no alcohol intake, with MPOD. These findings necessitate dietary education to augment carotenoid intake and limit alcohol intake for better cognitive functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwadwo Owusu Akuffo
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Billy R Wooten
- Department of Psychology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Wendy Ofori-Asare
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Isaiah Osei Duah Junior
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Purdue University Biological Sciences, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - David Ben Kumah
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Moses Awuni
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Stephannie Rhoda Obiri-Yeboah
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Stacy Ewurama Horthman
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Kofi Addo
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Centre, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Eldrick Adu Acquah
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Elizabeth J Johnson
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sae-Lao W, Wunjuntuk K, Techakriengkrai T, Sirichakwal PP, Yaisawang S, Kom-on S. Macular pigment optical density in a Thai sample. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2022.2085558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wipada Sae-Lao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Consumption of Lutein and Zeaxanthin and Its Relation to the Level of Macular Pigment Optical Density in Thai Subjects. J Nutr Metab 2022; 2022:6321778. [PMID: 35462865 PMCID: PMC9033377 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6321778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to determine dietary lutein and zeaxanthin (L/Z) consumption and to evaluate its association with macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in Thai subjects. Methods. This study was a cross-sectional study. A total of 120 ophthalmologically healthy subjects aged between 40 and 72 years were recruited from Bangkok and the vicinity area. Demographic data were collected using a questionnaire, while a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire assessed the L/Z intake. MPOD was determined using the reflectometry method (VISUCAM 500®, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG). Pearson's correlation coefficient analyzed the relationship between L/Z consumption and MPOD. Results. The mean age of the participants was 50.7 ± 7.5 years. The mean consumption of L/Z was 3.03 ± 2.65 mg per day. The mean MPOD was 0.102 ± 0.023 density units. Consumption of foods rich in L/Z, including ivy gourd (r = 0.217, p < 0.05), Chinese flowering cabbage (r = 0.194, p < 0.05), balsam pear (r = 0.193, p < 0.05), lettuce (r = 0.182, p < 0.05), sweet corn (r = 0.181, p < 0.05), and pumpkin (r = 0.181, p < 0.05), was positively associated with the mean optical density (mean MPOD). Consumption of green onion (r = 0.212, p < 0.05) was positively associated with the sum of optical densities (MPOD volume). In contrast, chilli pepper consumption showed a negative association with mean MPOD (r = −0.220, p < 0.05) and amaranth showed a negative association with MPOD volume (r = −0.283, p < 0.05). No association was found between total L/Z consumption and MPOD. Conclusion. L/Z consumption is low among Thais living in Bangkok and the vicinity area, which may not be sufficient to ensure eye health, and total L/Z consumption is not associated with MPOD.
Collapse
|
8
|
Song I, Kim S, Kim J, Oh H, Jang J, Jeong SJ, Baek K, Shin WS, Sim SJ, Jin E. Macular pigment-enriched oil production from genome-edited microalgae. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:27. [PMID: 35183173 PMCID: PMC8858528 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01736-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The photosynthetic microorganism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been approved as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) recently, this can excessively produce carotenoid pigments and fatty acids. Zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP), which converts zeaxanthin to violaxanthin, and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP). These are key regulating genes for the xanthophyll and starch pathways in C. reinhardtii respectively. In this study, to produce macular pigment-enriched microalgal oil, we attempted to edit the AGP gene as an additional knock-out target in the zep mutant as a parental strain. Results Using a sequential CRISPR-Cas9 RNP-mediated knock-out method, we generated double knock-out mutants (dZAs), in which both the ZEP and AGP genes were deleted. In dZA1, lutein (2.93 ± 0.22 mg g−1 DCW: dried cell weight), zeaxanthin (3.12 ± 0.30 mg g−1 DCW), and lipids (450.09 ± 25.48 mg g−1 DCW) were highly accumulated in N-deprivation condition. Optimization of the culture medium and process made it possible to produce pigments and oil via one-step cultivation. This optimization process enabled dZAs to achieve 81% higher oil productivity along with similar macular pigment productivity, than the conventional two-step process. The hexane/isopropanol extraction method was developed for the use of macular pigment-enriched microalgal oil for food. As a result, 196 ± 20.1 mg g−1 DCW of edible microalgal oil containing 8.42 ± 0.92 mg g−1 lutein of oil and 7.69 ± 1.03 mg g−1 zeaxanthin of oil was produced. Conclusion Our research showed that lipids and pigments are simultaneously induced in the dZA strain. Since dZAs are generated by introducing pre-assembled sgRNA and Cas9-protein into cells, antibiotic resistance genes or selective markers are not inserted into the genome of dZA, which is advantageous for applying dZA mutant to food. Therefore, the enriched macular pigment oil extracted from improved strains (dZAs) can be further applied to various food products and nutraceuticals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01736-7.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lem DW, Davey PG, Gierhart DL, Rosen RB. A Systematic Review of Carotenoids in the Management of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1255. [PMID: 34439503 PMCID: PMC8389280 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains a leading cause of modifiable vision loss in older adults. Chronic oxidative injury and compromised antioxidant defenses represent essential drivers in the development of retinal neurodegeneration. Overwhelming free radical species formation results in mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as cellular and metabolic imbalance, which becomes exacerbated with increasing age. Thus, the depletion of systemic antioxidant capacity further proliferates oxidative stress in AMD-affected eyes, resulting in loss of photoreceptors, neuroinflammation, and ultimately atrophy within the retinal tissue. The aim of this systematic review is to examine the neuroprotective potential of the xanthophyll carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin on retinal neurodegeneration for the purpose of adjunctive nutraceutical strategy in the management of AMD. A comprehensive literature review was performed to retrieve 55 eligible publications, using four database searches from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science. Epidemiology studies indicated an enhanced risk reduction against late AMD with greater dietary consumption of carotenoids, meanwhile greater concentrations in macular pigment demonstrated significant improvements in visual function among AMD patients. Collectively, evidence strongly suggests that carotenoid vitamin therapies offer remarkable synergic protection in the neurosensory retina, with the potential to serve as adjunctive nutraceutical therapy in the management of established AMD, albeit these benefits may vary among different stages of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drake W. Lem
- College of Optometry, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | | | | | - Richard B. Rosen
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Green-Gomez M, Moran R, Stringham J, Hernández-Alcaraz C, Mendoza-Herrera K, Fromow-Guerra JJ, Prado-Cabrero A, Nolan J. Environmental and Nutritional Determinants of Macular Pigment in a Mexican Population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:18. [PMID: 34241622 PMCID: PMC8288050 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.9.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The carotenoids lutein (L), zeaxanthin (Z), and meso-zeaxanthin deposit at the macula as macular pigment (MP) and provide visual benefits and protection against macular diseases. The present study investigated MP, its nutritional and environmental determinants, and its constituent carotenoids in serum from a Mexican sample, in healthy participants and with metabolic diseases. Additionally, we compared these variables with an Irish sample. Methods MP was measured in 215 subjects from a rural community in Mexico with dual-wavelength autofluorescence imaging reported as MP optical volume (MPOV). Dietary intake and serum concentrations of L and Z were evaluated. Results The mean MPOV was 8429 (95% confidence interval, 8060-8797); range. 1171-15,976. The mean L and Z serum concentrations were 0.25 ± 0.15 µmol/L and 0.09 ± 0.04 µmol/L, respectively. The MPOV was positively correlated with L and Z serum concentrations (r = 0.347; P < 0.001 and r = 0.311; P < 0.001, respectively), but not with L + Z dietary estimates. Subjects with daily sunlight exposure of more than 50% were found to have significantly higher MPOV than those with less than 50% (P = 0.005). MPOV and serum concentrations of L and Z were significantly higher in the Mexican sample compared with the Irish sample, but this difference was not reflected in dietary analysis. Conclusions These new data from a Mexican sample provide evidence of the multifactorial interactions and environmental determinants of MP such as sunlight exposure and dietary patterns. These findings will be essential for future studies in Mexico for eye health, visual function, and ocular pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Green-Gomez
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Rachel Moran
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - James Stringham
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Cesar Hernández-Alcaraz
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Kenny Mendoza-Herrera
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - J Jans Fromow-Guerra
- Retina Division, Asociación Para Evitar la Ceguera en México I.A.P., México City, México
| | - Alfonso Prado-Cabrero
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - John Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hayashi R, Hayashi S, Machida S. Changes in macular pigment optical density among pseudophakic patients following intake of a lutein-containing supplement. Ophthalmic Res 2021; 64:828-836. [PMID: 34148037 DOI: 10.1159/000517573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rijo Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Shimmin Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Koshigaya, Japan
- Lively Eye Clinic, Soka, Japan
| | - Shigeki Machida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical Center, Dokkyo Medical University, Koshigaya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Böhm V, Lietz G, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Phelan D, Reboul E, Bánati D, Borel P, Corte-Real J, de Lera AR, Desmarchelier C, Dulinska-Litewka J, Landrier JF, Milisav I, Nolan J, Porrini M, Riso P, Roob JM, Valanou E, Wawrzyniak A, Winklhofer-Roob BM, Rühl R, Bohn T. From carotenoid intake to carotenoid blood and tissue concentrations - implications for dietary intake recommendations. Nutr Rev 2021; 79:544-573. [PMID: 32766681 PMCID: PMC8025354 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is uncertainty regarding carotenoid intake recommendations, because positive and negative health effects have been found or are correlated with carotenoid intake and tissue levels (including blood, adipose tissue, and the macula), depending on the type of study (epidemiological vs intervention), the dose (physiological vs supraphysiological) and the matrix (foods vs supplements, isolated or used in combination). All these factors, combined with interindividual response variations (eg, depending on age, sex, disease state, genetic makeup), make the relationship between carotenoid intake and their blood/tissue concentrations often unclear and highly variable. Although blood total carotenoid concentrations <1000 nmol/L have been related to increased chronic disease risk, no dietary reference intakes (DRIs) exist. Although high total plasma/serum carotenoid concentrations of up to 7500 nmol/L are achievable after supplementation, a plateauing effect for higher doses and prolonged intake is apparent. In this review and position paper, the current knowledge on carotenoids in serum/plasma and tissues and their relationship to dietary intake and health status is summarized with the aim of proposing suggestions for a "normal," safe, and desirable range of concentrations that presumably are beneficial for health. Existing recommendations are likewise evaluated and practical dietary suggestions are included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Böhm
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Lietz
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Begoña Olmedilla-Alonso
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Phelan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | | | | | - Patrick Borel
- C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Joana Corte-Real
- Population Health Department, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departmento de Química Orgánica, Centro De Investigaciones Biomédicas and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Irina Milisav
- University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia and with University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - John Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Marisa Porrini
- Universitàdegli Studi di Milano, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Riso
- Universitàdegli Studi di Milano, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, Milan, Italy
| | - Johannes M Roob
- Research Unit Chronic Inflammation in Nephrology, Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Agata Wawrzyniak
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Brigitte M Winklhofer-Roob
- Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary and with CISCAREX UG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Population Health Department, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rutledge GA, Pratt SG, Richer SP, Huntjens B, Perry CB, Pratt G, Podella C. Foveal macular pigment dip in offspring of age-related macular degeneration patients is inversely associated with omega-3 index. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:473. [PMID: 33267825 PMCID: PMC7709463 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Offspring of parent(s) with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have a 45% lifetime risk of developing the disease. High foveal macular pigment optical density (MPOD) is protective, whereas individuals with a “foveal macular pigment dip” (FMPD) are at increased risk. Shortage of the dietary carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin as well as fish consumption are reported AMD risk factors. This Early Biomarkers of AMD (EBAMD) study evaluates serum factors that protect foveal MPOD architecture in Caucasian offspring of parent(s) with AMD. Methods N = 130 subjects [mean (SD) age 62.8 (8.6) years; 36/94 male/female] were recruited from Scripps Health/ Scripps Memorial Hospital/ Scripps Mericos Eye Institute between 2012 and 2017. Macula pigment 3D topography was evaluated using specular reflectance. Buccal genetic cheek swab, circulating serum dietary carotenoids and long-term RBC omega-3 fatty acid status, as well as common secondary clinical structural and vision function parameters were obtained. Results 41 % of offspring of AMD parent(s) presented with FMPD. These offspring were about 4 years younger than those without FMPD (controls; P = 0.012) and had thinner foveas (P = 0.010). There were no differences in gender, BMI, % body fat, visual acuity or contrast sensitivity between those with and without FMPD. % RBC membrane docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was reduced in FMPD offspring vs. control offspring (P = 0.04). The Omega-3 Index was significantly decreased in the FMPD group (P = 0.03). Conclusions The percentage of FMPD in AMD offspring is nearly twice that reported for the general population in the scientific literature. Offspring presenting FMPD had similar AMD genetic risk, but significantly reduced % RBC membrane omega-3 fatty acids and thinner foveas compared with those without FMPD. Our data supports the importance of ‘essential fatty’ acids as an independent AMD risk factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant A Rutledge
- Scripps Health/Scripps Memorial Hospital/Scripps Mericos Eye Institute - Scripps Clinical Research Service, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. .,USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Steven G Pratt
- Scripps Health/Scripps Memorial Hospital/Scripps Mericos Eye Institute - Scripps Clinical Research Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stuart P Richer
- Eye Clinics, Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Byki Huntjens
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, Division of Optometry and Vision Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - C Blake Perry
- Scripps Health/Scripps Memorial Hospital/Scripps Mericos Eye Institute - Scripps Clinical Research Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gunilla Pratt
- Scripps Health/Scripps Memorial Hospital/Scripps Mericos Eye Institute - Scripps Clinical Research Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carla Podella
- Eye Clinics, Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Davey PG, Henderson T, Lem DW, Weis R, Amonoo-Monney S, Evans DW. Visual Function and Macular Carotenoid Changes in Eyes with Retinal Drusen-An Open Label Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare a Micronized Lipid-Based Carotenoid Liquid Supplementation and AREDS-2 Formula. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113271. [PMID: 33114566 PMCID: PMC7693149 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To compare the changes in visual and ocular parameters in individuals with retinal drusen who were treated with two commercially available nutritional supplements. Methods: An open-label, single-center, randomized, parallel-treatment with an observational control group design was utilized. The treatment groups included individuals with fine retinal drusen sub-clinical age-related macular degeneration (AMD), while the control group consisted of ocular normal individuals. The treatment groups were randomly assigned to the micronized lipid-based carotenoid supplement, Lumega-Z (LM), or the PreserVision Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS-2) soft gel (PV). Visual performance was evaluated using the techniques of visual acuity, dark adaptation recovery and contrast sensitivity, at baseline, three months, and six months. Additionally, the macular pigment optical density (MPOD) was measured. The control group was not assigned any carotenoid supplement. The right eye and left eye results were analyzed separately. Results: Seventy-nine participants were recruited for this study, of which 68 qualified and 56 participants had useable reliable data. Of the individuals who completed this study, 25 participants belonged to the LM group, 16 belonged to the PV group, and 15 to the control group. The LM group demonstrated statistically significant improvements in contrast sensitivity function (CSF) in both eyes at six months (p < 0.001). The LM group displayed a positive linear trend with treatment time in CSF (p < 0.001), with benefits visible after just three months of supplementation. Although there was a trend showing improvement in CSF in the PV group, the change was not significant after a Bonferroni-corrected p-value of p < 0.00625. Visual acuity, dark adaptation recovery and MPOD did not significantly improve in either treatment groups. Conclusion: The LM group demonstrated greater and faster benefits in visual performance as measured by CSF when compared to the PV group. This trial has been registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03946085).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinakin Gunvant Davey
- College of Optometry, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (D.W.L.); (S.A.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-909-469-8473
| | | | - Drake W. Lem
- College of Optometry, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (D.W.L.); (S.A.-M.)
| | - Rebecca Weis
- Eye Clinic of Austin, Austin, TX 78731, USA; (T.H.); (R.W.)
| | - Stephanie Amonoo-Monney
- College of Optometry, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (D.W.L.); (S.A.-M.)
| | - David W. Evans
- VectorVision/Guardion Health Sciences, San Diego, CA 92128, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Davey PG, Lievens C, Ammono-Monney S. Differences in macular pigment optical density across four ethnicities: a comparative study. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2020; 12:2515841420924167. [PMID: 32596637 PMCID: PMC7297487 DOI: 10.1177/2515841420924167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study is to compare macular pigment optical density levels across four different ethnicities and study its influence on ganglion cell layer and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness across these ethnicities. Methods: Consenting adults visiting the ophthalmology and optometry clinics for a routine eye examination without any ocular comorbidity were enrolled. Participants underwent optical coherence tomography for macular thickness, retinal nerve fibre layer thickness and ganglion cell layer thickness. The macular pigment optical density levels were determined in the dominant eye using the QuantifEye device by trained observers. Results: In total, 336 eyes of 336 participants with a mean age of 39.2 ± 14.4 years were included of which 103 (30%) were Caucasians, 111 (33%) were African Americans, 29 (9%) were South Asian Indians and 94 (28%) were Hispanics. The mean macular pigment optical density value across the entire study population was 0.47 ± 0.15. South Asian Indians (0.58 ± 0.16) and Hispanics (0.52 ± 0.15) had significantly higher mean macular pigment optical density values compared with Caucasians (0.41 ± 0.16) and African Americans (0.38 ± 0.15). Linear regression analysis showed that there was a significant association between ethnicities and macular pigment optical density values when adjusted for age (β coefficient = 0.31, 95% confidence interval = 0.029–0.58, p < 0.001 for South Asian Indian and Hispanic ethnic groups compared with African Americans). There were no differences in the retinal nerve fibre layer and ganglion cell layer thickness across ethnic groups. Linear regression analysis also did not reveal any significant association between macular pigment optical density levels and retinal nerve fibre layer or ganglion cell layer thickness. Conclusion: Caucasians and African Americans have lower macular pigment optical density compared with South Asian Indians and Hispanics. There is no clinically significant association between macular pigment optical density levels and retinal nerve fibre layer and ganglion cell layer thickness in healthy individuals across races.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinakin Gunvant Davey
- College of Optometry, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. 2nd St., Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Efficacy of Commercially Available Nutritional Supplements: Analysis of Serum Uptake, Macular Pigment Optical Density and Visual Functional Response. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051321. [PMID: 32384663 PMCID: PMC7284601 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To compare the change in serum carotenoids, macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and visual function with the intake of two commercially available nutritional supplements. Methods: Participants were given a 24-week supply of a lipid-based micronized liquid medical food, Lumega-Z™ (LM), containing 28 mg of the macular carotenoids lutein (L), zeaxanthin (Z) and meso-zeaxanthin (MZ), or given PreserVision™ AREDS 2 Formula (gel-caps; PV) containing 12 mg of the macular carotenoids L and Z, but no reported MZ. Serum levels of L, Z and MZ were obtained at baseline and after 12 weeks. Macular pigment optical densities (MPOD) and visual function were assessed at baseline and after 24 weeks. Results: Average blood serum concentrations of L, Z and MZ in the two groups at baseline were similar. The increases in L, Z and MZ were 0.434, 0.063 and 0.086 µmol/L vs. 0.100, 0.043 and 0.001 µmol/L, respectively, in the LM vs. PV group. From baseline to week 24, average MPOD in the LM-group increased by 0.064 from 0.418 to 0.482, whereas in the PV-group, it was essentially unchanged (0.461 to 0.459;). Although log-contrast sensitivity was improved in all groups under three conditions (photopic, mesopic and mesopic with glare), the change in log-contrast sensitivity was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Despite only a 2.3-fold higher carotenoid concentration than PV, LM supplementation provides approximately 3–4-fold higher absorption, which leads to a significant elevation of MPOD levels.
Collapse
|
17
|
Nagai N, Asato T, Minami S, Suzuki M, Shinoda H, Kurihara T, Sonobe H, Watanabe K, Uchida A, Ban N, Tsubota K, Ozawa Y. Correlation between Macular Pigment Optical Density and Neural Thickness and Volume of the Retina. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040888. [PMID: 32218119 PMCID: PMC7230595 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Macular pigment (MP), which is composed of lutein/zeaxanthin/mezo-zeaxanthin, is concentrated in the central part of the retina, the macula. It protects the macula by absorbing short-wavelength light and suppressing oxidative stress. To evaluate whether MP levels are related to retinal neural protection and resulting health, we analyzed the association between the MP optical density (MPOD), and the macular thickness and volumes. Forty-three eyes of 43 healthy adult volunteers (21 men and 22 women; age: 22–48 (average 31.4 ± 1.1) years) were analyzed. Highly myopic eyes (<-6 diopters) were excluded. MPOD was measured using MPS2®, and the neural retinal thickness and volume were measured using optical coherence tomography. The mean MPOD was 0.589 ± 0.024, and it positively correlated with the central retinal thickness (P = 0.017, R = 0.360) and retinal volume of the fovea (1-mm diameter around the fovea; P = 0.029, R = 0.332), parafovea (1–3-mm diameter; P = 0.002, R = 0.458), and macula (6-mm diameter; P = 0.003, R = 0.447). In the macular area (diameter: 6 mm), MPOD was correlated with the retinal neural volume of the ganglion cell layer (P = 0.037, R = 0.320), inner plexiform layer (P = 0.029, R = 0.333), and outer nuclear layer (P = 0.020, R = 0.353). Thus, MPOD may help in estimating neural health. Further studies should determine the impact of MP levels on neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Nagai
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (N.N.); (M.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (T.A.); (S.M.); (H.S.); (T.K.); (H.S.); (K.W.); (A.U.); (N.B.); (K.T.)
| | - Teru Asato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (T.A.); (S.M.); (H.S.); (T.K.); (H.S.); (K.W.); (A.U.); (N.B.); (K.T.)
| | - Sakiko Minami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (T.A.); (S.M.); (H.S.); (T.K.); (H.S.); (K.W.); (A.U.); (N.B.); (K.T.)
| | - Misa Suzuki
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (N.N.); (M.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (T.A.); (S.M.); (H.S.); (T.K.); (H.S.); (K.W.); (A.U.); (N.B.); (K.T.)
| | - Hajime Shinoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (T.A.); (S.M.); (H.S.); (T.K.); (H.S.); (K.W.); (A.U.); (N.B.); (K.T.)
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (T.A.); (S.M.); (H.S.); (T.K.); (H.S.); (K.W.); (A.U.); (N.B.); (K.T.)
| | - Hideki Sonobe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (T.A.); (S.M.); (H.S.); (T.K.); (H.S.); (K.W.); (A.U.); (N.B.); (K.T.)
| | - Kazuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (T.A.); (S.M.); (H.S.); (T.K.); (H.S.); (K.W.); (A.U.); (N.B.); (K.T.)
| | - Atsuro Uchida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (T.A.); (S.M.); (H.S.); (T.K.); (H.S.); (K.W.); (A.U.); (N.B.); (K.T.)
| | - Norimitsu Ban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (T.A.); (S.M.); (H.S.); (T.K.); (H.S.); (K.W.); (A.U.); (N.B.); (K.T.)
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (T.A.); (S.M.); (H.S.); (T.K.); (H.S.); (K.W.); (A.U.); (N.B.); (K.T.)
| | - Yoko Ozawa
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (N.N.); (M.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (T.A.); (S.M.); (H.S.); (T.K.); (H.S.); (K.W.); (A.U.); (N.B.); (K.T.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Luke’s International Hospital, 9-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8560, Japan
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +81-3-3353-1211
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Green-Gomez M, Bernstein PS, Curcio CA, Moran R, Roche W, Nolan JM. Standardizing the Assessment of Macular Pigment Using a Dual-Wavelength Autofluorescence Technique. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:41. [PMID: 31867142 PMCID: PMC6922273 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.6.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It is essential to have an appropriate measure to assess macular pigment (MP) that can provide an accurate, valid, and reliable representation of the MP within the macula. The aim of this study was to describe and introduce MP optical volume (MPOV) as an optimal value for reporting MP. METHODS Three hundred ninety-three subjects were analyzed using the Heidelberg Spectralis with the investigational MP optical density (MPOD) module to measure MPOV and MPOD at four foveal eccentricities (0.23°, 0.51°, 0.98°, 1.76° [7° as reference point]). Lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) dietary intake and serum concentrations were evaluated. RESULTS MPOV mean was 5094 (95%CI, 4877-5310); range: 527 to 10,652. MPOV was inversely correlated with body mass index and positively correlated with education (r = -0.156, P = 0.002 and r = 0.124, P = 0.014, respectively). Serum concentrations of L and Z were positively correlated with MPOV (r = 0.422, P < 0.001 and r = 0.285, P < 0.001, respectively). MPOV was positively correlated to MPOD at all measured eccentricities, with the strongest agreement at 1.76° (r = 0.906, P < 0.001). Serum concentrations of L and Z, BMI, education, and age (P < 0.001) were found to be significant predictors of MPOV. CONCLUSIONS The Spectralis MPOV measurement provided a comprehensive and detailed evaluation of the MP profile. The Spectralis MPOV should be considered a preferred metric for the assessment of MP. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Applying a standardized method for the assessment and report of MP will allow to fully derive meaning from observational studies and to successfully implement this MP measurement technique in research and clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Green-Gomez
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
| | | | - Christine A. Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rachel Moran
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Warren Roche
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
| | - John M. Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Retinal carotenoids are dietary nutrients that uniquely protect the eye from light damage and various retinal pathologies. Their antioxidative properties protect the eye from many retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration. As many retinal diseases are accompanied by low carotenoid levels, accurate noninvasive assessment of carotenoid status can help ophthalmologists identify the patients most likely to benefit from carotenoid supplementation. This review focuses on the different methods available to assess carotenoid status and highlights disease-related changes and potential nutritional interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Sauer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA;, ,
| | - Binxing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA;, ,
| | - Paul S. Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA;, ,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nutrients for Prevention of Macular Degeneration and Eye-Related Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8040085. [PMID: 30986936 PMCID: PMC6523787 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8040085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of macular degeneration can be reduced through the consumption of antioxidant-rich foods, supplements, and nutraceutical formulas. This review focuses on the antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that have been reported for reducing the risk of macular degeneration and other eye-related diseases. Antioxidants including anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoids, and vitamins have been shown to reduce the risk of eye-related diseases. Anthocyanins extracted from berries are powerful antioxidants. Cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and petunidin are anthocyanin aglycones detected in berries, currants, and other colored fruits and vegetables. β-Carotene, as well as xanthophyll lutein and zeaxanthin, have been reported to reduce the risk of macular degeneration. Flavonoids from plants help in the prevention of eye-related diseases through anti-inflammatory mechanisms. A combination of these antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals possess a synergistic effect on the prevention or risk reduction of macular degeneration. Formulas have been developed as dietary supplements to cater to the high demand from consumers and patients with eye problems. Many of the formulated dietary supplements that are sold in the market have been clinically proven for their efficacy to treat eye diseases. Although the bioactivities in the supplement capsules or tablets have been scientifically established for reducing risks of several diseases, which include macular degeneration and other eye-related diseases, knowledge on the right dosage, efficacy, and bioavailability of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals is important for consumers. The information may help them make the best decision in choosing the right dietary supplements and nutraceuticals following the evidence-based recommended dosages and reference intakes for improving general health and preventing eye-related diseases. This review covers the potential causal factors involved in eye diseases, clinically proven treatments, and controversial findings on the antioxidants in the prevention of macular degeneration. Future studies should consider multiethnic and multicenter trials for eliminating potential bias in research.
Collapse
|
21
|
Temple SE, Roberts NW, Misson GP. Haidinger's brushes elicited at varying degrees of polarization rapidly and easily assesses total macular pigmentation. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2019; 36:B123-B131. [PMID: 31044990 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.36.00b123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Macular pigments (MPs), by absorbing potentially toxic short-wavelength (400-500 nm) visible light, provide protection against photo-chemical damage thought to be relevant in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). A method of screening for low levels of MPs could be part of a prevention strategy for helping people to delay the onset of AMD. We introduce a new method for assessing MP density that takes advantage of the polarization-dependent absorption of blue light by MPs, which results in the entoptic phenomenon called Haidinger's brushes (HB). Subjects were asked to identify the direction of rotation of HB when presented with a circular stimulus illuminated with an even intensity of polarized white light in which the electric field vector was rotating either clockwise or anti-clockwise. By reducing the degree of polarization of the stimulus light, a threshold for perceiving HB (degree of polarization threshold) was determined and correlated (r2=0.66) to macular pigment optical density assessed using dual-wavelength fundus autofluoresence. The speed and ease of measurement of degree of polarization threshold makes it well suited for large-scale screening of macular pigmentation.
Collapse
|
22
|
Nag TC, Kathpalia P, Gorla S, Wadhwa S. Localization of nitro-tyrosine immunoreactivity in human retina. Ann Anat 2019; 223:8-18. [PMID: 30716468 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is associated with retinal aging and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In both cases there are reports for the presence of markers of lipid peroxidation in retinal cells. We investigated if nitrosative stress also occurs in the human retina with aging. We examined the cellular localization of nitro-tyrosine, a biomarker of protein tyrosine nitration, in human donor retina (17-91 years; N = 15) by immunohistochemistry. Immunoreactivity (IR) to nitro-tyrosine was present in ten retinas and absent in five retinas. It was predominant in photoreceptor inner segments, cell bodies and axons. In six retinas, IR was present in abnormal, swollen axons of macular and peripheral cones. In the inner retina, weak immunoreactivity was detected in the outer and inner plexiform layer. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a variable degree of microtubule disorganization, abnormal outgrowth from the swollen macular axons (as the fibers of Henle) and few dead axons. The present study adds further evidence to the presence of aberrant photoreceptor axonal changes in the human retina and that nitro-tyrosine immunoreactivity is associated with the photoreceptor cells in select human retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapas C Nag
- Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Poorti Kathpalia
- Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Shilpa Gorla
- Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Shashi Wadhwa
- Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rinninella E, Mele MC, Merendino N, Cintoni M, Anselmi G, Caporossi A, Gasbarrini A, Minnella AM. The Role of Diet, Micronutrients and the Gut Microbiota in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: New Perspectives from the Gut⁻Retina Axis. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111677. [PMID: 30400586 PMCID: PMC6267253 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex multifactorial disease and the primary cause of legal and irreversible blindness among individuals aged ≥65 years in developed countries. Globally, it affects 30–50 million individuals, with an estimated increase of approximately 200 million by 2020 and approximately 300 million by 2040. Currently, the neovascular form may be able to be treated with the use of anti-VEGF drugs, while no effective treatments are available for the dry form. Many studies, such as the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) and AREDS 2, have shown a potential role of micronutrient supplementation in lowering the risk of progression of the early stages of AMD. Recently, low-grade inflammation, sustained by dysbiosis and a leaky gut, has been shown to contribute to the development of AMD. Given the ascertained influence of the gut microbiota in systemic low-grade inflammation and its potential modulation by macro- and micro-nutrients, a potential role of diet in AMD has been proposed. This review discusses the role of the gut microbiota in the development of AMD. Using PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus, we searched for recent scientific evidence discussing the impact of dietary habits (high-fat and high-glucose or -fructose diets), micronutrients (vitamins C, E, and D, zinc, beta-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin) and omega-3 fatty acids on the modulation of the gut microbiota and their relationship with AMD risk and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Rinninella
- UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Mele
- UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Nicolò Merendino
- Laboratorio di Nutrizione Cellulare e Molecolare, Dipartimento di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche (DEB), Università della Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Marco Cintoni
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Scienza dell'Alimentazione, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gaia Anselmi
- UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Aldo Caporossi
- UOC di Oculistica, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa-Collo, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Istituto di Oftalmologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Angelo Maria Minnella
- UOC di Oculistica, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa-Collo, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Istituto di Oftalmologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sauer L, Andersen KM, Dysli C, Zinkernagel MS, Bernstein PS, Hammer M. Review of clinical approaches in fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-20. [PMID: 30182580 PMCID: PMC8357196 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.9.091415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Autofluorescence-based imaging techniques have become very important in the ophthalmological field. Being noninvasive and very sensitive, they are broadly used in clinical routines. Conventional autofluorescence intensity imaging is largely influenced by the strong fluorescence of lipofuscin, a fluorophore that can be found at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium. However, different endogenous retinal fluorophores can be altered in various diseases. Fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) is an imaging modality to investigate the autofluorescence of the human fundus in vivo. It expands the level of information, as an addition to investigating the fluorescence intensity, and autofluorescence lifetimes are captured. The Heidelberg Engineering Spectralis-based fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscope is used to investigate a 30-deg retinal field centered at the fovea. It detects FAF decays in short [498 to 560 nm, short spectral channel (SSC) and long (560 to 720 nm, long spectral channel (LSC)] spectral channels, the mean fluorescence lifetimes (τm) are calculated using bi- or triexponential approaches. These are meant to be relatively independent of the fluorophore's intensity; therefore, fluorophores with less intense fluorescence can be detected. As an example, FLIO detects the fluorescence of macular pigment, retinal carotenoids that help protect the human fundus from light damages. Furthermore, FLIO is able to detect changes related to various retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, albinism, Alzheimer's disease, diabetic retinopathy, macular telangiectasia type 2, retinitis pigmentosa, and Stargardt disease. Some of these changes can already be found in healthy eyes and may indicate a risk to developing such diseases. Other changes in already affected eyes seem to indicate disease progression. This review article focuses on providing detailed information on the clinical findings of FLIO. This technique detects not only structural changes at very early stages but also metabolic and disease-related alterations. Therefore, it is a very promising tool that might soon be used for early diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Sauer
- University Hospital Jena, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
- University of Utah, John A. Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Karl M. Andersen
- University of Utah, John A. Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Chantal Dysli
- Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Department of Ophthalmology, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin S. Zinkernagel
- Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Department of Ophthalmology, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul S. Bernstein
- University of Utah, John A. Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Martin Hammer
- University Hospital Jena, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
- University of Jena, Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics, Jena, Germany
- Address all correspondence to: Martin Hammer, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Quesada-Gómez JM, Santiago-Mora R, Durán-Prado M, Dorado G, Pereira-Caro G, Moreno-Rojas JM, Casado-Díaz A. β-Cryptoxanthin Inhibits Angiogenesis in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Through Retinoic Acid Receptor. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 29131551 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE β-Cryptoxanthin is an abundant carotenoid in fruits and vegetables that can be quantified in human blood serum. Yet, contrary to other carotenoids, its effects on endothelial cells and angiogenesis remain unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) are treated with 0.01, 0.1, or 1 μm of β-cryptoxanthin. Antioxidant activity is determined by its free radical scavenging and oxygen-radical absorbance capacity. The effect on migration and formation of tubular structures is studied. Additionally, effect on angiogenesis is also analyzed using an in vivo model. β-Cryptoxanthin exhibits scavenging ability, having an antioxidant effect on HUVEC. Interestingly, β-cryptoxanthin reduces their migration and angiogenesis, even in the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Additionally, such carotenoid inhibits in vivo angiogenesis induced by VEGF. In addition, treatment of HUVEC with LE540 (retinoic acid receptor [RAR] panantagonist) inhibits β-cryptoxanthin antiangiogenic effect on HUVEC. CONCLUSION β-Cryptoxanthin inhibits angiogenesis through RAR. Thus, this carotenoid and food containing it may be useful for the prevention and treatment of angiogenic pathologies. That includes tumoral growth and wet macular degeneration associated with aging. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the antioxidant effect and antiangiogenic activity of this carotenoid on HUVEC, both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Quesada-Gómez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,RETICEF & CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Santiago-Mora
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mario Durán-Prado
- Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Gabriel Dorado
- RETICEF & CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Rabanales C6-1-E17, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gema Pereira-Caro
- Department of Food Science and Health, IFAPA-Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Casado-Díaz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,RETICEF & CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Merle BMJ, Buaud B, Korobelnik JF, Bron A, Delyfer MN, Rougier MB, Savel H, Vaysse C, Creuzot-Garcher C, Delcourt C. Plasma long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and macular pigment in subjects with family history of age-related macular degeneration: the Limpia Study. Acta Ophthalmol 2017; 95:e763-e769. [PMID: 28271618 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In numerous epidemiological studies, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been associated with a decreased risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Beyond their structural, functional and neuroprotective roles, omega-3 PUFAs may favour the retinal accumulation of lutein and zeaxanthin and thus increase macular pigment optical density (MPOD). We examined the associations of MPOD with plasma omega-3 PUFAs in subjects with family history of AMD. METHODS The Limpia study is a double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective randomized clinical trial performed in 120 subjects. Subjects with at least one parent treated for neovascular AMD, aged 40-70, with a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) >20/25, free of late AMD and other major eye conditions and with no use of supplement containing lutein or zeaxanthin the preceding year were recruited in Bordeaux and Dijon, France. At baseline, MPOD within 1° of eccentricity was measured by modified Heidelberg retinal analyser (Heidelberg, Germany) and plasma omega-3 PUFAs by gas chromatography. Medical history and lifestyle data were collected from a standardized questionnaire. Associations of MPOD with plasma omega-3 PUFAs were assessed at the baseline examination, using mixed linear models adjusted for age, gender, centre, body mass index, smoking, plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and lutein+zeaxanthin. RESULTS After multivariate adjustment, high MPOD was significantly associated with higher level of plasma docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) (β = 0.029, 95% CI: 0.003, 0.055; p = 0.03). Plasma alpha linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were not significantly associated with MPOD. CONCLUSION In the Limpia study, high MPOD within 1° was significantly associated with higher plasma levels of omega-3 DPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte M. J. Merle
- Inserm; Bordeaux Population Health Research Center; Team LEHA; UMR 1219; University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | - Benjamin Buaud
- ITERG - Equipe Nutrition Métabolisme & Santé; Bordeaux France
| | - Jean-François Korobelnik
- Inserm; Bordeaux Population Health Research Center; Team LEHA; UMR 1219; University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
- Ophthalmology Department; CHU of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | - Alain Bron
- Ophthalmology Department; CHU of Dijon; Dijon France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Delyfer
- Inserm; Bordeaux Population Health Research Center; Team LEHA; UMR 1219; University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
- Ophthalmology Department; CHU of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | | | - Hélène Savel
- Pôle Santé Publique USMR; CHU de Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | - Carole Vaysse
- ITERG - Equipe Nutrition Métabolisme & Santé; Bordeaux France
| | | | - Cécile Delcourt
- Inserm; Bordeaux Population Health Research Center; Team LEHA; UMR 1219; University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Moran R, Beatty S, Stack J, O’Halloran AM, Feeney J, Akuffo KO, Peto T, Kenny RA, Nolan JM. The Relationship Between Plasma Concentrations of Lutein and Zeaxanthin with Self-Reported and Actual Prevalence of AMD in an Irish Population-Based Sample. Curr Eye Res 2017; 43:383-390. [DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1403633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Moran
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Stephen Beatty
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Jim Stack
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Aisling M. O’Halloran
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanne Feeney
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Kwadwo O. Akuffo
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Tunde Peto
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Rose Anne Kenny
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John M. Nolan
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nag TC, Kumar P, Wadhwa S. Age related distribution of 4-hydroxy 2-nonenal immunoreactivity in human retina. Exp Eye Res 2017; 165:125-135. [PMID: 28986146 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The retina is prone to be damaged by oxidative stress (OS), owing to its constant exposure to light, high rate of oxygen consumption and high membrane lipid content. Lipid peroxidation in aging human retina has been shown by biochemical means. However, information on the cellular sites of OS and antioxidant responses in aging human retina remains limited. Here, we show distribution of immunoreactivity (IR) to a marker of lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxy 2-nonenal [HNE] and antioxidant enzymes involved in counteracting lipid peroxidation (glutathione S-transferase-π1 and glutarexoxin-1) in donor human retinas at different ages (35-91 years; N = 24). Initially, HNE-IR was present in few macular cone outer segments (COS, sixth decade). With aging, IR appeared in many COS and peaked at ninth decade (14 vs 62 per 3850 μm2 area between 6 and 9 decade; p < 0.001) in the parafovea then seen elsewhere (perifoveal, mid-peripheral and nasal). IR was seen in the parafovea of all retinas, whereas it was present in 8/24 of perifoveal and 6/24 of mid-peripheral retinas, indicating that the parafovea is susceptible to undergo lipid peroxidation. Foveolar COS were immunonegative until 81 years, which developed IR later (>83 years). IR to glutathione S-transferase-π1 was moderate until eight decade and then showed a decrease in photoreceptor cells between ninth and tenth decade, while glutaredoxin-1 maintained a steady expression with aging. Damaged COS were present in aged retinas, and inner segments and photoreceptor nuclei also showed some degree of alterations. Although there was increased lipid peroxidation with aging, cone death was minimal in those retinas. The two antioxidant enzymes studied here, may play a role in protecting photoreceptors against OS with advanced aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapas C Nag
- Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Shashi Wadhwa
- Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Evans JR, Lawrenson JG. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 7:CD000254. [PMID: 28756618 PMCID: PMC6483465 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd000254.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been proposed that antioxidants may prevent cellular damage in the retina by reacting with free radicals that are produced in the process of light absorption. Higher dietary levels of antioxidant vitamins and minerals may reduce the risk of progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to assess the effects of antioxidant vitamin or mineral supplementation on the progression of AMD in people with AMD. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL (2017, Issue 2), MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to March 2017), Embase Ovid (1947 to March 2017), AMED (1985 to March 2017), OpenGrey (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe, the ISRCTN registry (www.isrctn.com/editAdvancedSearch), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov) and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en). We did not use any date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials. We last searched the electronic databases on 29 March 2017. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared antioxidant vitamin or mineral supplementation (alone or in combination) to placebo or no intervention, in people with AMD. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Both review authors independently assessed risk of bias in the included studies and extracted data. One author entered data into RevMan 5; the other author checked the data entry. We graded the certainty of the evidence using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS We included 19 studies conducted in USA, Europe, China, and Australia. We judged the trials that contributed data to the review to be at low or unclear risk of bias.Nine studies compared multivitamins with placebo (7 studies) or no treatment (2 studies) in people with early and moderate AMD. The duration of supplementation and follow-up ranged from nine months to six years; one trial followed up beyond two years. Most evidence came from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) in the USA. People taking antioxidant vitamins were less likely to progress to late AMD (odds ratio (OR) 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58 to 0.90; 2445 participants; 3 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence). In people with very early signs of AMD, who are at low risk of progression, this would mean that there would be approximately 4 fewer cases of progression to late AMD for every 1000 people taking vitamins (1 fewer to 6 fewer cases). In people at high risk of progression (i.e. people with moderate AMD) this would correspond to approximately 8 fewer cases of progression for every 100 people taking vitamins (3 fewer to 13 fewer). In one study of 1206 people, there was a lower risk of progression for both neovascular AMD (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.82; moderate-certainty evidence) and geographic atrophy (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.10; moderate-certainty evidence) and a lower risk of losing 3 or more lines of visual acuity (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.96; 1791 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Low-certainty evidence from one study of 110 people suggested higher quality of life scores (National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire) in treated compared with the non-treated people after 24 months (mean difference (MD) 12.30, 95% CI 4.24 to 20.36). Six studies compared lutein (with or without zeaxanthin) with placebo. The duration of supplementation and follow-up ranged from six months to five years. Most evidence came from the AREDS2 study in the USA. People taking lutein or zeaxanthin may have similar or slightly reduced risk of progression to late AMD (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.01; 6891 eyes; low-certainty evidence), neovascular AMD (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.02; 6891 eyes; low-certainty evidence), and geographic atrophy (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.05; 6891 eyes; low-certainty evidence). A similar risk of progression to visual loss of 15 or more letters was seen in the lutein and control groups (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.05; 6656 eyes; low-certainty evidence). Quality of life (measured with Visual Function Questionnaire) was similar between groups in one study of 108 participants (MD 1.48, 95% -5.53 to 8.49, moderate-certainty evidence). One study, conducted in Australia, compared vitamin E with placebo. This study randomised 1204 people to vitamin E or placebo, and followed up for four years. Participants were enrolled from the general population; 19% had AMD. The number of late AMD events was low (N = 7) and the estimate of effect was uncertain (RR 1.36, 95% CI 0.31 to 6.05, very low-certainty evidence). There were no data on neovascular AMD or geographic atrophy.There was no evidence of any effect of treatment on visual loss (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.47, low-certainty evidence). There were no data on quality of life. Five studies compared zinc with placebo. The duration of supplementation and follow-up ranged from six months to seven years. People taking zinc supplements may be less likely to progress to late AMD (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.98; 3790 participants; 3 RCTs; low-certainty evidence), neovascular AMD (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.93; 2442 participants; 1 RCT; moderate-certainty evidence), geographic atrophy (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.10; 2442 participants; 1 RCT; moderate-certainty evidence), or visual loss (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.00; 3791 participants; 2 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence). There were no data reported on quality of life.Very low-certainty evidence was available on adverse effects because the included studies were underpowered and adverse effects inconsistently reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS People with AMD may experience some delay in progression of the disease with multivitamin antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplementation. This finding was largely drawn from one large trial, conducted in a relatively well-nourished American population. We do not know the generalisability of these findings to other populations. Although generally regarded as safe, vitamin supplements may have harmful effects. A systematic review of the evidence on harms of vitamin supplements is needed. Supplements containing lutein and zeaxanthin are heavily marketed for people with age-related macular degeneration but our review shows they may have little or no effect on the progression of AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Evans
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineCochrane Eyes and Vision, ICEHKeppel StreetLondonUKWC1E 7HT
| | - John G Lawrenson
- City University of LondonCentre for Applied Vision Research, School of Health SciencesNorthampton SquareLondonUKEC1V 0HB
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Moran R, Nolan JM, Stack J, O'Halloran AM, Feeney J, Akuffo KO, Kenny RA, Beatty S. Non-Dietary Correlates and Determinants of Plasma Lutein and Zeaxanthin Concentrations in the Irish Population. J Nutr Health Aging 2017; 21:254-261. [PMID: 28244563 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-016-0729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate non-dietary correlates and determinants of plasma lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) concentrations in The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) sample. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Community dwelling adults in the Republic of Ireland (ROI). PARTICIPANTS 3,681 participants aged 50 years and older. MEASUREMENTS TILDA is a nationally representative prospective cohort study of community dwelling adults aged 50 years and over in the ROI. Demographic and health variables were collected during a face-to-face interview carried out in the home (n=8175), and a substantial proportion of these (n=5035; 62%) also attended a study visit in a health assessment centre. Blood samples collected at baseline (wave 1, the subject of the current study), were analysed for plasma concentrations of L and Z by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, and macular pigment (MP) optical density was also measured (using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry). RESULTS After excluding participants with eye disease, data from 3,681 participants were available for analysis. For this group of participants, plasma L and Z were inversely and significantly associated with body mass index (BMI), and were positively and significantly associated with MP, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (p<0.001, for all). Plasma L and Z were significantly lower in males, current smokers, participants reporting less physical exercise, and participants reporting lower levels of education (p<0.05, for all). Plasma L was significantly higher in participants reporting a family history of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (p=0.001), and in the group of ≥75 years old (p<0.05). For each of these variables, the significant associations remained after controlling for other potential confounding variables. CONCLUSION The findings of this large study indicate that plasma concentrations of L and Z were lower in association with indicators of a poor lifestyle (high BMI, tobacco use, and less physical exercise) and in association with lower education, indicating that modifying lifestyle in a positive way is likely to be reflected in higher concentrations of plasma carotenoids, with consequential and putative health benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Moran
- Rachel Moran, Macular Pigment Research Group, Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, Waterford Institute of Technology West Campus, Carriganore, Waterford, Ireland, Tel: +353 (0)51 306261;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kaluzny J, Li H, Liu W, Nesper P, Park J, Zhang HF, Fawzi AA. Bayer Filter Snapshot Hyperspectral Fundus Camera for Human Retinal Imaging. Curr Eye Res 2016; 42:629-635. [PMID: 27767345 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2016.1221976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate the versatility and performance of a compact Bayer filter snapshot hyperspectral fundus camera for in-vivo clinical applications including retinal oximetry and macular pigment optical density measurements. METHODS 12 healthy volunteers were recruited under an Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved protocol. Fundus images were taken with a custom hyperspectral camera with a spectral range of 460-630 nm. We determined retinal vascular oxygen saturation (sO2) for the healthy population using the captured spectra by least squares curve fitting. Additionally, macular pigment optical density was localized and visualized using multispectral reflectometry from selected wavelengths. RESULTS We successfully determined the mean sO2 of arteries and veins of each subject (ages 21-80) with excellent intrasubject repeatability (1.4% standard deviation). The mean arterial sO2 for all subjects was 90.9% ± 2.5%, whereas the mean venous sO2 for all subjects was 64.5% ± 3.5%. The mean artery-vein (A-V) difference in sO2 varied between 20.5% and 31.9%. In addition, we were able to reveal and quantify macular pigment optical density. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated a single imaging tool capable of oxygen saturation and macular pigment density measurements in vivo. The unique combination of broad spectral range, high spectral-spatial resolution, rapid and robust imaging capability, and compact design make this system a valuable tool for multifunction spectral imaging that can be easily performed in a clinic setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Kaluzny
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Wenzhong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Peter Nesper
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Justin Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hao F Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Amani A Fawzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Corvi F, Souied EH, Falfoul Y, Georges A, Jung C, Querques L, Querques G. Pilot evaluation of short-term changes in macular pigment and retinal sensitivity in different phenotypes of early age-related macular degeneration after carotenoid supplementation. Br J Ophthalmol 2016; 101:770-773. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
33
|
Lima VC, Rosen RB, Farah M. Macular pigment in retinal health and disease. Int J Retina Vitreous 2016; 2:19. [PMID: 27847637 PMCID: PMC5088450 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-016-0044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein and zeaxanthin, two carotenoid pigments of the xanthophyll subclass, are present in high concentrations in the retina, especially in the macula. They work as a filter protecting the macula from blue light and also as a resident antioxidant and free radical scavenger to reduce oxidative stress-induced damage. Many observational and interventional studies have suggested that lutein and zeaxanthin may reduce the risk of various eye diseases, especially late forms of AMD. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that they could protect various ocular cells against oxidative damage. Recent research has shown that in addition to traditional mechanisms, lutein and zeaxanthin can influence the viability and function of cells through various signal pathways or transcription factors: for instance, they can affect immune responses and inflammation, and have anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor properties. This review covers the basic aspects and results of recent studies regarding the effects of lutein, zeaxanthin and other carotenoids, such as meso-zeaxanthin, on the eye in different clinical and experimental models and the management of various ocular diseases using these molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verônica Castro Lima
- Retina Service, Hospital Humberto Castro Lima (IBOPC), Salvador, Bahia Brazil ; Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard B Rosen
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA ; Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, 310 East 14th Street, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Michel Farah
- Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ma L, Liu R, Du JH, Liu T, Wu SS, Liu XH. Lutein, Zeaxanthin and Meso-zeaxanthin Supplementation Associated with Macular Pigment Optical Density. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070426. [PMID: 27420092 PMCID: PMC4963902 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin on macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) among patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and healthy subjects. Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases was searched through May 2016. Meta-analysis was conducted to obtain adjusted weighted mean differences (WMD) for intervention-versus-placebo group about the change of MPOD between baseline and terminal point. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the changes in MPOD and blood xanthophyll carotenoids or baseline MPOD levels. Twenty RCTs involving 938 AMD patients and 826 healthy subjects were identified. Xanthophyll carotenoids supplementation was associated with significant increase in MPOD in AMD patients (WMD, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.11) and healthy subjects (WMD, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.14). Stratified analysis showed a greater increase in MPOD among trials supplemented and combined with meso-zeaxanthin. Additionally, the changes in MPOD were related with baseline MPOD levels (rAMD = −0.43, p = 0.06; rhealthy subjects = −0.71, p < 0.001) and blood xanthophyll carotenoids concentration (rAMD = 0.40, p = 0.07; rhealthy subjects = 0.33, p = 0.05). This meta-analysis revealed that lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin supplementation improved MPOD both in AMD patients and healthy subjects with a dose-response relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
- The 3201 Hospital, Xi'an Jiao tong University College of Medicine, 783 Tianhan Road, Hanzhong 723000, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jun Hui Du
- The Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, 151 East of South Second Ring Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- The 3201 Hospital, Xi'an Jiao tong University College of Medicine, 783 Tianhan Road, Hanzhong 723000, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shan Shan Wu
- National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yongan Road, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Xiao Hong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kelly D, Coen RF, Akuffo KO, Beatty S, Dennison J, Moran R, Stack J, Howard AN, Mulcahy R, Nolan JM. Cognitive Function and Its Relationship with Macular Pigment Optical Density and Serum Concentrations of its Constituent Carotenoids. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:261-77. [PMID: 26401946 PMCID: PMC4923753 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Macular pigment (MP) levels correlate with brain concentrations of lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z), and have also been shown to correlate with cognitive performance in the young and elderly. Objective: To investigate the relationship between MP, serum concentrations of L and Z, and cognitive function in subjects free of retinal disease with low MP (Group 1, n = 105) and in subjects with AMD (Group 2, n = 121). Methods: MP was measured using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry and dual-wavelength autofluorescence; cognitive function was assessed using a battery of validated cognition tests; serum L and Z concentrations were determined by HPLC. Results: Significant correlations were evident between MP and various measures of cognitive function in both groups (r = –0.273 to 0.261, p≤0.05, for all). Both serum L and Z concentrations correlated significantly (r = 0.187, p≤0.05 and r = 0.197, p≤0.05, respectively) with semantic (animal) fluency cognitive scores in Group 2 (the AMD study group), while serum L concentrations also correlated significantly with Verbal Recognition Memory learning slope scores in the AMD study group (r = 0.200, p = 0.031). Most of the correlations with MP, but not serum L or Z, remained significant after controlling for age, gender, diet, and education level. Conclusion: MP offers potential as a non-invasive clinical biomarker of cognitive health, and appears more successful in this role than serum concentrations of L or Z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Kelly
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Robert F Coen
- Memory Clinic, Mercers Institute for Research on Ageing, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kwadwo Owusu Akuffo
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Stephen Beatty
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.,Institute of Vision Research, Whitfield Clinic, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Jessica Dennison
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Rachel Moran
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Jim Stack
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | | | - Riona Mulcahy
- University Hospital Waterford, Age-Related Care Unit, Waterford, Ireland
| | - John M Nolan
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Macular Pigment Optical Density and Measures of Macular Function: Test-Retest Variability, Cross-Sectional Correlations, and Findings from the Zeaxanthin Pilot Study of Response to Supplementation (ZEASTRESS-Pilot). Foods 2016; 5:foods5020032. [PMID: 28231126 PMCID: PMC5302333 DOI: 10.3390/foods5020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the short-term test-retest baseline variability in macular function tests in ZEASTRESS-Pilot participants (n = 18), on their cross-sectional correlation with macular pigment optical density (MPOD), and on the effects of four months (FUV4) of 20 mg/day zeaxanthin (ZX), followed by a four-month washout (FUV8; n = 24, age 50–81 years old). Outcomes included: MPOD at 0.5 and 2.0 deg eccentricity (MPOD-0.5 and -2.0); contrast sensitivity (CS); pattern-reversal electroretinogram (PERG) amplitude; dark-adapted 650 nm foveal cone sensitivity (DA650-FCS); and 500 mn parafoveal rod sensitivity (DA500-PFRS). All measures of macular function showed close test-retest correlation (Pearson’s r range: 0.744–0.946) and low coefficients of variation (CV range: 1.13%–4.00%). MPOD correlated in a complex fashion with macular function. Following supplementation, MPOD-0.5 and MPOD-2.0 increased at both FUV4 and FUV8 (p ≤ 0.0001 for all measures). Continued, delayed MPOD increase and a small, but significant (p = 0.012), CS increase was seen at FUV8 only in females. PERGs increased significantly at FUV4 (p = 0.0006), followed by a partial decline at FUV8. In conclusion, following ZX supplementation, MPOD increased significantly. There was no effect on DA-650 FCS or DA-500 PFRS. Both CS and PERG amplitudes increased following supplementation, but the effect varied between males and females. Additional studies appear warranted to confirm and characterize further these inter-gender differences.
Collapse
|
37
|
Asano Y, Fairchild MD, Blondé L. Individual Colorimetric Observer Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145671. [PMID: 26862905 PMCID: PMC4749337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study proposes a vision model for individual colorimetric observers. The proposed model can be beneficial in many color-critical applications such as color grading and soft proofing to assess ranges of color matches instead of a single average match. We extended the CIE 2006 physiological observer by adding eight additional physiological parameters to model individual color-normal observers. These eight parameters control lens pigment density, macular pigment density, optical densities of L-, M-, and S-cone photopigments, and λmax shifts of L-, M-, and S-cone photopigments. By identifying the variability of each physiological parameter, the model can simulate color matching functions among color-normal populations using Monte Carlo simulation. The variabilities of the eight parameters were identified through two steps. In the first step, extensive reviews of past studies were performed for each of the eight physiological parameters. In the second step, the obtained variabilities were scaled to fit a color matching dataset. The model was validated using three different datasets: traditional color matching, applied color matching, and Rayleigh matches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Asano
- Munsell Color Science Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Motorola Mobility, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Fairchild
- Munsell Color Science Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bernstein PS, Li B, Vachali PP, Gorusupudi A, Shyam R, Henriksen BS, Nolan JM. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: The basic and clinical science underlying carotenoid-based nutritional interventions against ocular disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 50:34-66. [PMID: 26541886 PMCID: PMC4698241 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The human macula uniquely concentrates three carotenoids: lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin. Lutein and zeaxanthin must be obtained from dietary sources such as green leafy vegetables and orange and yellow fruits and vegetables, while meso-zeaxanthin is rarely found in diet and is believed to be formed at the macula by metabolic transformations of ingested carotenoids. Epidemiological studies and large-scale clinical trials such as AREDS2 have brought attention to the potential ocular health and functional benefits of these three xanthophyll carotenoids consumed through the diet or supplements, but the basic science and clinical research underlying recommendations for nutritional interventions against age-related macular degeneration and other eye diseases are underappreciated by clinicians and vision researchers alike. In this review article, we first examine the chemistry, biochemistry, biophysics, and physiology of these yellow pigments that are specifically concentrated in the macula lutea through the means of high-affinity binding proteins and specialized transport and metabolic proteins where they play important roles as short-wavelength (blue) light-absorbers and localized, efficient antioxidants in a region at high risk for light-induced oxidative stress. Next, we turn to clinical evidence supporting functional benefits of these carotenoids in normal eyes and for their potential protective actions against ocular disease from infancy to old age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - Binxing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - Preejith P Vachali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - Aruna Gorusupudi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - Rajalekshmy Shyam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - Bradley S Henriksen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - John M Nolan
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Vision Research Centre, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology West Campus, Carriganore, Waterford, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and meso-Zeaxanthin in the Clinical Management of Eye Disease. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:865179. [PMID: 26819755 PMCID: PMC4706936 DOI: 10.1155/2015/865179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin are xanthophyll carotenoids found within the retina and throughout the visual system. The retina is one of the most metabolically active tissues in the body. The highest concentration of xanthophylls is found within the retina, and this selective presence has generated many theories regarding their role in supporting retinal function. Subsequently, the effect of xanthophylls in the prevention and treatment of various eye diseases has been examined through epidemiological studies, animal studies, and clinical trials. This paper attempts to review the epidemiological studies and clinical trials investigating the effects of xanthophylls on the incidence and progression of various eye diseases. Observational studies have reported that increased dietary intake and higher serum levels of lutein and zeaxanthin are associated with lower risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), especially late AMD. Randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that xanthophyll supplementation increases macular pigment levels, improves visual function, and decreases the risk of progression to late AMD, especially neovascular AMD. Current publications on the preventive and therapeutic effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, and retinopathy of prematurity have reported encouraging results.
Collapse
|
40
|
The Photobiology of Lutein and Zeaxanthin in the Eye. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:687173. [PMID: 26798505 PMCID: PMC4698938 DOI: 10.1155/2015/687173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein and zeaxanthin are antioxidants found in the human retina and macula. Recent clinical trials have determined that age- and diet-related loss of lutein and zeaxanthin enhances phototoxic damage to the human eye and that supplementation of these carotenoids has a protective effect against photoinduced damage to the lens and the retina. Two of the major mechanisms of protection offered by lutein and zeaxanthin against age-related blue light damage are the quenching of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species and the absorption of blue light. Determining the specific reactive intermediate(s) produced by a particular phototoxic ocular chromophore not only defines the mechanism of toxicity but can also later be used as a tool to prevent damage.
Collapse
|
41
|
Ren XT, Gu H, Han X, Zhang JY, Li X, Yang XF, Xu J, Snellingen T, Liu XP, Wang NL, Liu NP. Measurement of macular pigment optical density among healthy Chinese people and patients with early-stage age-related macular degeneration. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:1190-5. [PMID: 26682171 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.06.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To measure the macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in healthy Chinese people and patients with early age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS Cross-sectional population based study. Demographic and lifestyle characteristics were ascertained by questionnaire. A food frequency questionnaire was completed for all participants. Participants underwent general physical and ophthalmic examinations and MPOD was measured by heterochromatic flicker photometry. Foveal architecture was measured by optical coherence tomography. RESULTS MPOD of 225 participants (122 healthy and 103 early AMD) was 0.48±0.18. Patients with early AMD (0.52±0.19) tended to have higher MPOD levels than healthy people (0.47±0.17), but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.06). Participants with carrot or corn oil intake every week tended to have higher levels of MPOD (P=0.002 and 0.008 respectively) while those with corn intake had relatively lower level of MPOD (P=0.01). MPOD increased with the center foveal thickness (P=0.01). CONCLUSION Our findings show that there is no statistically significant association between MPOD and early AMD in the studied population. MPOD is related to center foveal thickness and diets would influence MPOD levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Tao Ren
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hong Gu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xu Han
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jun-Yan Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xue Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiu-Fen Yang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | | | - Xi-Pu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing 100016, China
| | - Ning-Li Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ning-Pu Liu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ji Y, Zhang X, Wu K, Su Y, Zuo C, Chen H, Li M, Wen F. Macular pigment optical density in a healthy Chinese population. Acta Ophthalmol 2015; 93:e550-5. [PMID: 25588897 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure the macular pigment optical density (MPOD) values in a healthy Chinese population using the one-wavelength reflectometry method and to investigate the relationships of MPOD with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking and lens opacities. METHODS A total of 441 healthy participants, aged 3-81 years old (242 male and 199 female subjects), were enrolled in this study. Demographic and lifestyle data were recorded based on physical examinations and questionnaires. Lens opacities were measured according to the Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS III). MPOD values were measured at 7° of eccentricity, using the one-wavelength reflectometry method (Visucam 200; Carl Zeiss Meditec). MPOD values were reported in parameters including 'max' and 'mean' optical density (OD). The original MPOD values without automated correction were used for analysis. RESULTS The average values were 0.303 ± 0.097 d.u. (initials of density units) for the max OD and 0.109 ± 0.031 d.u. for the mean OD. A significant inverse relationship was found between age and MPOD (for max OD, β = -0.716, p < 0.001; for mean OD, β = -0.669, p < 0.001). Participants with no lens opacities had higher MPOD values than those with moderate lens opacities (p < 0.001). The MPOD values were not associated with sex, BMI or smoking status. CONCLUSION MPOD within 7° of eccentricity, as measured by one-wavelength reflectometry, was found to decrease with increasing age in a healthy Chinese population, and lens opacities had an impact on these measurements. These results provide a reference value for future studies in the Chinese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xiongze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Kunfang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Yu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Chengguo Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Feng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Supplementation with three different macular carotenoid formulations in patients with early age-related macular degeneration. Retina 2015; 34:1757-66. [PMID: 24887490 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the impact of three different macular carotenoid formulations on macular pigment optical density and visual performance in subjects with early age-related macular degeneration. METHODS Fifty-two subjects were supplemented and followed for 12 months, 17 of them were in intervention Group 1 (20 mg/day lutein and 2 mg/day zeaxanthin); 21 in Group 2 (10 mg/day meso-zeaxanthin, 10 mg/day lutein, and 2 mg/day zeaxanthin); and 14 in Group 3 (17 mg/day meso-zeaxanthin, 3 mg/day lutein, and 2 mg/day zeaxanthin). The macular pigment optical density was measured using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry, and visual function was assessed using corrected distance visual acuity and by letter contrast sensitivity. RESULTS A statistically significant increase in the macular pigment optical density was observed at all measured eccentricities in Group 2 (P ≤ 0.005) and in Group 3 (P < 0.05, for all), but only at 1.75° in Group 1 (P = 0.018). Statistically significant (P < 0.05) improvements in letter contrast sensitivity were seen at all spatial frequencies (except 1.2 cycles per degree) in Group 3, and at low spatial frequencies in Groups 1 and 2. CONCLUSION Augmentation of the macular pigment optical density across its spatial profile and enhancements in contrast sensitivity were best achieved after supplementation with a formulation containing high doses of meso-zeaxanthin in combination with lutein and zeaxanthin.
Collapse
|
44
|
Marquioni-Ramella MD, Suburo AM. Photo-damage, photo-protection and age-related macular degeneration. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00188a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The course of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is described as the effect of light (400–580 nm) on various molecular targets in photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Photo-damage is followed by inflammation, increasing oxidative stress and, probably, unveiling new photosensitive molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela M. Suburo
- Medicina Celular y Molecular
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas
- Universidad Austral
- Pilar B1629AHJ
- Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kyle-Little Z, Zele AJ, Morris CP, Feigl B. The Effect of BCMO1 Gene Variants on Macular Pigment Optical Density in Young Healthy Caucasians. Front Nutr 2014; 1:22. [PMID: 25988124 PMCID: PMC4428481 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2014.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Serum lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) positively correlate with macular pigment optical density (MPOD); hence, the latter is a valuable indirect tool for measuring L and Z content in the macula. L and Z have been attributed antioxidant capacity and protection from certain retinal diseases but their uptake within the eye is thought to depend on genetic, age, and environmental factors. In particular, gene variants within beta-carotene monooxygenase (BCMO1) are thought to modulate MPOD in the macula. Objectives: To determine the effect of BCMO1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs11645428, rs6420424, and rs6564851 on MPOD in a cohort of young healthy participants of Caucasian origin with normal ocular health. Design: In this cohort study, MPOD was assessed in 46 healthy participants (22 male and 24 female) with a mean age of 23.8 ± 4.0 years (range 19–33). The three SNPs, rs11645428, rs6420424, rs6564851 that have established associations with MPOD were determined using MassEXTEND (hME) Sequenom assay. One-way analysis of variance was performed on groups segregated into homozygous and heterozygous BCMO1 genotypes. Correlations between body mass index (BMI), iris color, gender, central retinal thickness (CRT), diet, and MPOD were investigated. Results: Macular pigment optical density neither significantly varied with BCMO1 rs11645428 (F2,41 = 0.70, p = 0.503), rs6420424 (F2,41 = 0.21, p = 0.801) nor rs6464851 homozygous or heterozygous genotypes (F2,41 = 0,13, p = 0.88), in this young healthy cohort. The combination of these three SNPs into triple genotypes based on plasma conversion efficiency did not affect MPOD (F2,41 = 0.07, p = 0.9). There was a significant negative correlation with MPOD and CRT (r = −0.39, p = 0.01) but no significant correlation between BMI, iris color, gender, and MPOD. Conclusion: Our results indicate that macular pigment deposition within the central retina is not dependent on BCMO1 gene variants in young healthy people. We propose that MPOD is saturated in younger persons and/or other gene variant combinations determine its deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Kyle-Little
- Medical Retina Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Andrew J Zele
- Medical Retina Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - C Phillip Morris
- Medical Retina Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Beatrix Feigl
- Medical Retina Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; Queensland Eye Institute , South Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Macular pigment optical density measurements by one-wavelength reflection photometry--influence of cataract surgery on the measurement results. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:1717-27. [PMID: 24752832 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The main objective of the present study was the investigation of possible influence of lens opacification on macular pigment optical density (MPOD) measurements. METHODS Eighty-six eyes of 64 patients (mean age 73.4 ± 8.3 years) were included in the study. MPOD was prospectively measured using the one-wavelength reflection method (Visucam500, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) before and after cataract extraction, with implantation of a blue-light filtering intraocular lens (AlconSN60WF). The median of the maximum optical density (MaxOD) and the median of the mean optical density (MeanOD) measurements of macular pigment across the subject group were evaluated. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were noticed between pre-operative and post-operative measurements, the absolute values were generally lower after cataract extraction. The following median (lower/upper quartile) differences across the group were determined: MaxOD -33.8 % (-46.2 to -19.1 %), MeanOD -44.0 % (-54.6 to -26.6 %). Larger changes were observed in elderly patients [<70 years of age (n = 25 eyes): MaxOD -13.4 % (-20.5 to 3.6 %), MeanOD -23.6 % (-30.5 to -15.3 %) versus patients ≥70 years (n = 61 eyes) MaxOD -40.5 % (-53.2 to -30.1 %), MeanOD -47.2 % (-57.8 to -40.1 %)] and in patients with progressed stage of cataract. MaxOD for lens opacification grade 1 (n = 9 eyes): -27.4 % (-42.1 to -19.6 %), grade 2 (n = 26 eyes): -35.0 % (-44.2 to -25.3 %), grade 3 (n = 21 eyes): -34.4 % (-45.4 to -11.4 %), grade 4 (n = 25 eyes): -32.6 % (-53.2 to -6.4 %), and grade 5 (n = 5 eyes): -53.5 % (-61.7 to -38.7 %) and MeanOD for cataract stage 1 (n = 9 eyes): -42.6 % (-46.0 to -26.0 %), stage 2 (n = 26 eyes): -44.1 % (-51.8 to -26.2 %), stage 3 (n = 21 eyes): -45.7 % (-54.7 to -24.7 %), stage 4 (n = 25 eyes): -39.5 % (-59.4 to -26.1 %), and stage 5 (n = 5 eyes): -57.0 % (-66.1 to -51.4 %). CONCLUSIONS As established by comparison of pre- to post-operative measurements, cataract presented a strong effect on MPOD measured by one-wavelength reflection method. Particular care should therefore be taken when evaluating MPOD using this method in elderly patients with progressed stage of cataract. Future optimization of correcting parameters of scattered light and consideration of cataract influence may allow more precise evaluation of MPOD.
Collapse
|
47
|
Tariq A, Mahroo OA, Williams KM, Liew SHM, Beatty S, Gilbert CE, Van Kuijk FJ, Hammond CJ. The heritability of the ring-like distribution of macular pigment assessed in a twin study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:2214-9. [PMID: 24609627 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been suggested that ring-like patterns of macular pigment, as measured with dual wavelength autofluorescence, are observed less frequently in subjects with age-related maculopathy. We explored relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors in macular pigment optical density (MPOD) distributions using a classic twin study. METHODS As part of a previous nutritional study, 322 healthy Caucasian female twins, aged 16 to 50 (mean 40) years, underwent measurement of MPOD optical density by two-wavelength fundus autofluorescence. In the present study, the right eye MPOD profile was assessed for the presence of a ring-like pattern by two graders independently, using common criteria, with a third grader arbitrating in cases of disagreement. Concordance was calculated as 2C/(2C + D), where C is the number of twin pairs concordant, and D the number discordant, for the ring-like pattern. Also, heritability was calculated using maximum-likelihood structural equation modeling. RESULTS Images and zygosity data were available for 314 twins (88 monozygotic [MZ] and 69 dizygotic [DZ] pairs). The overall prevalence of the ring pattern was 25.8%. Respective concordances for MZ and DZ twins were 0.75 and 0.22. Additive genetic factors were estimated to contribute to 84.0% of the total variance (95% confidence intervals, 63.7%-94.6%). CONCLUSIONS Concordance for MZ twins was over three times that for DZ twins, with heritability estimated at 84%, indicating that genetic factors contribute to the development of the ring structure. Studies have suggested that ring-like patterns of macular pigment can affect risk for age-related maculopathy. In a classic twin study, we found that the presence of such a pattern was highly heritable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Tariq
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Shi AJ, Morrissey BM, Durbin-Johnson B, Pilli S, Zawadzki RJ, Cross CE, Park SS. Macular pigment and macular volume in eyes of patients with cystic fibrosis. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:740-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.904043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
49
|
Baptista AMG, Nascimento SMC. Changes in spatial extent and peak double optical density of human macular pigment with age. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2014; 31:A87-A92. [PMID: 24695208 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.31.000a87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present work was to estimate the changes in spatial distribution and optical density of macular pigment (MP) with age. A fundus imaging system with high spatial and spectral resolution was adapted to form an indirect ophthalmoscope. The double optical density at 490 nm of the MP as a function of the location in the retina was obtained for 33 healthy subjects (ages: 21-60 years). There was an increase in spatial extent and decrease in double optical density with age. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of MP showed central areas with irregular shapes and a tendency toward asymmetry.
Collapse
|
50
|
Effect of age and other factors on macular pigment optical density measured with resonance Raman spectroscopy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:1221-8. [PMID: 24614948 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macular pigment is a defense system against phototoxic damage of the retina by visible light. It is still under debate whether or not macular pigment optical density (MPOD) levels decline with age, because the age effect varied depending on the technique used to measure MPOD levels. Resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) is an objective method to measure MPOD, and studies using RRS showed a drastic age-related decline of MPOD levels; however, since RRS measurements are influenced by cataracts, it has been argued that the age-related decline of RRS measurements is an artifact from lens changes in aged subjects. In the present study, MPOD levels were measured with RRS in pseudophakic eyes, and the effects of age and other factors on MPOD levels were investigated. METHODS The subjects included 144 patients with no fundus disorders who received cataract surgery with untinted intraocular lens implantation. MPOD levels were measured in 144 eyes using integral RRS 1 day post surgery. Factors potentially associated with MPOD levels such as age, gender, smoking habits, body mass index, diabetes, glaucoma, axial length, pupil diameter, spherical equivalent refractive error, and foveal thickness were examined by multiple regression analysis. RESULTS The macular pigment RRS levels ranged from 776 to 11,815 Raman counts, with an average level of 4,375 ± 1,917 (standard deviation [SD]) Raman counts. Multiple regression analysis revealed that age and axial length were significantly correlated with low MPOD values (regression coefficient of -59 for age and -404 for axial length, respectively). No significant correlations were observed for other factors. CONCLUSIONS After removing the potentially confounding effect of age-related lens yellowing on the RRS measurements, age remained a significant patient parameter for lowered MPOD levels. MPOD levels were found to decline by more than 10 % each decade. Axial length was also a negative predictor of MPOD levels. Since the present study included only patients aged 50 years and older, the effects of age and other factors on MPOD levels for younger subjects remain unknown.
Collapse
|