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Zhang X, Wang X, Zhu J, Chen K, Ullah R, Tong J, Shen Y. Retinal VIP-amacrine cells: their development, structure, and function. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:1065-1076. [PMID: 38066110 PMCID: PMC11009269 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Amacrine cells (ACs) are the most structurally and functionally diverse neuron type in the retina. Different ACs have distinct functions, such as neuropeptide secretion and inhibitory connection. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) -ergic -ACs are retina gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) -ergic -ACs that were discovered long ago. They secrete VIP and form connections with bipolar cells (BCs), other ACs, and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). They have a specific structure, density, distribution, and function. They play an important role in myopia, light stimulated responses, retinal vascular disease and other ocular diseases. Their significance in the study of refractive development and disease is increasing daily. However, a systematic review of the structure and function of retinal VIP-ACs is lacking. We discussed the detailed characteristics of VIP-ACs from every aspect across species and providing systematic knowledge base for future studies. Our review led to the main conclusion that retinal VIP-ACs develop early, and although their morphology and distribution across species are not the same, they have similar functions in a wide range of ocular diseases based on their function of secreting neuropeptides and forming inhibitory connections with other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiru Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kuangqi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rahim Ullah
- Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Goto S, Zhang Y, Vyas SA, Zhu Q, Wildsoet CF. Changes in Expression in BMP2 and Two Closely Related Genes in Guinea Pig Retinal Pigment Epithelium during Induction and Recovery from Myopia. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1373. [PMID: 37759773 PMCID: PMC10526436 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously reported differential gene expression of the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) in guinea pig retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) after 1 day of hyperopic defocus, imposed with a negative contact lens (CLs). The study reported here sought to obtain insights into the temporal profiles of gene expression changes in Bmp2, as well as those of two closely related genes, the inhibitor of DNA binding 3 (Id3) and Noggin (Nog), both during myopia induction and when the CL treatment was terminated to allow recovery from induced myopia. METHODS To induce myopia, 2-week-old pigmented guinea pigs (New Zealand strain, n = 8) wore monocular -10 diopter (D) rigid gas-permeable (RGP) CLs for one week, while the other eye served as a control. Ocular measurements were made at baseline, 3 days, and 7 days after the initiation of CL wear, with treatment then being terminated and additional measurements being made after a further 3 days, 1 week, and 2 weeks. Spherical equivalent refractive errors (SERs), axial length (AL), choroidal thickness (ChT), and scleral thickness (ScT) data were collected using retinoscopy, optical biometry (Lenstar), and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), respectively. RPE samples were collected from both eyes of the guinea pigs after either 1 day or 1 week of CL wear or 1 day or 2 weeks after its termination, and RNA was subsequently isolated and subjected to quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses, targeting the Bmp2, Id3, and Nog genes. RESULTS Mean interocular differences (treated-control) in AL and SER were significantly different from baseline after 3 and 7 days of CL wear, consistent with induced myopia (p < 0.001 for all cases). Termination of CL wear resulted in the normalization (i.e., recovery) of the ALs and SERs of the treated eyes within 7 days, and the earlier significant ChT thinning with CL wear (p = 0004, day 7) was replaced by rapid thickening, which remained significant on day 7 (p = 0.009) but had normalized by day 14. The ChT changes were much smaller in magnitude than the AL changes in both phases. Interocular differences in the ScT showed no significant changes. The Bmp2 and Id3 genes were both significantly downregulated with CL wear, after 1 day (p = 0.012 and 0.016) and 7 days (p = 0.002 and 0.005), while Bmp2 gene expression increased and Nog gene expression decreased after the termination of CL wear, albeit transiently, which was significant on 1 day (p = 0.004 and 0.04) but not 2 weeks later. No change in Id3 gene expression was observed over the latter period. Conclusions: The above patterns of myopia induction and recovery validate this negative RGP-CL model as an alternative to traditional spectacle lens models for guinea pigs. The defocus-driven, sign-dependent changes in the expression of the Bmp2 gene in guinea pig RPE are consistent with observations in chicks and demonstrate the important role of BMP2 in eye growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Goto
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization, Tokyo Medical Center, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
| | - Yan Zhang
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sonal Aswin Vyas
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Qiurong Zhu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Christine F. Wildsoet
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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She Z, Ward AH, Gawne TJ. The effects of ambient narrowband long-wavelength light on lens-induced myopia and form-deprivation myopia in tree shrews. Exp Eye Res 2023; 234:109593. [PMID: 37482282 PMCID: PMC10529043 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Here we examine the effects of ambient red light on lens-induced myopia and diffuser-induced myopia in tree shrews, small diurnal mammals closely related to primates. Starting at 24 days of visual experience (DVE), seventeen tree shrews were reared in red light (624 ± 10 or 634 ± 10 nm, 527-749 human lux) for 12-14 days wearing either a -5D lens (RL-5D, n = 5) or a diffuser (RLFD, n = 5) monocularly, or without visual restriction (RL-Control, n = 7). Refractive errors and ocular dimensions were compared to those obtained from tree shrews raised in broad-spectrum white light (WL-5D, n = 5; WLFD, n = 10; WL Control, n = 7). The RL-5D tree shrews developed less myopia in their lens-treated eyes than WL-5D tree shrews at the end of the experiment (-1.1 ± 0.9D vs. -3.8 ± 0.3D, p = 0.007). The diffuser-treated eyes of the RLFD tree shrews were near-emmetropic (-0.3 ± 0.6D, vs. -5.4 ± 0.7D in the WLFD group). Red light induced hyperopia in control animals (RL-vs. WL-Control, +3.0 ± 0.7 vs. +1.0 ± 0.2D, p = 0.02), the no-lens eyes of the RL-5D animals, and the no-diffuser eyes of the RLFD animals (+2.5 ± 0.5D and +2.3 ± 0.3D, respectively). The refractive alterations were consistent with the alterations in vitreous chamber depth. The lens-induced myopia developed in red light suggests that a non-chromatic cue could signal defocus to a less accurate extent, although it could also be a result of "form-deprivation" caused by defocus blur. As with previous studies in rhesus monkeys, the ability of red light to promote hyperopia appears to correlate with its ability to retard lens-induced myopia and form-deprivation myopia, the latter of which might be related to non-visual ocular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui She
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1716 University Blvd, HPB 528, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK
| | - Alexander H Ward
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University. Dr. Ward Contributed to This Work During His Graduate Training at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, UK
| | - Timothy J Gawne
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1716 University Blvd, HPB 528, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK.
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Linne C, Mon KY, D’Souza S, Jeong H, Jiang X, Brown DM, Zhang K, Vemaraju S, Tsubota K, Kurihara T, Pardue MT, Lang RA. Encephalopsin (OPN3) is required for normal refractive development and the GO/GROW response to induced myopia. Mol Vis 2023; 29:39-57. [PMID: 37287644 PMCID: PMC10243678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Myopia, or nearsightedness, is the most common form of refractive error and is increasing in prevalence. While significant efforts have been made to identify genetic variants that predispose individuals to myopia, these variants are believed to account for only a small portion of the myopia prevalence, leading to a feedback theory of emmetropization, which depends on the active perception of environmental visual cues. Consequently, there has been renewed interest in studying myopia in the context of light perception, beginning with the opsin family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Refractive phenotypes have been characterized in every opsin signaling pathway studied, leaving only Opsin 3 (OPN3), the most widely expressed and blue-light sensing noncanonical opsin, to be investigated for function in the eye and refraction. Methods Opn3 expression was assessed in various ocular tissues using an Opn3eGFP reporter. Weekly refractive development in Opn3 retinal and germline mutants from 3 to 9 weeks of age was measured using an infrared photorefractor and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Susceptibility to lens-induced myopia was then assessed using skull-mounted goggles with a -30 diopter experimental and a 0 diopter control lens. Mouse eye biometry was similarly tracked from 3 to 6 weeks. A myopia gene expression signature was assessed 24 h after lens induction for germline mutants to further assess myopia-induced changes. Results Opn3 was found to be expressed in a subset of retinal ganglion cells and a limited number of choroidal cells. Based on an assessment of Opn3 mutants, the OPN3 germline, but not retina conditional Opn3 knockout, exhibits a refractive myopia phenotype, which manifests in decreased lens thickness, shallower aqueous compartment depth, and shorter axial length, atypical of traditional axial myopias. Despite the short axial length, Opn3 null eyes demonstrate normal axial elongation in response to myopia induction and mild changes in choroidal thinning and myopic shift, suggesting that susceptibility to lens-induced myopia is largely unchanged. Additionally, the Opn3 null retinal gene expression signature in response to induced myopia after 24 h is distinct, with opposing Ctgf, Cx43, and Egr1 polarity compared to controls. Conclusions The data suggest that an OPN3 expression domain outside the retina can control lens shape and thus the refractive performance of the eye. Prior to this study, the role of Opn3 in the eye had not been investigated. This work adds OPN3 to the list of opsin family GPCRs that are implicated in emmetropization and myopia. Further, the work to exclude retinal OPN3 as the contributing domain in this refractive phenotype is unique and suggests a distinct mechanism when compared to other opsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Linne
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Molecular & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Khine Yin Mon
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Shane D’Souza
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Molecular & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Heonuk Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dillon M. Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA
| | - Kevin Zhang
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Molecular & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Shruti Vemaraju
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Machelle T. Pardue
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA
| | - Richard A. Lang
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
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Wang W, Jiang Y, Zhu Z, Zhang S, Xuan M, Chen Y, Xiong R, Bulloch G, Zeng J, Morgan IG, He M. Clinically Significant Axial Shortening in Myopic Children After Repeated Low-Level Red Light Therapy: A Retrospective Multicenter Analysis. Ophthalmol Ther 2023; 12:999-1011. [PMID: 36609829 PMCID: PMC10011348 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-022-00644-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myopia is recognized as a progressive eye disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and associated factors of clinically significant axial length (AL) shortening among myopic children following repeated low-level red light (RLRL) therapy. METHODS The clinical data that were collected for the myopic children aged 3-17 years who received an RLRL therapy delivered by home-use desktop light device that emitted light at 650 nm for at least 1 year, were reviewed. The clinical data included AL, spherical equivalent refraction (SER), and visual acuity measured at baseline and follow-up. The primary outcomes were frequency of AL shortening of > 0.05 mm, > 0.10 mm, and > 0.20 mm per year, and associated factors of AL shortening per year. RESULTS A total of 434 myopic children with at least 12 months of follow-up data were included. The mean age of participants was 9.7 (2.6) years with SER of -3.74 (2.60) diopters. There were 115 (26.50%), 76 (17.51%), and 20 (4.61%) children with AL shortening based on cutoffs of 0.05 mm/year, 0.10 mm/year, and 0.20 mm/year, respectively. In the multivariable model, AL shortening was significantly associated with older baseline age, female gender, and longer baseline AL or greater spherical equivalent refraction (all P < 0.05). Among AL shortened eyes, the mean AL difference (standard deviation, SD) was -0.142 (0.094) mm/year. Greater AL shortening was observed among children who were younger and had longer baseline AL (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS More than a quarter of children had AL shortening > 0.05 mm following RLRL therapy, and the overall mean AL change was -0.142 mm/year. Further studies should explore the mechanisms underlying AL shortening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Zhuoting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Shiran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Meng Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yanping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Ruilin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Gabriella Bulloch
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Junwen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Ian G Morgan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Mingguang He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China. .,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Axial Shortening in Myopic Children after Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy: Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Trial. Ophthalmol Ther 2023; 12:1223-1237. [PMID: 36790672 PMCID: PMC10011250 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-023-00671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Axial length (AL) elongation in myopia is considered irreversible. We aimed to systemically report unexpected AL shortening observed in a randomized clinical trial (RCT) after repeated low-level red-light (RLRL) therapy. METHODS This is a post hoc analysis of a multicenter, single-masked RCT. Two hundred sixty-four myopic children aged 8-13 years allocated to RLRL treatment (intervention group) or a single vision spectacle (SVS, control group) were included. AL was measured using an IOL-master 500 at baseline, 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up visits. AL shortening was defined as AL reduction from baseline to follow-up visits at three cutoffs: > 0.05 mm, > 0.10 mm, and > 0.20 mm. Frequency of AL shortening at different cutoffs was calculated. Analysis was done with intent to treat (ITT). RESULTS At 12-months follow up, frequency of AL shortening > 0.05 mm was 26/119 (21.85%) and 2/145 (1.38%) for the RLRL group versus the control group, respectively. The frequency was 18/119 (15.13%) versus 0/145 (0%) for AL shortening > 0.10 mm, and 7/119 (5.88%) versus 0/145 (0%), for AL shortening > 0.20 mm, respectively (p < 0.001). Mean AL shortening after 12 months (SD) was -0.156 (0.086) mm in the RLRL group and -0.06 mm in the control group. Age was significantly associated with AL shortening in the multivariable analysis. For the RLRL group that exhibited AL shortening (n = 56), choroidal thickness (ChT) thickening (0.056 mm) could only explain 28.3% of AL shortening (-0.20 mm). CONCLUSION Nearly a quarter of children had > 0.05 mm AL shortening following 12 months of RLRL therapy, whereas AL shortening rarely occurred among controls. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04073238).
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Ma Z, Jeong H, Yang Y, Jiang X, Ikeda SI, Negishi K, Kurihara T, Tsubota K. Contralateral effect in progression and recovery of lens-induced myopia in mice. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:558-565. [PMID: 36930524 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Apart from genetic factors, recent animal studies on myopia have focused on localised mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to examine the contralateral effects of monocular experimental myopia and recovery, which cannot be explained by a mere local mechanism. METHODS One eye of 3-week-old C57BL/6 male mice was fitted with a -30 dioptre (D) lens. The mice were distributed into two groups based on different conditions in the contralateral eye: either no lens (NLC) (n = 10) or a Plano lens on the contralateral eye (PLC) group (n = 6). Mice receiving no treatment on either eye were set as a control group (n = 6). Lenses were removed after 3 weeks of myopia induction. All mice were allowed to recover for 1 week in the same environment. Refractive status, axial length (AL) and choroidal thickness were measured before myopia induction, after 1 and 3 weeks of lens wear and after 1 week of recovery. RESULTS One week after removing the lenses, complete recovery was observed in the eyes that wore the -30 D lenses. In both the PLC and NLC groups, the refractive status showed a myopic shift after lens removal. Additionally, the choroid was significantly thinned in these eyes. The -30 D wearing eye showed a significant increase in AL after 3 weeks of lens wear. While the AL of the -30 D wearing eye ceased to grow after the lens was removed, the AL in the PLC and NLC contralateral eyes increased, and the binocular ALs gradually converged. CONCLUSIONS Recovery of lens-induced myopia was observed in mouse models. In the fellow eyes, the effects, including thinning of the choroid and changes in refractive status, were triggered by contralateral visual cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Ma
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Heonuk Jeong
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yajing Yang
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
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Zhu D, Wang H, Li R, Wen J, Li R, Zhao J. Choroidal thickness and vascular microstructure parameters in Chinese school-age children with high hyperopia using optical coherence tomography. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1092153. [PMID: 36814589 PMCID: PMC9939826 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1092153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study was to evaluate the choroidal thickness (CT) and vascular microstructure parameters in Chinese children with high hyperopia through enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). METHODS Cross-sectional study. A total of 23 children with high hyperopia and 29 children with normal refractive status were retrospectively enrolled in the study. The measurement of the macular CT, 7 points: the sub-foveal area point, the temporal and nasal points at a radius of 0.5-mm, 1.5-mm, and 3-mm were measured. After binarization of the OCT images, the total choroidal area (TCA), stromal area (SA) as well as the luminal area (LA) were identified and measured. The choroidal vascularity index (CVI) was defined as the ratio of LA to TCA. The independent t-test for normal distributions and Kruskal-Wallis tests for non-normal distributions were used to compare other parameters between groups. The Tamhane's T2 test was performed to adjust for multiple comparisons between groups within each analysis. RESULTS The subfoveal CT (SFCT) in the high hypermetropic group was significantly thicker than that in normal controls (309.22 ± 53.14 μm vs. 291.27 ± 38.27 μm; P = 0.019). At 0.5 mm, 1.5 mm, and 3.0 mm in diameter, the nasal choroidal sectors of the high hyperopia eyes were significantly thicker than that of the control (P < 0.05). There was significant difference in the choroidal vascular parameters. TCA and LA in the high hyperopia eyes was significantly larger than that of the normal control eyes (3078129.54 ± 448271.18 μm2 vs. 2765218.17 ± 317827.19 μm2, 1926819.54 ± 229817.56 μm2 vs. 1748817.18 ± 191827.98 μm2; P = 0.009, P = 0.011; Table 2). SA values were 1086287.55 ± 212712.11 um2 in the high hyperopia eyes and 999712.71 ± 209838.12 μm2 in the control eyes. The CVI and LA/SA ratio values were differed significantly in the two groups (P = 0.019, P = 0.030, respectively). AL was significantly correlated with SFCT (r = -0.325, P = 0.047), but not significantly correlated with other parameters. Spherical equivalent (SE) was significantly correlated with AL and SFCT (r = -0.711, r = 0.311; P = 0.001, P = 0.016), whereas no significant association between sphere and other parameters. CONCLUSION The choroidal structure of the high hyperopia eyes was different from the normal control eyes. The thicker SFCT, higher LA, and TCA were characteristic of high hyperopia eyes. Choroidal blood flow may be decreased in amblyopic eyes. SFCT of high hyperopia children abnormally increased and correlated with shorter AL and higher SE. AL and SE affect choroidal structure and vascular density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehai Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Children Vision Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoshi Li
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Children Vision Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Children Vision Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiying Li
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Children Vision Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Children Vision Institute, Beijing, China
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9
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Ku H, Chen JJY, Hu M, Tien PT, Lin HJ, Xu G, Wan L, Gan D. Myopia Development in Tree Shrew Is Associated with Chronic Inflammatory Reactions. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4303-4313. [PMID: 36135208 PMCID: PMC9498061 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44090296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate whether chronic retinal inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) using tree shrews as an animal model. Twenty-one tree shrews were randomly divided into 7-day/14-day FDM (FDM7/FDM14) groups and their corresponding 7-day/14-day control groups. Refraction and axial length were measured. To determine the effects of form deprivation on inflammation, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry to assess the expression levels of several proinflammatory cytokines. At day 0, the eyes in the FDM and control groups were hyperopic. However, after 7 and 14 days of form deprivation, the refractive error of the eyes in the FDM7 and FDM14 groups shifted from +6.6 ± 0.3 diopters (D) to +4.0 ± 0.5 D and from +6.4 ± 0.3 D to +5.0 ± 0.3 D, respectively. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and nuclear factor κB were increased in the FDM eyes, compared with those in the control eyes. The increase in matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression was greater in the FDM eyes than in the contralateral and control eyes, whereas collagen type I expression was downregulated. In conclusion, chronic inflammation may play a crucial pathogenic role in form-deprivation myopia in tree shrews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiangyu Ku
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | | | - Min Hu
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Peng-Tai Tien
- Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Lin
- Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
| | - Gezhi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai 200031, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lei Wan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (D.G.)
| | - Dekang Gan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (D.G.)
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10
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Brown DM, Mazade R, Clarkson-Townsend D, Hogan K, Datta Roy PM, Pardue MT. Candidate pathways for retina to scleral signaling in refractive eye growth. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109071. [PMID: 35447101 PMCID: PMC9701099 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The global prevalence of myopia, or nearsightedness, has increased at an alarming rate over the last few decades. An eye is myopic if incoming light focuses prior to reaching the retinal photoreceptors, which indicates a mismatch in its shape and optical power. This mismatch commonly results from excessive axial elongation. Important drivers of the myopia epidemic include environmental factors, genetic factors, and their interactions, e.g., genetic factors influencing the effects of environmental factors. One factor often hypothesized to be a driver of the myopia epidemic is environmental light, which has changed drastically and rapidly on a global scale. In support of this, it is well established that eye size is regulated by a homeostatic process that incorporates visual cues (emmetropization). This process allows the eye to detect and minimize refractive errors quite accurately and locally over time by modulating the rate of elongation of the eye via remodeling its outermost coat, the sclera. Critically, emmetropization is not dependent on post-retinal processing. Thus, visual cues appear to influence axial elongation through a retina-to-sclera, or retinoscleral, signaling cascade, capable of transmitting information from the innermost layer of the eye to the outermost layer. Despite significant global research interest, the specifics of retinoscleral signaling pathways remain elusive. While a few pharmacological treatments have proven to be effective in slowing axial elongation (most notably topical atropine), the mechanisms behind these treatments are still not fully understood. Additionally, several retinal neuromodulators, neurotransmitters, and other small molecules have been found to influence axial length and/or refractive error or be influenced by myopigenic cues, yet little progress has been made explaining how the signal that originates in the retina crosses the highly vascular choroid to affect the sclera. Here, we compile and synthesize the evidence surrounding three of the major candidate pathways receiving significant research attention - dopamine, retinoic acid, and adenosine. All three candidates have both correlational and causal evidence backing their involvement in axial elongation and have been implicated by multiple independent research groups across diverse species. Two hypothesized mechanisms are presented for how a retina-originating signal crosses the choroid - via 1) all-trans retinoic acid or 2) choroidal blood flow influencing scleral oxygenation. Evidence of crosstalk between the pathways is discussed in the context of these two mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon M Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Reece Mazade
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Danielle Clarkson-Townsend
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kelleigh Hogan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Pooja M Datta Roy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA.
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11
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Murphy-Ullrich JE. Thrombospondin-1 Signaling Through the Calreticulin/LDL Receptor Related Protein 1 Axis: Functions and Possible Roles in Glaucoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:898772. [PMID: 35693935 PMCID: PMC9185677 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.898772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a matricellular extracellular matrix protein. Matricellular proteins are components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that regulate key cellular functions and impact ECM organization, but which lack direct primary structural roles in the ECM. TSP-1 expression is upregulated in response to injury, hypoxia, growth factor stimulation, inflammation, glucose, and by reactive oxygen species. Relevant to glaucoma, TSP-1 is also a mechanosensitive molecule upregulated by mechanical stretch. TSP-1 expression is increased in ocular remodeling in glaucoma in both the trabecular meshwork and in the optic nerve head. The exact roles of TSP-1 in glaucoma remain to be defined, however. It plays important roles in cell behavior and in ECM remodeling during wound healing, fibrosis, angiogenesis, and in tumorigenesis and metastasis. At the cellular level, TSP-1 can modulate cell adhesion and migration, protease activity, growth factor activity, anoikis resistance, apoptosis, and collagen secretion and matrix assembly and cross-linking. These multiple functions and macromolecular and receptor interactions have been ascribed to specific domains of the TSP-1 molecule. In this review, we will focus on the cell regulatory activities of the TSP-1 N-terminal domain (NTD) sequence that binds to cell surface calreticulin (Calr) and which regulates cell functions via signaling through Calr complexed with LDL receptor related protein 1 (LRP1). We will describe TSP-1 actions mediated through the Calr/LRP1 complex in regulating focal adhesion disassembly and cytoskeletal reorganization, cell motility, anoikis resistance, and induction of collagen secretion and matrix deposition. Finally, we will consider the relevance of these TSP-1 functions to the pathologic remodeling of the ECM in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E. Murphy-Ullrich
- Departments of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Joanne E. Murphy-Ullrich,
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12
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Khanal S, Norton TT, Gawne TJ. Amber light treatment produces hyperopia in tree shrews. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 41:1076-1086. [PMID: 34382245 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure to narrow-band red light, which stimulates only the long-wavelength sensitive (LWS) cones, slows axial eye growth and produces hyperopia in tree shrews and macaque monkeys. We asked whether exposure to amber light, which also stimulates only the LWS cones but with a greater effective illuminance than red light, has a similar hyperopia-inducing effect in tree shrews. METHODS Starting at 24 ± 1 days of visual experience, 15 tree shrews (dichromatic mammals closely related to primates) received light treatment through amber filters (BPI 500/550 dyed acrylic) either atop the cage (Filter group, n = 8, 300-400 human lux) or fitted into goggles in front of both eyes (Goggle group, n = 7). Non-cycloplegic refractive error and axial ocular dimensions were measured daily. Treatment groups were compared with age-matched animals (Colony group, n = 7) raised in standard colony fluorescent lighting (100-300 lux). RESULTS At the start of treatment, mean refractive errors were well-matched across the three groups (p = 0.35). During treatment, the Filter group became progressively more hyperopic with age (p < 0.001). By contrast, the Goggle and Colony groups showed continued normal emmetropization. When the treatment ended, the Filter group exhibited significantly greater hyperopia (mean [SE] = 3.5 [0.6] D) compared with the Goggle (0.2 [0.8] D, p = 0.01) and Colony groups (1.0 [0.2] D, p = 0.01). However, the refractive error in the Goggle group was not different from that in the Colony group (p = 0.35). Changes in the vitreous chamber were consistent with the refractive error changes. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to ambient amber light produced substantial hyperopia in the Filter group but had no effect on refractive error in the Goggle group. The lack of effect in the Goggle group could be due to the simultaneous activation of the short-wavelength sensitive (SWS) and LWS cones caused by the scattering of the broad-band light from the periphery of the goggles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safal Khanal
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Thomas T Norton
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Timothy J Gawne
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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13
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Summers JA, Schaeffel F, Marcos S, Wu H, Tkatchenko AV. Functional integration of eye tissues and refractive eye development: Mechanisms and pathways. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108693. [PMID: 34228967 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Refractive eye development is a tightly coordinated developmental process. The general layout of the eye and its various components are established during embryonic development, which involves a complex cross-tissue signaling. The eye then undergoes a refinement process during the postnatal emmetropization process, which relies heavily on the integration of environmental and genetic factors and is controlled by an elaborate genetic network. This genetic network encodes a multilayered signaling cascade, which converts visual stimuli into molecular signals that guide the postnatal growth of the eye. The signaling cascade underlying refractive eye development spans across all ocular tissues and comprises multiple signaling pathways. Notably, tissue-tissue interaction plays a key role in both embryonic eye development and postnatal eye emmetropization. Recent advances in eye biometry, physiological optics and systems genetics of refractive error have significantly advanced our understanding of the biological processes involved in refractive eye development and provided a framework for the development of new treatment options for myopia. In this review, we summarize the recent data on the mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying refractive eye development and discuss new evidence suggesting a wide-spread signal integration across different tissues and ocular components involved in visually guided eye growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody A Summers
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Frank Schaeffel
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Myopia Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susana Marcos
- Instituto de Óptica "Daza de Valdés", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Andrei V Tkatchenko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA.
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14
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Bian J, Sze YH, Tse DYY, To CH, McFadden SA, Lam CSY, Li KK, Lam TC. SWATH Based Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Significant Lipid Metabolism in Early Myopic Guinea Pig Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4721. [PMID: 33946922 PMCID: PMC8124159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the previous myopic animal studies employed a single-candidate approach and lower resolution proteomics approaches that were difficult to detect minor changes, and generated limited systems-wide biological information. Hence, a complete picture of molecular events in the retina involving myopic development is lacking. Here, to investigate comprehensive retinal protein alternations and underlying molecular events in the early myopic stage, we performed a data-independent Sequential Window Acquisition of all Theoretical Mass Spectra (SWATH) based proteomic analysis coupled with different bioinformatics tools in pigmented guinea pigs after 4-day lens-induced myopia (LIM). Myopic eyes compared to untreated contralateral control eyes caused significant changes in refractive error and choroid thickness (p < 0.05, n = 5). Relative elongation of axial length and the vitreous chamber depth were also observed. Using pooled samples from all individuals (n = 10) to build a species-specific retinal ion library for SWATH analysis, 3202 non-redundant proteins (with 24,616 peptides) were identified at 1% global FDR. For quantitative analysis, the 10 individual retinal samples (5 pairs) were analyzed using a high resolution Triple-TOF 6600 mass spectrometry (MS) with technical replicates. In total, 37 up-regulated and 21 down-regulated proteins were found significantly changed after LIM treatment (log2 ratio (T/C) > 0.26 or < -0.26; p ≤ 0.05). Data are accepted via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD025003. Through Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA), "lipid metabolism" was found as the top function associated with the differentially expressed proteins. Based on the protein abundance and peptide sequences, expression patterns of two regulated proteins (SLC6A6 and PTGES2) identified in this pathway were further successfully validated with high confidence (p < 0.05) using a novel Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) assay on a QTRAP 6500+ MS. In summary, through an integrated discovery and targeted proteomic approach, this study serves as the first report to detect and confirm novel retinal protein changes and significant biological functions in the early LIM mammalian guinea pigs. The study provides new workflow and insights for further research to myopia control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Bian
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (J.B.); (Y.-H.S.); (D.Y.-Y.T.); (C.-H.T.); (C.S.-Y.L.); (K.-K.L.)
| | - Ying-Hon Sze
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (J.B.); (Y.-H.S.); (D.Y.-Y.T.); (C.-H.T.); (C.S.-Y.L.); (K.-K.L.)
| | - Dennis Yan-Yin Tse
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (J.B.); (Y.-H.S.); (D.Y.-Y.T.); (C.-H.T.); (C.S.-Y.L.); (K.-K.L.)
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Ho To
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (J.B.); (Y.-H.S.); (D.Y.-Y.T.); (C.-H.T.); (C.S.-Y.L.); (K.-K.L.)
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sally A. McFadden
- School of Psychology, College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Carly Siu-Yin Lam
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (J.B.); (Y.-H.S.); (D.Y.-Y.T.); (C.-H.T.); (C.S.-Y.L.); (K.-K.L.)
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - King-Kit Li
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (J.B.); (Y.-H.S.); (D.Y.-Y.T.); (C.-H.T.); (C.S.-Y.L.); (K.-K.L.)
| | - Thomas Chuen Lam
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (J.B.); (Y.-H.S.); (D.Y.-Y.T.); (C.-H.T.); (C.S.-Y.L.); (K.-K.L.)
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518052, China
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15
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Tree shrews do not maintain emmetropia in initially-focused narrow-band cyan light. Exp Eye Res 2021; 206:108525. [PMID: 33711339 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We asked if emmetropia, achieved in broadband colony lighting, is maintained in narrow-band cyan light that is well focused in the emmetropic eye, but does not allow for guidance from longitudinal chromatic aberrations (LCA) and offers minimal perceptual color cues. In addition, we examined the response to a -5 D lens in this lighting. Seven tree shrews from different litters were initially housed in broad-spectrum colony lighting. At 24 ± 1 days after eye opening (Days of Visual Experience, DVE) they were housed for 11 days in ambient narrow-band cyan light (peak wavelength 505 ± 17 nm) selected because it is in focus in an emmetropic eye. Perceptually, monochromatic light at 505 nm cannot be distinguished from white by tree shrews. While in cyan light, each animal wore a monocular -5 D lens (Cyan -5 D eyes). The fellow eye was the Cyan no-lens eye. Daily awake non-cycloplegic measures were taken with an autorefractor (refractive state) and with optical low-coherence optical interferometry (axial component dimensions). These measures were compared with the values of animals raised in standard colony fluorescent lighting: an untreated group (n = 7), groups with monocular form deprivation (n = 7) or monocular -5 D lens treatment (n = 5), or that experienced 10 days in total darkness (n = 5). Refractive state at the onset of cyan light treatment was low hyperopia, (mean ± SEM) 1.4 ± 0.4 diopters. During treatment, the Cyan no-lens eyes became myopic (-2.9 ± 0.3 D) whereas colony lighting animals remained slightly hyperopic (1.0 ± 0.2 D). Initially, refractions of the Cyan -5 D eyes paralleled the Cyan no-lens eyes. After six days, they gradually became more myopic than the Cyan no-lens eyes; at the end of treatment, the refractions were -5.4 ± 0.3 D, a difference of -2.5 D from the Cyan no-lens eyes. When returned to colony lighting at 35 ± 1 DVE, the no-lens eye refractions rapidly recovered towards emmetropia but, as expected, the refraction of the -5 D eyes remained near -5 D. Vitreous chamber depth in both eyes was consistent with the refractive changes. In narrow-band cyan lighting the emmetropization mechanism did not maintain emmetropia even though the light initially was well focused. We suggest that, as the eyes diverged from emmetropia, there were insufficient LCA cues for the emmetropization mechanism to utilize the developing myopic refractive error in order to guide the eyes back to emmetropia. However, the increased myopia in the Cyan -5 D eyes in the narrow-band light indicates that the emmetropization mechanism nonetheless detected the presence of the lens-induced refractive error and responded with increased axial elongation that partly compensated for the negative-power lens. These data support the conclusion that the emmetropization mechanism cannot maintain emmetropia in narrow-band lighting. The additional myopia produced in eyes with the -5 D lens shows that the emmetropization mechanism responds to multiple defocus-related cues, even under conditions where it is unable to use them to maintain emmetropia.
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16
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RNA-seq and GSEA identifies suppression of ligand-gated chloride efflux channels as the major gene pathway contributing to form deprivation myopia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5280. [PMID: 33674625 PMCID: PMC7935918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there is no consensus regarding the aetiology of the excessive ocular volume that characterizes high myopia. Thus, we aimed to test whether the gene pathways identified by gene set enrichment analysis of RNA-seq transcriptomics refutes the predictions of the Retinal Ion Driven Efflux (RIDE) hypothesis when applied to the induction of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) and subsequent recovery (post-occluder removal). We found that the induction of profound FDM led to significant suppression in the ligand-gated chloride ion channel transport pathway via suppression of glycine, GABAA and GABAC ionotropic receptors. Post-occluder removal for short term recovery from FDM of 6 h and 24 h, induced significant upregulation of the gene families linked to cone receptor phototransduction, mitochondrial energy, and complement pathways. These findings support a model of form deprivation myopia as a Cl− ion driven adaptive fluid response to the modulation of the visual signal cascade by form deprivation that in turn affects the resultant ionic environment of the outer and inner retinal tissues, axial and vitreal elongation as predicted by the RIDE model. Occluder removal and return to normal light conditions led to return to more normal upregulation of phototransduction, slowed growth rate, refractive recovery and apparent return towards physiological homeostasis.
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17
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Zhao F, Li Q, Chen W, Zhu H, Zhou D, Reinach PS, Yang Z, He M, Xue A, Wu D, Liu T, Fu Q, Zeng C, Qu J, Zhou X. Dysfunction of VIPR2 leads to myopia in humans and mice. J Med Genet 2020; 59:88-100. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundMyopia is the leading cause of refractive errors. As its pathogenesis is poorly understood, we determined if the retinal VIP-VIPR2 signalling pathway axis has a role in controlling signalling output that affects myopia development in mice.MethodsAssociation analysis meta-study, single-cell transcriptome, bulk RNA sequencing, pharmacological manipulation and VIPR2 gene knockout studies were used to clarify if changes in the VIP-VIPR2 signalling pathway affect refractive development in mice.ResultsThe SNP rs6979985 of the VIPR2 gene was associated with high myopia in a Chinese Han cohort (randomceffect model: p=0.013). After either 1 or 2 days’ form deprivation (FD) retinal VIP mRNA expression was downregulated. Retinal single-cell transcriptome sequencing showed that VIPR2 was expressed mainly by bipolar cells. Furthermore, the cAMP signalling pathway axis was inhibited in some VIPR2+ clusters after 2 days of FD. The selective VIPR2 antagonist PG99-465 induced relative myopia, whereas the selective VIPR2 agonist Ro25-1553 inhibited this response. In Vipr2 knockout (Vipr2-KO) mice, refraction was significantly shifted towards myopia (p<0.05). The amplitudes of the bipolar cell derived b-waves in 7-week-old Vipr2-KO mice were significantly larger than those in their WT littermates (p<0.05).ConclusionsLoss of VIPR2 function likely compromises bipolar cell function based on presumed changes in signal transduction due to altered signature electrical wave activity output in these mice. As these effects correspond with increases in form deprivation myopia (FDM), the VIP-VIPR2 signalling pathway axis is a viable novel target to control the development of this condition.
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18
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Jonas JB, Wang YX, Dong L, Guo Y, Panda-Jonas S. Advances in myopia research anatomical findings in highly myopic eyes. EYE AND VISION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 7:45. [PMID: 32905133 PMCID: PMC7465809 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-020-00210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this review is to summarize structural and anatomical changes associated with high myopia. MAIN TEXT Axial elongation in myopic eyes is associated with retinal thinning and a reduced density of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells in the equatorial region. Thickness of the retina and choriocapillaris and RPE cell density in the macula are independent of axial length. Choroidal and scleral thickness decrease with longer axial length in the posterior hemisphere of the eye, most marked at the posterior pole. In any eye region, thickness of Bruch's membrane (BM) is independent of axial length. BM opening, as the inner layer of the optic nerve head layers, is shifted in temporal direction in moderately elongated eyes (axial length <26.5 mm). It leads to an overhanging of BM into the intrapapillary compartment at the nasal optic disc side, and to an absence of BM at the temporal disc border. The lack of BM at the temporal disc side is the histological equivalent of parapapillary gamma zone. Gamma zone is defined as the parapapillary region without BM. In highly myopic eyes (axial length >26.5 mm), BM opening enlarges with longer axial length. It leads to a circular gamma zone. In a parallel manner, the peripapillary scleral flange and the lamina cribrosa get longer and thinner with longer axial length in highly myopic eyes. The elongated peripapillary scleral flange forms the equivalent of parapapillary delta zone, and the elongated lamina cribrosa is the equivalent of the myopic secondary macrodisc. The prevalence of BM defects in the macular region increases with longer axial length in highly myopic eyes. Scleral staphylomas are characterized by marked scleral thinning and spatially correlated BM defects, while thickness and density of the choriocapillaris, RPE and BM do not differ markedly between staphylomatous versus non-staphylomatous eyes in the respective regions. CONCLUSIONS High axial myopia is associated with a thinning of the sclera and choroid posteriorly and thinning of the retina and RPE density in the equatorial region, while BM thickness is independent of axial length. The histological changes may point towards BM having a role in the process of axial elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost B. Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karis-University, Universitäts-Augenklinik, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Dong
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Guo
- Tongren Eye Care Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Songhomitra Panda-Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karis-University, Universitäts-Augenklinik, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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Li L, Li Y, Li X, Xia Y, Wang E, Gong D, Chen G, Yang L, Zhang K, Zhao Z, Fraser NW, Fan Q, Li B, Zhang H, Cao X, Zhou J. HSV-1 infection and pathogenesis in the tree shrew eye following corneal inoculation. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:391-403. [PMID: 32301037 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00837-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) infection causes inflammation in the cornea known as herpes simplex virus keratitis (HSK), a common but serious corneal disease. It is not entirely clear whether the virus during recurring infection comes from the trigeminal ganglia or the eye tissue, including the retina and ciliary ganglion. Because the tree shrew is closely related to primates and tree shrew eye anatomic structures are similar to humans, we studied HSV-1 corneal infection in the tree shrew. We found that HSK symptoms closely mimic those found in human HSK showing typical punctiform and dendritic viral keratitis during the acute infection period. Following the HSV-specific lesions, complications such as stromal scarring, corneal thickening (primary infection), opacity, and neovascularization were observed. In the tree shrew model, following ocular inoculation, the cornea becomes infected, and viral protein can be detected using anti-HSV-1 antibodies in the epithelial layer and retina neuronal ganglion cells. The HSV-1 transcripts, ICP0, ICP4, and LAT can be detected at 3 days post-infection (dpi), peaking at 5 dpi. After 2 weeks, ICP4 and ICP0 transcripts are reduced to a basal level, but the Latency Associated Transcripts (LATs) continue to accumulate. Interestingly, after the acute infection, we still detected abundant active HSV-1 in tree shrew eyes. Further, we found HSV-1 persistent in the ciliary ganglion and cornea. These findings are discussed in support of the tree shrew as a non-human primate HSK model, which could be useful for mechanistic studies of HSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanism of the Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.,Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, 610021, Sichuan, China.,Kunming Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.,Center for Drug Safety Evaluation, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650031, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanism of the Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Yujie Xia
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.,Qingdao Haihua Biomedicine Technology Co. Ltd, Qingdao, 266555, Shandong, China
| | - Erlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanism of the Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Daohua Gong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanism of the Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Guijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanism of the Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanism of the Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Key Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhuanghong Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Nigel W Fraser
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Quanshui Fan
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, 610021, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bing Li
- Kunming Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China. .,Center for Drug Safety Evaluation, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xia Cao
- Department of Key Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jumin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanism of the Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
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Cristaldi M, Olivieri M, Pezzino S, Spampinato G, Lupo G, Anfuso CD, Rusciano D. Atropine Differentially Modulates ECM Production by Ocular Fibroblasts, and Its Ocular Surface Toxicity Is Blunted by Colostrum. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8040078. [PMID: 32260532 PMCID: PMC7236597 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The etiology and the mechanism behind atropine treatment of progressive myopia are still poorly understood. Our study addressed the role of scleral and choroidal fibroblasts in myopia development and atropine function. Methods: Fibroblasts treated in vitro with atropine or 7-methylxanthine were tested for ECM production by Western blotting. Corneal epithelial cells were treated with atropine in the presence or absence of colostrum or fucosyl-lactose, and cell survival was evaluated by the MTT metabolic test. Results: Atropine and 7-methyl-xanthine stimulated collagen I and fibronectin production in scleral fibroblasts, while they inhibited their production in choroidal fibroblasts. Four days of treatment with atropine of corneal epithelial cells significantly decreased cell viability, which could be prevented by the presence of colostrum or fucosyl-lactose. Conclusions: Our results show that atropine may function in different ways in different eye districts, strengthening the scleral ECM and increasing permeability in the choroid. The finding that colostrum or fucosyl-lactose attenuate the corneal epithelial toxicity after long-term atropine treatment suggests the possibility that both compounds can efficiently blunt its toxicity in children subjected to chronic atropine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cristaldi
- Research Center, Sooft Italia SpA c/o Biologic Tower, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (M.O.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Melania Olivieri
- Research Center, Sooft Italia SpA c/o Biologic Tower, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (M.O.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Salvatore Pezzino
- Research Center, Sooft Italia SpA c/o Biologic Tower, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (M.O.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Giorgia Spampinato
- Research Center, Sooft Italia SpA c/o Biologic Tower, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (M.O.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Gabriella Lupo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Biologic Tower, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Carmelina Daniela Anfuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Biologic Tower, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.D.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Dario Rusciano
- Research Center, Sooft Italia SpA c/o Biologic Tower, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (M.O.); (S.P.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence: (C.D.A.); (D.R.)
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Tkatchenko TV, Tkatchenko AV. Pharmacogenomic Approach to Antimyopia Drug Development: Pathways Lead the Way. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:833-852. [PMID: 31676152 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Myopia is the most common eye disorder in the world which is caused by a mismatch between the optical power of the eye and its excessively long axial length. Recent studies revealed that the regulation of the axial length of the eye occurs via a complex signaling cascade, which originates in the retina and propagates across all ocular tissues to the sclera. The complexity of this regulatory cascade has made it particularly difficult to develop effective antimyopia drugs. The current pharmacological treatment options for myopia are limited to atropine and 7-methylxanthine, which have either significant adverse effects or low efficacy. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in genome-wide studies of the signaling pathways underlying myopia development and discuss the potential of systems genetics and pharmacogenomic approaches for the development of antimyopia drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrei V Tkatchenko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE In spectrally broad-band light, an emmetropization mechanism in post-natal eyes uses visual cues to modulate the growth of the eye to achieve and maintain near emmetropia. When we restricted available wavelengths to narrow-band blue light, juvenile tree shrews (diurnal dichromatic mammals closely related to primates) developed substantial refractive errors, suggesting that feedback from defocus-related changes in the relative activation of long- and short-wavelength-sensitive cones is essential to maintain emmetropia. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of narrow-band ambient blue light on refractive state in juvenile tree shrews that had completed initial emmetropization (decrease from hyperopia toward emmetropia). METHODS Animals were raised in fluorescent colony lighting until they began blue-light treatment at 24 days of visual experience, at which age they had achieved age-normal low hyperopia (mean ± SEM refractive error, 1.2 ± 0.5 diopters). Arrays of light-emitting diodes placed atop the cage produced wavelengths of 457 (five animals) or 464 nm (five animals), flickered in a pseudo-random pattern (temporally broad band). A third group of five animals was exposed to steady 464-nm blue light. Illuminance on the floor of the cage was 300 to 500 human lux. Noncycloplegic autorefractor measures were made daily for a minimum of 11 days and up to 32 days. Seven age-matched animals were raised in colony light. RESULTS The refractive state of all blue-treated animals moved outside the 95% confidence limits of the colony-light animals' refractions. Most refractions first moved toward hyperopia. Then the refractive state decreased monotonically and, in some animals, passed through emmetropia, becoming myopic. CONCLUSIONS From the tree shrew cone absorbance spectra, the narrow-band blue light stimulated both long-wavelength-sensitive and short-wavelength-sensitive cones, but the relative activation would not change with the refractive state. This removed feedback from longitudinal chromatic aberration that may be essential to maintain emmetropia.
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Guo L, Frost MR, Siegwart JT, Norton TT. Gene expression signatures in tree shrew sclera during recovery from minus-lens wear and during plus-lens wear. Mol Vis 2019; 25:311-328. [PMID: 31341380 PMCID: PMC6610222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In juvenile tree shrews that have developed minus lens-induced myopia, if lens treatment is discontinued, refractive recovery (REC) occurs. However, in age-matched juvenile animals, plus-lens wear (PLW) produces little refractive change, although the visual stimulus (myopia) is similar (an "IGNORE" response). Because the sclera controls axial elongation and refractive error, we examined gene expression in the sclera produced by PLW and compared it with the gene expression signature produced by REC to learn whether these similar refractive conditions produce similar, or differing, scleral responses. Methods Eight groups of tree shrews (n = 7 per group) were examined. Four groups wore a monocular -5 D lens for 11 days until 35 days of visual experience (DVE). Lens wear was then discontinued, and the animals recovered for 0 h (REC-0), 2 h (REC-2h), 1 day (REC-1d), or 4 days (REC-4d). Starting at 35 DVE, three groups wore a monocular +5 D lens for 2 h (PLW-2h), 1 day (PLW-1d), or 4 days (PLW-4d). A normal group (PLW-0) was examined at 38 DVE to provide baseline measures. Using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), we examined scleral mRNA levels in recovering, plus-lens treated, and untreated control eyes for 55 candidate genes whose protein products included signaling molecules, metallopeptidases (MPs) and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metallopeptidases [TIMPs]), and extracellular matrix proteins. Results No refractive recovery was measured in the REC-2h group. The scleral mRNA expression pattern for recovering versus untreated control eyes after 2 h of recovery was similar to that found for the group (REC-0) that had no recovery time. Many genes in both groups still had downregulated expression in the treated eyes versus the control eyes. The REC-1d group showed little refractive recovery (0.1 ± 0.1 D, mean ± standard error of the mean [SEM]), and the mRNA expression pattern was similar to that of the REC-2h group, but had fewer statistically significantly downregulated genes in the recovering eyes. The REC-4d group recovered refractively by 2.6 ± 0.4 D, and displayed a "STOP" gene expression signature of mostly upregulated mRNA expression in the recovering eyes compared with the untreated control eyes. The PLW-0 (normal) group and the PLW-2h group showed no statistically significant differential gene expression. The PLW-1d group showed a small hyperopic shift (0.1 ± 0.2 D). Two genes were differentially expressed: NPR3 was upregulated in the plus lens-wearing eyes, and IGF1 was downregulated. The PLW-4d group showed a similar hyperopic shift (0.3 ± 0.4 D), confirming that the plus lens-induced 5 D of myopia produced little refractive change. In the sclera, there was an IGNORE pattern of general differential upregulation of genes in the treated eyes (22 upregulated, one downregulated) that was distinct from the STOP signature found in recovery. Ten genes were upregulated in the REC-4d group and the PLW-4d group. However, ten other genes were differentially expressed in recovery, but not in plus-lens wear, while 12 genes were differentially expressed in plus-lens wear but not in recovery. Conclusions One day of recovery is not long enough for the emmetropization mechanism to produce significant gene expression changes in the sclera or refractive recovery. After 4 days, recovery and plus-lens wear produced altered scleral gene expression, but the patterns ("signatures") differed as to which genes showed altered expression, and whether the gene expression was up- or downregulated. Thus, myopia produced altered scleral mRNA expression in recovery and plus-lens wear, confirming that signals initiated by the retina reached the sclera, but the sclera in the elongated recovering eye responded differently from a normal sclera. This might have occurred because the recovering-eye sclera had remodeled during minus-lens compensation, making the sclera respond differently to the signals initiated by the retina. However, the myopia-produced retinal signals in plus lens-wearing animals also may have differed from those in the recovering eyes by the time the signals passed through the RPE and choroid to reach the sclera.
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Posterior staphyloma in pathologic myopia. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 70:99-109. [PMID: 30537538 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A posterior staphyloma is an outpouching of a circumscribed region of the posterior fundus and has been considered a hallmark of pathologic myopia. Occurring in highly myopic eyes, it is histologically characterized by a relatively abrupt scleral thinning starting at the staphyloma edge, a pronounced de-arrangement of scleral collagen fibrils and a marked choroidal thinning, which is the most marked at the staphyloma edge and which occurs in addition to the axial elongation-associated choroidal thinning. Besides in highly myopic eyes, a posterior staphyloma can be found in non-highly myopic eyes in association with retinitis pigmentosa or localized defects of Bruch's membrane in the cases of which it is not associated with a marked choroidal thinning. The diagnosis of posterior staphylomas is considered best made by wide-field optical coherence tomography, because wide-field optical coherence tomography encompasses the entire extent of the most predominant type of staphylomas (i.e., the wide macular type) and since it also has a sufficiently high resolution of images (in contrast to ultrasonography, computed tomography and three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging). While the etiology of posterior staphylomas has remained unclear, local choroidal factors and a locally decreased biomechanical resistance of the sclera against a posteriorly expanding Bruch's membrane have been one of the assumed pathogenic parameters. For the therapy of staphylomas, scleral reinforcement strategies such as by posterior encircling bands, posterior scleral collagen cross-linking or scleral regeneration have been discussed or performed, however, with the pathogenesis being elusive, the therapy of staphylomas has remained undetermined.
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Riddell N, Faou P, Crewther SG. Short term optical defocus perturbs normal developmental shifts in retina/RPE protein abundance. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 18:18. [PMID: 30157773 PMCID: PMC6116556 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-018-0177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia (short-sightedness) affects approximately 1.4 billion people worldwide, and prevalence is increasing. Animal models induced by defocusing lenses show striking similarity with human myopia in terms of morphology and the implicated genetic pathways. Less is known about proteome changes in animals. Thus, the present study aimed to improve understanding of protein pathway responses to lens defocus, with an emphasis on relating expression changes to no lens control development and identifying bidirectional and/or distinct pathways across myopia and hyperopia (long-sightedness) models. RESULTS Quantitative label-free proteomics and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were used to examine protein pathway expression in the retina/RPE of chicks following 6 h and 48 h of myopia induction with - 10 dioptre (D) lenses, hyperopia induction with +10D lenses, or normal no lens rearing. Seventy-one pathways linked to cell development and neuronal maturation were differentially enriched between 6 and 48 h in no lens chicks. The majority of these normal developmental changes were disrupted by lens-wear (47 of 71 pathways), however, only 11 pathways displayed distinct expression profiles across the lens conditions. Most notably, negative lens-wear induced up-regulation of proteins involved in ATP-driven ion transport, calcium homeostasis, and GABA signalling between 6 and 48 h, while the same proteins were down-regulated over time in normally developing chicks. Glutamate and bicarbonate/chloride transporters were also down-regulated over time in normally developing chicks, and positive lens-wear inhibited this down-regulation. CONCLUSIONS The chick retina/RPE proteome undergoes extensive pathway expression shifts during normal development. Most of these pathways are further disrupted by lens-wear. The identified expression patterns suggest close interactions between neurotransmission (as exemplified by increased GABA receptor and synaptic protein expression), cellular ion homeostasis, and associated energy resources during myopia induction. We have also provided novel evidence for changes to SLC-mediated transmembrane transport during hyperopia induction, with potential implications for signalling at the photoreceptor-bipolar synapse. These findings reflect a key role for perturbed neurotransmission and ionic homeostasis in optically-induced refractive errors, and are predicted by our Retinal Ion Driven Efflux (RIDE) model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Riddell
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Plenty Rd., Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| | - Pierre Faou
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Plenty Rd., Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
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Giummarra L, Crewther SG, Riddell N, Murphy MJ, Crewther DP. Pathway analysis identifies altered mitochondrial metabolism, neurotransmission, structural pathways and complement cascade in retina/RPE/ choroid in chick model of form-deprivation myopia. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5048. [PMID: 29967729 PMCID: PMC6026464 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose RNA sequencing analysis has demonstrated bidirectional changes in metabolism, structural and immune pathways during early induction of defocus induced myopia. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether similar gene pathways are also related to the more excessive axial growth, ultrastructural and elemental microanalytic changes seen during the induction and recovery from form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in chicks and predicted by the RIDE model of myopia. Methods Archived genomic transcriptome data from the first three days of induction of monocularly occluded form deprived myopia (FDMI) in chicks was obtained from the GEO database (accession # GSE6543) while data from chicks monocularly occluded for 10 days and then given up to 24 h of normal visual recovery (FDMR) were collected. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) software was used to determine enriched pathways during the induction (FDMI) and recovery (FDMR) from FD. Curated gene-sets were obtained from open access sources. Results Clusters of significant changes in mitochondrial energy metabolism, neurotransmission, ion channel transport, G protein coupled receptor signalling, complement cascades and neuron structure and growth were identified during the 10 days of induction of profound myopia and were found to correlate well with change in axial dimensions. Bile acid and bile salt metabolism pathways (cholesterol/lipid metabolism and sodium channel activation) were significantly upregulated during the first 24 h of recovery from 10 days of FDM. Conclusions The gene pathways altered during induction of FDM are similar to those reported in defocus induced myopia and are established indicators of oxidative stress, osmoregulatory and associated structural changes. These findings are also consistent with the choroidal thinning, axial elongation and hyperosmotic ion distribution patterns across the retina and choroid previously reported in FDM and predicted by RIDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Giummarra
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nina Riddell
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie J Murphy
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David P Crewther
- Centre for Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
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Ward AH, Norton TT, Huisingh CE, Gawne TJ. The hyperopic effect of narrow-band long-wavelength light in tree shrews increases non-linearly with duration. Vision Res 2018; 146-147:9-17. [PMID: 29655781 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
During postnatal refractive development, an emmetropization mechanism uses refractive error to modulate the growth rate of the eye. Hyperopia (image focused behind the retina) produces what has been described as "GO" signaling that increases growth. Myopia (image focused in front of the retina) produces "STOP" signaling that slows growth. The interaction between GO and STOP conditions is non-linear; brief daily exposure to STOP counteracts long periods of GO. In young tree shrews, long-wavelength (red) light, presented 14 h per day, also appears to produce STOP signals. We asked if red light also shows temporal non-linearity; does brief exposure slow the normal decrease in hyperopia in infant animals? At 11 days after eye opening (DVE), infant tree shrews (n = 5/group) began 13 days of daily treatment (red LEDs, 624 ± 10 or 636 ± 10 nm half peak intensity bandwidth) at durations of 0 h (normal animals, n = 7) or 1, 2, 4, or 7 h. Following each daily red period, colony lighting resumed. A 14 h red group had no colony lights. Refractive state was measured daily; ocular component dimensions at the end of the 13-day red-light period. Even 1 h of red light exposure produced some hyperopia. The average hyperopic shift from normal rose exponentially with duration (time constant 2.5 h). Vitreous chamber depth decreased non-linearly with duration (time constant, 3.3 h). After red treatment was discontinued, refractions in colony lighting recovered toward normal; the initial rate was linearly related to the amount of hyperopia. The red light may produce STOP signaling similar to myopic refractive error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Ward
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Thomas T Norton
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Carrie E Huisingh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Timothy J Gawne
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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He L, Frost MR, Siegwart JT, Norton TT. Altered gene expression in tree shrew retina and retinal pigment epithelium produced by short periods of minus-lens wear. Exp Eye Res 2018; 168:77-88. [PMID: 29329973 PMCID: PMC5826887 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hyperopic refractive error is detected by retinal neurons, which generate GO signals through a direct emmetropization signaling cascade: retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) into choroid and then into sclera, thereby increasing axial elongation. To examine signaling early in this cascade, we measured gene expression in the retina and RPE after short exposure to hyperopia produced by minus-lens wear. Gene expression in each tissue was compared with gene expression in combined retina + RPE. Starting 24 days after normal eye opening, three groups of juvenile tree shrews (n = 7 each) wore a monocular -5 D lens. The untreated fellow eye served as a control. The "6h" group wore the lens for 6 h; the "24h" group wore the lens for 24 h; each group provided separate retina and RPE tissues. Group "24hC" wore the lens for 24 h and provided combined retina + RPE tissue. Quantitative PCR was used to measure the relative differences (treated eye vs. control eye) in mRNA levels for 66 candidate genes. In the retina after 6 h, mRNA levels for seven genes were significantly regulated: EGR1 and FOS (early intermediate genes) were down-regulated in the treated eyes. Genes with secreted protein products, BMP2 and CTGF, were down-regulated, whilst FGF10, IL18, and SST were up-regulated. After 24 h the pattern changed; only one of the seven genes still showed differential expression; BMP2 was still down-regulated. Two new genes with secreted protein products, IGF2 and VIP, were up-regulated. In the RPE, consistent with its role in receiving, processing, and transmitting GO signaling, differential expression was found for genes whose protein products are at the cell surface, intracellular, in the nucleus, and are secreted. After 6 h, mRNA levels for 17 genes were down-regulated in the treated eyes, whilst four genes (GJA1, IGF2R, LRP2, and IL18) were up-regulated. After 24 h the pattern was similar; mRNA levels for 14 of the same genes were still down-regulated; only LRP2 remained up-regulated. mRNA levels for six genes no longer showed differential expression, whilst nine genes, not differentially expressed at 6 h, now showed differential expression. In the combined retina + RPE after 24 h, mRNA levels for only seven genes were differentially regulated despite the differential expression of many genes in the RPE. Four genes showed the same expression in combined tissue as in retina alone, including up-regulation of VIP despite significant VIP down-regulation in RPE. Thus, hyperopia-induced GO signaling, as measured by differential gene expression, differs in the retina and the RPE. Retinal gene expression changed between 6 h and 24 h of treatment, suggesting evolution of the retinal response. Gene expression in the RPE was similar at both time points, suggesting sustained signaling. The combined retina + RPE does not accurately represent gene expression in either retina or, especially, RPE. When gene expression signatures were compared with those in choroid and sclera, GO signaling, as encoded by differential gene expression, differs in each compartment of the direct emmetropization signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Michael R Frost
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
| | - John T Siegwart
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Thomas T Norton
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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Abstract
The tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) is a promising laboratory animal that possesses a closer genetic relationship to primates than to rodents. In addition, advantages such as small size, easy breeding, and rapid reproduction make the tree shrew an ideal subject for the study of human disease. Numerous tree shrew disease models have been generated in biological and medical studies in recent years. Here we summarize current tree shrew disease models, including models of infectious diseases, cancers, depressive disorders, drug addiction, myopia, metabolic diseases, and immune-related diseases. With the success of tree shrew transgenic technology, this species will be increasingly used in biological and medical studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Xiao
- Medical Faculty of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming Yunnan 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Ce-Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.
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Li J, Zhang Q. Insight into the molecular genetics of myopia. Mol Vis 2017; 23:1048-1080. [PMID: 29386878 PMCID: PMC5757860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is the most common cause of visual impairment worldwide. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of myopia. Studies on the molecular genetics of myopia are well established and have implicated the important role of genetic factors. With linkage analysis, association studies, sequencing analysis, and experimental myopia studies, many of the loci and genes associated with myopia have been identified. Thus far, there has been no systemic review of the loci and genes related to non-syndromic and syndromic myopia based on the different approaches. Such a systemic review of the molecular genetics of myopia will provide clues to identify additional plausible genes for myopia and help us to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying myopia. This paper reviews recent genetic studies on myopia, summarizes all possible reported genes and loci related to myopia, and suggests implications for future studies on the molecular genetics of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingjiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Wu M, Kuang DX, Huang YQ, Miao YR, Liu XC, Dai JJ. Age-related changes of corneal endothelial cell in healthy Chinese tree shrew measured by non-contact specular microscope. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1798-1804. [PMID: 29259895 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.12.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the impact of age on the morphology of endothelial cells and central corneal thickness (CCT) in Chinese tree shrew. METHODS One-hundred and twenty eyes of 60 healthy Chinese tree shrews were studied. Based on age, the tree shrews were divided into four groups. After general anesthesia, the images of endothelium were acquired using non-contact specular microscope Topcon 3000P. Eight parameters of corneal endothelial cells were measured by built-in software, including CCT, endothelial cell density (ECD), percent hexagonality (HG%), coefficient of variability (CV), size of minimal cell (Smin), size of maximal cell (Smax), average cells size (Savg) and size standard deviation (Ssd). Data were analyzed using STATA software. The differences of eight parameters among groups and correlations with age were analyzed. RESULTS In all studied animals, the average CCT was 249.6±20.29 µm (202-301 µm), ECD was 3080.72± 460.76 cells/mm2 (1239.6-4047.6 cells/mm2) and CV was 29.10±7.60 (13.6-54.6). CV was significantly different among different groups (P<0.001). Strong correlation with age was found in ECD, Smax, Savg, Ssd and CV. CONCLUSION Cornea of Chinese tree shrews had half CCT of human cornea and similar ECD, CV and size of corneal endothelial cells. Young adult tree shrews had higher ECD, HG% and low CV. ECD, Smax, Savg, Ssd and CV correlated with age significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology; Yunnan Key Laboratory for prevention and treatment of eye diseases Yunnan Innovation Team for Cataract and Ocular fundus Disease (2017HC010); Yunnan Eye Institute, the 2nd People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Yunnan Eye Hospital, the 4th Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University), Kunming 650021, Yunnan Province, China
| | - De-Xuan Kuang
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources; Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases; Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ya-Qi Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology; Yunnan Key Laboratory for prevention and treatment of eye diseases Yunnan Innovation Team for Cataract and Ocular fundus Disease (2017HC010); Yunnan Eye Institute, the 2nd People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Yunnan Eye Hospital, the 4th Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University), Kunming 650021, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yu-Run Miao
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources; Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases; Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Cheng Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology; Yunnan Key Laboratory for prevention and treatment of eye diseases Yunnan Innovation Team for Cataract and Ocular fundus Disease (2017HC010); Yunnan Eye Institute, the 2nd People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Yunnan Eye Hospital, the 4th Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University), Kunming 650021, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jie-Jie Dai
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources; Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases; Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
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Gawne TJ, Ward AH, Norton TT. Long-wavelength (red) light produces hyperopia in juvenile and adolescent tree shrews. Vision Res 2017; 140:55-65. [PMID: 28801261 PMCID: PMC5723538 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In infant tree shrews, exposure to narrow-band long-wavelength (red) light, that stimulates long-wavelength sensitive cones almost exclusively, slows axial elongation and produces hyperopia. We asked if red light produces hyperopia in juvenile and adolescent animals, ages when plus lenses are ineffective. Animals were raised in fluorescent colony lighting (100-300 lux) until they began 13days of red-light treatment at 11 (n=5, "infant"), 35 (n=5, "juvenile") or 95 (n=5, "adolescent") days of visual experience (DVE). LEDs provided 527-749 lux on the cage floor. To control for the higher red illuminance, a fluorescent control group (n=5) of juvenile (35 DVE) animals was exposed to ∼975 lux. Refractions were measured daily; ocular component dimensions at the start and end of treatment and end of recovery in colony lighting. These groups were compared with normals (n=7). In red light, the refractive state of both juvenile and adolescent animals became significantly (P<0.05) hyperopic: juvenile 3.9±1.0 diopters (D, mean±SEM) vs. normal 0.8±0.1D; adolescent 1.6±0.2D vs. normal 0.4±0.1D. The fluorescent control group refractions (0.6±0.3D) were normal. In red-treated juveniles the vitreous chamber was significantly smaller than normal (P<0.05): juvenile 2.67±0.03mmvs. normal 2.75±0.02mm. The choroid was also significantly thicker: juvenile 77±4μmvs. normal 57±3μm (P<0.05). Although plus lenses do not restrain eye growth in juvenile tree shrews, the red light-induced slowed growth and hyperopia in juvenile and adolescent tree shrews demonstrates that the emmetropization mechanism is still capable of restraining eye growth at these ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Gawne
- Dept. of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States.
| | - Alexander H Ward
- Dept. of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Thomas T Norton
- Dept. of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States
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Differential gene expression of BMP2 and BMP receptors in chick retina & choroid induced by imposed optical defocus. Vis Neurosci 2017; 33:E015. [PMID: 28359351 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523816000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the defocus sign-dependent, bidirectional gene expression regulation of bone morphogenetic proteins, BMP2, 4 and 7 in chick RPE. In this study, we examined the effects of imposed positive (+10 D) and negative (-10 D) lenses on the gene expression of these BMPs and BMP receptors (BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2) in chick retina and choroid after monocular lens treatment for 2 or 48 h, as indicators of the roles of retinal and choroidal BMPs and receptors in postnatal eye growth regulation. In retina, although all genes were expressed, neither +10 nor -10 D lenses, worn for either 2 or 48 h, significantly altered gene expression. In contrast, treatment-related differential gene expression was detected in the choroid for both BMPs and their receptors, although interestingly, with the +10 D lens, BMP2 was up-regulated by 156.7 ± 19.7% after 2 h, while BMPR1A was down-regulated to 82.3 ± 12.5% only after 48 h. With the -10 D lens, only the gene expression of BMPR1B was significantly altered, being up-regulated by 162.3 ± 21.2% after 48 h. Untreated birds showed no difference in expression between their two eyes, for any of the genes examined. The finding that retinal gene expression for BMP2, 4, 7 and their receptors are not affected by short-term optical defocus contrasts with previous observations of sign-dependent expression changes for the same genes in the RPE. The latter changes were also larger and more consistent in direction than the choroidal gene expression changes reported here. The interrelationship between these various changes and their biological significance for eye growth regulation are yet to be elucidated.
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Li HH, Sun YL, Cui DM, Wu J, Zeng JW. Effect of dopamine on bone morphogenesis protein-2 expression in human retinal pigment epithelium. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1370-1373. [PMID: 28944194 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.09.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of dopamine on bone morphogenesis protein-2 (BMP-2) expression in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells in vitro. METHODS ARPE-19 cells as a human RPE cell line were cultured with dopamine for different times (2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 and 24h) or with different concentrations (0.1, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 100 µg/mL) in vitro. BMP-2 mRNA expression level in ARPE-19 cells was analyzed with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and BMP-2 protein level was measured with Western blot analysis. The active form of BMP-2 in the culture medium was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The expression level of BMP-2 increased significantly cultured with 20 µg/mL dopamine, at different time points (P<0.05). BMP-2 mRNA level peaked 2h and the protein level peaked at 6 and 8h after treatment. The concentrations of secreted BMP-2 elevated at 12h and peaked at 24h (P<0.05) in a time-dependent manner. Treated with 100 µg/mL dopamine for 6h, the expression levels of BMP-2 mRNA and protein in ARPE-19 cells were enhanced significantly compared to that in the untreated cells (P<0.05). And secreted BMP-2 protein in the cell culture supernatant was also increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Dopamine up-regulate BMP-2 expression in RPE cells, and this may be associated with its inhibitive effect on myopia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hui Li
- Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan-Li Sun
- Ophthalmology Center, Yinzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dong-Mei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Juan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun-Wen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
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The effect of topical administration of cyclopentolate on ocular biometry: An analysis for mouse and human models. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9952. [PMID: 28855546 PMCID: PMC5577254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09924-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mydriasis with muscarinic antagonists have been used routinely prior to retinal examination and sometimes prior to refractive measurements of the mouse eye. However, biometric changes during topical administration of muscarinic antagonists have not been fully investigated in mice and humans. We found that the mouse eyes treated with cyclopentolate developed a hyperopia with a reduction in both the vitreous chamber depth and axial length. In humans, prior to the cyclopentolate treatment, a 6D accommodative stimulus produced a myopic shift with a reduced anterior chamber depth, choroidal thickness and anterior lens radius of curvature and an increase in lens thickness. After the cyclopentolate treatment, human eyes developed a hyperopic shift with an increased anterior chamber depth and anterior lens radius of curvature and a reduced lens thickness. Therefore, the biometric changes associated with this hyperopic shift were mainly located in the posterior segment of the eye in mice. However, it is the anterior segment of the eye that plays a main role in the hyperopic shift in human subjects. These results further indicate that mouse eyes do not have accommodation which needs to be taken into account when they are used for the study of human refractive errors.
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Choroidal thickness in school children: The Gobi Desert Children Eye Study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179579. [PMID: 28617854 PMCID: PMC5472304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate choroidal thickness (CT) and its associations in children in a school-based study. Methods The cross-sectional school-based Gobi Desert Children Eye Study included 1565 out of 1911 (81.9%) eligible children from all schools in the oasis region of Ejina in the Gobi Desert. A detailed ophthalmic examination was performed, including spectral-domain optical coherence tomography with enhanced depth imaging for CT measurement. Results CT measurements were available for 1463 (93.5%) students (mean age: 11.8±3.5 years; range:7–21 years). Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) was 282±49μm. CT was thickest at 1000μm temporal to the fovea (286±49μm), followed by the subfoveal region (282±49 μm; P<0.001), the region at 2500μm temporal to the fovea (278±49μm), the region at 1000μm nasal to the fovea (254±49μm;P<0.001), and the region at 2500μm nasal to the fovea (197±50μm;P<0.001). In cross-sectional analysis, the mean SFCT increased with age from 288μm at 7 years of age to 304μm at 11 years, and then decreased to 258 μm at 18 years. In multivariate analysis, thicker SFCT was associated (regression coefficient r:0.38) with higher hyperopic refractive error (P<0.001;standardized regression coefficient beta:0.31;non-standardized regression coefficient B:7.61;95% confidence intervals (CI):6.29,8.93), younger age (P<0.001;beta:-0.10;B:-1.39;95%CI:-2.14,-0.64), male gender (P = 0.03;beta:-0.05;B:-5.33;95%CI:-10.1,-0.53), higher corneal refractive power (P<0.001;beta:0.12;B:3.68;95%CI:2.12,5.24), and non-Han Chinese ethnicity (P = 0.03;beta:0.05;B:6.16;95%CI:0.50,11.8). Ratio of CT(1000μm nasal to fovea)/SFCT (0.90±0.06;range:0.66,1.23) and ratio of CT(2500μm nasal to fovea)/SFCT (0.70±0.13;range:0.28,1.23) decreased with older age (P = 0.01;and P = 0.001, respectively), while ratio of CT(1000μm temporal to fovea)/SFCT (1.02±0.06;range:0.56,1.37) and ratio of CT(2500μm temporal to fovea)/SFCT (0.99±0.11;range:0.54,1.84) increased with older age (both P<0.001). Time spent outdoors or indoors was not significantly associated with CT-related parameter in multivariate analysis. Conclusions In contrast to SFCT in adults and despite elongating axial length, SFCT in children increased in cross-sectional analysis with older age (up to 11 years of age) and then started to decrease with further ageing. It suggests an increase in choroidal volume up to the age of 11 years. In children, the choroid was thickest at 1000μm temporal to the fovea, followed by the subfoveal region, and this difference significantly increased with older age. In contrast, CT nasal to the fovea in relationship to SFCT decreased with older age. CT was independent of lifestyle-associated parameters.
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Jiang WJ, Song HX, Li SY, Guo B, Wu JF, Li GP, Guo DD, Shi DL, Bi HS, Jonas JB. Amphiregulin Antibody and Reduction of Axial Elongation in Experimental Myopia. EBioMedicine 2017; 17:134-144. [PMID: 28256400 PMCID: PMC5360597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the mechanism of ocular axial elongation in myopia, guinea pigs (age: 2–3 weeks) which either underwent unilateral or bilateral lens-induced myopization (group 1) or which were primarily myopic at baseline (group 2) received unilateral intraocular injections of amphiregulin antibody (doses: 5, 10, or 15 μg) three times in intervals of 9 days. A third group of emmetropic guinea pigs got intraocular unilateral injections of amphiregulin (doses: 0.25, 0.50 or 1.00 ng, respectively). In each group, the contralateral eyes received intraocular injections of Ringer's solution. In intra-animal inter-eye comparison and intra-eye follow-up comparison in groups 1 and 2, the study eyes as compared to the contralateral eyes showed a dose-dependent reduction in axial elongation. In group 3, study eyes and control eyes did not differ significantly in axial elongation. Immunohistochemistry revealed amphiregulin labelling at the retinal pigment epithelium in eyes with lens-induced myopization and Ringer's solution injection, but not in eyes with amphiregulin antibody injection. Intraocular injections of amphiregulin-antibody led to a reduction of lens-induced axial myopic elongation and of the physiological eye enlargement in young guinea pigs. In contrast, intraocularly injected amphiregulin in a dose of ≤ 1 ng did not show a significant effect. Amphiregulin may be one of several essential molecular factors for axial elongation. Intraocular injections of amphiregulin-antibody led to a reduction of lens-induced axial myopic elongation in guinea pigs. Intraocular injections of amphiregulin-antibody also led to a reduction of the physiological eye growth in guinea pigs. Amphiregulin may be one of several essential molecular factors for axial elongation in young guinea pigs.
Due to an increase in its prevalence, myopia has been feared to become one of the most common causes of irreversible visual impairment worldwide. Although staying indoors in childhood has been identified as the most important factor for the development of myopia, the underlying mechanism leading to myopia has remained elusive so far. In the present experimental study, young guinea pigs which were myopized by a lens, developed less myopia if they simultaneously received intraocular injections of an antibody of amphiregulin, a member of the epithelial growth factor family. It suggests that amphiregulin is associated with axial elongation in myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jun Jiang
- Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Xin Song
- The Second College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shao Yu Li
- The Second College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Guo
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Feng Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guo Ping Li
- The Second College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Da Dong Guo
- Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - De Long Shi
- The Second College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Sheng Bi
- Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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Ward AH, Siegwart JT, Frost MR, Norton TT. Intravitreally-administered dopamine D2-like (and D4), but not D1-like, receptor agonists reduce form-deprivation myopia in tree shrews. Vis Neurosci 2017; 34:E003. [PMID: 28304244 PMCID: PMC5567805 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523816000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of intravitreal injections of D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists and D4 receptor drugs on form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in tree shrews, mammals closely related to primates. In eleven groups (n = 7 per group), we measured the amount of FDM produced by monocular form deprivation (FD) over an 11-day treatment period. The untreated fellow eye served as a control. Animals also received daily 5 µL intravitreal injections in the FD eye. The reference group received 0.85% NaCl vehicle. Four groups received a higher, or lower, dose of a D1-like receptor agonist (SKF38393) or antagonist (SCH23390). Four groups received a higher, or lower, dose of a D2-like receptor agonist (quinpirole) or antagonist (spiperone). Two groups received the D4 receptor agonist (PD168077) or antagonist (PD168568). Refractions were measured daily; axial component dimensions were measured on day 1 (before treatment) and day 12. We found that in groups receiving the D1-like receptor agonist or antagonist, the development of FDM and altered ocular component dimensions did not differ from the NaCl group. Groups receiving the D2-like receptor agonist or antagonist at the higher dose developed significantly less FDM and had shorter vitreous chambers than the NaCl group. The D4 receptor agonist, but not the antagonist, was nearly as effective as the D2-like agonist in reducing FDM. Thus, using intravitreally-administered agents, we did not find evidence supporting a role for the D1-like receptor pathway in reducing FDM in tree shrews. The reduction of FDM by the dopamine D2-like agonist supported a role for the D2-like receptor pathway in the control of FDM. The reduction of FDM by the D4 receptor agonist, but not the D4 antagonist, suggests an important role for activation of the dopamine D4 receptor in the control of axial elongation and refractive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H. Ward
- Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Theme, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - John T. Siegwart
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Michael R. Frost
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Thomas T. Norton
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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The wavelength composition and temporal modulation of ambient lighting strongly affect refractive development in young tree shrews. Exp Eye Res 2016; 155:75-84. [PMID: 27979713 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Shortly after birth, the eyes of most animals (including humans) are hyperopic because the short axial length places the retina in front of the focal plane. During postnatal development, an emmetropization mechanism uses cues related to refractive error to modulate the growth of the eye, moving the retina toward the focal plane. One possible cue may be longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA), to signal if eyes are getting too long (long [red] wavelengths in better focus than short [blue]) or too short (short wavelengths in better focus). It could be difficult for the short-wavelength sensitive (SWS, "blue") cones, which are scarce and widely spaced across the retina, to detect and signal defocus of short wavelengths. We hypothesized that the SWS cone retinal pathway could instead utilize temporal (flicker) information. We thus tested if exposure solely to long-wavelength light would cause developing eyes to slow their axial growth and remain refractively hyperopic, and if flickering short-wavelength light would cause eyes to accelerate their axial growth and become myopic. Four groups of infant northern tree shrews (Tupaia glis belangeri, dichromatic mammals closely related to primates) began 13 days of wavelength treatment starting at 11 days of visual experience (DVE). Ambient lighting was provided by an array of either long-wavelength (red, 626 ± 10 nm) or short-wavelength (blue, 464 ± 10 nm) light-emitting diodes placed atop the cage. The lights were either steady, or flickering in a pseudo-random step pattern. The approximate mean illuminance (in human lux) on the cage floor was red (steady, 527 lux; flickering, 329 lux), and blue (steady, 601 lux; flickering, 252 lux). Refractive state and ocular component dimensions were measured and compared with a group of age-matched normal animals (n = 15 for refraction (first and last days); 7 for ocular components) raised in broad spectrum white fluorescent colony lighting (100-300 lux). During the 13 day period, the refraction of the normal animals decreased from (mean ± SEM) 5.8 ± 0.7 diopters (D) to 1.5 ± 0.2 D as their vitreous chamber depth increased from 2.77 ± 0.01 mm to 2.80 ± 0.03 mm. Animals exposed to red light (both steady and flickering) remained hyperopic throughout the treatment period so that the eyes at the end of wavelength treatment were significantly hyperopic (7.0 ± 0.7 D, steady; 4.7 ± 0.8 D, flickering) compared with the normal animals (p < 0.01). The vitreous chamber of the steady red group (2.65 ± 0.03 mm) was significantly shorter than normal (p < 0.01). On average, steady blue light had little effect; the refractions paralleled the normal refractive decrease. In contrast, animals housed in flickering blue light increased the rate of refractive decrease so that the eyes became significantly myopic (-2.9 ± 1.3 D) compared with the normal eyes and had longer vitreous chambers (2.93 ± 0.04 mm). Upon return to colony lighting, refractions in all groups gradually returned toward emmetropia. These data are consistent both with the hypothesis that LCA can be an important visual cue for postnatal refractive development, and that short-wavelength temporal flicker provides an important cue for assessing and signaling defocus.
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Baldivia S, Levy A, Hegde S, Aper SJA, Merkx M, Grytz R. A Novel Organ Culture Model to Quantify Collagen Remodeling in Tree Shrew Sclera. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166644. [PMID: 27870875 PMCID: PMC5117658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that unknown collagen remodeling mechanisms in the sclera underlie myopia development. We are proposing a novel organ culture system in combination with two-photon fluorescence imaging to quantify collagen remodeling at the tissue- and lamella-level. Tree shrew scleral shells were cultured up to 7 days in serum-free media and cellular viability was investigated under: (i) minimal tissue manipulations; (ii) removal of intraocular tissues; gluing the eye to a washer using (iii) 50 μL and (iv) 200 μL of cyanoacrylate adhesive; (v) supplementing media with Ham's F-12 Nutrient Mixture; and (vi) culturing eyes subjected to 15 mmHg intraocular pressure in our new bioreactor. Two scleral shells of normal juvenile tree shrews were fluorescently labeled using a collagen specific protein and cultured in our bioreactor. Using two-photon microscopy, grid patterns were photobleached into and across multiple scleral lamellae. These patterns were imaged daily for 3 days, and tissue-/lamella-level strains were calculated from the deformed patterns. No significant reduction in cell viability was observed under conditions (i) and (v). Compared to condition (i), cell viability was significantly reduced starting at day 0 (condition (ii)) and day 3 (conditions (iii, iv, vi)). Tissue-level strain and intralamellar shear angel increased significantly during the culture period. Some scleral lamellae elongated while others shortened. Findings suggest that tree shrew sclera can be cultured in serum-free media for 7 days with no significant reduction in cell viability. Scleral fibroblasts are sensitive to tissue manipulations and tissue gluing. However, Ham's F-12 Nutrient Mixture has a protective effect on cell viability and can offset the cytotoxic effect of cyanoacrylate adhesive. This is the first study to quantify collagen micro-deformations over a prolonged period in organ culture providing a new methodology to study scleral remodeling in myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Baldivia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Alexander Levy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Shylaja Hegde
- Department of Vision Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Stijn J. A. Aper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Merkx
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Grytz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Schaeffel F, Feldkaemper M. Animal models in myopia research. Clin Exp Optom 2016; 98:507-17. [PMID: 26769177 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our current understanding of the development of refractive errors, in particular myopia, would be substantially limited had Wiesel and Raviola not discovered by accident that monkeys develop axial myopia as a result of deprivation of form vision. Similarly, if Josh Wallman and colleagues had not found that simple plastic goggles attached to the chicken eye generate large amounts of myopia, the chicken model would perhaps not have become such an important animal model. Contrary to previous assumptions about the mechanisms of myopia, these animal models suggested that eye growth is visually controlled locally by the retina, that an afferent connection to the brain is not essential and that emmetropisation uses more sophisticated cues than just the magnitude of retinal blur. While animal models have shown that the retina can determine the sign of defocus, the underlying mechanism is still not entirely clear. Animal models have also provided knowledge about the biochemical nature of the signal cascade converting the output of retinal image processing to changes in choroidal thickness and scleral growth; however, a critical question was, and still is, can the results from animal models be applied to myopia in children? While the basic findings from chickens appear applicable to monkeys, some fundamental questions remain. If eye growth is guided by visual feedback, why is myopic development not self-limiting? Why does undercorrection not arrest myopic progression even though positive lenses induce myopic defocus, which leads to the development of hyperopia in emmetropic animals? Why do some spectacle or contact lens designs reduce myopic progression and others not? It appears that some major differences exist between animals reared with imposed defocus and children treated with various optical corrections, although without the basic knowledge obtained from animal models, we would be lost in an abundance of untestable hypotheses concerning human myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schaeffel
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Marita Feldkaemper
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, Tuebingen, Germany
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Liao X, Lan C, Liao D, Tian J, Huang X. Exploration and detection of potential regulatory variants in refractive error GWAS. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33090. [PMID: 27604318 PMCID: PMC5015044 DOI: 10.1038/srep33090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Refractive error (RE) is a complex multifactorial disease. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have provided significant insight into the genetic architecture and identified plenty of robust genetic variations or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with complex disease. A major current challenge is to convert those resources into causal variants and target genes. We used RegulomeDB and HaploReg to annotate regulatory information onto associated SNPs derived from the two largest RE GWAS, and additional SNPs in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with GWAS significant SNPs. Overall 868 SNPs were investigated, out of which 662 returned RegulomeDB scores of 1 to 6. It was observed that 36 out of those SNPs show strong evidence of regulatory effects with a RegulomeDB score of 1, while only four of them were GWAS significant SNPs (CD55/rs1652333, CNDP2/rs12971120, RDH5/rs3138142 and rs3138144). The results encourage us to explore those putative pathogenic variants, both GWAS significant SNPs as well as the SNPs in LD, for future discernment of functional consequence. This study offers the attractive approach for prioritizing potential functional variants by combining ENCODE data and GWAS information, and provide further insights into the pathogenesis and mechanism and ultimately therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637007, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637007, Sichuan Province, China
| | - ChangJun Lan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637007, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637007, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dan Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637007, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637007, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637007, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637007, Sichuan Province, China
| | - XiuQi Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637007, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637007, Sichuan Province, China
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Riddell N, Giummarra L, Hall NE, Crewther SG. Bidirectional Expression of Metabolic, Structural, and Immune Pathways in Early Myopia and Hyperopia. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:390. [PMID: 27625591 PMCID: PMC5003873 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia (short-sightedness) affects 1.45 billion people worldwide, many of whom will develop sight-threatening secondary disorders. Myopic eyes are characterized by excessive size while hyperopic (long-sighted) eyes are typically small. The biological and genetic mechanisms underpinning the retina's local control of these growth patterns remain unclear. In the present study, we used RNA sequencing to examine gene expression in the retina/RPE/choroid across 3 days of optically-induced myopia and hyperopia induction in chick. Data were analyzed for differential expression of single genes, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used to identify gene sets correlated with ocular axial length and refraction across lens groups. Like previous studies, we found few single genes that were differentially-expressed in a sign-of-defocus dependent manner (only BMP2 at 1 day). Using GSEA, however, we are the first to show that more subtle shifts in structural, metabolic, and immune pathway expression are correlated with the eye size and refractive changes induced by lens defocus. Our findings link gene expression with the morphological characteristics of refractive error, and suggest that physiological stress arising from metabolic and inflammatory pathway activation could increase the vulnerability of myopic eyes to secondary pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Riddell
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Loretta Giummarra
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nathan E Hall
- Life Sciences Computation Centre, Victorian Life Sciences Computation InitiativeMelbourne, VIC, Australia; La Trobe UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Imposed Optical Defocus Induces Isoform-Specific Up-Regulation of TGFβ Gene Expression in Chick Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Choroid but Not Neural Retina. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155356. [PMID: 27214233 PMCID: PMC4877072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the gene expression of TGFβ isoforms and their receptors in chick retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choroid and the effects of short-term imposed optical defocus. METHODS The expression of TGFβ isoforms (TGF-β1, 2, 3) and TGFβ receptors (TGFBR1, 2, 3) was examined in the retina, RPE, and choroid of young White-Leghorn untreated chicks (19 days-old). The effects on the expression of the same genes of monocular +10 and -10 D defocusing lenses, worn for either 2 or 48 h by age-matched chicks, were also examined by comparing expression in treated and untreated fellow eyes. RNA was purified, characterized and then reverse transcribed to cDNA. Differential gene expression was quantified using real-time PCR. RESULTS All 3 isoforms of TGFβ and all 3 receptor subtypes were found to be expressed in all 3 ocular tissues, with apparent tissue-dependent differences in expression profiles. Data are reported as mean normalized expression relative to GAPDH. Sign-dependent optical defocus effects were also observed. Optical defocus did not affect retinal gene expression but in the RPE, TGF-β2 expression was significantly up-regulated with +10 D lenses, worn for either 2 h (349% increase ± 88%, p < 0.01) or 48 h (752% increase ± 166%, p < 0.001), and in the choroid, the expression of TGF-β3 was up-regulated with -10 D lenses, worn for 48 h (147% increase ± 9%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The effects of short term exposure to optical defocus on TGFβ gene expression in the RPE and choroid, which were sign-dependent and isoform specific, provide further supporting evidence for important roles of members of the TGFβ family and these two tissues in local signal cascades regulating ocular growth.
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Ward AH, Siegwart JT, Frost MR, Norton TT. The effect of intravitreal injection of vehicle solutions on form deprivation myopia in tree shrews. Exp Eye Res 2016; 145:289-296. [PMID: 26836248 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
lntravitreal injection of substances dissolved in a vehicle solution is a common tool used to assess retinal function. We examined the effect of injection procedures (three groups) and vehicle solutions (four groups) on the development of form deprivation myopia (FDM) in juvenile tree shrews, mammals closely related to primates, starting at 24 days of visual experience (about 45 days of age). In seven groups (n = 7 per group), the myopia produced by monocular form deprivation (FD) was measured daily for 12 days during an 11-day treatment period. The FD eye was randomly selected; the contralateral eye served as an untreated control. The refractive state of both eyes was measured daily, starting just before FD began (day 1); axial component dimensions were measured on day 1 and after eleven days of treatment (day 12). Procedure groups: the myopia (treated eye - control eye refraction) in the FD group was the reference. The sham group only underwent brief daily anesthesia and opening of the conjunctiva to expose the sclera. The puncture group, in addition, had a pipette inserted daily into the vitreous. In four vehicle groups, 5 μL of vehicle was injected daily. The NaCl group received 0.85% NaCl. In the NaCl + ascorbic acid group, 1 mg/mL of ascorbic acid was added. The water group received sterile water. The water + ascorbic acid group received water with ascorbic acid (1 mg/mL). We found that the procedures associated with intravitreal injections (anesthesia, opening of the conjunctiva, and puncture of the sclera) did not significantly affect the development of FDM. However, injecting 5 μL of any of the four vehicle solutions slowed the development of FDM. NaCl had a small effect; myopia development in the last 6 days (-0.15 ± 0.08 D/day) was significantly less than in the FD group (-0.55 ± 0.06 D/day). NaCl + Ascorbic acid further slowed the development of FDM on several treatment days. H2O (-0.09 ± 0.05 D/day) and H2O + ascorbic acid (-0.08 ± 0.05 D/day) both almost completely blocked myopia development. The treated eye vitreous chamber elongation, compared with the control eye, in all groups was consistent with the amount of myopia. When FD continued (days 12-16) without injections in the water and water + ascorbic acid groups, the rate of myopia development quickly increased. Thus, it appears the vehicles affected retinal signaling rather than causing damage. The effect of water and water + ascorbic acid may be due to reduced osmolality or ionic concentration near the tip of the injection pipette. The effect of ascorbic acid, compared to NaCl alone, may be due to its reported dopaminergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Ward
- Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Theme, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - John T Siegwart
- Department of Vision Sciences, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Michael R Frost
- Department of Vision Sciences, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Thomas T Norton
- Department of Vision Sciences, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Li H, Wu J, Cui D, Zeng J. Retinal and choroidal expression of BMP-2 in lens-induced myopia and recovery from myopia in guinea pigs. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2671-6. [PMID: 26847492 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the retinal and choroidal expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in myopia and in myopia recovery in a guinea pig model. For this investigation, two groups of guinea pigs, lens‑induced myopia and recovery from myopia, were used, and defocused myopia was induced the guinea pigs wearing ‑4.00 D lenses on the right eyes for 3 weeks, with the left eyes serving as the contralateral. In the following week, the lenses of the guinea pigs in the recovery group were removed, and the refractive power and axial length were measured. The expression of BMP‑2 in the eyeballs was observed using immunohistochemistry and analyzed using Western blot analysis. After 3 weeks, the eyes acquired relative myopia and longer axial lengths in the two groups of guinea pigs. After 1 week without lenses in the recovery group, the myopia and axial lengths regressed. Immunofluorescence staining showed that BMP‑2 was expressed in the posterior retina, RPE, choroid and sclera. The expression of BMP‑2 decreased in the myopic retina of the guinea pigs. Following the regression of myopia in the recovery group, no difference in the expression of BMP‑2 was observed between the recovered treated eyes and the contralateral eyes. The choroidal expression level of BMP‑2 in the treated eyes showed no significant changes in either group. Therefore, BMP‑2 may be involved in the development of myopia, however, it does not have a primary role in the retinal and choroidal signals regulating scleral remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Junwen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
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Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection of Tree Shrews Differs from That of Mice in the Severity of Acute Infection and Viral Transcription in the Peripheral Nervous System. J Virol 2015; 90:790-804. [PMID: 26512084 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02258-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Studies of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections of humans are limited by the use of rodent models such as mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs. Tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) are small mammals indigenous to southwest Asia. At behavioral, anatomical, genomic, and evolutionary levels, tree shrews are much closer to primates than rodents are, and tree shrews are susceptible to HSV infection. Thus, we have studied herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection in the tree shrew trigeminal ganglion (TG) following ocular inoculation. In situ hybridization, PCR, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses confirm that HSV-1 latently infects neurons of the TG. When explant cocultivation of trigeminal ganglia was performed, the virus was recovered after 5 days of cocultivation with high efficiency. Swabbing the corneas of latently infected tree shrews revealed that tree shrews shed virus spontaneously at low frequencies. However, tree shrews differ significantly from mice in the expression of key HSV-1 genes, including ICP0, ICP4, and latency-associated transcript (LAT). In acutely infected tree shrew TGs, no level of ICP4 was observed, suggesting the absence of infection or a very weak, acute infection compared to that of the mouse. Immunofluorescence staining with ICP4 monoclonal antibody, and immunohistochemistry detection by HSV-1 polyclonal antibodies, showed a lack of viral proteins in tree shrew TGs during both acute and latent phases of infection. Cultivation of supernatant from homogenized, acutely infected TGs with RS1 cells also exhibited an absence of infectious HSV-1 from tree shrew TGs. We conclude that the tree shrew has an undetectable, or a much weaker, acute infection in the TGs. Interestingly, compared to mice, tree shrew TGs express high levels of ICP0 transcript in addition to LAT during latency. However, the ICP0 transcript remained nuclear, and no ICP0 protein could be seen during the course of mouse and tree shrew TG infections. Taken together, these observations suggest that the tree shrew TG infection differs significantly from the existing rodent models. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) establish lifelong infection in more than 80% of the human population, and their reactivation leads to oral and genital herpes. Currently, rodent models are the preferred models for latency studies. Rodents are distant from primates and may not fully represent human latency. The tree shrew is a small mammal, a prosimian primate, indigenous to southwest Asia. In an attempt to further develop the tree shrew as a useful model to study herpesvirus infection, we studied the establishment of latency and reactivation of HSV-1 in tree shrews following ocular inoculation. We found that the latent virus, which resides in the sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion, could be stress reactivated to produce infectious virus, following explant cocultivation and that spontaneous reactivation could be detected by cell culture of tears. Interestingly, the tree shrew model is quite different from the mouse model of HSV infection, in that the virus exhibited only a mild acute infection following inoculation with no detectable infectious virus from the sensory neurons. The mild infection may be more similar to human infection in that the sensory neurons continue to function after herpes reactivation and the affected skin tissue does not lose sensation. Our findings suggest that the tree shrew is a viable model to study HSV latency.
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Reactivation of HSV-1 following explant of tree shrew brain. J Neurovirol 2015; 22:293-306. [PMID: 26501779 PMCID: PMC4899501 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0393-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus type I (HSV-1) latently infects peripheral nervous system (PNS) sensory neurons, and its reactivation leads to recurring cold sores. The reactivated HSV-1 can travel retrograde from the PNS into the central nervous system (CNS) and is known to be causative of Herpes Simplex viral encephalitis. HSV-1 infection in the PNS is well documented, but little is known on the fate of HSV-1 once it enters the CNS. In the murine model, HSV-1 genome persists in the CNS once infected through an ocular route. To gain more details of HSV-1 infection in the CNS, we characterized HSV-1 infection of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) brain following ocular inoculation. Here, we report that HSV-1 enters the tree shrew brain following ocular inoculation and HSV-1 transcripts, ICP0, ICP4, and LAT can be detected at 5 days post-infection (p.i.), peaking at 10 days p.i. After 2 weeks, ICP4 and ICP0 transcripts are reduced to a basal level, but the LAT intron region continues to be expressed. Live virus could be recovered from the olfactory bulb and brain stem tissue. Viral proteins could be detected using anti-HSV-1 antibodies and anti-ICP4 antibody, during the acute stage but not beyond. In situ hybridization could detect LAT during acute infection in most brain regions and in olfactory bulb and brain stem tissue well beyond the acute stage. Using a homogenate from these tissues’ post-acute infection, we did not recover live HSV-1 virus, supporting a latent infection, but using a modified explant cocultivation technique, we were able to recover reactivated virus from these tissues, suggesting that the HSV-1 virus latently infects the tree shrew CNS. Compared to mouse, the CNS acute infection of the tree shrew is delayed and the olfactory bulb contains most latent virus. During the acute stage, a portion of the infected tree shrews exhibit symptoms similar to human viral encephalitis. These findings, together with the fact that tree shrews are closely related to primates, provided a valuable alternative model to study HSV-1 infection and pathogenesis in the CNS.
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50
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Subbot AM, Kasparova EA, Subbot AM, Kasparova EA. [Review of approaches to cell therapy in ophthalmology]. Vestn Oftalmol 2015; 131:74-81. [PMID: 26845876 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2015131574-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The review covers global trends in cell therapy research and clinical trials aimed at the treatment of ophthalmic diseases. Some definitions are provided and mechanisms of action of cell products studied to date are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Subbot
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11 A, B, Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
| | - Evg A Kasparova
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11 A, B, Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
| | - A M Subbot
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11 A, B, Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
| | - Evg A Kasparova
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11 A, B, Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
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