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Lv Y, Wu S, Nie Q, Liu S, Xu W, Chen G, Du Y, Chen J. Extracellular vesicles derived from plasmodium-infected red blood cells alleviate cerebral malaria in plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected C57BL/6J mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:111982. [PMID: 38569430 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
RTS,S is the first malaria vaccine recommended for implementation among young children at risk. However, vaccine efficacy is modest and short-lived. To mitigate the risk of cerebral malaria (CM) among children under the age of 5, it is imperative to develop new vaccines. EVs are potential vaccine candidates as they obtain the ability of brain-targeted delivery and transfer plasmodium antigens and immunomodulators during infections. This study extracted EVs from BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL (P.y17XNL). C57BL/6J mice were intravenously immunized with EVs (EV-I.V. + CM group) or subcutaneously vaccinated with the combination of EVs and CpG ODN-1826 (EV + CPG ODN-S.C. + CM group) on days 0 and 20, followed by infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (P.bANKA) on day 20 post-second immunization. We monitored Parasitemia and survival rate. The integrity of the Blood-brain barrier (BBB) was examined using Evans blue staining.The levels of cytokines and adhesion molecules were evaluated using Luminex, RT-qPCR, and WB. Brain pathology was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining. The serum levels of IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Compared with those in the P.bANKA-infected group, parasitemia increased slowly, death was delayed (day 10 post-infection), and the survival rate reached 75 %-83.3 % in the EV-I.V. + ECM and EV + CPG ODN-S.C. + ECM groups. Meanwhile, compared with the EV + CPG ODN-S.C. + ECM group, although parasitemia was almost the same, the survival rate increased in the EV-I.V. + ECM group.Additionally, EVs immunization markedly downregulated inflammatory responses in the spleen and brain and ameliorated brain pathological changes, including BBB disruption and infected red blood cell (iRBC) sequestration. Furthermore, the EVs immunization group exhibited enhanced antibody responses (upregulation of IgG1 and IgG2a production) compared to the normal control group. EV immunization exerted protective effects, improving the integrity of the BBB, downregulating inflammation response of brain tissue, result in reduces the incidence of CM. The protective effects were determined by immunological pathways and brain targets elicited by EVs. Intravenous immunization exhibited better performance than subcutaneous immunization, which perhaps correlated with EVs, which can naturally cross BBB to play a better role in brain protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyi Lv
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou University, No 1139 Shifu Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou University, No 1139 Shifu Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Qing Nie
- Weifang Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No 4801 Huixian Road, Gaoxin Distric, Weifang 261061, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuangchun Liu
- Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Taizhou University, No 381, Zhongshan East Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Wenxin Xu
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou University, No 1139 Shifu Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou University, No 1139 Shifu Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou 318000, China.
| | - Yunting Du
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, NO. 44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang 110042, China.
| | - Jinguang Chen
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou University, No 1139 Shifu Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou 318000, China.
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Wang QB, Du YT, Liu F, Sun XD, Sun X, Chen G, Pang W, Cao YM. Adaptive immune responses mediated age-related Plasmodium yoelii 17XL and 17XNL infections in 4 and 8-week-old BALB/c mice. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:6. [PMID: 33430765 PMCID: PMC7798208 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUD It is important to expound the opposite clinical outcomes between children and adulthood for eradicate malaria. There remains unknown about the correlation between adaptive immune response and age-related in malaria. METHODS 4 and 8-week-old mice were used to mimic children and adulthood, respectively. Parasitemia and the survival rate were monitored. The proportion and function of Th1 and Th2 cells were detected by FACS. The levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and Plasmodium yoelii MSP-1-specific IgG were measured by ELISA. RESULTS The adult group showed greater resistance to P. yoelii 17XL infection, with lower parasitemia. Compared with 4-week-old mice, the percentage of CD4+T-bet+IFN-γ+ Th1 cells as well as IFN-γ production were significantly increased on day 5 p.i. in the 8-week-old mice after P. yoelii 17XNL infection. The percentage of CD4+GATA3+IL-4+ Th2 cells and CD4+CXCR5+ Tfh cells, and IL-4 production in the 8-week-old mice significantly increased on day 5 and day 10 after P. yoelii 17XNL infection. Notably, the levels of total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and P. yoelii MSP-1-specific IgG were also significantly increased in the 8-week-old mice. PD-1, a marker of exhaustion, was up-regulated on CD4+ or activated CD4+ T cells in the 8-week-old mice as compared to the 4-week-old group. CONCLUSIONS Thus, we consider that enhanced cellular and humoral adaptive immunity might contribute to rapid clearance of malaria among adults, likely in a PD-1-dependent manner due to induction of CD4+ T cells exhaustion in P. yoelii 17XNL infected 8-week-old mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Bo Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi 9th Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 999 Liang Xi Road, Binhu District, Wuxi, 214000, China
| | - Yun-Ting Du
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, NO. 44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Sun
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Taizhou University Medical School, No 1139 Shifu Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou, 317700, China.
| | - Wei Pang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| | - Ya-Ming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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Silva MGD, Cardoso JF, Perasoli FB, Branquinho RT, Mourão RS, Tavares HDS, Xocaira MLCT, Guimarães DSM, Viana GHR, Varotti FDP, Silva GRD. Nanoemulsion composed of 10-(4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)thio)decan-1-ol), a synthetic analog of 3-alkylpiridine marine alkaloid: development, characterization, and antimalarial activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 151:105382. [PMID: 32470575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Malaria treatment is based on a reduced number of antimalarial drugs, and drug resistance has emerged, leading to the search for new antimalarial drugs incorporated into pharmaceutical formulations. In this study, 10-(4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)thio)decan-1-ol) (thiazoline), a synthetic analog of 3-alkylpiridine marine alkaloid, and a potent antimalarial substance, was incorporated into O/W nanoemulsion. This formulation was prepared by a 23 factorial design. It was characterized by globule diameter, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro thiazoline release at pH 2 and 6.86, and accelerated stability. In vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity was determined against P. falciparum and P. berghei, respectively. Thiazoline nanoemulsion showed 248.8 nm of globule diameter, 0.236 of polydispersity index, -38.5 mV of zeta potential, 96.92% encapsulation efficiency, and it was stable for 6 months. Thiazoline release profiles differed in acidic and neutral media, but in both cases, the nanoemulsion controlled and prolonged the thiazoline delivery. Thiazoline nanoemulsion exerted in vitro antimalarial activity against the parasite (IC50 = 1.32 µM), and it significantly reduced the in vivo parasitemia for 8 days without increasing the survival time of animals. Therefore, the thiazoline nanoemulsion represents a strategy to treat malaria combining an antimalarial candidate and a new nanocarrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Goulart Da Silva
- Federal University of São João del-Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Chanadour, 35.501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Ferreira Cardoso
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro w/n, Bauxita, 35.400-000, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Barçante Perasoli
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro w/n, Bauxita, 35.400-000, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renata Tupinambá Branquinho
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro w/n, Bauxita, 35.400-000, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renata Silva Mourão
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro w/n, Bauxita, 35.400-000, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Harley Da Silva Tavares
- Federal University of São João del-Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Chanadour, 35.501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Costa Trench Xocaira
- Federal University of São João del-Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Chanadour, 35.501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Silqueira Martins Guimarães
- Federal University of São João del-Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Chanadour, 35.501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Ribeiro Viana
- Federal University of São João del-Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Chanadour, 35.501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando De Pilla Varotti
- Federal University of São João del-Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Chanadour, 35.501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gisele Rodrigues Da Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro w/n, Bauxita, 35.400-000, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Cheng Q, Liu J, Pei Y, Zhang Y, Zhou D, Pan W, Zhang J. Neddylation contributes to CD4+ T cell-mediated protective immunity against blood-stage Plasmodium infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007440. [PMID: 30462731 PMCID: PMC6249024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play predominant roles in protective immunity against blood-stage Plasmodium infection, both for IFN-γ-dependent effector mechanisms and providing B cell helper signals. Neddylation, an ubiquitination-like process triggered by covalent conjugation of NEDD8 to specific targets, has emerged as a potential regulator of T cell activities to TCR engagement. However, its contribution to T cell-mediated immunity to blood-stage malaria remains unclear. Here using an experimental model induced by Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL, and conditional knockout mice with T cell-specific deficiency of crucial components of neddylation pathway, we demonstrate activation of neddylation in T cells during blood-stage Plasmodium infection is essential for parasite control and host survival. Mechanistically, we show that apart from promoting CD4+ T cell activation, proliferation, and development of protective T helper 1 (Th1) cell response as suggested previously, neddylation is also required for supporting CD4+ T cell survival, mainly through B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) mediated suppression of the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Furthermore, we provide evidence that neddylation contributes to follicular helper T (Tfh) cell differentiation, probably via augmenting the ubiquitin ligase Itch activity and proteasomal degradation of FoxO1, thereby facilitating germinal center (GC) formation and parasite-specific antibody production. This study identifies neddylation as a positive regulator of anti-Plasmodium immunity and provides insight into an involvement of such pathway in host resistance to infectious diseases. Malaria, which is caused by the intracellular parasite Plasmodium, remains a major infectious disease with significant morbidity and mortality annually. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in protective immunity against the pathogenic blood-stage Plasmodium will facilitate development of anti-malarial drugs and vaccines. Neddylation has recently been identified as a potential regulator of T cell function. Here, we directly addressed the effects of neddylation on T cell responses and the outcome of blood-stage P. yoelii 17XNL malaria. We show that activation of neddylation in T cells is essential for IFN-γ-mediated proinflammatory response and generation of parasite-specific antibodies, thus contributing to full resolution of the infection. This is primarily associated with the reported beneficial effects of neddylation on CD4+ T cell activities, including activation, proliferation, and differentiation into T helper 1 (Th1) cells. Additionally, we establish a novel role of neddylation in parasite-responsive CD4+ T cell survival and follicular helper T (Tfh) cell differentiation. Therefore, we provide evidence that neddylation may represent a novel mechanism in orchestrating optimum CD4+ T cell effector response and subsequent humoral immunity to blood-stage Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Cheng
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (QC); (JZ)
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Pei
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaolin Zhang
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dawang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Weiqing Pan
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (QC); (JZ)
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Delhaye J, Jenkins T, Glaizot O, Christe P. Avian malaria and bird humoral immune response. Malar J 2018; 17:77. [PMID: 29426311 PMCID: PMC5807826 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium parasites are known to impose fitness costs on their vertebrate hosts. Some of these costs are due to the activation of the immune response, which may divert resources away from self-maintenance. Plasmodium parasites may also immuno-deplete their hosts. Thus, infected individuals may be less able to mount an immune response to a new pathogen than uninfected ones. However, this has been poorly investigated. Methods The effect of Plasmodium infection on bird humoral immune response when encountering a novel antigen was tested. A laboratory experiment was conducted on canaries (Serinus canaria) experimentally infected with Plasmodium relictum (lineage SGS1) under controlled conditions. Birds were immune challenged with an intra-pectoral injection of a novel non-pathogenic antigen (keyhole limpet haemocyanin, KLH). One week later they were challenged again. The immune responses to the primary and to the secondary contacts were quantified as anti-KLH antibody production via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results There was no significant difference in antibody production between uninfected and Plasmodium infected birds at both primary and secondary contact. However, Plasmodium parasite intensity in the blood increased after the primary contact with the antigen. Conclusions There was no effect of Plasmodium infection on the magnitude of the humoral immune response. However, there was a cost of mounting an immune response in infected individuals as parasitaemia increased after the immune challenge, suggesting a trade-off between current control of chronic Plasmodium infection and investment against a new immune challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Delhaye
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Le Biophore, Unil Sorge, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Tania Jenkins
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Le Biophore, Unil Sorge, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Glaizot
- Museum of Zoology, Place de la Riponne 6, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Christe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Le Biophore, Unil Sorge, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Delhaye J, Jenkins T, Christe P. Plasmodium infection and oxidative status in breeding great tits, Parus major. Malar J 2016; 15:531. [PMID: 27809847 PMCID: PMC5096287 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium parasites may affect the oxidative status of their hosts, defined as the balance of pro-oxidant compounds and antioxidant defences in an organism. An increased energy requirement, the activation of immune functions or the parasite itself may lead to a higher production of pro-oxidants and/or an antioxidant depletion resulting in a higher oxidative stress and associated damage in infected individuals. Relatively little is known about the mechanisms underlying oxidative processes at play during host-Plasmodium interaction in the wild. Methods The effect of Plasmodium infection on host oxidative status was investigated in wild populations of breeding great tits, Parus major, naturally infected by Plasmodium spp. When chicks were 14 days old, the parents were blood-sampled to measure four complementary oxidative status markers: pro-oxidant production as mitochondrial superoxide production in red blood cells (RBC), antioxidant defences as plasma antioxidant capacity and oxidative damage as reactive oxygen metabolites in the plasma and RBC membrane resistance to oxidative attack. Results Plasmodium-infected individuals produced more pro-oxidants compared to uninfected ones and pro-oxidant production positively correlated to infection intensity. There was also a conditional effect of reproductive effort on oxidative damage depending on Plasmodium infection status. There was no direct effect of infection on oxidative damage and no effect on antioxidant defences. Conclusions The results suggest that Plasmodium parasites may impose a cost in terms of increased oxidative stress possibly mediated via a higher energy requirement in infected hosts. This further suggests that Plasmodium parasites may modify host life history traits via an induction of oxidative stress. This study highlights that measuring several complementary oxidative status markers may enable to capture oxidative processes at play during host-Plasmodium interactions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1579-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Delhaye
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Tania Jenkins
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Christe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Pinna RA, Silva-Dos-Santos D, Perce-da-Silva DS, Oliveira-Ferreira J, Villa-Verde DMS, De Luca PM, Banic DM. Malaria-Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Co-infection: Influence on Disease Outcomes and Immune Response. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:982. [PMID: 27446022 PMCID: PMC4921482 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) are co-endemic throughout large regions in tropical countries and co-infection may impact the evolution of host-parasite interactions. In the present study, we evaluate Malaria/Leishmaniasis disease outcome, Th1/Th2 cytokine levels and the CD4 and CD8 T-cell profiles in a co-infection murine model (BALB/c) of Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL (Py) and Leishmania amazonensis (La) or L. braziliensis (Lb). Malaria parasitaemia was assessed through blood strains stained with Giemsa. Leishmania lesions were monitored with a digital caliper and parasite loads determined by limiting-dilution assay. Serum levels of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 were determined using multiplexed bead assay and expression of CD3, CD4, and CD8 T-cells markers were determined by Flow Cytometry in the thymus, spleens and lymph nodes. Parasitaemia in Lb+Py co-infected group was lower than in Py single-infected group, suggesting a protective effect of Lb co-infection in Malaria progression. In contrast, La+Py co-infection increased parasitaemia, patent infection and induced mortality in non-lethal Malaria infection. Regarding Leishmaniasis, Lb+Py co-infected group presented smaller lesions and less ulceration than Lb single-infected animals. In contrast, La+Py co-infected group presented only a transitory delay on the development of lesions when compared to La single-infected mice. Decreased levels of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-6, and IL-10 were observed in the serum of co-infected groups, demonstrating a modulation of Malaria immune response by Leishmania co-infections. We observed an intense thymic atrophy in Py single-infected and co-infected groups, which recovered earlier in co-infected animals. The CD4 and CD8 T cell profiles in thymus, spleens and lymph nodes did not differ between Py single and co-infected groups, except for a decrease in CD4+CD8+ T cells which also increased faster in co-infected mice. Our results suggest that Py and Leishmania co-infection may change disease outcome. Interestingly Malaria outcome can be altered according to the Leishmania specie involved. Alternatively Malaria infection reduced the severity or delayed the onset of leishmanial lesions. These alterations in Malaria and CL development seem to be closely related with changes in the immune response as demonstrated by alteration in serum cytokine levels and thymus/spleens T cell phenotypes dynamics during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A Pinna
- Laboratory of Simulids, Onchocerciasis and Sympatric Diseases: Mansonelliasis and Malaria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle Silva-Dos-Santos
- Laboratory of Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daiana S Perce-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Simulids, Onchocerciasis and Sympatric Diseases: Mansonelliasis and Malaria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseli Oliveira-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dea M S Villa-Verde
- Laboratory of Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula M De Luca
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dalma M Banic
- Laboratory of Simulids, Onchocerciasis and Sympatric Diseases: Mansonelliasis and Malaria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Chia WN, Goh YS, Rénia L. Novel approaches to identify protective malaria vaccine candidates. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:586. [PMID: 25452745 PMCID: PMC4233905 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to develop vaccines against malaria have been the focus of substantial research activities for decades. Several categories of candidate vaccines are currently being developed for protection against malaria, based on antigens corresponding to the pre-erythrocytic, blood stage, or sexual stages of the parasite. Long lasting sterile protection from Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite challenge has been observed in human following vaccination with whole parasite formulations, clearly demonstrating that a protective immune response targeting predominantly the pre-erythrocytic stages can develop against malaria. However, most of vaccine candidates currently being investigated, which are mostly subunits vaccines, have not been able to induce substantial (>50%) protection thus far. This is due to the fact that the antigens responsible for protection against the different parasite stages are still yet to be known and relevant correlates of protection have remained elusive. For a vaccine to be developed in a timely manner, novel approaches are required. In this article, we review the novel approaches that have been developed to identify the antigens for the development of an effective malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Ni Chia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore ; Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yun Shan Goh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore ; Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
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Ishih A, Kawakami C, Todoroki A, Hirai H, Ohori K, Kobayashi F. Outcome of primary lethal and nonlethal Plasmodium yoelii malaria infection in BALB/c and IFN-γ receptor-deficient mice following chloroquine treatment. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:773-80. [PMID: 23180129 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
IFN-γ receptor-deficient (IFN-γR(-/-)) mice and control wild-type (WT) mice, with or without chloroquine (CQ) treatment, were infected intraperitoneally with Plasmodium yoelii 17XL (lethal) and P. yoelii 17XNL (nonlethal), and then mouse survival, parasitemia, and antibody production were investigated during the course of infection. Without CQ treatment, both IFN-γR(-/-) and WT mice were susceptible to infection showing 100 % mortality after infection with 1 × 10(5) P. yoelii 17XL-parasitized erythrocytes. The P. yoelii 17XL-infected WT mice could survive by CQ treatment at a dose of 20 mg/kg for 3 days from day 3 postinfection (pi). Malaria parasites in their bloodstream could not be detected in the surviving mice after day 13 pi. CQ treatment, however, could not rescue IFN-γR(-/-) mice infected with P. yoelii 17XL. Next, we examined the production of the parasite-specific antibodies in P. yoelii 17XL-infected, CQ-treated mice. Although the production of malaria-specific IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3 antibodies was observed on days 14 and 28 pi in WT mouse sera, only IgG1 was detected on day 28 pi in IFN-γR(-/-) mouse sera. On the other hand, in the nonlethal P. yoelii 17XNL infection, WT mice could control a primary infection with 1 × 10(5) parasitized erythrocytes. Although IFN-γR(-/-) mice could not control and died with increasing parasitemia, the mice could survive by CQ treatment. Both WT and IFN-γR(-/-) mice with and without medication, which survived from P. yoelii 17XNL infection, showed the variable levels of malaria-specific IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3 antibodies during the course of infection. The present data indicate that the IFN-γ receptors are needed to control the infection and parasite-specific IgG2a antibody plays an essential role in recovery from the infection of erythrocytic stages of P. yoelii 17XL or P. yoelii 17XNL parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ishih
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
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10
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de Oca MM, Engwerda C, Haque A. Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection of C57BL/6J mice: a model of severe malaria. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1031:203-13. [PMID: 23824903 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-481-4_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The term "severe malaria" refers to a wide spectrum of syndromes in Plasmodium-infected humans including cerebral malaria (CM), respiratory distress, severe anemia, liver dysfunction, and hypoglycemia. Mouse models have been employed to further our understanding of the pathology and immune responses that occur during Plasmodium infection. Evidence of brain, liver, lung, and spleen pathology, as well as anemia and tissue-sequestration of parasites, has been reported in various strains of inbred mice. While no single mouse model mimics all the various clinical manifestations of severe malaria in humans, here we describe a detailed protocol for Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection of C57BL/6J mice. For many years, this model has been referred to as "experimental cerebral malaria," but in fact recapitulates many of the symptoms and pathologies observed in most severe malaria syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Montes de Oca
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia
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11
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Bichet C, Cornet S, Larcombe S, Sorci G. Experimental inhibition of nitric oxide increases Plasmodium relictum (lineage SGS1) parasitaemia. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:417-23. [PMID: 23022523 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a widespread vector-borne disease infecting a wide range of terrestrial vertebrates including reptiles, birds and mammals. In addition to being one of the most deadly infectious diseases for humans, malaria is a threat to wildlife. The host immune system represents the main defence against malaria parasites. Identifying the immune effectors involved in malaria resistance has therefore become a major focus of research. However, this has mostly involved humans and animal models (rodents) and how the immune system regulates malaria progression in non-model organisms has been largely ignored. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) as an immune effector contributing to the control of the acute phase of infection with the avian malaria agent Plasmodium relictum. We used experimental infections of domestic canaries in conjunction with the inhibition of the enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) to assess the protective function of NO during the infection, and the physiological costs paid by the host in the absence of an effective NO response. Our results show that birds treated with the iNOS inhibitor suffered from a higher parasitaemia, but did not pay a higher cost of infection (anaemia). While these findings confirm that NO contributes to the resistance to avian malaria during the acute phase of the infection, they also suggest that parasitaemia and costs of infection can be decoupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coraline Bichet
- BioGéosciences, UMR CNRS 5561, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
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12
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Ishih A, Nagata T, Kobayashi F. The course of a primary infection of Plasmodium yoelii 17XL in both 129S1 and IFN-γ receptor-deficient mice. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:593-600. [PMID: 22392138 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we found that 129S1 mice are resistant to the infection with Plasmodium yoelii 17XL, which is highly virulent and causes lethal infection in various strains of mice. In contrast, IFN-γ receptor-deficient (IFN-γR(-/-)) mice on the 129S1 background were much more susceptible than 129S1 mice with intraperitoneal infection with 1 × 10(5) parasitized erythrocytes. The mortality in 129S1 and IFN-γR(-/-) mice was 11.6 and 79.4 %, respectively. Following inoculation of the parasites, both 129S1 and IFN-γR(-/-) mice showed a progressive increase in parasitemia. Growth rate of malaria parasites at the early stages of infection in the IFN-γR(-/-) mice was faster than that in 129S1 mice, and this difference in growth rate might cause the earlier death of IFN-γR(-/-) host from day 8 of infection than that of 129S1. In surviving mice of both strains, however, malaria parasites in their bloodstream began to decrease in number right after a peak of parasitemia and were not detectable by a microscopic examination during the observation period. Next, we investigated the cytokine and antibody production in 129S1 and IFN-γR(-/-) mice during infection. An analysis of cytokines showed that serum IFN-γ and IL-4 levels elevated significantly from day 1 and day 4 of infection, respectively, in both 129S1 and IFN-γR(-/-) mice when compared with the levels from the uninfected controls. Following the infection, significantly higher levels of malaria-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies in the infected 129S1 mice were detected from day 15, and these elevations were coincident with the decrease of parasitemia. On the other hand, the levels of malaria-specific antibodies in IFN-γR(-/-) mice had a tendency to elevate on day 21 but did not reach statistical significance. The present data indicate that IFN-γR plays an essential role in mediating the early immune mechanisms induced by the infection of erythrocytic stages of P. yoelii 17XL parasite, leading to host survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ishih
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
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13
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KOLBAUM J, ESCHBACH ML, STEEG C, JACOBS T, FLEISCHER B, BRELOER M. Efficient control of Plasmodium yoelii infection in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice with pre-existing Strongyloides ratti infection. Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:388-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2012.01369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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TOSCANO MA, TONGREN JE, De SOUZA JB, LIU FT, RILEY EM, RABINOVICH GA. Endogenous galectin-3 controls experimental malaria in a species-specific manner. Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:383-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2012.01366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Taylor-Robinson A. Validity of malaria models: need for a less circular, more secular, argument. Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:259-60. [PMID: 22652298 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Biswas S, Spencer AJ, Forbes EK, Gilbert SC, Holder AA, Hill AVS, Draper SJ. Recombinant viral-vectored vaccines expressing Plasmodium chabaudi AS apical membrane antigen 1: mechanisms of vaccine-induced blood-stage protection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:5041-53. [PMID: 22504652 PMCID: PMC3378655 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apical membrane Ag 1 (AMA1) is one of the leading candidate Ags for inclusion in a subunit vaccine against blood-stage malaria. However, the efficacy of Ab-inducing recombinant AMA1 protein vaccines in phase IIa/b clinical trials remains disappointing. In this article, we describe the development of recombinant human adenovirus serotype 5 and modified vaccinia virus Ankara vectors encoding AMA1 from the Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi strain AS. These vectors, when used in a heterologous prime-boost regimen in BALB/c mice, are capable of inducing strong transgene-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. We show that this vaccination regimen is protective against a nonlethal P. chabaudi chabaudi strain AS blood-stage challenge, resulting in reduced peak parasitemias. The role of vaccine-induced, AMA1-specific Abs and T cells in mediating the antiparasite effect was investigated by in vivo depletion of CD4(+) T cells and adoptive-transfer studies into naive and immunodeficient mice. Depletion of CD4(+) T cells led to a loss of vaccine-induced protection. Adoptive-transfer studies confirmed that efficacy is mediated by both CD4(+) T cells and Abs functioning in the context of an intact immune system. Unlike previous studies, these results confirm that Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells, induced by a clinically relevant vaccine-delivery platform, can make a significant contribution to vaccine blood-stage efficacy in the P. chabaudi model. Given that cell-mediated immunity may also contribute to parasite control in human malaria, these data support the clinical development of viral-vectored vaccines that induce both T cell and Abs against Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage malaria Ags like AMA1.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Humans
- Malaria Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Malaria Vaccines/genetics
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/blood
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control
- Membrane Proteins/blood
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plasmodium chabaudi/genetics
- Plasmodium chabaudi/immunology
- Plasmodium falciparum/genetics
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/blood
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Biswas
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.
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Zhu X, Pan Y, Zheng L, Cui L, Cao Y. Polysaccharides from the Chinese medicinal herb Achyranthes bidentata enhance anti-malarial immunity during Plasmodium yoelii 17XL infection in mice. Malar J 2012; 11:49. [PMID: 22348301 PMCID: PMC3312874 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical immunity to malaria in human populations is developed after repeated exposure to malaria. Regulation and balance of host immune responses may lead to optimal immunity against malaria parasite infection. Polysaccharides (ABPS) derived from the Chinese herb ox knee Achyranthes bidentata possess immuno-modulatory functions. The aim of this study is to use the rodent malaria model Plasmodium yoelii 17XL (P. y17XL) to examine whether pretreatment with ABPS will modulate host immunity against malaria infection and improve the outcome of the disease. METHODS To determine whether ABPS could modulate immunity against malaria, mice were pretreated with ABPS prior to blood-stage infection by P. y17XL. Host survival and parasitaemia were monitored daily. The effect of pretreatment on host immune responses was studied through the quantitation of cytokines, dendritic cell populations, and natural regulatory T cells (Treg). RESULTS Pretreatment with ABPS prior to infection significantly extended the survival time of mice after P. y17XL infection. At three and five days post-infection, ABPS pretreated mice developed stronger Th1 immune responses against malaria infection with the number of F4/80+CD36+ macrophages and levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and nitric oxide being significantly higher than in the control group. More importantly, ABPS-treated mice developed more myeloid (CD11c+CD11b+) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (CD11c+CD45R+/B220+) than control mice. ABPS pretreatment also resulted in modulated expression of MHC-II, CD86, and especially Toll-like receptor 9 by CD11c+ dendritic cells. In comparison, pretreatment with ABPS did not alter the number of natural Treg or the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. CONCLUSION Pretreatment with the immuno-modulatory ABPS selectively enhanced Th1 immune responses to control the proliferation of malaria parasites, and prolonged the survival of mice during subsequent malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Zhu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No,92, Bei'er Road, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
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18
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Kane EG, Taylor-Robinson AW. Prospects and Pitfalls of Pregnancy-Associated Malaria Vaccination Based on the Natural Immune Response to Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA-Expressing Parasites. Malar Res Treat 2012; 2011:764845. [PMID: 22363896 PMCID: PMC3272661 DOI: 10.4061/2011/764845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated malaria, a manifestation of severe malaria, is the cause of up to 200,000 infant deaths a year, through the effects of placental insufficiency leading to growth restriction and preterm delivery. Development of a vaccine is one strategy for control. Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells accumulate in the placenta through specific binding of pregnancy-associated parasite variants that express the VAR2CSA antigen to chondroitin sulphate A on the surface of syncytiotrophoblast cells. Parasite accumulation, accompanied by an inflammatory infiltrate, disrupts the cytokine balance of pregnancy with the potential to cause placental damage and compromise foetal growth. Multigravid women develop immunity towards VAR2CSA-expressing parasites in a gravidity-dependent manner which prevents unfavourable pregnancy outcomes. Although current vaccine design, targeting VAR2CSA antigens, has succeeded in inducing antibodies artificially, this candidate may not provide protection during the first trimester and may only protect those women living in areas endemic for malaria. It is concluded that while insufficient information about placental-parasite interactions is presently available to produce an effective vaccine, incremental progress is being made towards achieving this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G. Kane
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Andrew W. Taylor-Robinson
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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19
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Geurts N, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. Matrix metalloproteinases as therapeutic targets in protozoan parasitic infections. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:257-79. [PMID: 22138604 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with processes of tissue remodeling and are expressed in all infections with protozoan parasites. We here report the status of MMP research in malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis and toxoplasmosis. In all these infections, the balances between MMPs and endogenous MMP inhibitors are disturbed, mostly in favor of active proteolysis. When the infection is associated with leukocyte influx into specific organs, immunopathology and collateral tissue damage may occur. These pathologies include cerebral malaria, sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis), Chagas disease (human American trypanosomiasis), leishmaniasis and toxoplasmic encephalitis in immunocompromised hosts. Destruction of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a common denominator that may be executed by leukocytic MMPs under the control of host cytokines and chemokines as well as influenced by parasite products. Mechanisms by which parasite-derived products alter host expression of MMP and endogenous MMP inhibitors, have only been described for hemozoin (Hz) in malaria. Hence, understanding these interactions in other parasitic infections remains an important challenge. Furthermore, the involved parasites are also known to produce their own metalloproteinases, and this forms an extra stimulus to investigate MMP inhibitory drugs as therapeutics. MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) may dampen collateral tissue damage, as is anecdotically reported for tetracyclines as MMP regulators in parasite infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Geurts
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Geurts N, Martens E, Verhenne S, Lays N, Thijs G, Magez S, Cauwe B, Li S, Heremans H, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. Insufficiently defined genetic background confounds phenotypes in transgenic studies as exemplified by malaria infection in Tlr9 knockout mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27131. [PMID: 22096530 PMCID: PMC3214040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of genetically modified mice, i.e. transgenic as well as gene knockout (KO) and knock-in mice, has become an established tool to study gene function in many animal models for human diseases . However, a gene functions in a particular genomic context. This implies the importance of a well-defined homogenous genetic background for the analysis and interpretation of phenotypes associated with genetic mutations. By studying a Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS (PcAS) malaria infection in mice bearing a TLR9 null mutation, we found an increased susceptibility to infection, i.e. higher parasitemia levels and increased mortality. However, this was not triggered by the deficient TLR9 gene itself. Instead, this disease phenotype was dependent on the heterogeneous genetic background of the mice, which appeared insufficiently defined as determined by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. Hence, it is of critical importance to study gene KO phenotypes on a homogenous genetic background identical to that of their wild type (WT) control counterparts. In particular, to avoid problems related to an insufficiently defined genetic background, we advocate that for each study involving genetically modified mice, at least a detailed description of the origin and genetic background of both the WT control and the altered strain of mice is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Geurts
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Martens
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastien Verhenne
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natacha Lays
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Thijs
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Cauwe
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Li
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hubertine Heremans
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E. Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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21
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Butler NS, Schmidt NW, Vaughan AM, Aly AS, Kappe SHI, Harty JT. Superior antimalarial immunity after vaccination with late liver stage-arresting genetically attenuated parasites. Cell Host Microbe 2011; 9:451-62. [PMID: 21669394 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
While subunit vaccines have shown partial efficacy in clinical trials, radiation-attenuated sporozoites (RAS) remain the "gold standard" for sterilizing protection against Plasmodium infection in human vaccinees. The variability in immunogenicity and replication introduced by the extensive, random DNA damage necessary to generate RAS could be overcome by genetically attenuated parasites (GAP) designed via gene deletion to arrest at defined points during liver-stage development. Here, we demonstrate the principle that late liver stage-arresting GAP induce larger and broader CD8 T cell responses that provide superior protection in inbred and outbred mice compared to RAS or early-arresting GAP immunizations. Late liver stage-arresting GAP also engender high levels of cross-stage and cross-species protection and complete protection when administered by translationally relevant intradermal or subcutaneous routes. Collectively, our results underscore the potential utility of late liver stage-arresting GAP as broadly protective next-generation live-attenuated malaria vaccines and support their potential as a powerful model for identifying antigens to generate cross-stage protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah S Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, 3-512 Bowen Science Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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22
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Valencia SH, Rodríguez DC, Acero DL, Ocampo V, Arévalo-Herrera M. Platform for Plasmodium vivax vaccine discovery and development. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106 Suppl 1:179-92. [PMID: 21881773 PMCID: PMC4832982 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000900023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent malaria parasite on the American continent. It generates a global burden of 80-100 million cases annually and represents a tremendous public health problem, particularly in the American and Asian continents. A malaria vaccine would be considered the most cost-effective measure against this vector-borne disease and it would contribute to a reduction in malaria cases and to eventual eradication. Although significant progress has been achieved in the search for Plasmodium falciparum antigens that could be used in a vaccine, limited progress has been made in the search for P. vivax components that might be eligible for vaccine development. This is primarily due to the lack of in vitro cultures to serve as an antigen source and to inadequate funding. While the most advanced P. falciparum vaccine candidate is currently being tested in Phase III trials in Africa, the most advanced P. vivax candidates have only advanced to Phase I trials. Herein, we describe the overall strategy and progress in P. vivax vaccine research, from antigen discovery to preclinical and clinical development and we discuss the regional potential of Latin America to develop a comprehensive platform for vaccine development.
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23
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Biswas S, Dicks MDJ, Long CA, Remarque EJ, Siani L, Colloca S, Cottingham MG, Holder AA, Gilbert SC, Hill AVS, Draper SJ. Transgene optimization, immunogenicity and in vitro efficacy of viral vectored vaccines expressing two alleles of Plasmodium falciparum AMA1. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20977. [PMID: 21698193 PMCID: PMC3116848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) is a leading candidate vaccine antigen against blood-stage malaria, although to date numerous clinical trials using mainly protein-in-adjuvant vaccines have shown limited success. Here we describe the pre-clinical development and optimization of recombinant human and simian adenoviral (AdHu5 and ChAd63) and orthopoxviral (MVA) vectors encoding transgene inserts for Plasmodium falciparum AMA1 (PfAMA1). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS AdHu5-MVA prime-boost vaccination in mice and rabbits using these vectors encoding the 3D7 allele of PfAMA1 induced cellular immune responses as well as high-titer antibodies that showed growth inhibitory activity (GIA) against the homologous but not heterologous parasite strains. In an effort to overcome the issues of PfAMA1 antigenic polymorphism and pre-existing immunity to AdHu5, a simian adenoviral (ChAd63) vector and MVA encoding two alleles of PfAMA1 were developed. This antigen, composed of the 3D7 and FVO alleles of PfAMA1 fused in tandem and with expression driven by a single promoter, was optimized for antigen secretion and transmembrane expression. These bi-allelic PfAMA1 vaccines, when administered to mice and rabbits, demonstrated comparable immunogenicity to the mono-allelic vaccines and purified serum IgG now showed GIA against the two divergent strains of P. falciparum encoded in the vaccine. CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses against epitopes that were both common and unique to the two alleles of PfAMA1 were also measured in mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Optimized transgene inserts encoding two divergent alleles of the same antigen can be successfully inserted into adeno- and pox-viral vaccine vectors. Adenovirus-MVA immunization leads to the induction of T cell responses common to both alleles, as well as functional antibody responses that are effective against both of the encoded strains of P. falciparum in vitro. These data support the further clinical development of these vaccine candidates in Phase I/IIa clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Biswas
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
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Malu DT, Bélanger B, Desautels F, Kelendji K, Dalko E, Sanchez-Dardon J, Leng L, Bucala R, Satoskar AR, Scorza T. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: a downregulator of early T cell-dependent IFN-gamma responses in Plasmodium chabaudi adami (556 KA)-infected mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6271-9. [PMID: 21518974 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) increases anti-tumor cytotoxic T cell responses in vivo and IFN-γ responses in vitro, suggesting a plausible regulatory role for MIF in T cell activation. Considering that IFN-γ production by CD4(+) T cells is pivotal to resolve murine malaria and that secretion of MIF is induced by Plasmodium chabaudi adami parasites, we investigated the effect of MIF deficiency on the infection with this pathogen. Infections with P. c. adami 556 KA parasites were more efficiently controlled in MIF-neutralized and MIF-deficient (knockout [KO]) BALB/c mice. The reduction in parasitemia was associated with reduced production of IL-4 by non-T/non-B cells throughout patent infection. At day 4 postinfection, higher numbers of activated CD4(+) cells were measured in MIF KO mice, which secreted more IFN-γ, less IL-4, and less IL-10 than did CD4(+) T cells from wild-type mice. Enhanced IFN-γ and decreased IL-4 responses also were measured in MIF KO CD4(+) T cells stimulated with or without IL-12 and anti-IL-4 blocking Ab to induce Th1 polarization. However, MIF KO CD4(+) T cells efficiently acquired a Th2 phenotype when stimulated in the presence of IL-4 and anti-IL-12 Ab, indicating normal responsiveness to IL-4/STAT6 signaling. These results suggest that by promoting IL-4 responses in cells other than T/B cells during early P. c. adami infection, MIF decreases IFN-γ secretion in CD4(+) T cells and, additionally, has the intrinsic ability to render CD4(+) T cells less capable of acquiring a robust Th1 phenotype when stimulated in the presence of IL-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Tshikudi Malu
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec H3B 3H5, Canada
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Chandele A, Mukerjee P, Das G, Ahmed R, Chauhan VS. Phenotypic and functional profiling of malaria-induced CD8 and CD4 T cells during blood-stage infection with Plasmodium yoelii. Immunology 2010; 132:273-86. [PMID: 21039472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that antibodies and CD4 T cells play critical roles in the immune response during the blood stage of malaria, whereas the role of CD8 T cells remains controversial. Here, we show that both CD8 and CD4 T cells robustly responded to an acute self-limiting blood-stage infection with Plasmodium yoelii. Similar to antigen-specific T cells, both CD8 and CD4 T cells showed dynamic expression of the surface proteins interleukin (IL)-7R and programmed death-1 (PD-1). Additionally, activated CD8 T cells showed differences in the expression of Killer cell lectin-like receptor G1, L-selectin and B cell lymphoma-2 and produced granzyme B, indicating cytotoxic activity, and the initially high expression of T-box transcription factor TBX21 in malaria-activated CD4 T cells indicated an early T helper type 1 (Th1)-skewed immune response. Our data demonstrate that blood-stage malaria infection results in a striking T-cell response and that activated CD8 and CD4 T cells have phenotypic and functional characteristics that are consistent with conventional antigen-specific effector and memory T cells. Therefore, a better understanding of the CD8 and CD4 T-cell response induced by blood-stage infection may prove to be essential in the development of a vaccine that targets the erythrocytic stage of the malarial parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Chandele
- Joint ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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26
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Kalinna BH, Terrazas LI, Satoskar AR. A special issue on immunology and cell biology of protozoa. Exp Parasitol 2010; 126:281-2. [PMID: 20816388 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Taylor-Robinson AW. Validity of Modelling Cerebral Malaria in Mice: Argument and Counter Argument. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.4303/jnp/n100601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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